联合国的英文（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：模拟联合国申请书(英文)

模联申请稿

Hello! I’m a student from No.* Middle School.My name is different from others.My name is **.Do you understand? When I was a baby, My mother said:” I hope that you can be good at your English !”

English is an international language in the world.If you want to be a succeful person.You should learn English first.If you can’t speak English, you can’t walk a little.So, you must do well in English.

I listened to your speaking in our cla meeting.When I listened it, my heart beat faster.I know , my chance is coming! This is a chance for me.

MUN is becoming more popular.Because it is really cool and interesting! MUN is a kind of good way to make the students in china think about problem in the international.

I have three resons to join MUN

First, I think the MUN can improve my spoken English .second, the MUN can practice my bravery when I speak to others!

Third , I want to make more friends who is from all around the world .these are my best wishes if I can join the MUN.I would appreciate in if you can choose me if you are pleased with me.I like MUN.I want to be a member of MUN.if I do, I will be proud of this!

推荐第2篇：模拟联合国英文主持稿

C: Good morning, dear delegates.Welcome to Zhejiang University Ningbo Institute of Technology Model United Nations Conference.Today’s topic in the conference is “how to reduce the abuse of science and technology”.I hope we could produce a good resolution of this topic.Let’s get ready and work hard.Before we get started, I would like to introduce our dais members; I am the chair of the committee.

D: Good morning, I am the director of the committee.All documents including working papers, draft resolutions, and amendments will directly come to me.Any questions including rules, procedure and some conference information are welcome.

C: Now, I officially declare our seion begins.

C: Now delegates, please raise your plat card, and answer present with your country name’s card.

(e.g.Canada? Canada is present.)

R: With ** delegates present, this conference is in co-roll off.Two–thirds majority is **, Quorum-simple majority is **, and twenty percent of the number is**.Delegates who are late for this Roll-Call, please send Page to the dais to show your presence.Rapporteur will then ____ the simple majority to 2/3 majority, and 20% of the member.

C: Thank you very much, Rapporteur.Our topic is “how to reduce the abuse of science and technology.”

C: All delegates who want to speak for the motion, (which is to discu ** )please raise your plat card.Thank you.

Delegates who want to discu ** first and give us your reasons, please raise your card.Thank you.

C: A debate will be automatically closed after the * countries have addreed their body.Then all the delegates should vote for the motion and a simple majority is needed.Now delegate of *, you have 90 seconds.With a knock on the desk, you’ll have 30 seconds left.

C: The debate is closed.Now we proceed to vote the previous motion raised by *.

Countries who’re in favor of this motion, please raise your plat card.

Those against, please raise your plat card.

Dear delegates, it’s the procedure now.Every country has to vote.

Now we’ll vote again.

With * for the motion, and * against.This motion paes.Now we’ll first move to

discu *.

After the agenda is set, we will discu *.Now we’ll set up the speakers’ list first for the Formal Debate.Delegates who want to speak, please raise your plat card.Every delegate will have 90 seconds to deliver your speech, with 30 seconds left I will remind you with a knock on the desk.

The chair would like to ask if there are any points or motions on the floor.

Now there’s a motion on the floor to +内容.This motion needs a simple majority to pa.Is there a second? Now we’ll see to vote.

Now the time for each speaker is 60 seconds.

Our next speaker is *.Now you’re recognized of 60 seconds.Please get ready.

Delegate of *, you still have * seconds left.How would you like to yield your time? Now, delegate of **you have ** seconds and come to your time again.

让渡给问题

C: I’d like to invite the question from the floor.Delegates who want to ask a question please raise your plat card.Now, * you can ask a question, and delegates of * have 20 seconds to answer it.

Yield time to comment

Delegates who want to make a comment of the speech given by *, please raise your plat card now.Delegates of *, you have * seconds to give your comment

Thank you.

Informal Debate

e.g.USA: a 5-minute moderate concurs to discu *.Each delegate will have * seconds to addre the body.(如果代表团没提到时间，主席要问清楚。)

C: Now there is a motion on the floor.Delegates of * motion for a * to discu *.Each delegate will have *seconds.Is there a second? Or in favor? Or against? This motion paes.

Now we’ll have a 5-min moderate concurs with 30 sec for each speaker to discu.

Any motion isout of order during the concurs, and there is no time yieldcan during the concurs.You’re recognized 30 sec to speak.Since the US initiated the motion, you have the priority.Are there any delegates wishing to make a speech?

You will have **mintues to discu .Each delegate will have **mintues to addre the value

推荐第3篇：艾玛沃特森联合国演讲稿英文 完整版

Speech by UN Women Goodwill Ambaador Emma Watson at a special event for the HeForShe campaign, United Nations Headquarters, New

York, 20 September 2014 Your excellences, UN Secretary-General, president of the General Aembly, executive Director of UN Women and distinguished guests it is an honour for me tobe here today.Today we are launching a campaign called “HeForShe.”

I am reaching out to you because I need your help.We want to end gender inequality—and to do that we need everyone involved.This is the first campaign of its kind at the UN: we want to try and galvanize as many men and boys as poible to be advocates for change.And we don’t just want to talk about it, we want to try and make sure that it is tangible.I was appointed as goodwill ambaador for UN women six months ago and the more I have spoken about feminism the more I have realized that fighting for women’s rights has too often become synonymous with man-hating.If there is one thing I know for certain, it is that this has to stop.For the record, feminism by definition is: “The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities.It is the theory of the political, economic and social equality of the sexes.”

I started questioning gender-based aumptions a long time ago.When I was eight I was confused at being called “boy,” because I wanted to direct the plays we would put on for our parents—but the boys were not.When at 14 I started being sexualized by certain elements of the media.When at 15 my girlfriends started dropping out of their sports teams because they didn’t want to appear “muscly.”

When at 18 my male friends were unable to expre their feelings.I decided that I was a feminist and this seemed uncomplicated to me.But my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an unpopular word.Women are choosing not to identify as feminists.Apparently I am among the ranks of women whose expreions are seen as too strong, too aggreive, isolating, and anti-men, unattractive, even.Why has the word become such an uncomfortable one? I am from Britain and I think it is right that I am paid the same as my male counterparts.I think it is right that I should be able to make decisions about my own body.I think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and decisions that will affect my life.I think it is right that socially I am afforded the same respect as men.But sadly I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to receive these rights.No country in the world can yet say that they have achieved gender equality.These rights I consider to be human rights but I am one of the lucky ones.My life is a sheer privilege because my parents didn’t love me le because I was born a daughter.My school did not limit me because I was a girl.My mentors didn’t aume I would go le far because I might give birth to a child one day.These influencers were the gender equality ambaadors that made who I am today.They may not know it, but they are the inadvertent feminists who are changing the world today.We need more of those.And if you still hate the word—it is not the word that is important, it’s the idea and the ambition behind it, because not all women have received the same rights that I have.In fact, statistically, very few have been.In 1997, Hilary Clinton made a famous speech in Beijing about women’s rights.Sadly many of the things she wanted to change are still true today.But what stood out for me the most was that le than 30 percent of her audiences were male.How can we affect change in the world when only half of it is invited or feel welcome to participate in the conversation? Men—I would like to take this opportunity to extend your formal invitation.Gender equality is your iue too.Because to date, I’ve seen my father’s role as a parent being valued le by society despite my needing his presence as a child as much as my mother’s.I’ve seen young men suffering from mental illne unable to ask for help for fear it would make them le “of a man” or le of “macho”—in fact in the UK suicide is the biggest killer of men between 20-49; eclipsing road accidents, cancer and coronary heart disease.I’ve seen men made fragile and insecure by a distorted sense of what constitutes male succe.Men don’t have the benefits of equality either.

We don’t often talk about men being imprisoned by gender stereotypes but I can see that that they are and that when they are free, things will change for women as a natural consequence.If men don’t have to be aggreive in order to be accepted, women won’t feel compelled to be submiive.If men don’t have to control, women won’t have to be controlled.

Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive.Both men and women should feel free to be strong… It is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum instead of two sets of opposing ideals.If we stop defining each other by what we are not and start defining ourselves by who we are—we can all be freer and this is what HeForShe is about.It’s about freedom.

I want men to take up this mantle.So their daughters, sisters and mothers can be free from prejudice but also so that their sons have permiion to be vulnerable and human too—reclaim those parts of themselves they abandoned and in doing so be a more true and complete version of themselves.You might be thinking who is this Harry Potter girl? And what is she doing speaking at the UN.And it’s a really good question.I have been asking myself the same thing.All I know is that I care about this problem.And I want to make it better.And having seen what I’ve seen—and given the chance—I feel it is my responsibility to say something.Statesman Edmund Burke said: “All that is needed for the forces of evil to triumph is for good men and women to do nothing.”

In my nervousne for this speech and in my moments of doubt I’ve told myself firmly—if not me, who, if not now, when.If you have similar doubts when opportunities are presented to you I hope that those words might be helpful.Because the reality is that if we do nothing it will take 75 years, or for me to be nearly a hundred before women can expect to be paid the same as men for the same work.15.5 million girls will be married in the next 16 years as children.And at current rates it won’t be until 2086 before all rural African girls can have a secondary education.If you believe in equality, you might be one of those inadvertent feminists that I spoke of earlier.And for this I applaud you.We are struggling for a uniting world but the good news is we have a uniting movement.It is called HeForShe.I am inviting you to step forward, to be seen and to ask yourself if not me, who, if not now, when.Thank you very very much.

推荐第4篇：模拟联合国英文组决议草案

Draft Resolution 1.2 Committee: The Economic and Social Council

Topic: The Reform of International Monetary System Sponsors: UK, France, Germany, Australia Signatories: China, Brazil

The Economic and Social Council, Due to a liquidity shortfall in the United States banking system, the financial crisis of 2007-2010 contributed to the failure of key businees, declines in consumer wealth, substantial financial commitments incurred by governments, and a significant decline in economic activity.Both market-based and regulatory solutions have been implemented or are under consideration, while significant risks remain for the world economy over the 2010–2011 periods. The members of ECOSOC committees have worked together with urgency and determination to translate their agreement into action.In April, 2009, a prudent statement delivered in London Summit comprises of such practices and plans as restoring growth and jobs, strengthening financial supervision and regulation and global financial institutions, ensuring a fair and sustainable recovery for all and so forth.At the meantime, IMF received an additional $850 billion of resources to support growth in emerging market and developing countries.The Seoul Summit in 2010, deepening the consensus of the London Summit, has emphasized the significance of considering development as a long-term topic in G20 and of international cooperation.

In order to restore the economic growth and rebuild trust, however, we shall focus on the reform of international monetary system.Firstly, financial regulation and supervision are major concerns of the new monetary system; booming the economy, meanwhile, is the problem we now confronting with; and mulitiplorization of currency becomes the trend in international monetary system.This draft resolution aims at bettering international monetary system through three fundamental ways.To that end we claim the following points practical and crucial:

1, Strengthening the supervision and regulation of international monetary system; (a) Constructing a flexible monetary system; (i) Undertake macroeconomic policies to ensure ongoing recovery and sustainable growth and enhance the stability of financial markets, in particular moving toward more market-determined exchange rate systems, enhancing exchange rate flexibility to reflect underlying economic fundamentals, and refraining from competitive devaluation of currencies.Advanced economies, including those with reserve currencies, will be vigilant against exce volatility and disorderly movements in exchange rates.These actions will help mitigate the risk of exceive volatility in capital flows facing some emerging countries;

(ii) Reform international financial institution.IMF shall better reflect the changes in the world economy through greater representation of dynamic emerging markets and developing countries.These comprehensive quota and governance reforms will enhance the IMF’s legitimacy, credibility and effectivene, making it an even stronger institution for promoting global financial stability and growth.

(iii) Add core elements of a new financial regulatory framework, including bank capital and liquidity standards, as well as measures to better regulate and effectively resolve systemically important financial institutions, complemented by more effective oversight and supervision.This new framework will ensure a more resilient financial system by reining in the past excees of the financial sector and better serving the needs of our economies.

(b) Strengthen global financial safety nets; (i) Strengthen global financial safety nets, which help countries cope with financial volatility by providing them with practical tools to overcome sudden reversals of international capital flows.(ii) Continue to monitor and ae ongoing implementation of the commitments made today and in the past in a transparent and objective way.We hold ourselves accountable. What we promise, we will deliver.(iii) Better reflect the perspective of emerging market economies in financial regulatory reforms; strengthen regulation and oversight of shadow banking; further work on regulation and supervision of commodity derivatives markets; improve market integrity and efficiency; enhance consumer protection; pursue all outstanding governance reform iues at the IMF and World Bank; and build a more stable and resilient international monetary system, including by further strengthening global financial safety nets.We will also expand our MAP based on the indicative guidelines to be agreed.

2.Booming the global economy; (a) Fighting protectionism and promoting trade and investment; (i) Keeping markets open and liberalizing trade and investment as a means to promote economic progre for all and narrow the development gap.These trade and investment liberalization measures will help the Framework objectives for strong, sustainable and balanced growth, and must be complemented by our unwavering commitment to resist protectionism in all its forms.

(ii) Call on relevant international agencies to coordinate a collective multilateral response to support trade facilitation; and to support measures to increase the availability of trade finance in developing countries,

(b) Creating more jobs; Improve the development of employable skills matched to employer and labor market needs in order to enhance the ability to attract investment, create decent jobs and increase productivity.We will support the development of internationally comparable skills indicators and the enhancement of national strategies for skills development.

(c)Accelerating the development of the emerging market; Continuing the dynamic proce aimed at enhancing the voice and representation of emerging market and developing countries, including the poorest, through a comprehensive review of the quota formula by January 2013 to better reflect the economic weights; and through completion of the next general review of quotas by January 2014.

3.Establish a diversified international currency reserve system; (a) Consolidate the status of Euro.Eastern Europe, Southern Europe and the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea can peg the currency with the euro and even join the euro in the future.

(b) Study the creation of \"regional monetary units\" and have made an agreement to regard the creation of regional currency units as one of the long-term goals to promote regional integration.

(i)Rationally design of the proce of RMB exchange rate system reform, based on the Asia-Pacific region to achieve the internationalization of RMB.(ii)Promote the internationalization of the yen.

(c)The Latin American can use ruble in the area.

4.Underlines that further decisions will be required, should additional measures be neceary;

5.Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.

湖南大学第三届模拟联合国大赛英文组

推荐第5篇：cisj联合国销售合同公约(英文)

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS (1980)

[CISG] For U.S.citation purposes, the UN-certified English text is published in 52 Federal Register 6262, 6264-6280 (March 2, 1987); United States Code Annotated, Title 15, Appendix (Supp.1987).

Linked Table of Treaty Sections THE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION, BEARING IN MIND the broad objectives in the resolutions adopted by the sixth special seion of the General Aembly of the United Nations on the establishment of a New International Economic Order, CONSIDERING that the development of international trade on the basis of equality and mutual benefit is an important element in promoting friendly relations among States, BEING OF THE OPINION that the adoption of uniform rules which govern contracts for the international sale of goods and take into account the different social, economic and legal systems would contribute to the removal of legal barriers in international trade and promote the development of international trade, HAVE AGREED as follows:

PART I SPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS

Chapter I

SPHERE OF APPLICATION

Article 1 (1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of busine are in different States: (a) when the States are Contracting States; or (b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.(2) The fact that the parties have their places of busine in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract.(3) Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention.

Article 2 This Convention does not apply to sales: (a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unle the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use; (b) by auction; (c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law; (d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money; (e) of ships, veels, hovercraft or aircraft; (f) of electricity.

Article 3 (1) Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales unle the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials neceary for such manufacture or production.(2) This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services.

Article 4 This Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a contract.In particular, except as otherwise exprely provided in this Convention, it is not concerned with: (a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage; (b) the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold.

Article 5 This Convention does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person.

Article 6 The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions.

Chapter II GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 7 (1) In the interpretation of this Convention, regard is to be had to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good faith in international trade.(2) Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not exprely settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.

Article 8 (1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was.(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances.(3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties.

Article 9 (1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.(2) The parties are considered, unle otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned.

Article 10 For the purposes of this Convention: (a) if a party has more than one place of busine, the place of busine is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract; (b) if a party does not have a place of busine, reference is to be made to his habitual residence.

Article 11 A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnees.

Article 12 Any provision of article 11, article 29 or Part II of this Convention that allows a contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing does not apply where any party has his place of busine in a Contracting State which has made a declaration under article 96 of this Convention.The parties may not derogate from or vary the effect or this article.

Article 13 For the purposes of this Convention \"writing\" includes telegram and telex.

PART II

FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT

Article 14 (1) A proposal for concluding a contract addreed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and exprely or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price.(2) A proposal other than one addreed to one or more specific persons is to be considered merely as an invitation to make offers, unle the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the proposal.

Article 15 (1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.

Article 16 (1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance.(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked: (a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or (b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.

Article 17 An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.

Article 18 (1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating aent to an offer is an acceptance.Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the indication of aent reaches the offeror.An acceptance is not effective if the indication of aent does not reach the offeror within the time he has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time, due account being taken of the circumstances of the transaction, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror.An oral offer must be accepted immediately unle the circumstances indicate otherwise.(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate aent by performing an act, such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods or payment of the price, without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed, provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down in the preceding paragraph.

Article 19 (1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unle the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect.If he does not so object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.(3) Additional or different terms relating, among other things, to the price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party\'s liability to the other or the settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer materially.

Article 20 (1) A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror in a telegram or a letter begins to run from the moment the telegram is handed in for dispatch or from the date shown on the letter or, if no such date is shown, from the date shown on the envelope.A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror by telephone, telex or other means of instantaneous communication, begins to run from the moment that the offer reaches the offeree.(2) Official holidays or non-busine days occurring during the period for acceptance are included in calculating the period.However, if a notice of acceptance cannot be delivered at the addre of the offeror on the last day of the period because that day falls on an official holiday or a non-busine day at the place of busine of the offeror, the period is extended until the first busine day which follows.

Article 21 (1) A late acceptance is neverthele effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror orally so informs the offeree or dispatches a notice to that effect.(2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmiion had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unle, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect.

Article 22 An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.

Article 23 A contract is concluded at the moment when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.

Article 24 For the purposes of this Part of the Convention, an offer, declaration of acceptance or any other indication of intention \"reaches\" the addreee when it is made orally to him or delivered by any other means to him personally, to his place of busine or mailing addre or, if he does not have a place of busine or mailing addre, to his habitual residence.

PART III SALE OF GOODS Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 25 A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unle the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result.

Article 26 A declaration of avoidance of the contract is effective only if made by notice to the other party.

Article 27 Unle otherwise exprely provided in this Part of the Convention, if any notice, request or other communication is given or made by a party in accordance with this Part and by means appropriate in the circumstances, a delay or error in the transmiion of the communication or its failure to arrive does not deprive that party of the right to rely on the communication.

Article 28 If, in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, one party is entitled to require performance of any obligation by the other party, a court is not bound to enter a judgement for specific performance unle the court would do so under its own law in respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by this Convention.

Article 29 (1) A contract may be modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties.(2) A contract in writing which contains a provision requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated by agreement.However, a party may be precluded by his conduct from aerting such a provision to the extent that the other party has relied on that conduct.

Chapter II

OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER

Article 30 The seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and this Convention.Section I.Delivery of the goods and handing over of documents

Article 31 If the seller is not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place, his obligation to deliver consists: (a) if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goodsin placing the goods at the buyer\'s disposal at that place; (c) in other cases - in placing the goods at the buyer\'s disposal at the place where the seller had his place of busine at the time of the conclusion of the contract.

Article 32 (1) If the seller, in accordance with the contract or this Convention, hands the goods over to a carrier and if the goods are not clearly identified to the contract by markings on the goods, by shipping documents or otherwise, the seller must give the buyer notice of the consignment specifying the goods.(2) If the seller is bound to arrange for carriage of the goods, he must make such contracts as are neceary for carriage to the place fixed by means of transportation appropriate in the circumstances and according to the usual terms for such transportation.(3) If the seller is not bound to effect insurance in respect of the carriage of the goods, he must, at the buyer\'s request, provide him with all available information neceary to enable him to effect such insurance.

Article 33 The seller must deliver the goods: (a) if a date is fixed by or determinable from the contract, on that date; (b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unle circumstances indicate that the buyer is to choose a date; or (c) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.

Article 34 If the seller is bound to hand over documents relating to the goods, he must hand them over at the time and place and in the form required by the contract.If the seller has handed over documents before that time, he may, up to that time, cure any lack of conformity in the documents, if the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense.However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.Section II.Conformity of the goods and third party claims

Article 35 (1) The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract.(2) Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unle they: (a) are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used; (b) are fit for any particular purpose exprely or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract, except where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller\'s skill and judgement; (c) poe the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer as a sample or model; (d) are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods.(3) The seller is not liable under subparagraphs (a) to (d) of the preceding paragraph for any lack of conformity of the goods if at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of such lack of conformity.

Article 36 (1) The seller is liable in accordance with the contract and this Convention for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk paes to the buyer, even though the lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that time.(2) The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity which occurs after the time indicated in the preceding paragraph and which is due to a breach of any of his obligations, including a breach of any guarantee that for a period of time the goods will remain fit for their ordinary purpose or for some particular purpose or will retain specified qualities or characteristics.

Article 37 If the seller has delivered goods before the date for delivery, he may, up to that date, deliver any miing part or make up any deficiency in the quantity of the goods delivered, or deliver goods in replacement of any non-conforming goods delivered or remedy any lack of conformity in the goods delivered, provided that the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense.However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.

Article 38 (1) The buyer must examine the goods, or cause them to be examined, within as short a period as is practicable in the circumstances.(2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at their destination.(3) If the goods are redirected in transit or redispatched by the buyer without a reasonable opportunity for examination by him and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or ought to have known of the poibility of such redirection or redispatch, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at the new destination.

Article 39 (1) The buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a reasonable time after he has discovered it or ought to have discovered it.(2) In any event, the buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give the seller notice thereof at the latest within a period of two years from the date on which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer, unle this time-limit is inconsistent with a contractual period of guarantee.

Article 40 The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of articles 38 and 39 if the lack of conformity relates to facts of which he knew or could not have been unaware and which he did not disclose to the buyer.

Article 41 The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party, unle the buyer agreed to take the goods subject to that right or claim.However, if such right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property, the seller\'s obligation is governed by article 42.

Article 42 (1) The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property, of which at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or could not have been unaware, provided that the right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property: (a) under the law of the State where the goods will be resold or otherwise used, if it was contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the goods would be resold or otherwise used in that State; or (b) in any other case, under the law of the State where the buyer has his place of busine.(2) The obligation of the seller under the preceding paragraph does not extend to cases where: (a) at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of the right or claim; or (b) the right or claim results from the seller\'s compliance with technical drawings, designs, formulae or other such specifications furnished by the buyer.

Article 43 (1) The buyer loses the right to rely on the provisions of article 41 or article 42 if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the right or claim of the third party within a reasonable time after he has become aware or ought to have become aware of the right or claim.(2) The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of the preceding paragraph if he knew of the right or claim of the third party and the nature of it.

Article 44 Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of article 39 and paragraph (1) of article 43, the buyer may reduce the price in accordance with article 50 or claim damages, except for lo of profit, if he has a reasonable excuse for his failure to give the required notice.Section III.Remedies for breach of contract by the seller

Article 45 (1) If the seller fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention, the buyer may: (a) exercise the rights provided in articles 46 to 52; (b) claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77.(2) The buyer is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising his right to other remedies.(3) No period of grace may be granted to the seller by a court or arbitral tribunal when the buyer resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.

Article 46 (1) The buyer may require performance by the seller of his obligations unle the buyer has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement.(2) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require delivery of substitute goods only if the lack of conformity constitutes a fundamental breach of contract and a request for substitute goods is made either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter.(3) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require the seller to remedy the lack of conformity by repair, unle this is unreasonable having regard to all the circumstances.A request for repair must be made either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter.

Article 47 (1) The buyer may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the seller of his obligations.(2) Unle the buyer has received notice from the seller that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the buyer may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract.However, the buyer is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in performance.

Article 48 (1) Subject to article 49, the seller may, even after the date for delivery, remedy at his own expense any failure to perform his obligations, if he can do so without unreasonable delay and without causing the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or uncertainty of reimbursement by the seller of expenses advanced by the buyer.However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.(2) If the seller requests the buyer to make known whether he will accept performance and the buyer does not comply with the request within a reasonable time, the seller may perform within the time indicated in his request.The buyer may not, during that period of time, resort to any remedy which is inconsistent with performance by the seller.(3) A notice by the seller that he will perform within a specified period of time is aumed to include a request, under the preceding paragraph, that the buyer make known his decision.(4) A request or notice by the seller under paragraph (2) or (3) of this article is not effective unle received by the buyer.

Article 49 (1) The buyer may declare the contract avoided: (a) if the failure by the seller to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract; or (b) in case of non-delivery, if the seller does not deliver the goods within the additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47 or declares that he will not deliver within the period so fixed.(2) However, in cases where the seller has delivered the goods, the buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided unle he does so: (a) in respect of late delivery, within a reasonable time after he has become aware that delivery has been made; (b) in respect of any breach other than late delivery, within a reasonable time: (i) after he knew or ought to have known of the breach; (ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47, or after the seller has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period; or (iii) after the expiration of any additional period of time indicated by the seller in accordance with paragraph (2) of article 48, or after the buyer has declared that he will not accept performance.

Article 50 If the goods do not conform with the contract and whether or not the price has already been paid, the buyer may reduce the price in the same proportion as the value that the goods actually delivered had at the time of the delivery bears to the value that conforming goods would have had at that time.However, if the seller remedies any failure to perform his obligations in accordance with article 37 or article 48 or if the buyer refuses to accept performance by the seller in accordance with those articles, the buyer may not reduce the price.

Article 51 (1) If the seller delivers only a part of the goods or if only a part of the goods delivered is in conformity with the contract, articles 46 to 50 apply in respect of the part which is miing or which does not conform.(2) The buyer may declare the contract avoided in its entirety only if the failure to make delivery completely or in conformity with the contract amounts to a fundamental breach of the contract.

Article 52 (1) If the seller delivers the goods before the date fixed, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery.(2) If the seller delivers a quantity of goods greater than that provided for in the contract, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery of the exce quantity.If the buyer takes delivery of all or part of the exce quantity, he must pay for it at the contract rate.

Chapter III

OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER

Article 53 The buyer must pay the price for the goods and take delivery of them as required by the contract and this Convention.Section I.Payment of the price

Article 54 The buyer\'s obligation to pay the price includes taking such steps and complying with such formalities as may be required under the contract or any laws and regulations to enable payment to be made.

Article 55 Where a contract has been validly concluded but does not exprely or implicitly fix or make provision for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, to have impliedly made reference to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances in the trade concerned.

Article 56 If the price is fixed according to the weight of the goods, in case of doubt it is to be determined by the net weight.

Article 57 (1) If the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other particular place, he must pay it to the seller: (a) at the seller\'s place of busine; or (b) if the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or of documents, at the place where the handing over takes place.(2) The seller must bear any increases in the expenses incidental to payment which is caused by a change in his place of busine subsequent to the conclusion of the contract.

Article 58 (1) If the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other specific time, he must pay it when the seller places either the goods or documents controlling their disposition at the buyer\'s disposal in accordance with the contract and this Convention.The seller may make such payment a condition for handing over the goods or documents.(2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, the seller may dispatch the goods on terms whereby the goods, or documents controlling their disposition, will not be handed over to the buyer except against payment of the price.(3) The buyer is not bound to pay the price until he has had an opportunity to examine the goods, unle the procedures for delivery or payment agreed upon by the parties are inconsistent with his having such an opportunity.

Article 59 The buyer must pay the price on the date fixed by or determinable from the contract and this Convention without the need for any request or compliance with any formality on the part of the seller.Section II.Taking delivery

Article 60 The buyer\'s obligation to take delivery consists: (a) in doing all the acts which could reasonably be expected of him in order to enable the seller to make delivery; and (b) in taking over the goods.Section III.Remedies for breach of contract by the buyer

Article 61 (1) If the buyer fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention, the seller may: (a) exercise the rights provided in articles 62 to 65; (b) claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77.(2) The seller is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising his right to other remedies.(3) No period of grace may be granted to the buyer by a court or arbitral tribunal when the seller resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.

Article 62 The seller may require the buyer to pay the price, take delivery or perform his other obligations, unle the seller has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement.

Article 63 (1) The seller may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the buyer of his obligations.(2) Unle the seller has received notice from the buyer that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the seller may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract.However, the seller is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in performance.

Article 64 (1) The seller may declare the contract avoided: (a) if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract; or (b) if the buyer does not, within the additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, perform his obligation to pay the price or take delivery of the goods, or if he declares that he will not do so within the period so fixed.(2) However, in cases where the buyer has paid the price, the seller loses the right to declare the contract avoided unle he does so: (a) in respect of late performance by the buyer, before the seller has become aware that performance has been rendered; or (b) in respect of any breach other than late performance by the buyer, within a reasonable time: (i) after the seller knew or ought to have known of the breach; or (ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, or after the buyer has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period.

Article 65 (1) If under the contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features of the goods and he fails to make such specification either on the date agreed upon or within a reasonable time after receipt of a request from the seller, the seller may, without prejudice to any other rights he may have, make the specification himself in accordance with the requirements of the buyer that may be known to him.(2) If the seller makes the specification himself, he must inform the buyer of the details thereof and must fix a reasonable time within which the buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of such a communication, the buyer fails to do so within the time so fixed, the specification made by the seller is binding.

Chapter IV PASSING OF RISK

Article 66 Lo of or damage to the goods after the risk has paed to the buyer does not discharge him from his obligation to pay the price, unle the lo or damage is due to an act or omiion of the seller.

Article 67 (1) If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller is not bound to hand them over at a particular place, the risk paes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmiion to the buyer in accordance with the contract of sale.If the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place, the risk does not pa to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place.The fact that the seller is authorized to retain documents controlling the disposition of the goods does not affect the paage of the risk.(2) Neverthele, the risk does not pa to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract, whether by markings on the goods, by shipping documents, by notice given to the buyer or otherwise.

Article 68 The risk in respect of goods sold in transit paes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract.However, if the circumstances so indicate, the risk is aumed by the buyer from the time the goods were handed over to the carrier who iued the documents embodying the contract of carriage.Neverthele, if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought to have known that the goods had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer, the lo or damage is at the risk of the seller.

Article 69 (1) In cases not within articles 67 and 68, the risk paes to the buyer when he takes over the goods or, if he does not do so in due time, from the time when the goods are placed at his disposal and he commits a breach of contract by failing to take delivery.(2) However, if the buyer is bound to take over the goods at a place other than a place of busine of the seller, the risk paes when delivery is due and the buyer is aware of the fact that the goods are placed at his disposal at that place.(3) If the contract relates to goods not then identified, the goods are considered not to be placed at the disposal of the buyer until they are clearly identified to the contract.

Article 70 If the seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, articles 67, 68 and 69 do not impair the remedies available to the buyer on account of the breach.

Chapter V PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER AND OF THE BUYER Section I.Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts

Article 71 (1) A party may suspend the performance of his obligations if, after the conclusion of the contract, it becomes apparent that the other party will not perform a substantial part of his obligations as a result of: (a) a serious deficiency in his ability to perform or in his creditworthine; or (b) his conduct in preparing to perform or in performing the contract.(2) If the seller has already dispatched the goods before the grounds described in the preceding paragraph become evident, he may prevent the handing over of the goods to the buyer even though the buyer holds a document which entitles him to obtain them.The present paragraph relates only to the rights in the goods as between the buyer and the seller.(3) A party suspending performance, whether before or after dispatch of the goods, must immediately give notice of the suspension to the other party and must continue with performance if the other party provides adequate aurance of his performance.

Article 72 (1) If prior to the date for performance of the contract it is clear that one of the parties will commit a fundamental breach of contract, the other party may declare the contract avoided.(2) If time allows, the party intending to declare the contract avoided must give reasonable notice to the other party in order to permit him to provide adequate aurance of his performance.(3) The requirements of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the other party has declared that he will not perform his obligations.

Article 73 (1) In the case of a contract for delivery of goods by instalments, if the failure of one party to perform any of his obligations in respect of any instalment constitutes a fundamental breach of contract with respect to that instalment, the other party may declare the contract avoided with respect to that instalment.(2) If one party\'s failure to perform any of his obligations in respect of any instalment gives the other party good grounds to conclude that a fundamental breach of contract will occur with respect to future instalments, he may declare the contract avoided for the future, provided that he does so within a reasonable time.(3) A buyer who declares the contract avoided in respect of any delivery may, at the same time, declare it avoided in respect of deliveries already made or of future deliveries if, by reason of their interdependence, those deliveries could not be used for the purpose contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract.Section II.Damages

Article 74 Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the lo, including lo of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach.Such damages may not exceed the lo which the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract, in the light of the facts and matters of which he then knew or ought to have known, as a poible consequence of the breach of contract.

Article 75 If the contract is avoided and if, in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance, the buyer has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the goods, the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74.

Article 76 (1) If the contract is avoided and there is a current price for the goods, the party claiming damages may, if he has not made a purchase or resale under article 75, recover the difference between the price fixed by the contract and the current price at the time of avoidance as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74.If, however, the party claiming damages has avoided the contract after taking over the goods, the current price at the time of such taking over shall be applied instead of the current price at the time of avoidance.(2) For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the current price is the price prevailing at the place where delivery of the goods should have been made or, if there is no current price at that place, the price at such other place as serves as a reasonable substitute, making due allowance for differences in the cost of transporting the goods.

Article 77 A party who relies on a breach of contract must take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to mitigate the lo, including lo of profit, resulting from the breach.If he fails to take such measures, the party in breach may claim a reduction in the damages in the amount by which the lo should have been mitigated.Section III.Interest

Article 78 If a party fails to pay the price or any other sum that is in arrears, the other party is entitled to interest on it, without prejudice to any claim for damages recoverable under article 74.Section IV.Exemptions

Article 79 (1) A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences.(2) If the party\'s failure is due to the failure by a third person whom he has engaged to perform the whole or a part of the contract, that party is exempt from liability only if: (a) he is exempt under the preceding paragraph; and (b) the person whom he has so engaged would be so exempt if the provisions of that paragraph were applied to him.(3) The exemption provided by this article has effect for the period during which the impediment exists.(4) The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment and its effect on his ability to perform.If the notice is not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment, he is liable for damages resulting from such non-receipt.(5) Nothing in this article prevents either party from exercising any right other than to claim damages under this Convention.

Article 80 A party may not rely on a failure of the other party to perform, to the extent that such failure was caused by the first party\'s act or omiion.Section V.Effects of avoidance

Article 81 (1) Avoidance of the contract releases both parties from their obligations under it, subject to any damages which may be due.Avoidance does not affect any provision of the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other provision of the contract governing the rights and obligations of the parties consequent upon the avoidance of the contract.(2) A party who has performed the contract either wholly or in part may claim restitution from the other party of whatever the first party has supplied or paid under the contract.If both parties are bound to make restitution, they must do so concurrently.

Article 82 (1) The buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to deliver substitute goods if it is impoible for him to make restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which he received them.(2) The preceding paragraph does not apply: (a) if the impoibility of making restitution of the goods or of making restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which the buyer received them is not due to his act or omiion; (b) if the goods or part of the goods have perished or deteriorated as a result of the examination provided for in article 38; or (c) if the goods or part of the goods have been sold in the normal course of busine or have been consumed or transformed by the buyer in the course of normal use before he discovered or ought to have discovered the lack of conformity.

Article 83 A buyer who has lost the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to deliver substitute goods in accordance with article 82 retains all other remedies under the contract and this Convention.

Article 84 (1) If the seller is bound to refund the price, he must also pay interest on it, from the date on which the price was paid.(2) The buyer must account to the seller for all benefits which he has derived from the goods or part of them: (a) if he must make restitution of the goods or part of them; or (b) if it is impoible for him to make restitution of all or part of the goods or to make restitution of all or part of the goods substantially in the condition in which he received them, but he has neverthele declared the contract avoided or required the seller to deliver substitute goods.Section VI.Preservation of the goods

Article 85 If the buyer is in delay in taking delivery of the goods or, where payment of the price and delivery of the goods are to be made concurrently, if he fails to pay the price, and the seller is either in poeion of the goods or otherwise able to control their disposition, the seller must take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to preserve them.He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the buyer.

Article 86 (1) If the buyer has received the goods and intends to exercise any right under the contract or this Convention to reject them, he must take such steps to preserve them as are reasonable in the circumstances.He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the seller.(2) If goods dispatched to the buyer have been placed at his disposal at their destination and he exercises the right to reject them, he must take poeion of them on behalf of the seller, provided that this can be done without payment of the price and without unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense.This provision does not apply if the seller or a person authorized to take charge of the goods on his behalf is present at the destination.If the buyer takes poeion of the goods under this paragraph, his rights and obligations are governed by the preceding paragraph.

Article 87 A party who is bound to take steps to preserve the goods may deposit them in a warehouse of a third person at the expense of the other party provided that the expense incurred is not unreasonable.

Article 88 (1) A party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 may sell them by any appropriate means if there has been an unreasonable delay by the other party in taking poeion of the goods or in taking them back or in paying the price or the cost of preservation, provided that reasonable notice of the intention to sell has been given to the other party.(2) If the goods are subject to rapid deterioration or their preservation would involve unreasonable expense, a party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 must take reasonable measures to sell them.To the extent poible he must give notice to the other party of his intention to sell.(3) A party selling the goods has the right to retain out of the proceeds of sale an amount equal to the reasonable expenses of preserving the goods and of selling them.He must account to the other party for the balance.

PART IV FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 89 The Secretary-General of the United Nations is hereby designated as the depositary for this Convention.

Article 90 This Convention does not prevail over any international agreement which has already been or may be entered into and which contains provisions concerning the matters governed by this Convention, provided that the parties have their places of busine in States parties to such agreement.

Article 91 (1) This Convention is open for signature at the concluding meeting of the United Nations Conference on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and will remain open for signature by all States at the Headquarters of the United Nations, New York until 30 September 1981.(2) This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatory States.(3) This Convention is open for acceion by all States which are not signatory States as from the date it is open for signature.(4) Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval and acceion are to be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 92 (1) A Contracting State may declare at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or acceion that it will not be bound by Part II of this Convention or that it will not be bound by Part III of this Convention.(2) A Contracting State which makes a declaration in accordance with the preceding paragraph in respect of Part II or Part III of this Convention is not to be considered a Contracting State within paragraph (1) of article 1 of this Convention in respect of matters governed by the Part to which the declaration applies.

Article 93 (1) If a Contracting State has two or more territorial units in which, according to its constitution, different systems of law are applicable in relation to the matters dealt with in this Convention, it may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or acceion, declare that this Convention is to extend to all its territorial units or only to one or more of them, and may amend its declaration by submitting another declaration at any time.(2) These declarations are to be notified to the depositary and are to state exprely the territorial units to which the Convention extends.(3) If, by virtue of a declaration under this article, this Convention extends to one or more but not all of the territorial units of a Contracting State, and if the place of busine of a party is located in that State, this place of busine, for the purposes of this Convention, is considered not to be in a Contracting State, unle it is in a territorial unit to which the Convention extends.(4) If a Contracting State makes no declaration under paragraph (1) of this article, the Convention is to extend to all territorial units of that State.

Article 94 (1) Two or more Contracting States which have the same or closely related legal rules on matters governed by this Convention may at any time declare that the Convention is not to apply to contracts of sale or to their formation where the parties have their places of busine in those States.Such declarations may be made jointly or by reciprocal unilateral declarations.(2) A Contracting State which has the same or closely related legal rules on matters governed by this Convention as one or more non-Contracting States may at any time declare that the Convention is not to apply to contracts of sale or to their formation where the parties have their places of busine in those States.(3) If a State which is the object of a declaration under the preceding paragraph subsequently becomes a Contracting State, the declaration made will, as from the date on which the Convention enters into force in respect of the new Contracting State, have the effect of a declaration made under paragraph (1), provided that the new Contracting State joins in such declaration or makes a reciprocal unilateral declaration.

Article 95 Any State may declare at the time of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or acceion that it will not be bound by subparagraph (1)(b) of article 1 of this Convention.

Article 96 A Contracting State whose legislation requires contracts of sale to be concluded in or evidenced by writing may at any time make a declaration in accordance with article 12 that any provision of article 11, article 29, or Part II of this Convention, that allows a contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance, or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing, does not apply where any party has his place of busine in that State.

Article 97 (1) Declarations made under this Convention at the time of signature are subject to confirmation upon ratification, acceptance or approval.(2) Declarations and confirmations of declarations are to be in writing and be formally notified to the depositary.(3) A declaration takes effect simultaneously with the entry into force of this Convention in respect of the State concerned.However, a declaration of which the depositary receives formal notification after such entry into force takes effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the date of its receipt by the depositary.Reciprocal unilateral declarations under article 94 take effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the receipt of the latest declaration by the depositary.(4) Any State which makes a declaration under this Convention may withdraw it at any time by a formal notification in writing addreed to the depositary.Such withdrawal is to take effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the date of the receipt of the notification by the depositary.(5) A withdrawal of a declaration made under article 94 renders inoperative, as from the date on which the withdrawal takes effect, any reciprocal declaration made by another State under that article.

Article 98 No reservations are permitted except those exprely authorized in this Convention.

Article 99 (1) This Convention enters into force, subject to the provisions of paragraph (6) of this article, on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the date of deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or acceion, including an instrument which contains a declaration made under article 92.(2) When a State ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention after the deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or acceion, this Convention, with the exception of the Part excluded, enters into force in respect of that State, subject to the provisions of paragraph (6) of this article, on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or acceion.(3) A State which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention and is a party to either or both the Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods done at The Hague on 1 July 1964 (1964 Hague Formation Convention) and the Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods done at The Hague on 1 July 1964 (1964 Hague Sales Convention) shall at the same time denounce, as the case may be, either or both the 1964 Hague Sales Convention and the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.(4) A State party to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has declared under article 52 that it will not be bound by Part II of this Convention shall at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or acceion denounce the 1964 Hague Sales Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.(5) A State party to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has declared under article 92 that it will not be bound by Part III of this Convention shall at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or acceion denounce the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.(6) For the purpose of this article, ratifications, acceptances, approvals and acceions in respect of this Convention by States parties to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention or to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention shall not be effective until such denunciations as may be required on the part of those States in respect of the latter two Conventions have themselves become effective.The depositary of this Convention shall consult with the Government of the Netherlands, as the depositary of the 1964 Conventions, so as to ensure neceary co-ordination in this respect.

Article 100 (1) This Convention applies to the formation of a contract only when the proposal for concluding the contract is made on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph (1)(a) or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph (1)(b) of article 1.(2) This Convention applies only to contracts concluded on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph (1)(a) or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph (1)(b) of article 1.

Article 101 (1) A Contracting State may denounce this Convention, or Part II or Part III of the Convention, by a formal notification in writing addreed to the depositary.(2) The denunciation takes effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the notification is received by the depositary.Where a longer period for the denunciation to take effect is specified in the notification, the denunciation takes effect upon the expiration of such longer period after the notification is received by the depositary.DONE at Vienna, this day of eleventh day of April, one thousand nine hundred and eighty, in a single original, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Ruian and Spanish texts are equally authentic.IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed this Convention.

推荐第6篇：彭麻麻联合国英文演讲稿中英双语

彭麻麻联合国英文演讲稿(中英双语)

彭麻麻联合国英文演讲稿(中英双语)

Ladiesandgentlemen

女士们、先生们：

ItgivesmeagreatpleasuretojoinyouforthisimportantinitiativeastheUNmarksits70thanniversary.

在联合国纪念成立70周年之际，我很荣幸能够参加这一重要倡议的相关活动。

Educationisverycloseinmyheart.MyfathergrewupinaverysmallvillageinChina.Inthosedays,notmanyvillagerscouldread.Somyfatheropenedanightschooltoteachthemhowtoread.Withhishelp,manypeoplelearnedtowritetheirownnames;withhishelpmanypeoplelearnedtoreadnewspapersforthefirsttime;withhishelp,manywomenwereabletoteachtheirchildrenhowtoread.Ashisdaughter,Iknowwhateducationmeanstothepeople,especiallythosewithoutit.

我对教育感念至深。我的父亲生长在中国一个非常小的村庄里。在那些岁月里，许多村民都不识字。因此我的父亲开办了一所夜校帮助他们识字。在他的帮助下，许多人学会了写自己的名字；在他的帮助下，许多人有生以来第一次读报；在他的帮助下，许多妇女开始有能力教自己的孩子读书写字。作为她的女儿，我知道教育对一个人来说意味着什么，特别是那些没有文化的人。

Aftergenerationsofhardwork,Chinahascomealongwayineducation.Imyselfamabeneficiaryofthatprogre.OtherwiseIwouldneverbecomeasopranoandaprofeorofmusical.Iamfollowingmyfather’sfootstepsbyteachingatChina’sConservatoryofMusictohelpcontinueChina’uccetory.

在经过几代人的努力，中国的教育取得了巨大的进步。我自己就是这一进步的受益者。否则，我不会成为一个女高音和一名声乐教授。我在中国音乐学院教书，沿着父亲的足迹，帮助复制中国的成功故事。

IwanttothankDirector-generalBokovaandUNESCOfornamingmetheSpecialEnvoyforWomenandGirlsEducation.IamtrulyhonoredtoworkwiththeUNanddosomethingaboutGlobalEducation.Ihavevisitedmanyschoolsaroundtheworld.I’veseenfirst-handonhowmuchwecandoforeducation.

我要感谢教科文组织任命我为\"促进女童和妇女教育特使\".我对与联合国一道工作、为了全球教育做些工作感到由衷的荣幸。我访问了世界上的许多学校，我亲眼看到，我们在教育工作上还有很多的事情可以做。

Educationisaboutwomenandthegirls.Itisimportantforgirlstogotoschoolbecausetheywillbecometheirchildren’sfirstteachersomeday.Butwomenstillaccountforoverhalfoftheworld’spoorinpopulationand60%ofadultswhocan’tread.Educationiscrucialintheaddreingsuchinequalities.InChina,SpringBudEducationProgramhashelpedover3milliongirlsgobacktoschool.Manyofthemhavefinisheduniversityeducationandtheyaredoingwellatwork.

教育事关妇女和女童。女童入学非常重要，因为她们有一天会成为自己孩子的第一位老师。然而，妇女依然占世界贫穷人口的一半，她们中有六成成年人不识字。教育是解决此类不平等的关键。在中国，\"春蕾计划\"已经帮助300万女童重返校园。许多人读完了大学，并在工作岗位上表现出色。

Educationisaboutequality.Inpoorcountriesandregionsthenumberofschooldropoutsisastonishing.Wecallformoreeducationalresourcestotheseplaces.

教育事关平等。在贫穷国家和地区，辍学儿童的人数高得惊人。我们呼吁将更多的教育资源投入这些地方。

Educationisabouttheyoungpeople.Youngpeoplearethefuture.Educationisimportantbecauseitnotonlygaveyoungpeopleknowledgeandskillsbutalsohelpthembecomeresponsiblecitizens.

教育事关年轻人。年轻人是我们的未来。教育之所以重要是因为它不仅给年轻人带来知识，还帮助他们成为负责任的公民。

AstheUNESCOspecialenvoyandthemothermyselfmycommitmenttoeducationforallwillneverchange.Manyyearsagomyfathermadeasmalldifferenceinhisvillage.Togetherwecanmakeabigdifferenceintheworld.

作为教科文组织的\"促进女童和妇女教育特使\"和一名母亲，我对人人享有教育的承诺永不改变。许多年前，我的父亲使他的村庄发生了改变。团结起来，我们可以使这个世界得到巨大改变。

IwasonceaskedaboutmyChinesedream.IsaidIhopeallchildrenespeciallygirlscanhaveaccetogoodeducation.ThisismyChinesedream.Ibelieveonedayeducationfirstwillnolongerbeadream,itwillbearealityenjoyedbyeveryyoungwomanonthisplanet.Thankyouverymuch.

我曾经被问道自己的梦想是什么。我说我希望所有的儿童、特别是女童都可以接受良好的教育。这就是我的中国梦。我相信有一天\"教育优先\"将不再是一个梦想，它将变成这个星球上每一个妇女都能享有的现实。谢谢大家。

推荐第7篇：彭丽媛联合国英文演讲谈教育(中英对照)

彭丽媛联合国英文演讲谈教育(中英对照) Director-General Bokova博科娃总干事

Ladies and gentlemen女士们、先生们：

It gives me a great pleasure to join you for this important initiative as the UN marks its 70th anniversary.

在联合国纪念成立70周年之际，我很荣幸能够参加这一重要倡议的相关活动。

Education is very close in my heart.My father grew up in a very small village in China.In those days， not many villagers could read.So my father opened a night school to teach them how to read.With his help， many people learned to write their own names; with his help many people learned to read newspapers for the first time; with his help， many women were able to teach their children how to read.As his daughter， I know what education means to the people， especially those without it.

我对教育感念至深。我的父亲生长在中国一个非常小的村庄里。在那些岁月里，许多村民都不识字。因此我的父亲开办了一所夜校帮助他们识字。在他的帮助下，许多人学会了写自己的名字；在他的帮助下，许多人有生以来第一次读报；在他的帮助下，许多妇女开始有能力教自己的孩子读书写字。作为她的女儿，我知道教育对一个人来说意味着什么，特别是那些没有文化的人。

After generations of hard work， China has come a long way in education.I myself am a beneficiary of that progre.Otherwise I would never become a soprano and a profeor of musical.I am following my father’s footsteps by teaching at China’s Conservatory of Music to help continue China’s succe story.

在经过几代人的努力，中国的教育取得了巨大的进步。我自己就是这一进步的受益者。否则，我不会成为一个女高音和一名声乐教授。我在中国音乐学院教书，沿着父亲的足迹，帮助复制中国的成功故事。

I want to thank Director-general Bokova and UNESCO for naming me the Special Envoy for Women and Girls Education.I am truly honored to work with the UN and do something about Global Education.I have visited many schools around the world.I’ve seen first-hand on how much we can do for education.

我要感谢教科文组织任命我为“促进女童和妇女教育特使”。我对与联合国一道工作、为了全球教育做些工作感到由衷的荣幸。我访问了世界上的许多学校，我亲眼看到，我们在教育工作上还有很多的事情可以做。

Education is about women and the girls.It is important for girls to go to school because they will become their children’s first teacher someday.But women still account for over half of the world’s poor in population and 60% of adults who can’t read.Education is crucial in the addreing such inequalities.In China， Spring Bud Education Program has helped over 3 million girls go back to school.Many of them have finished university education and they are doing well at work.

教育事关妇女和女童。女童入学非常重要，因为她们有一天会成为自己孩子的第一位老师。然而，妇女依然占世界贫穷人口的一半，她们中有六成成年人不识字。教育是解决此类不平等的关键。在中国，“春蕾计划”已经帮助300万女童重返校园。许多人读完了大学，并在工作岗位上表现出色。

Education is about equality.In poor countries and regions the number of school dropouts is astonishing.We call for more educational resources to these places.

教育事关平等。在贫穷国家和地区，辍学儿童的人数高得惊人。我们呼吁将更多的教育资源投入这些地方。

Education is about the young people.Young people are the future.Education is important because it not only gave young people knowledge and skills but also help them become responsible citizens.

教育事关年轻人。年轻人是我们的未来。教育之所以重要是因为它不仅给年轻人带来知识，还帮助他们成为负责任的公民。

As the UNESCO special envoy and the mother myself my commitment to education for all will never change.Many years ago my father made a small difference in his village.Together we can make a big difference in the world.

作为教科文组织的“促进女童和妇女教育特使”和一名母亲，我对人人享有教育的承诺永不改变。许多年前，我的父亲使他的村庄发生了改变。团结起来，我们可以使这个世界得到巨大改变。

I was once asked about my Chinese dream.I said I hope all children especially girls can have acce to good education.This is my Chinese dream.I believe one day education first will no longer be a dream， it will be a reality enjoyed by every young woman on this planet.Thank you very much.

我曾经被问道自己的梦想是什么。我说我希望所有的儿童、特别是女童都可以接受良好的教育。这就是我的中国梦。我相信有一天“教育优先”将不再是一个梦想，它将变成这个星球上每一个妇女都能享有的现实。谢谢大家。

推荐第8篇：Emma Watson联合国女权主义会议演讲英文演讲稿

Emma Watson联合国女权主义会议演讲

英文演讲稿

以下这篇英文演讲稿是美国著名女演员emma watson在联合国女权主义演讲原文，由应届毕业生演讲稿网站整理提供，希望大家能够喜欢。

today we are launching a campaign called “he for she.”

i am reaching out to you because i need your help.we want to end gender inequality—andto do that we need everyone to be involved.

this is the first campaign of its kind at the un: we want to try and galvanize as manymen and boys as poible to be advocates for gender equality.and we don’t just want to talk about it, but make sure it is tangible.

i was appointed six months ago and the more i have spoken about feminism, the more i have realized that fighting for women’s rights has too often become synonymous with man-hating.if there is one thing i know for certain, it is that this has to stop.

for the record, feminism by definition is: “the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities.it is the theory of the political, economic and social equality of the sexes.”

i started questioning gender-based aumptions when at eight i was confused at being called “boy,” because i wanted to direct the plays we would put on for our parents—but the boys were not.

when at 14, i started being sexualized by certain elements of the pre.

when at 15, my girlfriends started dropping out of their sports teams because they didn’t want to appear “muscly.”

when at1 8, my male friends were unable to expre their feelings.

i decided i was a feminist and this seemed uncomplicated to me.but my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an unpopular word.

apparently, i am among the ranks of women whose expreions are seen as too strong, too aggreive, isolating, anti-men and, unattractive.

why is the word such an uncomfortable one?

i am from britain and think it is right that as a woman i am paid the same as my male counterparts.i think it is right that i should be able to make decisions about my own body.i think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and decision-making of my country.

i thinkit is right that socially i am afforded the same respect as men.but sadly i can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to receive these rights.

no country in the world can yet say they have achieved gender rights i consider to be human rights but i am one of the lucky ones.my life is a sheer privilege because my parents didn’t love me le because i was born a daughter.my school did not limit me because i was a girl.my mentors didn’t aume i would go le far because i might give birth to a child one day.

these influencers were the gender equality ambaadors that made who i am today.they may not know it, but they are the inadvertent feminists who are.and we need more of those.and if you still hate the word—it is not the word that is important but the idea and the ambition behind it.because not all women have been afforded the same rights that i have.in fact, statistically, very few have been.

in 1997, hilary clinton made a famous speech in beijing about women’s rights.sadly many of the things she wanted to change are still a reality today.

but what stood out for me the most was that only 30 percent of her audience were male.how can we affect change in the world when only half of it is invited or feel welcome to participate in the conversation?

men—i would like to take this opportunity to extend your formal invitation.gender equality is your iue too.

because today, i’ve seen my father’s role as a parent being valued le by society despite my needing his presence as a child as much as my mother’s.

i’ve seen young men suffering from mental illne unable to ask for help for fear itwould make them look le “macho”—in fact in the uk suicide is the biggest killer of men between 20-49; eclipsing road accidents, cancer and coronary heart disease.i’ve seen men made fragile and insecure by a distorted sense of what constitutes male succe.men don’t have the benefits of equality either.

we don’to ften talk about men being imprisoned by gender stereotypes but i can see that that they are and that when they are free, things will change for women as anatural consequence.if men don’t have to be aggreive in order to be accepted women won’t feel compelled to be submiive.if men don’t have to control, women won’t have to be controlled.

both men and women should feel free to be sensitive.both men and women should feel free to be strong… it is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum not as twoopposing sets of ideals.

if we stop defining each other by what we are not and start defining ourselves by what we are—we can all be freer and this is what heforshe is about.it’s about freedom.

i want men to take up this mantle.so their daughters, sisters and mothers can be free from prejudice but also so that their sons have permiion to be vulnerable and human too—reclaim those parts of themselves they abandoned and in doing so be amore true and complete version of themselves.

you might be thinking who is this harry potter girl? and what is she doing up on stage atthe un.it’s a good question and trust me i have been asking myself the samething.i don’t know if i am qualified to be here.

all i know is that i care about this problem.and i want to make it better.and having seen what i’ve seen—and given the chance—i feel it is my duty to say something.english statesman edmund burke said: “all that is needed for the forces of evilto triumph is for enough good men and women to do nothing.”

in my nervousne for this speech and in my moments of doubt i’ve told myself firmly—if not me, who, if not now, when.if you have similar doubts when opportunities are presented to you i hope those words might be helpful.

because the reality is that if we do nothing it will take 75 years, or for me to be nearlya hundred before women can expect to be paid the same as men for the same million girls will be married in the next 16 years as children.and at current rates it won’t be until 2086 before all rural african girls will be able to receive a secondary education.

if you believe in equality, you might be one of those inadvertent feminists i spoke ofearlier.and for this i applaud you.

we are struggling for a uniting word but the good news is we have a uniting movement.it is called heforshe.i am inviting you to step forward, to be seen to speakup, to be the he for she.and to ask yourself if not me, who, if not now when.

thank you.

推荐第9篇：华东理工大学模拟联合国英文组培训说明

华东理工大学模拟联合国英文组培训说明

第一版

英文组培训将由英文组学术部全权处理，现将英文组对于每周培训的相关内容公告如下：

1、每周定点培训时间：每周四晚20:30~22:00（具体时间可因原因有所改动）

2、每周定点培训地点：C、D教学楼

3、定点培训环节及内容：

（1） 模拟联合国术语的教授：完全向所有成员教会模联专用术语，并且教授关

于其他细则，诸如note的使用等其他细则内容。（该环节主讲由李大为、

庞慧负责）

（2） 模拟联合国技巧的教授：向所有成员提供模拟联合国参会经验、技巧等内

容的培训。由各位已经参加过会议的大

二、大三的成员向各位新成员讲授

自己的心得体会和一些经验。（该环节由人力部负责安排）

（3） 高级听说技能培训：a.每周向各位成员播放BBC新闻（或者是VOA新闻，

需要经过学术部商议通过结论）片段，并且训练类似四六级的挖词填空、

听力理解等等相关内容

b.每周举行演讲比赛（presentation and speech contest）、

小型辩论赛(mini debate contest)、循环展演(circulative presentation)、压力讲

演(speech under preure)等训练口语表达能力的各类游戏。

（4）理解能力技能培训：每周将在讲义上拉取一篇有一定篇幅的实事文章，对

大家进行阅读训练，在阅读结束后，将给大家时间发表关于该文章的心得

和评论，并且有条件的情况下，请大家关于此文章进行辩论或者其他活动。

（5）写作能力技能培训：每个月将进行一次公文写作的训练，希望大家能够关

于一个时政问题及矛盾的合理解决方案，分角色进行信件写作。

4、其他内容：

1、每周的主讲官需要自己撰写同样本相同的讲义（样本以第一次培训所用的讲义形式相同）

2、每周的学术交流者需要提前将演讲稿、PPT等相关内容发至英文组学术部公邮（公邮将在第一次培训时发布）

3、教室、多媒体等相关杂项内容由秘书处全权负责

4、为了保证培训的有效性及人员的不流失，将在每个学期期末，根据情况来对所有成员进行一次测试，此测试即为一次绩效考评，根据本学期参会情况、获奖情况、现场考试及面试、平时训练中的比赛情况来统一为成员计算出绩效考评得分，将淘汰每学期所有成员的5%~10%

以上全部内容由英文组学术部制定及执行，希望其他部门以及各位社长给予大力的支持和合作，谢谢。

2011年9月18日

推荐第10篇：模拟联合国

柳城中学 首届模拟联合国大会

策

划

书

柳城中学 学生会

2017年4月

一、活动目的

本次模拟联合国大会比赛旨在加强学生面向世界的眼光和站在世界的角度上思考问题，通过亲身经历熟悉联合国等多边议事机构的运作方式、基础国际关系与外交知识，并了解世界发生的大事对他们未来的影响，了解自身在未来可以发挥的作用。

二、活动组织方

柳城县学生会

三、活动主题介绍：

（1）简介：模拟联合国 (Model United Nations)，简称模联(MUN)，是对联合国大会和其它多边机构的仿真学术模拟，是为青年人组织的公民教育活动。在活动中，青年学生们扮演不同国家或其它政治实体的外交代表，参与围绕国际上的热点问题召开的会议。代表们遵循议事规则，在会议主席团的主持下，通过演讲来阐述观点，为了“国家利益”辩论、磋商、游说。他们与友好的国家沟通协作，解决冲突；通过写作决议草案和投票表决来推进国际问题的解决。

（2）参赛对象：高中部一年级、二年级

初中部二年级、三年级

（3）组队形式：根据年级进行报名，经过初赛后，由带队老师

抽签选定队伍人选 （4）准备工作

1.设立主席团

①主席一名，负责监督全场流程的宣布与实行，以及审核参与人员的各类文件（注：主席本身须具备一定的应变能力，因为本活动在进程中存在很多变数，如A参与国发言时，B参与国针对流程提出异议，则主席必须立刻暂停A参与国陈述，并予以回复）

②主席助理一名，负责点名和宣读各种要求，同时负责发言计时和提醒

③工作人员数名，负责将与会国家代表团的各种提问、意见纸条传递给主席。同时负责维护现场秩序。（学生会成员） 2.评议团

由相关教师组成的评议团，主要负责审核全场各种信息资料，并在活动最后对每个国家代表团的表现进行点评，选出名次 （5）参与国

至少需要确保5个及5个以上团队的参加，也就是至少要保证五个常任理事国的参与，本次活动才可进行。当团队数量超过五个，可根据参与团队数量，制定抽签原则，抽签规则为有N个团队参加，则制定N个签，其中五个签为五大常任理事国，剩下的签则为由组织方协商后确立的在国际上有足够影响力的国家。参与的团队至少需要4个人，上限不得超过6个人，可由参与团队自由组建。 （6）议题

由协办教师提前协商议题，方面可以是当前国际的任何方面，如经济、文化、教育、政治等等，共需要2个议题。在制定好议题后，提前将议题内容发给各个参与国，并给与足够充足的准备时间。附：模拟联合国活动中主要涉及的话题：l、和平与安全

2、国际金融与经济体系改革

3、维护人权

4、保护环境

5、预防公共疾病全球蔓延(如甲流和艾滋病)

六、活动详情

（一）比赛时间： 2017年秋学期

（二）比赛地点：待定

（三）比赛形式：比赛现场模拟联合国大会议程开会。

柳城中学首届模拟联合国大会方案教师意见反馈

教师姓名：

所持意见：同意（ ）

不同意（ ）

活动建议：

第11篇：模拟联合国

东北师范大学第五届模拟联合国大会简介

一、什么是模拟联合国

有那么一个学生活动，参与者都得正装出席，胸前别着证明代表身份的标志牌，在庄严的讲台上代表世界不同国家，为了各自国家的利益陈述立场、提出动议，或据理力争、或磋商结盟，直至针对某一议案投票表决„„这就是模拟联合国。

模拟联合国（Model United Nations）简称MUN是模仿联合国及相关的国际机构，依据其运作方式和议事原则，围绕国际上热点问题召开的会议。青年学生们扮演不同国家的外交官，作为各国代表，参与到“联合国会议”当中。代表们遵循大会规则，在会议主席团的主持下，通过演讲阐述“自己国家”的观点，为了“自己国家”的利益进行辩论、游说，他们与友好的国家沟通协作，解决冲突；他们讨论决议草案，促进国际合作；他们在“联合国”的舞台上，充分发挥自己的才能。

这项活动起源于美国哈佛大学经过60多年的发展，模拟联合国活动现在已经风靡全世界，形式多样，规模不一，有国际大会、全国大会，还有地区级和校际间的大会，参与者有大学生到高中生，乃至初中生。目前全世界每年有近四百个国际模拟联合国大会在五大洲的50多个国家召开。每年参与大会的师生来自世界100多个国家，总人数超过四百万人。

模拟联合国活动之所以能够风靡全世界，是因为它是一项极富教育意义的活动。 为学生们带了更广阔的视野。模拟联合国活动关注的问题广泛，大都是当今各国面临的热点问题，在这样一个充满激情和挑战的全球化时代，在我国改革开放继续深化，国际局势依然复杂多变的背景下，积极参与这项活动不仅有助于同学们对联合国的了解，更为同学们打开一扇窗，提供了一个舞台，让大家关心世界，用国际眼光来思考问题，讨论问题。

模拟联合国活动中主要涉及的话题: 和平与安全/恐怖主义/人权/ 环境/贫穷与发展/全球化/公共卫生等 激发英语热情与培养学习能力。由于模拟联合国活动源自西方，大部分会议的工作语言是英文。阅读背景资料、会场上书写大量文件、听取发言、阐述观点这些都对学生的英语水平提出了很高的要求。模拟联合国活动是一种体验式的活动，代表们融

入了外交情境，需要自觉自主的运用英语进行表达，这样的环境下，大大激发了学生学习英语的热情。

虽然最终的大会只有短短几天时间，但是在会议之前代表要做好充分的准备。代表必须密切关注“自己的国家”，研究和学习一个国家的政治、经济、外交政策等方方面面，只有这样才能充分扮演好外交官的角色。准备的过程实际上是一个多种学科知识的整合过程，代表们需要将政治、经济、历史和地理知识与大会要讨论的问题紧密结合，思考各个要素之间的联系。这样就打破了学科间的壁垒，形成了丰满完整的知识体系。

模拟联合国活动涉及的学科：

历史/地理/数学/文化/经济/军事/自然科学等 锻炼领袖气质与合作精神。模拟联合国活动是一种互动性极强的学习经历，青年人不仅能够学习和讨论国际事务，还能够通过实践来锻炼自己组织、策划、管理的能力，研究和写作的能力，演讲和辩论的能力，解决冲突、求同存异的能力，与他人沟通交往等多方面能力。这些会让学生受益终身。其中包括： 研究/写作/演讲/时间管理/危机处理/团队合作/沟通与妥协等 原联合国秘书长科菲•安南在一封致模拟联合国大会的贺信中说：“联合国依靠世界上每个人的努力而存在，尤其是像你们这样的青年。这个世纪，不久就会是你们的。”当今的年轻人将是未来决策的制定者。模拟联合国就是这样一个活动，让青年人的领袖才能得到锻炼。中国正越来越多地在世界舞台上发挥作用，中国的年轻人也应该为迎接国际化的挑战做好充分的准备。相信在模拟联合国的舞台上，青年学子能够上演精彩而震撼的一幕。

模拟联合国的培养目标。

激发热情 Generating young paion 社会责任 Social responsibility 想象创新 Imagination for innovation 勇于尝试 Willing to try 追求卓越 Excellence in execution

二、东北师范大学模拟联合国协会

自哈佛大学首创模拟联合国活动至今，模拟联合国活动已走过了六十多年的发展历程，吸引了全球超过200,000名青年学生，全世界每年举办近400个模拟联合国会议，成为全球最受欢迎的、影响最为广泛的学生活动之一。模拟联合国活动90年代中期进入中国，然而在短短十几年的时间，无数中国青年学生为之痴迷，国内各大高校甚至是中学开始举办各种形式，各种规模的模拟联合国 协会，北京大学、人民大学、外交学院、西安交通大学等高校举办的模拟联合国大会在国内有着较为重要的影响。然而不为人所知的是东北师范大学早在2006年就举办了第一届模拟联合国大会，成为国内最早举办模拟联合国活动的高校之一，在2007年，第二届更是将中英文结合的独特形式引进模联大会，不仅使得东北师范大学的模联活动水平更接近欧美标准，更锻炼了在校生英语表达能力和演讲能力。在2008年，第三届东北师范大学的模联大会已经发展为全校十个院系近60人参加大会的规模，2009年，第四届东北师范大学模联大会更是达到了近百人的规模，并收到外交学院、大连理工大学、厦门大学等十多所高等院校的贺信，延边大学派出代表团来观摩我校大会。可见，模拟联合国活动不仅已经在东北师范大学学生间具有很大的影响力，更是在全国范围内具有一定的影响力。

2009年，东北师范大学成立模拟联合国协会以负责承办东北师范大学模拟联合国大会及开展相关模联活动的组织机构。东北师范大学模拟联合国协会继承了所有东北师范大学模联大会的精英骨干，具备相当的经验和人才资源。模拟联合国协会于2009年成功举办了东北师范大学第四届模拟联合国大会，并以协会的名义向外派出代表参加了全球模拟联合国大会（2009年，2010年）、中国人民大学模拟哥本哈根大会（2009年）、北京大学亚洲模拟联合国大会（2008年，2009年，2010年）、中南地区模拟联合国大会等大型模拟联合国活动。今年模拟联合国协会正在积极筹东北师范大学第五届模拟联合国大会，努力办出一届跨学校的、更大规模和更高水平的模拟联合国大会，将模拟联合国活动推广到更大范围。

三、东北师范大学第五届模拟联合国大会规则流程

1.总体规则

主席团结构和委员会工作人员的主要权利

一个委员会由3 至5 名工作人员组成的主席团管理和主持。主席团成员包括一名会议主席、助理会议主席和主席助理。

会议主席的职责是主持辩论，根据本文件规定的规则流程引导代表参与会议。同时，会议主席将宣布每个会议的开始和结束，推动采用任何没有重大反对意见的程序性动议。在完全掌控着委员会任何会议进程的基础上，他将引导讨论，确定发言权利，提出问题，宣布决定，裁决问题和加强对于规则流程的遵守。他还将鉴定并批准通过上交至主席团的诸多文件。会议主席可以将他的权力短暂移交给主席团的另一个成员。

助理会议主席将在会议中帮助会议主席鉴定并批准文件。他还将回答针对主席团的询问。主席助理将负责记录并呈现会议进程。

主席团可以对代表们提出会议可能进程的建议。在行使规则流程时，主席团将随时对秘书长负责。

委员会：在规则流程的框架内，委员会由一个单独委员会内的所有与会代表和其主席团组成。

代表团：每个国家由一或两名代表出席，在每个委员会有一次表决权。 观察国的权利

观察国可以参与除修正案外的所有程序性问题的表决，不可以参加实质性问题的表决。

2.正式辩论的规则

正式辩论时，所有代表须遵循规则流程并保持礼貌。正式辩论可由以下部分构成：  点名

在这个阶段，会议主席将按照字母顺序读出每个国家的名字。被念到时，该国的代表将举起他／她的国家牌并答“到”。

 发言名单的建立

委员会将就讨论的议题产生一个发言名单。待主席宣布正式辩论开始后，欲发言的代表举国家牌，主席随机点出发言国国名，确定一个发言顺序表，大会发言顺序依主席所点顺序进行。结束发言名单的动议永远无效。

 进行发言

代表只有获得会议主席的同意后才能发言。会议主席可以提醒发言人如果某国代表的言论与正在讨论的主题无关，或者对委员会成员或工作人员构成侵犯。

 时间限制

任何发言名单的发言人都将有90秒的发言时间，除非一个代表动议设立其它时间。代表发言反对结束辩论也将有90秒。

 让渡

一个代表在指定时间内结束了他／她的发言后，可以让渡剩余时间。有四种不同让渡形式：

 让渡给另一个代表

这种情况常发生在让渡国家A和接收让渡的国家B在讨论后达成共识。国家B的代表将用A发言的剩余时间发言。如果B的发言后仍有时间剩余，将不可再让渡时间。

 让渡时间给问题

当一个发言完毕的代表选择让渡某国代表的时间给问题，会议主席将请愿意提问的代表举牌，并随机选其中的某些代表来提问。提问的时间不计入前面发言的剩余时间。发言的代表可以在剩余时间内回答所有提问。

 让渡时间给评论

当一个代表选择让渡他／她的剩余发言时间给评论，会议主席将请愿意评论的代表举牌，并随机选其中的某些代表来评论。受到指定评论的代表可以在剩余时间内做相关评论；但让渡时间的代表不能再次陈述他／她的观点，或者在相同的期限内反驳评论。

 让渡时间给主席

当代表让渡时间给主席，某国代表选择了放弃剩余时间，会议主席将进行接下来的程序。

 问题和动议

在一个代表发言／用完指定发言时间后，会议主席将询问委员会有无问题或动议。这时，一个代表可以根据某国代表的需要提出问题或动议。  问题

 程序性问题：当一个代表认为会议主席在规则流程上犯了错误时，某国代表可以提出一个程序性问题来纠正这个错误。

 咨询性问题：当一个代表对规则流程有疑问时，某国代表可以对会议主席提出一个咨询性问题。

 个人特权问题：当一个代表感到任何个人的不适影响某国代表参与会议时，某国代表可以提出一个个人特权问题，从而获得主席团的帮助。

 动议

代表可以提出任何有助于会议进程的动议。这些动议包括（但不限于）进行磋商、改变发言时间、中止会议、结束辩论、中止发言名单。会议主席有权决定动议是否有效，然后允许委员会对其进行表决。  磋商  自由磋商

动议自有磋商在辩论结束前的会议进程中任何时候都有效。提出动议的代表必须简要解释原因并限定磋商的时间（不能超过二十分钟）。动议将立即得到表决，需要多数通过。会议主席可以裁决动议无效。  有主持核心磋商

有主持核心磋商的目的是在讨论的关键阶段促进实质性的辩论。在有主持核心磋商期间，会议主席将暂时停止发言名单，根据某国代表的判断选择代表发言。动议有主持核心磋商在辩论结束前的会议进程中任何时候都有效。提出动议的代表必须简要解释原因并限定磋商的时间（不能超过二十分钟）和每个发言的时间。动议将立即得到表决，需要多数通过。会议主席可以裁决动议无效。有主持核心磋商期间，所有动议都无效。在此期间如果没有代表愿意发言，磋商将立即结束。  结束辩论

讨论开始后，一个代表可以动议结束正在讨论的实质性或程序性内容的辩论。代表可以动议结束关于议题、议题确定或修正案的辩论。会议主席可以裁决这种动议无效。当结束辩论的动议提出后，会议主席可以选择两名反对该动议的代表发言。赞成

该动议的代表不能发言。结束辩论需要三分之二在场成员的同意。如果委员会同意结束，会议主席将宣布辩论结束，委员会立即进入投票表决环节。

 延迟会议或休会

讨论开始后，一个代表可以动议延迟会议，将委员会的所有职能延迟到下一次会议，或者休会，在整个会议期间推迟委员会的所有职能。会议主席可以裁决这种动议无效。当动议有效时，这种动议不须辩论而直接得到表决（除非有其它占有优先权的动议），需要多数通过。休会的动议只有在委员会最后一次会议进行的时间超过既定的四分之三时有效。

 延缓和恢复辩论

讨论开始后，一个代表可以动议延缓关于场下的决议草案、修正案或当前议题的辩论。该动议需三分之二多数通过，其讨论至多可允许一个赞成和一个反对的发言。不允许任何对辩论已延缓的决议草案、修正案或议题进行辩论或行动。动议恢复辩论已延缓的决议草案、修正案或议题需要多数通过，其讨论至多可允许一个赞成和一个反对的发言。恢复辩论将消除延缓辩论的作用。会议主席有权决定延缓会议。

3.通向决议草案的规则  工作文件

代表可提交工作文件以供委员会参考。工作文件旨在帮助委员会讨论和形成决议草案，无须按照决议草案的格式书写。工作文件不是正式文件，但仍需会议主席签名以得到印发。分发后，代表可以开始按指定编号（如工作文件1.1、1.2等）提到工作文件，否则主题辩论照常进行。

 决议草案

 当一份决议草案得到会议主席的批准，并有20％的在场国家（起草国＋附议国）签字后，可以得到介绍。

 签署一份决议草案并非表示明确地支持该文件，只不过是意味着附议国认为该决议草案有进一步讨论的价值。因此，附议国对该决议草案没有义务。  需特别注意的是，一份决议草案的起草国不能当另一份的附议国。

 一份决议草案的通过需三分之二在场表决国家的同意，每个议题仅能通过一份决议草案。一份决议草案通过后，投票表决阶段结束。  介绍一份决议草案

 当一份决议草案像前文规定的那样得到批准和印发，代表可以动议介绍该决议草案。

 将有一个程序性表决决定是否介绍该草案。动议得到简单多数通过后，该决议草案将由起草国介绍。

 起草国将有3分钟介绍该决议草案，念出行动性条款并提出他们的主要观点。在介绍决议草案后，起草国将有一个2分钟的澄清阶段。决议草案的起草国将回答关于该文件文法方面的任何问题（包括术语的使用）。任何涉及决议草案实质性内容的问题都无效。

 在任何时候场下都可有多于一份决议草案，但每个议题至多有一份决议草案通过。

 一份决议草案将保持在场下直至关于该决议草案的辩论得到延缓或结束，或该议题已有一份决议草案得到通过。关于决议草案的辩论按照该议题总的发言名单进行，代表可以按指定编号提及决议草案。  一份决议草案得到正式介绍后，代表才可提及。

 修正案

 代表可以对任何已介绍的决议草案提出修正案。

 一份修正案必须得到会议主席批准和20％的在场国家（起草国＋附议国）签字。  修正案分为两种：友好和非友好。

 友好修正案可由任何国家起草，除了其针对的决议草案的起草国。友好修正案的附议国包含其针对的决议草案的所有起草国，通过不须表决。非友好修正案的附议国没有包含其针对的决议草案的所有起草国。

 因此，讨论开始后可动议介绍获得批准的非友好修正案。动议获得简单多数通过后，如果时间允许，会议主席将大声读出修正案。总辩论将中止，建立一个有主持核心磋商讨论修正案。

 没有代表要在磋商中发言时，磋商自动结束，并直接进入投票阶段。修正案需要三分之二多数通过。

 投票表决后，辩论将按总的发言名单照常进行。

 修正案的修正案无效；但决议草案中得到修正的部分可以再次被修正。序言性条款不能被修正。关于修正案的最终表决是程序性的，但观察国不能对修正案进行投票表决。

4.投票表决程序的规则  实质性投票表决

唯一的实质性投票表决是对决议草案的投票表决。所有其它投票表决都是程序性的表决。在关于议题的辩论结束后，委员会将进入实质性投票表决程序，会场将封闭。届时，只允许提出如下问题和动议：重新排列决议草案、动议唱名表决、个人特权问题、咨询性问题和程序性问题。若没有这些动议，委员会将对所有决议草案进行投票表决。对于实质性投票表决，每个国家有一次表决权。每个表决可以是“同意”、“反对”或“弃权”。

所有的动议将由代表举国家牌来表决, 除了唱名表决以外。在实质性投票表决中，通过一份决议草案需要三分之二多数，即三分之二的在场国家投“赞成”票。当任何一个草案通过时，投票表决程序将结束，因为每个议题只能通过一份决议。在模拟安理会，五个常任理事国对任何实质性投票表决有否决权。

 重新排列决议草案

总辩论结束进入投票表决程序后，重新排列决议草案的动议将立即生效。如果动议得到简单多数通过，会议主席将接受所有重新排列决议草案的动议，然后按照最紧迫到最不紧迫的顺序排列草案，并对此顺序进行表决。表决将持续至某一个动议通过，如果所有动议都失败，委员会将按照草案最初的顺序对草案进行表决。在每一轮投票表决程序中，只能提出一个动议重新排列决议草案。

 唱名投票

在对决议草案的辩论结束后，任何代表都可要求进行唱名投票。该动议可由场下提出，需要简单多数通过。唱名投票只有在实质性投票表决阶段有效。  唱名投票时，会议主席将从某一国家开始，按照字母顺序对国家点名。  第一轮，代表可以投“同意”、“反对”、“弃权”或“过”。当代表的表决与某国代表的国家政策相违背时，代表有权要求解释某国代表的表决；这种投票叫做“包括理由”。代表只能解释肯定或否定的表决，不能解释弃权。

 第一轮唱名表决选择“过”的代表在第二轮中必须投票（即不能弃权或“过”）。该代表无权要求解释某国代表的表决。

 要求解释权利的代表将在各自投票后解释他们的表决。发言时间由会议主席决定，不超过三十秒。

四、立场文件结构注解

以下是一份标准的立场文件。我们可以看到，一份立场文件包含两大部分，即基本信息和立场阐述，而阐述一个国家对于某个议题的立场是立场文件中最重要的部分。立场文件需要由在大会上代表某个国家的代表来书写，并且在截止日期(一般情况下是在十二月或者一月)前提交给组委会。

立场文件XX （XX,XX） 学校：XX学校

国家：坦桑尼亚共和国 （需注明国家全名） 委员会：经社理事会下属科技发展委员会

议题：克隆人中的伦理道德

在一份立场文件的开头，必须包含五个部分，即：代表姓名，代表所来自的学校，大会中所代表的国家，所属委员会和议题。这一部分内容可以使组委会了解到代表的相关信息，基本信息是任何一份在大会前几个月提交给组委会的立场文件中所不可缺少的内容。

以下的四段是立场文件中的主要部分。它应该包括四个方面（最好是每段谈一个方面），即：对于议题和国家立场的简单陈述，以前所采取过的行动，该国所签署或认可的重要条款和决议，针对该议题的提议。只有在这四方面都具备的情况下，一份立场文件才可以被称为合格的文件。

自从1997年克隆羊“多利”诞生以来，有关克隆人的合法性及合理性的讨论就没有停止过。克隆人技术在医学领域的广泛需求与其对道德伦理的冲击已构成一对日渐尖锐的矛盾。不解决克隆人的法律与道德问题，必将影响克隆技术的正常发展，甚至会导致一场严重的伦理危机的爆发。坦桑尼亚认为，一项能 够确保克隆技术安全、稳定地向前发展国际性的法律的制定工作已势在必行。

第一段大体描述了克隆人中的伦理道德问题的现状以及对国际社会的影响和危害。这段文字阐述了该问题在委员会中讨论的重要性。至关重要的是最后一句话，它直接阐释了该国对于克隆人伦理道德问题的立场：即希望制定一项能够确保克隆技术安全、稳定地发展的国际性法律。

坦桑尼亚作为联合国中的“最不发达国家”，目前还没有能力从事克隆技术的研究。但坦桑尼亚在克隆人技术对道德伦理的侵犯上已经与各国达成广泛共识，即：坦桑尼亚政府坚决反对克隆人，同时不赞成、不支持、不允许、也不接受任何克隆人试验。坦桑尼亚愿与各

国一道为尽早实现对“禁止生殖性克隆人”的立法做出努力。

第二段阐述了该国过去曾采取的行动及发表的声明。告诉我们该国过去和现在对于克隆人伦理道德问题的明确态度。

坦桑尼亚认为，相对于生殖性克隆人违反人类繁衍的自然法则，损害人类作为自然的人的尊严，引起严重的道德、伦理、社会和法律问题的影响，治疗性克隆与其有着本质的不同，它并不产生严重的道德、伦理、社会或法律问题，如在严格管理和控制下，也不能损害人类尊严。相反，治疗性克隆对于挽救人类生命，增进人类身体健康却有广阔前景和深厚潜力，如把握得当，可以造福人类。因而，我们反对将两个性质不同的问题混为一谈，也反对盲目禁止对克隆技术的研究。坦桑尼亚认为，问题的关键在于建立一定的规范，利用该项技术为人类造福。鉴于此，坦桑尼亚完全支持并将严格执行第59届联合国大会上达成的关于“禁止生殖性克隆人研究”的决议，即：联合国成员应禁止任何生殖性克隆行为和相关技术的研究活动，对任何试图通过克隆技术手段达到人类生命繁殖目的的克隆行为，应视为违法并严令取缔。

第三段通过具体分析问题的形式对该国立场进一步陈述。本段的最后一句，陈述了该国过去所签署和承认的与此议题相关的联合国决议，这是一份立场文件中不可缺少的部分。

坦桑尼亚认为：只有建立完善的对治疗性克隆的法律规定及相应的监督机制，从而确保体细胞提供者的知情权，确保胚胎细胞究只停留在不具备生命意义的阶段（即未长出神经元），确保不将克隆的胚胎细胞植入人体子宫内，进而确保克隆技术在不违背伦理道德、不侵犯人类尊严的前提下造福人类，如此，才有助于实现全球范围内的治疗性克隆合法化。坦桑尼亚愿与各国一道，为促进治疗性克隆这一将极大地造福人类的技术的发展而不懈努力。

第四段展现了该国对于此议题的提议，比如建立完善的对治疗性克隆的监督机制等措施。这段文字表达了该国在国际合作中想要采取的措施，这也反映了其在该议题上的基本立场以及未来的态度。一个国家的立场文件的最后一段是其他国家所关注的，因为通过它，其他国家可以大概了解与该国立场的一致与不一致的方面。所以立场文件的最后一段是最重要的。

注意到：在立场文件的写作中，主语应为“坦桑尼亚”，而不应是“我们”、“我”这样的词语。

第12篇：联合国回顾

United Nations Year In Review 2010

联合国2010年度回顾

2010 -- A year when the earth shook and millions struggled to survive.The UN mobilized relief–and was called on to provide long-term solutions for the planet -- for peace, nuclear disarmament, climate change -- and universal human rights.

2010年，这一年发生了地震，数百万人挣扎着求得生存。联合国调动救援。人们要求联合国为这个星球的和平、核裁军、气候变化以及普遍人权提供长期的解决办法。

UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon: “The great goals are within reach.We can achieve them by looking forward, pulling together, uniting our strength as community of nations, in the name of the larger good.”

联合国秘书长潘基文：“宏伟的目标是可以实现的。只要我们以全人类利益的名义，向前看，齐心协力，作为国际大家庭，团结我们的力量，就能实现这些目标。”

In January, one of the deadliest earthquakes in history struck Haiti, already the poorest country in the Western hemisphere.300,000 people lost their lives as large parts of the capital, Port-au-Prince, became a graveyard.Aid came in, but the logistical challenges were many.Despite the difficulties, the United Nations delivered millions of food rations and doctors from all over the world helped the injured.

一月，历史上造成伤亡最惨重的地震之一袭击了海地这个已是西半球最贫穷的国家。首都太子港的大部分地区变成了墓地，30万人失去了生命。救援虽到了，但是有很多后勤挑战。尽管面临这些困难，联合国发放了数百万口粮；来自世界各地的医生对受伤群众进行了救治。

Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon visited the devastated country:“This is a moment of sadne, but it is also a moment of Haiti\'s need.”

潘基文：“（英语）这是一个悲伤的时刻，但这也是海地需要帮助的时刻。”

Haiti’s tragedy was also a tragedy for the UN.101 staffers lost their lives when the UN miion’s headquarters collapsed.Miraculously, one staff member, Jens Kristensen was found alive after being buried in rubble for five days.

海地的悲剧也是联合国的悲剧。当联合国驻海地特派团总部大楼倒塌时，101位联合国工作人员失去了生命。一位叫延斯·克里斯坦森的职员在被压废墟下5天后奇迹般生还。 As the UN family mourned its lo -- the Organization pledged to carry on:“They chased the flame.Wherever they went, they carried the light of hope.We will never forget you -- we will carry on your work.”

联合国大家庭为这一重大损失哀悼的同时，也发誓要继续工作。潘基文：“他们奔着希望的火焰而去。他们走到哪里，就把希望的火炬带到那里。我们永远不会忘记你们。我们将继承你们的遗志。”

A special relief coordinator was appointed: President Bill Clinton:“The thing that imprees me is how in the midst of this awful tragedy they are imagining a future.”

联合国任命了一位特别救济协调员：比尔·克林顿总统。 克林顿：“他们如何在这可怕的灾难时刻构想未来给我留下了深刻印象。”

This clothing factory and some schools re-opened quickly -- but rebuilding the country is a slow proce.A hurricane and floods also struck Haiti -- then a cholera outbreak prompted a new emergency appeal.

这家制衣厂和一些学校很快就重新开门了，但是重建一个国家是一个缓慢的过程。飓风和洪水也袭击了海地，然后又爆发了引起紧急呼吁的霍乱。

In 2010, there was tragedy in Pakistan, where maive floods destroyed a quarter of a million homes.One fifth of the country was under water.The UN launched a major airlift and tried to drum up donor support.But many people are still homele.What\'s more, receding flood waters washed up landmines from recent conflicts -- a dangerous trap for many.

2010年，在巴基斯坦发生了悲剧：大规模的洪水肆虐摧毁了25万所家庭住房；全国五分之一地区被水淹没。联合国发起了空中救援，并大力争取援助方的支持。但是，仍有很多人无家可归。除此，退去的洪水卷起了以前冲突中遗留下来的地雷，对很多人又构成了新的威胁。

In Niger, more than 7 million people, about half of the population, lost their crops and livestock in a severe drought.Nearly 80% of Niger\'s children are malnourished.The World Food Program rolled out emergency food aistance in Niger and neighbouring Chad to keep families fed through the lean season, when food is in short supply and prices go up.

在尼日尔，约占总人口一半的700多万人在一次严重旱灾中失去了庄稼和牲口。约80%的尼日尔儿童营养不良。世界粮食计划署在尼日尔和邻国乍得展开了紧急粮食援助，为许许多多家庭在食物短缺、价格上涨的青黄不接之际提供粮食。 This year, more than 124,000 UN peacekeepers were deployed in 16 miions around the world.In Darfur, badly needed helicopters finally arrived at the UN peacekeeping miion, where peacekeepers helped distribute ballots for Sudan\'s first multi-party election in 24 years.After decades of conflict, members of this remote cattle camp at the Nile river see the elections as an opportunity for peace:

今年，12万4千名联合国维和人员被部署在世界上16个维和任务特派团。在达尔富尔，急需的直升机最终在联合国维和特派团降落了。维和人员协助为苏丹24年来的首次多党选举分发选票。经历了几十年冲突，这个尼罗河畔偏远地区的养牛场农户把选举看作一个能带来和平的机遇：

MANGOK MAPER, Cattle Herder: (Dinka)“During the war I thought that I was going to lose my life.Now we have peace in this land and I don’t want to die.”

曼戈克-马普，牧牛人：“（丁卡语）战争期间，我想我会失去生命。现在在我们这片土地上有了和平，我不想死。”

At UN headquarters, heads of state warned that Sudan\'s future depends on the succeful outcome of referenda next year, in which the south of the country will vote on poible independence from the north.

在联合国总部，各国首脑警告，苏丹的未来取决于明年成功举行全民公决的结果。这次公投中，南部地区将就可能从北方独立进行投票。

US President, Barack Obama:“No one can impose progre and peace on another nation, ultimately only Sudanese leaders can ensure that the referenda go forward and Sudan finds peace.”

美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马：“没有人可以将进步与和平强加给另一个国家。最终只有苏丹领导人能确保进行全民公决并让苏丹找到和平。”

In the Democratic Republic of Congo peacekeepers escorted villagers travelling long distances to a market in North Kivu.Rebel groups were operating in the area, often robbing and killing civilians.

在刚果民主共和国，维和人员护送村民长途跋涉前往位于基伍北部的市场。反叛队伍在这个地区活动频繁，并经常对平民进行抢劫和杀戮。

VILLAGER: (Swahili)“Looting and pillaging has now stopped afte MONUC started the escorts.” 村民：“自从联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团开始了护送任务后，抢劫和掠夺停止了。” Peacekeepers stepped up their patrols after they failed to prevent the gang-rapes of hundreds of women by the rebels.Margot Wallstrom, UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, visited victims and saw peacekeepers trying their best to secure a vast area.

维和人员在没能防止叛军对成百上千的妇女进行强奸后，加强了巡逻。联合国冲突中性暴力特别代表，玛格丽特·瓦尔斯特伦姆看望了受害者，也看到维和人员正尽全力保卫着这一大片地区。

Margot Wallstrom: “I have witneed firsthand their determination to do all they poibly can to protect civilians, but the reality is that they are overstretched and underresourced.”

玛格丽特·瓦尔斯特伦姆：“我亲眼见证了他们尽其所能保护平民的决心，但事实是，他们工作量过大而且资源不足。”

To prevent rapes, some refugee camps have introduced solar stoves so that the women don\'t have to go out and collect firewood any more.

为了防止强奸的发生，一些难民营引进了太阳能炉具，这样，妇女们就不必再出去捡木柴了。

In Somalia, thousands of people fled the latest deadly clashes in Mogadishu.Off the nation\'s coast, 20 ships and more than 400 paengers are held by pirates, according to the World Maritime Organization.

在索马里，成千上万人逃离了发生在摩加迪沙的造成严重伤亡的最新冲突。国际海事组织称，海盗在这个国家的沿海地区劫持了20条船和400多名乘客。

In Afghanistan, delegations from 70 countries agreed on an Afghan-led political framework for peace and reconciliation.But new reports show a sharp rise in insurgent attacks -- including a 55% increase in children being injured.Despite Taliban threats, more than 4 million people voted in the parliamentary elections in September.

在阿富汗，来自70个国家的代表们就由阿富汗人领导的和平及和解政治框架达成了一致。但有新的报告显示，叛乱者发动的袭击数量大幅上升，儿童受伤人数也上升了55%。尽管面临来自塔利班的威胁，400多万人参加了九月举行的议会选举。

UN Special Representative for Afghanistan Staffan de Mistura:“Afghanistan is still a country in a very tense conflict.The fact that the election took place at all -- is an accomplishment in itself.” 联合国阿富汗特别代表，斯塔凡-德米斯图拉：“阿富汗仍处于非常激烈的冲突之中。选举到底还是进行了，这本身就是一大成就。” The Middle East Quartet urged all the principal players to keep the peace proce between Israel and Palestine going.

中东问题四方敦促所有主要成员让以色列和巴勒斯坦的和平进程得以继续。

Israeli President, Shimon Peres:“(We are now negotiating with the Palestinians in order to realize the two-state-solution) A Jewish state, Israel.An Arab state -- Palestinian.There is no other peaceful alternative to that conflict.”

以色列总统西蒙·佩雷斯：“为了实现两国方案，我们正与巴勒斯坦进行谈判。一个犹太国家以色列和一个阿拉伯国家巴勒斯坦。除此，没有其它可供选择的和平方式来解决这个冲突。”

Palestinian President, Mahmoud Abbas: “Our wounded hands are still able to carry the olive branch from the rubble of the tree that the occupation uproots every day.”

巴勒斯坦总统马哈茂德·阿巴斯：“我们带着伤口的双手仍然能从每天被侵占者连根拔起的橄榄树丛中拾起橄榄枝。”

In a joyful break from the tensions in Gaza, more than 6,000 children took part in a kite flying contest at the UN Relief and Works Agency\' summer camp -- and set a new world record.

6000多个孩子参加了联合国近东救济工程处举办的夏令营放风筝竞赛，创下一项新的世界纪录。这是他们在加沙紧张局势中的一小段快乐时光。

65 years after Hiroshima, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declared that it was time to free the world of nuclear weapons.Ban Ki-moon: “…this is the only sane path.”

广岛原子弹爆炸65年后，联合国秘书长潘基文宣布，让这个世界不再有核武器的时候到了。潘基文：“......这是唯一一条明智的道路。”

In Prague, the US and Ruia signed a new arms reduction treaty and at the UN the 189 Member nations of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty agreed to cut nuclear arsenals in a series of small steps.

在布拉格，美国和俄罗斯签署了一项新的裁减武器条约；在联合国，189个核不扩散条约成员国同意采取一系列小步骤削减核武器。

UN Meenger of Peace, Michael Douglas: “It is my profound hope that we could be witneing the beginning of the end of nuclear weapons.”

联合国和平信使迈克尔·道格拉斯：“我深切地希望能够亲眼目睹终结核武器时代的开始。”

Even as the UN pushes for a ban on all nuclear tests, there\'s still concern that North Korea and Iran are attempting to make nuclear bombs.

即便联合国敦促禁止所有核试验，但是对于朝鲜和伊朗正试图制造核炸弹的担心仍然存在。

BAN KI-MOON:“I call on Iran to fully comply with Security Council Resolutions and fully cooperate with the IAEA.I encourage the Democratic People\'s Republic of Korea … to realize the verifiable denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.”

潘基文：“我要求伊朗全面遵守安理会决议并与国际原子能机构全面合作。我鼓励朝鲜民主主义人民共和国实现朝鲜半岛可核查的无核化。”

2010 is the year of biodiversity.These orphaned gorilla babies in Congo lost their parents to poachers.Peacekeepers airlifted them to a nature reserve to help reduce illegal trading in endangered species.In Nagoya,the 193 members of the Convention on Biological Diversity vowed to halt the lo of the world\'s plant and animal species, increase protection for the world\'s vital ecosystems, and to share the Earth\'s genetic resources equally.

2010年是生物多样性年。这些刚果的大猩猩宝宝因为父母落入偷猎者手中而成了孤儿。维和人员将它们空运至一个自然保护区以帮助减少濒危物种的非法买卖。在名古屋，生物多样性公约的193个成员国发誓不再让世界植物和动物物种消失；加强对世界至关重要的生态系统的保护；并公平分享地球的遗传资源。

This year heads of State gathered at the UN to review progre on the Millennium Development Goals to create a world free of extreme poverty by 2015.

今年，各国首脑云集联合国对实现千年发展目标所取得的进步进行回顾，并力争于2015年创造一个没有极端贫穷的世界。

A lot has been achieved since the year 2000: Three million more children survive past the age of 5 every year.More than five million people in developing countries have acce to affordable drugs for HIV/AIDS-and millions more boys AND girls are going to school.For the first time in decades significantly fewer women are dying in childbirth.Promoting the interests of women and girls acro the globe, the UN created a new entity for Gender Equality, called UN WOMEN 自2000年以来，我们取得了很多成就：每年可以活过5岁的孩子增加了300万；在发展中国家，能获得支付得起的艾滋病治疗药物的人增加了500万；能走进学堂的男孩和女孩也增加了数百万；死于分娩的妇女人数几十年来第一次大幅减少。为在全球范围内提高妇女和女孩的权利，联合国创建了一个新的机构——联合国妇女署。

With a billion people still hungry, the challenges facing the world are tremendous.

仍有10亿人在挨饿。我们这个世界还面临着巨大挑战。

The UN worked together with governments the private sector and even royalty.Queen Elizabeth the Second came to the UN more than 50 years after her first visit:

联合国与政府、私营部门、甚至皇室合作。女王伊丽莎白二世在她首次访问联合国50多年后再次来到联合国。

“We are not gathered here to reminisce.In tomorrow\'s world we must all work together as hard as ever if we are truly to be UNITED NATIONS.”

女王伊丽莎白二世：“我们今天在此不是为了叙旧忆往。在明天的世界里，我们大家必须一如既往，携手努力，这样我们才能成为一个名副其实的联合国!”

第13篇：联合国人权宣言

联合国人权宣言 简介

《联合国人权宣言》

1948年12月10日 联合国大会通过并颁布。这一具有历史意义的《宣言》颁布后，大会要求所有会员国广为宣传，并且“不分国家或领土的政治地位,主要在各级学校和其他教育机构加以传播、展示、阅读和阐述。 编辑本段序言

鉴于对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严及其平等的和不移的权利的承认,乃是世界自由、正义与和平的基础,

鉴于对人权的无视和侮蔑已发展为野蛮暴行,这些暴行玷污了人类的良心,而一个人人享有言论和信仰自由并免予恐惧和匮乏的世界的来临,已被宣布为普通人民的最高愿望,

鉴于为使人类不致迫不得已铤而走险对暴政和压迫进行反叛,有必要使人权受法治的保护,

鉴于有必要促进各国间友好关系的发展,

鉴于各联合国国家的人民已在联合国宪章中重申他们对基本人权、人格尊严和价值以及男女平等权利的信念,并决心促成较大自由中的社会进步和生活水平的改善,

鉴于各会员国业已誓愿同联合国合作以促进对人权和基本自由的普遍尊重和遵行,

鉴于对这些权利和自由的普遍了解对于这个誓愿的充分实现具有很大的重要性,

因此现在, 大会, 发布这一世界人权宣言,作为所有人民和所有国家努力实现的共同标准,以期每一个人和社会机构经常铭念本宣言,努力通过教诲和教育促进对权利和自由的尊重,并通过国家的和国际的渐进措施,使这些权利和自由在各会员国本身人民及在其管辖下领土的人民中得到普遍和有效的承认和遵行。

正文

第一条

人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心，并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。

第二条

人人有资格享受本宣言所载的一切权利和自由，不分种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份等任何区别。并且不得因一人所属的国家或领土的政治的、行政的或者国际的地位之不同而有所区别，无论该领土是独立领土、托管领土、非自治领土或者处于其他任何主权受限制的情况之下。

第三条

人人有权享有生命、自由和人身安全。

第四条

任何人不得使为奴隶或奴役；一切形式的奴隶制度和奴隶买卖，均应予以禁止。

第五条

任何人不得加以酷刑，或施以残忍的、不人道的或侮辱性的待遇或刑罚。

第六条

人人在任何地方有权被承认在法律前的人格。

第七条

在法律前人人平等，并有权享受法律的平等保护，不受任何歧视。人人有权享受平等保护，以免受违反本宣言的任何歧视行为以及煽动这歧视的任何行为之害。

第八条

任何人当宪法或法律所赋予他的基本权利遭受侵害时，有权由合格的国家法庭对这种侵害行为作有效的补救。

第九条

任何人不得加以任意逮捕、拘禁或放逐。

第十条

人人完全平等地有权由一个独立而无偏倚的法庭进行公正的和公开的审讯，以确定他的权利和义务并判定对他提出的任何刑事指控。

第十一条

一 .凡受刑事控告者，在未经获得辩护上所需的一切保证的公开审判而依法证实有罪以前，有权歧视为无罪。

二.任何人的任何行为或不行为，在其发生时依国家法或国际法均不构成刑事罪者，不得被判为犯有刑事罪。刑罚不得重于犯罪时适用的法律规定。

第十二条

任何人的私生活、家庭、住宅和通信不得任意干涉，他的荣誉和名誉不得加以攻击。人人有权享受法律保护，以免受这种干涉或攻击。

第十三条

一.人人在各国境内有权自由迁徙和居住。

二.人人有权离开任何国家，包括其本国在内，并有权返回他的国家。

第十四条

一 .人人有权在其他国家寻求和享受庇护以避免迫害。

二 .在真正由于非政治性的罪行或违背联合国的宗旨和原则的行为而被起诉的情况下，不得滥用此种权利。

第十五条

一.人人有权享有国籍。

二.任何人的国籍不得任意剥夺，亦不得否认其改变国籍的权利。

第十六条

一.成年男女，不受种族、国籍或宗教的任何限制，有权婚嫁和成立家庭。他们在婚姻方面，在结婚期间和在解除婚约时，应有平等的权利。

二 只有经男女双方的自由的和完全的同意，才能缔婚。

三.家庭是天然的和基本的社会单元，并应受社会和国家的保护。

第十七条

一.人人得有单独的财产所有权以及同他人合有的所有权。

二.任何的财产不得任意剥夺。

第十八条

人人有思想、良心和宗教自由的权利；此项权利包括他的宗教或信仰的自由，以及单独或集体、公开或秘密地以教义、实践、礼拜和戒律表示他的宗教或信仰的自由。

第十九条

人人有权享有主张和发表意见的自由；此项权利包括持有主张而不受干涉的自由；和通过任何媒介和不论国界寻求、接受和传递消息和思想的自由。

第二十条

,,一,, 人人有权享有和平集会和结社的自由。

,,二,, 任何人不得迫使隶属于某一团体。

第二十一条

,,一,, 人人有直接或通过自由选择的代表参与治理本国的权利。

,,二,, 人人有平等机会参加本国公务的权利。

,,三,, 人民的意志是政府权力的基础；这一意志应以定期和真正的选举予以表现，而选举应依据普遍和平等的投票权，并以不记名投票或相当的自由投票程序进行。

第二十二条

每个人、作为社会的一员，有权享受社会保障，并有权享受他的个人尊严和人格的自由发展所必需的经济、社会和文化方面各种权利的实现，这种实现是通过国家努力和国际合作并依照各国的组织和资源情况。

第二十三条

,,一,, 人人有权工作、自由选择职业、享受公正和合适的工作条件并享受免于失业的保障。

,,二,, 人人有同工同酬的权利，不受任何歧视。

,,三,, 每一个工作的人，有权享受公正和合适的报酬，保证使他本人和家属有一个符合人的尊严的生活条件，必要时并辅以其他方式的社会保障。

,,四,, 人人有为维护其利益而组织和参加工会的权利。

第二十四条

人人有享受休息和闲暇的权利，包括工作时间有合理限制和定期给薪休假的权利。

第二十五条

,,一,, 人人有权享受为维持他本人和家属的健康和福利所需的生活水准，包括食物、衣著、住房、医疗和必要的社会服务；在遭到失业、疾病、残废、守寡、衰老或在其他不能控制的情况下丧失谋生能力时，有权享受保障。

,,二,, 母亲和儿童有权享受特别照顾和协助。一切儿童，无论婚生或非婚生，都应享受同样的社会保护

第二十六条

,,一,, 人人都有受教育的权利，教育应当免费，至少在初级和基本阶段应如此。初级教育应属义务性质。技术和职业教育应普遍设立。高等教育应根据成绩而对一切人平等开放。

,,二,, 教育的目的在于充分发展人的个性并加强对人权和基本自由的尊重。教育应促进各国、各种族或各宗教集团的了解、容忍和友谊，并应促进联合国维护和平的各项活动。

,,三,, 父母结其子女所应受的教育的种类，有优先选择的权利。

第二十七条

,,一,, 人人有权自由参加社会的文化生活，享受艺术，并分享科学进步及其产生的福利。

,,二,, 人人以由于他所创作的任何科学、文学或美术伤口而产生的精神的和物质的利益，有享受保护的权利。

第二十八条

人人有权要求一种社会的和国际的秩序，在这种秩序中，本宣言所载的权利和自由能获得充分实现。

第二十九条

,,一,, 人人对社会负有义务，因为只有在社会中他的个性才可参得到自由和充分的发展。

,,二,, 人人在行使他的权利和自由时，只受法律所确定的限制，确定此种限制的唯一目的确在于保证对旁人的权利和自由给予应有的承认和尊重，并在一个民主的社会中适应道德、公共秩序和普遍福利的正当需要。

,,三,, 这此权利和自由的行使，无论在任何情下均不得违背联合国的宗旨和原则。

第三十条

本宣言的任体条文，不得解释为默许任何国家、集团或人个有权进行任何旨在破坏本宣言所载的任何权利和自由的活动或行为。

第14篇：联合国回顾

联合国2012年度回顾时间:2012-12-28 13:56来源:口译网 作者:口译网 点击:2895次 United Nations Year in Review: Looking back at major events of 2012

联合国2012年度回顾

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2012 – Climate Change made headlines – Countries struggled between turmoil and transition – putting the United Nations to the test – to negotiate peace and define “A Future we Want” for all.

2012年气候变化占据新闻头条。各国在动荡和过渡中挣扎。联合国经受考验，协商和平，并为所有人构建一个我们期望的未来。

In SYRIA, violence spiralled out of control.Fighting and human rights abuses by government and opposition groups left, according to some estimates, over 40,000 people dead and forced hundreds of thousands to flee. 在叙利亚，暴力失去了控制。据估计，政府和反对派组织之间的战斗以及违反人权行为已经导致了4万多人死亡，数十万人被迫逃离家园。

UN Secretary-General BAN Ki-moon: \"We must stop the violence and the flow of arms to both sides and set in motion a Syrian led transition as soon as poible.\"

联合国秘书长潘基文：“我们必须制止暴力，制止武器流向双方，并尽快开始叙利亚人主导的过渡进程。”

The UN Security Council could not agree on action to stop the bloodshed.

安理会无法就采取行动停止流血达成一致。

US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton: “The international community should say with one voice – without hesitation or caveat – that the killing of innocent Syrians must stop and a political transition must begin.”

美国国务卿希拉里•克林顿: “国际社会必须用同一声音，毫不犹豫或迟疑地表示，必须停止杀害无辜的叙利亚人，必须启动政治过渡。”

But some argued for caution:

但也有观点表示要谨慎行事。

Ruian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov: “There is no doubt whatsoever that the Syrian authorities bear a huge share of the responsibility for the situation, but one shouldn’t ignore the fact that for a long time now they’ve been fighting not unarmed men but combat units such as the Syrian Free Army and extremist groups including AlQaeda.”

俄罗斯外长谢尔盖•拉夫罗夫：“毫无疑问，叙利亚当局对当前局势负有很大责任。但任何人都不应无视以下事实，即长期以来，他们的交战对象不是非武装人员而是战斗部队，其中包括所谓的自由叙利亚军以及包括基地组织在内的极端团体。”

Syria\'s UN ambaador Bashar alJa\'afari accused some council members of actually fuelling the flames:

叙利亚常驻联合国代表巴沙尔•贾法里指责安理会一些成员实际上在煽风点火。

\"The same countries are undermining my country\'s sovereignty by encouraging terrorism and by supplying and providing all types of logistical and political support to armed groups in Syria.”

贾法里：“同样还是这些国家，正在通过鼓励恐怖主义并向在叙利亚的武装团体提供各种后勤、财政和政治支持，破坏我国的主权。”

The Joint Special Envoys of UN and Arab League, Kofi Annan and later Lakhdar Brahimi, presented plans to end the violence and start dialogue, but the various Syrian parties failed to reach an agreement to end the conflict.

联合国和阿盟联合特使科菲•安南以及接替他的联合特别代表卜拉希米提出了旨在结束暴力、开启对话的计划，但叙利亚各方未能就停止冲突达成协议。

The Security Council sent 300 unarmed observers to investigate alleged maacres and other human rights violations and monitor a ceasefire that never really took hold.

安理会派出了300名非武装观察员，对据称的屠杀和其它侵犯人权行为进行调查，并对一项从未真正得到落实的停火进行监督。

While the violence continues, the humanitarian needs are escalating in Syria and beyond.The World Food Program is scaling up to feed 1.5 million people in the country.

随着冲突的持续，叙利亚及周边地区的人道主义需求也在不断增长。世界粮食计划署正在加大援助力度，为该国境内150万人提供口粮。

In GAZA, a new cycle of violence erupted after months of standstill in negotiations between the Palestinians and Israel.Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon headed to the region to personally appeal for a ceasefire.

在巴以之间的谈判停滞几个月后，加沙地带爆发了新一轮冲突。秘书长潘基文亲自前往中东地区，呼吁双方达成停火。

In late November a great majority of countries approved a UN General Aembly resolution to elevate Palestine to a non-member observer state at the UN.

11月下旬，在绝大多数成员国的支持下，联大通过决议，将巴勒斯坦在联合国的地位提升为观察员国。

LIBYA saw its first free and transparent elections in half a century.The UN Development Program aisted in setting up voting booths and ballot boxes, while the UN Mine Action Program removed 180 thousand explosives all over the country to help create stability and prevent arms smuggling acro the region.

利比亚见证了该国半个世纪以来第一次自由和公正的选举。联合国开发计划署帮助设立了投票站和选票箱。联合国地雷行动方案在利比亚全境销毁了18万枚爆炸物，协助该国实现稳定，防止该地区日益猖獗的武器走私活动。

Instability and turmoil in nearby MALI.After a military coup toppled the government, Islamic Jihadists used the power vacuum to occupy the country’s north.Refugees have flooded the Sahel region, which is suffering from drought and pervasive poverty.

马里局势持续不稳并陷入动荡。在一场军事政变推翻了马里政府后，伊斯兰圣战主义者占据了该国北部的权力真空地带。难民如潮水般涌入本已备受干旱和贫穷困扰的萨赫勒地区。

The African Union urged the UN Security Council to endorse military intervention to free Northern Mali from the extremists.

非洲联盟敦促联合国安理会授权军事干预，将马里北部从极端分子的控制下解放出来。

African Union’s Permanent Observer to the UN, Antonio Tete:“Mali is at a croroads.Time is of eence.We need to act fast and to send a clear and strong meage (on the resolve of international community and its support to the African-led efforts.)”

非洲联盟常驻联合国观察员泰特•安东尼奥：“马里正处于十字路口。时间至关重要。我们需要迅速采取行动，并且发出明确、强有力的信号，表明国际社会有决心，并且支持非洲主导的努力。”

In the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, renewed fighting between government forces and rebel troops left 2 million people displaced and a million vulnerable children at even greater risk.As rebel soldiers advanced on the city of Goma in late November, the UN peacekeeping miion deployed attack helicopters to help the national army protect civilians amid the violence.

在刚果民主共和国东部，政府军和反叛武装之间战火重燃，导致200万人流离失所，100万脆弱儿童面临更大的风险。11月下旬，在反叛武装向戈马进发的同时，联合国维和特派团派出了攻击式直升机，协助政府军在暴力冲突中保护平民。

A first Birthday for SOUTH SUDAN – as diplomatic efforts by the UN Security Council help to ease tensions with neighbour Sudan over unresolved iues such as its borders and oil production.

南苏丹度过了第一个生日。该国与邻国苏丹因边界划分和石油等悬而未决问题导致关系紧张，安理会通过外交努力帮助缓和两国关系。

US Ambaador Susan Rice: \"The agreements that were signed last week in Addis on security, oil, finances, nationality and trade iues were very important and potentially historic.”

美国常驻联合国代表苏珊•赖斯：“上周在亚的斯亚贝巴签署的有关安全、石油、财务、国籍和贸易问题的协议非常重要，可能是历史性的。”

Nuclear worries about IRAN –

as world leaders continue to question the country’s uranium enrichment programme:

伊朗核问题令人忧虑——世界领导人继续质疑该国的铀浓缩方案。

Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu: “A red line should be drawn right here, before Iran completes a second stage of nuclear enrichment neceary to make a bomb.”

以色列总理内塔尼亚胡：“应当就在这里画一条红线，即在伊朗完成第二阶段——制造原子弹所必需有的核浓缩——之前。”

Iran insisted on the peacefulne of its nuclear program – and President Ahmadinejad accused the General Aembly of applying double standards: “The United Nationshave in practice been engulfed by discrimination, preparing a supportive ground for the domination of a few powerful countries.

伊朗坚持其核方案的和平性质，艾哈迈迪内贾德总统指责联大实施双重标准：“创建联合国的目的是扩展正义，恢复普遍人权，但联合国实际上却受到歧视的羁绊，从而为少数强国攫取支配地位创造有利条件。”

MYANMAR’s Nobel laureate and prodemocracy activist Aung Sun Suu Kyi received a hero’s welcome at the UN in Geneva and New York.Elected to parliament after years of house arrest, she invited international aid to build a better future for her country:

缅甸诺贝尔和平奖得主、民主活动家昂山素季在联合国日内瓦办事处和纽约总部受到了英雄般的欢迎。在遭到长期软禁之后，她进入了议会，并邀请国际社会帮助她的国家建造更美好的未来。

“If we all want to achieve genuine democracy for Burma, we have to learn to work together.”

昂山素季：“如果我们所有人都希望缅甸实现真正的民主，就必须学会合作。”

2012 – Storms and severe weather left countries ravaged acro the globe – a stark reminder that the threat of Climate Change is real.

2012年，风暴和恶劣天气使全球许多国家遭到蹂躏，严酷地提醒人们气候变化的威胁是实实在在的。

Action on Climate Change was a major topic at the UN’s Rio+20 summit in Brazil, where 40 thousand people gathered to discu developmental strategies for the 21st Century.

就气候变化采取行动是联合国在巴西举行的“里约+20峰会”的一个主要议题，四万名与会者汇聚在一起，讨论21世纪的发展战略。

Ban Ki-moon: “We are on a dangerous road.We cannot continue to burn and consume our way to prosperity at the expense of the world’s poor and the global environment.(cutaway) My meage to world leaders is clear: Sustainable Development is an idea whose time has come.”

潘基文：“我们正走在一条危险的道路上。我们不能再继续通过燃烧和消耗（化石能源）的方式去实现繁荣，却让世界贫困人口以及全球环境为之付出代价。（切换镜头）我向世界领导人传达的讯息是明确的：可持续发展作为一种思想的时代已经来临。”

At the summit 191 countries agreed on an outcome document, called “A Future we Want”.

在峰会上，191个国家同意达成一份成果文件：《我们期望的未来》。

A Future that has already started in Indonesia, where the UN inspired project “Teens go Green” motivates students from all over the country to make environmental protection a priority.

这个“未来”在印度尼西亚已经开始。由联合国倡导的“青少年绿化”项目激励来自全国各地的学生把环境保护作为一个优先事项。

“We have to work on changing our mindset.If teenagers get to know the iues then we can keep the commitment to the environment going in the future.”

新闻系学生克劳蒂欧•范•纳苏逊：“我们必须致力于改变我们的思维方式。如果青少年了解这些问题，那么我们就可以在未来保持对环境的承诺。”

Young people everywhere are contributing to the changes.But no one more so than the year’s youngest – and poibly greatest – hero, Malala Yousafzai, a 15-year old girl from Pakistan, who survived an aaination attempt by Taliban gunmen, who accused her of promoting education for girls.

世界各地的年轻人都正在为改变贡献力量。但是没有人比马拉拉、今年最年轻或许也是最伟大的英雄做得更多。这名15岁的巴基斯坦少女在塔利班武装人员的枪击中幸存了下来。她因为倡导巴基斯坦女童接受教育权利而遭到迫害。

Ban Ki-moon:“The terrorists showed what frightens them most: A girl with a book.”

潘基文：“恐怖分子暴露了他们最害怕的事：女孩识字。”

2012 will be remembered as complex and challenging year for the United Nations.Conflict, poverty, natural disasters, terrorism, climate change and human rights violations continue to plague humankind.The United Nations remains the global forum for discuing and solving some of the world’s most difficult problems.Carrying the torch for all these iues, Ban Ki-moon, at the Olympics in London, implored the world to keep the fire burning, for tolerance, peace and harmony.For “The Future we Want”.

对联合国而言，2012年是复杂和充满挑战的一年。冲突、贫穷、自然灾害、恐怖主义、气候变化和侵犯人权的行为继续困扰着人类。联合国仍然是讨论和解决世界上最艰难议题的全球性论坛。高举应对所有这些问题的火炬，潘基文在伦敦奥运会上恳请世界让宽容、和平与和谐的熊熊之火持久燃烧。为了我们期望的未来。

原文链接：http://www.daodoc.com/

第15篇：联合国日

联合国日（United Nations Day）

“联合国”一词最早是美国总统罗斯福发明的。1942年1月1日，美、苏、中、英等二十六个国家为了建成统一战线，共同打败法西斯强盗，聚会华盛顿，签署发表了一个共同宣言。根据当时美国总统富兰克林·罗斯福提议，称其为《联合国家宣言》，亦可译为《联合国宣言》(Unitcd Nations Declaration)。

当时，“联合国”只是作为对德、意、日法西斯进行战争的各国的总称。1943年10月30日，中、美、英、苏四国在莫斯科发表《普遍安全宣言》，提出有必要建立一个普遍性的国际组织。

到了1944年8月～10月，英、美、苏三国代表在华盛顿的敦巴顿橡树园举行会议，讨论起草关于建立战后国际组织的具体方案。在谈到个国际组织的名称时，三国都同意沿用1942年“共同宣言”所用过的“联合国”一词，把未来的国际组织命名为“联合国”。这个提议最后获得了旧金山制宪会议批准。

1945年4月25日，来自50个国家(波兰因故未参加)的代表在美国旧金山召开联合国国际组织会议。6月25日，通过了《联合国宪章》。6月26日，50国代表签署了《联合国宪章》(波兰后来签署)。同年10月24日，中、法、苏、英、美和其他多数签字国递交批准书后，宪章开始生效，联合国正式成立。1947年，联合国大会决定，10月24日为“联合国日”。

自1948年以来, 联合国宪章生效（1945年10月24日）的周年纪念日一直作为联合国日来庆祝。 传统上，世界各地要举行各种关于联合国成就和目标的会议、讨论和展览。1971年,大会建议会员国把这一天作为公共假日(第2782(XXVI)号决议)。

第16篇：联合国常识

联合国（United Nations, UN）创建于世界反法西斯战争胜利的凯歌声中。1942年1月1日，正在对德、意、日、法西斯作战的中、美、英、苏等26国代表在华盛顿发表了《联合国家宣言》。1945年4月25日，来自50个国家的代表在美国旧金山召开联合国国际组织会议。6月26日，50个国家的代表签署了《联合国宪章》，后又有波兰补签。同年10月24日，中国、法、苏、英、美和其他多数签字国递交了批准书后，宪章开始生效，联合国 (United Nations) 正式成立。1947年，联合国大会决定，10月24日为联合国日。

坐标（地理坐标系）：40.749915°-73.967428°

官方语言：阿拉伯语、汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语

秘书长：潘基文（Ban Ki-moon）（2007年1月1日上任）

成立于：1945年10月24日

成员国：192个

总部所在地：美国纽约州纽约市、瑞士日内瓦、奥地利维也纳、肯尼亚内罗毕等官方网站：http://www.daodoc.com/

1946年1月10日至2月14日，第一届联合国大会第一阶段会议在伦敦举行的情景。51个创始会员国的代表参加了这次会议，联合国组织系统正式开始运作。

联合国的宗旨是维护国际和平与安全；发展国际间以尊重各国人民平等权利及自决原则为基础的友好关系；进行国际合作，以解决国际间经济、社会、文化和人道主义性质的问题，并且促进对于全体人类的人权和基本自由的尊重。

联合国设有大会、安全理事会、经济及社会理事会、托管理事会、国际法院和秘书处6个主要机构。联合国大会由全体会员国组成，每年举行一届常会。新一届常会每年9月开幕，通常持续到12 月中下旬。大会可在会议期间决定暂时休会，并可在以后复会，但必须在下届常会开幕前闭幕。根据《宪章》规定，大会有权讨论《宪章》范围内的任何问题或事项，并向会员国和安理会提出建议。

安理会由中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国、美国5个常任理事国和10个按地区分配原则选出的非常任理事国组成。《宪章》规定，安理会在维护国际和平及安全方面负有主要责任。秘书处由秘书长和联合国工作人员组成，其职责是为联合国及其所属机构服务，并负责执行这些机构所制定的方案和政策。秘书长是联合国的最高行政首长，现任秘书长为韩国人潘基文(2007年1月1日上任）此外，联合国根据需要还设立了数目繁多的各种理事会、委员会或其他机构。

联合国会员国：凡要求加入联合国的国家必须提交一份申请书，声明接受宪章所载义务，由安理会推荐，经联合国2／3多数会员国通过，即被接纳为会员国。安理会对联合国某一会员国采取防止行动或强制行动时，联合国大会可根据安理会的建议中止该国行使会员国的权利和特权。安理会可以恢复这些权利和特权的行使。对一再违背宪章原则的会员国，大会可根据安理会的建议将其开除出联合国。联合国会员国在联合国所在地设有常驻代表团，观察员在联合国设有常驻观察员办事处。截止到2002年9月27日，有会员国191个。其中亚洲39个，非洲53个，东欧及独联体国家27个，西欧23个，拉丁美洲33个，北美、大洋洲16个。另外，有2个常驻联合国观察员国：梵蒂冈、巴勒斯坦（地位高于

梵蒂冈）。

总部： 联合国总部设在美国纽约，在瑞士日内瓦设有联合国欧洲办事处。2003年9月1日，包括联合国秘书处大院及附近的其它联合国机构办公大楼在内的纽约联合国总部实行全面禁烟措施。

世界人民的和平愿望

徽记和旗帜： 联合国的正式徽记是一个从北极看上去的世界图，周围用一个橄榄枝圆环围绕着的图案。联合国旗帜的底色为浅蓝色，正中的图案是一个白色的联合国徽记。

主要出版物：《联合国记事》(u.n.chronicle) 季刊，用中、英、法、西、俄和阿拉伯六种文字发行；《联合国年鉴》(year book of the united nations) 。

几十年来，联合国历经国际风云变幻，在曲折的道路上成长壮大，为人类的和平与繁荣作出了重要贡献。它在实现全球非殖民化、维护世界和平和安全、促进社会和经济发展等方面取得了令人瞩目的成就。截止2005年9月，联合国的会员国由创建时的51个增加到191个，已成为当代由主权国家组成的最具普遍性和权威性的政府间国际组织。据联合国公布的材料，1948年以来，安理会共授权进行了60余项维和行动。另外，联合国还先后组织制定了从不扩散核武器到和平利用外层空间等数百个国际条约。

中国在1945年派代表团出席了旧金山会议，中国共产党的代表董必武参加了代表团，并在《联合国宪章》上签了字。1971年10月25日，联合国大会通过2758（XXVI）号决议，决定“恢复中华人民共和国的一切权利，承认它的政府代表为中国在联合国组织的唯一合法代表，并立即把蒋介石的代表从它在联合国组织及其所属一切机构中所非法占据的席位上驱逐出去”。

联合国歌：美国诗人罗梅作词，前苏联作曲家肖斯塔科维奇作曲。歌词如下：

“太阳与星辰罗列天空，

大地涌起雄壮歌声。

人类同歌唱崇高希望，

赞美新世界的诞生。

联合国家团结向前，

义旗招展，为胜利自由新世界携手并肩……”

1.宗旨和原则 宗旨：概括地说，就是维护国际和平与安全，促进国际合作与发展

原则：①各会员国主权平等

②以和平方式解决国际争端，不应危及和平、安全和正义

③在国际关系中不得对其他国家进行威胁或使用武力

④不干涉任何国家的内政

2.组织机构：联合国设立了大会、安全理事会、经济及社会理事会、托管理事会、国际法院、秘书处、人权理事会（47个席位，没有美国）7个主要机构

@联合国大会：联合国大会简称“联大”，由全体会员国组成。它是联合国的审议机构，大对于“重要问题”的决议，须由?多数通过；对于“一般问题”的决议，半数以上通过即可。大会通过的决议，不具有法律约束力，但足以对会员国产生广泛的政治影响。

@联合国安全理事会：联合国安全理事会，简称“安理会”，由中、法、俄、英、美5个常任理事国和10个非常任理事国组成。10个非常任理事国由联合国大会选出，任期2年。经安理会通过的决议，对会员国具有约束力。安理会是联合国中唯一有权对国际和平与安全采取行动的机构。它有权对国际争端进行调查和调停，可以采取武器禁运、经济制裁等强制性措施，还可以派遣联合国维和部队，以协助缓和某一地区的紧张局势。联合国安理会作为国际集体安全机制的核心，已经成为公认的多边安全体系最具权威性和合法性的机构。

@联合国秘书处：联合国秘书处是联合国各机构的行政秘书事务机构。秘书长是联合国的行政首长，担任重大的国际政治责任。秘书长由联合国大会根据安理会的推荐任命，任期5年。

#秘书长在国际事务中以联合国代表的资格出现，代表联合国与会员国及其他国际组织进行联系，可以代表联合国到出现国际冲突和争端的地区进行了解和调解。（潘基文）

3.作用：近年来，联合国在维护世界和平，缓和国际紧张局势，解决地区冲突方面。在协调国际经济关系，促进世界各国经济、科学、文化的合作与交流方面，都发挥着积极作用。

4.联合国地位：联合国作为当今世界最大的、最重要的国际组织，其国际集体安全机制的功能已经得到国际社会的普遍认可。

中国是联合国的创始会员国。1949年中华人民共和国成立后，美国顽固推行敌视中国的政策，并控制了联合国的多数会员国，使中国在联合国的合法权利长期得不到恢复。70年代初，国际政治力量发生重大变化，亚非国家在联合国的作用加强，越来越多的国家要求恢复中国的合法地位。1971年联合国大会通过提案，恢复了中华人民共和国在联合国的合法地位和一切合法权利，包括任安理会的常任理事国。1974年，邓小平率领中国代表团出席了联合国第六次特别会议。在大会上，邓小平代表中国政府庄严宣告：中国永远不称霸，永远不做超级大国。

第17篇：模拟联合国

Speech at the Opening Ceremony of CNMUN2010 在2010

中国模拟联合国大会开幕式上的发言稿

By Mr.MA Xinfa Secretary of the Party Committee of Sichuan International Studies University 发言人四川外语学院党委书记 马新发

Distinguished Guests dear delegates and faculty advisors, ladies and gentlemen, 尊敬的各位来宾亲爱的代表与指导老师女士们、先生们: On behalf of Sichuan International Studies University (SISU)，I’d like to extend my warmest welcome to all the participants of China National Model United Nations 2010.I’m more than happy to see so many talented students from diverse backgrounds gathering here to addre the most preing human rights iues.我谨代表四川外语学院对各位参与2010中国重庆模拟联合国大会表示诚挚欢迎。我很高兴地看到这么多来自国内外高校的青年才俊汇聚一堂共同商议国际大事感谢你们热情积极地参与此次大会。

SISU, as one of the first colleges launching the Model UN program in China has always adhering to the principle of cultivating students with cro-cultural insight and global vision.Model UN has become an influential student event in SISU since 2004 when SISU delegation took part in the first China Model United Nations Conference, and grown to the most vibrant and popular second-cla activity since 2005 when it held the 1st Southwest China MUN Conference.Ever since then SISU has been taking an active part in various MUN conferences home and abroad and has become the leading power promoting the MUN activity in the Southwest China.四川外语学院作为模拟联合国活动在中国大陆的首批发起者之一一直致力于培养学生的国际视野和跨文化交际能力。四川外语学院把模联作为学生的第二课堂活动积极鼓励学生参与校内外各项模联活动从2005年举办首届西南地区模拟联合国大会活动开始川外就致力于推动模联事业在西南地区的蓬勃发展。

Today SISU has the great honor to hold this year’s China National Model UN conference.I believe that it’s indeed a great chance to fuel the MUN programs in China and also a distinct opportunity to develop SISU in a comprehensive way as well.Hereby I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all those closely involved in and working hard on preparing this event.今天川外有幸承办2010年中国模拟联合国大会。这不仅是对西南地区乃至全国范围模联活动的有力促进也是对川外综合实力提升的重要契机。在此请允许我对为顺利筹备此次大会而辛勤工作的所有人员表示最衷心的感谢。 As the most influential MUN activity in China CNMUN has been centering upon the topic of human rights iues.Confronting these crises we realize that only cooperation and collaboration among nations can unveil the path to the sustained development of international community.I’m looking forward to see more innovative and practical ideas put forward by your delegates.作为中国最有影响力的模联活动中国模联一直致力于讨论国际热点的人权问题。多年的实践经验告诉我们要实现世界的和平稳定与发展必须要依靠各国的通力合作。我期待在会场上看到各位代表提出新颖可行的解决方法。 I hope that you will expand the MUN spirits of being a responsible global citizen back to your community and strive to make the world a better place.In the end I would like to wish all the delegates a smashing three-day-conference and may CNMUN 2010 an inspiring succe.此外我也希望各位代表能在会后继续将模联这种“心怀天下”的责任意识延续到你们的生活中影响更多的人。最后祝愿各位此次模联之旅愉快难忘祝大家好运

Good luck 祝各位好运

急求一份中国在模拟联合国大会上的英文发言稿 关于环境保护 节能减排

主要方面是 中国要求发达国家给予技术和资金的援助。中国只要有技术，就走低污染低耗能的发展道路。 主要针对发达国家 希望发达国家与中国共同承担主要减排责任最好是

Environmental protection in China: the role of law

China’s growing rule of law and public environmental awarene show promising initial signs of succe.But will it be too little, too late? Alex Wang investigates.\"For China, the challenges of using the law for environmental protection are formidable.Unlike the US with its long history and culture of using law and the courts, China eentially began in 1979 to rebuild anew(重新，再) a legal system that had been entirely dismantled in the previous few decades.\" In a rural village, set on the edges of a narrow mountain valley, a group of farmers go to court seeking relief from industrial pollution that has threatened their health and destroyed the crops that are the basis of their livelihoods.The defendants are two local factories that use a primitive industrial proce to reduce copper ore.The proce generates maive amounts of smoke and stench that decimate much of the surrounding forests and crops and cause local residents chronic headaches and coughing.The farmers ask for compensation and a court order halting the pollution.The court refuses to order a stop to the polluting activities because such an order would “blot out two great mining and manufacturing enterprises, destroy half of the taxable values of a county … and deprive thousands of working people of their homes and livelihood.”This is a story that is all too familiar in China, reflecting the persistent distance between environmental degradation and a legal system struggling to keep up with a rapidly changing economy.This particular story, however, does not come from China at all.Rather, it is the 1904 US case of Madison v.Ducktown Sulphur from the state of Tenneee.As in China today, the industrial revolution in the United States brought with it increasing harm to the public from pollution and greater environmental conflict.In the early part of the 20th century, the US legal system was not up to the task and the country muddled through decades of inadequate environmental regulation and often unsatisfactory court decisions.It was not until the 1970s that the US paed a series of robust environmental laws and opened the door to a generation of environmental advocates who would use law and the courts to improve the environment.There is some comfort in knowing that developed countries like the US, Japan and England were able to reverse decades of environmental degradation.The difficulty is that China’s environmental problems are moving faster and on a larger scale than anything the world has ever seen before.The Chinese context

第18篇：联合国资料

联合国概况

现任联合国秘书长：潘基文（1944年6月13日出生于韩国，前大韩民国外交通商部长官） 联合国是一个统一的世界性综合性的政府间国际组织，现有192个会员国。

成立日期：1945年10月24日；1947年，联合国大会决定，10月24日为联合国日。

工作语言：阿拉伯语、汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语；

联合国大会总部所在地：美国纽约、瑞士日内瓦、奥地利维也纳、肯尼亚内罗毕； 1946年1月10日至2月14日，第一届联合国大会第一阶段会议在伦敦举行。51个创始会员国的代表参加了这次会议，联合国组织系统正式开始运作。

联合国的根本大法是《联合国宪章》。

联合国的主要机构及其他附属机构

根据《联合国宪章》第三章第七条之规定， 联合国设有联合国大会、联合国安全理事会、联合国经济及社会理事会、联合国托管理事会、国际法院和联合国秘书处等6个联合国主要机构（联合国主要机关）。（注：联合国人权理事会现在是联合国大会的附属机构，直接向联合国所有会员国负责。）

1、联合国大会

2、联合国安全理事会

联合国安全理事会，简称“安理会”，由中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国、美国等5个常任理事国和10个非常任理事国组成。非常任理事国按地区分配原则由大会选举产生，任期两年，不能连选连任。安理会是联合国中唯一有权对国际和平与安全采取行动的机构。它有权对国际争端进行调查和调停，可以采取武器禁运、经济制裁等强制性措施，还可以派遣联合国维和部队，以协助缓和某一地区的紧张局势。联合国安理会作为国际集体安全机制的核心，已经成为公认的多边安全体系最具权威性和合法性的机构。

3、联合国经济及社会理事会

4、联合国托管理事会

联合国托管理事会由五个安全理事会的五个常任理事国组成即中华人民共和国、法兰西共和国、俄罗斯联邦、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国。随着联合国的最后一个托管领土帕劳取得独立，理事会于1994年11月1日正式停止运作。

5、国际法院

国际法院是联合国主要司法机关， 国际法院在荷兰海牙和平宫。联合国六个主要机构中，国际法院是唯一设在纽约以外的机构。

6、联合国秘书处

联合国秘书处是联合国各机构的行政秘书事务机构。联合国主席任命联合国秘书长。 联合国观察员

截至2007年，联合国共有64个观察员。当中包含1个观察员国、5个观察员实体、和58个观察员组织。

联合国在会员之外，还设有观察员制度，邀请国际组织、非政府组织、实体参与联合国事务。观察员有权在联合国大会上发言，但是不被允许参与会议中的投票。

国际货币基金组织 (International Monetary Fund -- IMF) ，

是世界银行巨头们私有的欧美中央银行以及其它一些掌控了世界经济命脉的银行家们所掌握的（欧美中央银行一般是私有的，这些国际银行家们掌握了货币发行权，也就是这些政府真正的幕后之手）国际金融组织。1946年3月正式成立。1947年3月1日开始工作，1947年11月15日成为联合国的专门机构，在经营上有其独立性。总部设在华盛顿。

国际货币基金、国际清算银行（BIS）及世界银行，被称为“布雷顿森林机构”。差不多所有实行市场经济的国家，其金融政策均受这三家机构影响。

世界银行（WBG）是世界银行集团的俗称，“世界银行”这个名称一直是用于指国际复兴开发银行(IBRD)和国际开发协会(IDA)。这些机构联合向发展中国家提供低息贷款、无息信贷和赠款。 它是一个国际组织，其一开始的使命是帮助在第二次世界大战中被破坏的国家的重建。今天它的任务是资助国家克服穷困，各机构在减轻贫困和提高生活水平的使命中发挥独特的作用。1980年中国恢复世界银行的成员国地位，次年接受了世行的第一笔贷款。 20国集团或者廿国集团，由八国集团（美国、日本、德国、法国、英国、意大利、加拿大、俄罗斯）和十一个重要新兴工业国家（中国、阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、印度、印度尼西亚、墨西哥、沙特阿拉伯、南非、韩国和土耳其）以及欧盟组成。按照惯例，国际货币基金组织与世界银行列席该组织的会议。廿国集团的GDP总量约占世界的85％，人口约40亿。

亚太经济合作组织

亚太经济合作组织（Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation，简称APEC）是亚太地区最具影响的经济合作官方论坛，成立于1989年。1989年1月，澳大利亚总理霍克访问韩国时建议召开部长级会议，讨论加强亚太经济合作问题。1989年11月5日至7日，澳大利亚、美国、加拿大、日本、韩国、新西兰和东南亚国家联盟6国在澳大利亚首都堪培拉举行亚太经济合作会议首届部长级会议，这标志着亚太经济合作会议的成立。1993年6月改名为亚太经济合作组织。

成员和观察员

APEC现有21个成员，分别是中国、澳大利亚、文莱、加拿大、智利、中国香港、印度尼西亚、日本、韩国、墨西哥、马来西亚、新西兰、巴布亚新几内亚、秘鲁、菲律宾、俄罗斯、新加坡、中国台湾、泰国、美国和越南，1997年温哥华领导人会议宣布APEC进入十年巩固期，暂不接纳新成员。此外，APEC还有3个观察员，分别是东盟秘书处、太平洋经济合作理事会和太平洋岛国论坛。

上海合作组织 起源和建立

上海合作组织的前身是“上海五国”机制。而“上海五国”机制发源于上世纪80年代末开始的、以中国为一方和以俄、哈、吉、塔四国为另一方的关于加强边境地区信任和裁军的谈判进程的组织。 上海合作组织是第一个以中国城市命名的国际组织，它进一步加强了我国与周边国家的关系。

上海合作组织成员列表：中国、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、俄罗斯、塔吉克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦；观察员国家有：蒙古国、伊朗、巴基斯坦和印度。对话伙伴国：白俄罗斯和斯

里兰卡。

第十次峰会——塔什干峰会：

2010年6月11日在塔什干。峰会批准《上海合作组织接收新成员条例》和《上海合作组织程序规则》等文件。

世界贸易组织

世贸组织是一个独立于联合国的永久性国际组织。1995年1月1日正式开始运作，负责管理世界经济和贸易秩序，总部设在瑞士日内瓦莱蒙湖畔。1996年1月1日，它正式取代关贸总协定临时机构。世贸组织是具有法人地位的国际组织，在调解成员争端方面具有更高的权威性。它的前身是1947年订立的关税及贸易总协定。与关贸总协定相比，世贸组织涵盖货物贸易、服务贸易以及知识产权贸易，而关贸总协定只适用于商品货物贸易。

世贸组织成员分四类：发达成员、发展中成员、转轨经济体成员和最不发达成员。2006年11月7日，世界贸易组织总理事会在日内瓦召开特别会议，正式宣布接纳越南成为该组织第150个成员。这样，世贸组织正式成员增加到150个。世贸组织与国际货币基金组织（IMF）、世界银行（WB）一起被称为世界经济发展的三大支柱。2001年12月11日，中国正式加入世界贸易组织，成为其第143个成员。

八国集团首脑会议

所谓八国集团（group 8），指的是八大工业国美国、英国、法国、德国、意大利、加拿大、日本，加上俄罗斯。严格地讲，它并非一个严密的国际组织，以往被称为“富国俱乐部”。在8个国家里，除俄罗斯之外的7个国家是核心成员国，也就是以前的七国集团（G7）

中美战略经济对话

2009年4月1日，中国国家主席胡锦涛与美国总统奥巴马在伦敦参加二十国集团金融峰会期间举行首次会晤，双方一致同意建立中美战略与经济对话机制，并确定首轮中美战略与经济对话将于今年夏季在华盛顿举行。

中美战略对话和中美战略经济对话作为两国交流中重要的机制，为促进双边关系发展发挥了重要作用。

中美战略对话是中国国家主席胡锦涛和美国总统布什于2004年11月在智利首都圣地亚哥会晤时就进一步推进中美建设性合作关系达成的重要共识。2005年8月，首次中美战略对话在北京举行。此后，作为定期对话机制，中美战略对话定期在中美间轮流举行，迄今已举行了6次。中美战略经济对话于2006年9月由美国财政部长亨利·保尔森和中国国务院副总理吴仪在北京启动，对话重点侧重于战略和经济层面。中美战略经济对话一年举行两次，自2006年启动以来先后举行了5次会议。

金钻11国：

继“金砖四国”后，高盛又推出“新钻11国”（Next-11，简称N-11），成长潜力仅次于金砖四国的11个新兴市场，包括巴基斯坦、埃及、印度尼西亚、伊朗、韩国、菲律宾、墨西哥、孟加拉国、尼日利亚、土耳其、越南。

亚欧首脑会议：

1、产生的背景：1994年7月，欧盟制定了《走向亚洲新战略》，主张与亚洲进行更广泛的

对话，建立一种建设性、稳定和平等的伙伴关系。1994年11月，新加坡总理吴作栋提出召开亚欧会议的倡议，得到各方广泛积极响应。1996年3月1日至2日，首届亚欧首脑会议在泰国曼谷举行，标志亚欧会议正式成立。

2、新召开：国务院总理温家宝10月4日出席了在布鲁塞尔举行的第八届亚欧首脑会议开幕式并致辞。

本届会议主题为“改善民生：提高公民福利和尊严”，将分别讨论改善全球金融和经济治理、促进可持续发展、全球性问题、国际形势和地区热点问题、亚欧社会文化交往和亚欧会议未来发展等议题，还将正式接纳俄罗斯、澳大利亚、新西兰为亚欧会议成员，使亚欧会议成员增至48个。

第19篇：模拟联合国

先写模联的简介

一、什么是模拟联合国？

模拟联合国（Module United Nations,简称MUN）是对联合国以及其他国际组织和机构的会议流程进行模拟的一种活动。会议中，与会代表们对各国外交官进行角色扮演（roll play），依据联合国以及其他国际组织的议事规则对一些国际问题进行讨论并最终解决问题。

网上的版本会全一些，但是我觉得孩子们刚接触模联，没有必要赘述模联的意义，相信他们选择模联都有自己的想法，模联的意义应该由他们自己体悟…… 不过我在讲完这一段的时候会介绍现今模联的发展趋势，简单引入一下历史委员会，未来委员会和假想委员会的概念，就当是吸引一下他们的兴趣

二、模拟联合国会议的组成

（一）秘书处（secretariat）

1.秘书长（secrectary general）

会议的最高权力人员，一般负责全场会议的协调和任务布置

2.学术总监，协调总监（under-secretay general）

秘书处的工作人员，各司其职，负责保证全场会议的顺利进行

其实我感觉这些都是废话啊废话……这些人一般和代表没有太多交流的，不过还得介绍，其实说白了就是会议的最高统治者……

（二）委员会（committee）

模联会议中代表们实际参与的部分，每个委员会都有独立的工作系统和独立的议题，各个委员会的职能和权力范围不同，所能解决的问题也有所差异。但有时不同委员会间会有“联动”，即委员会间会互相影响，由不同的角度解决相同的问题。 常见的委员会：

联合国安全理事会 （Security Council） 联合国人权理事会 （Human Rights Council） 联合国环境署（Environmental Program）

委员会是个很复杂的部分啊„„联动，危机„„但是考虑到孩子们接受能力有限，只能先搁置了„„ 主席团

会议主席——主持会议，掌握会议进程，并对程序问题做出决断。

主席助理——记录会议，负责点名、投票以及控制电脑，协助会议主席保证会议的进行。 会议顾问——观察会议，掌控会议方向，审批文件。

主席团的职位其实都是轮流当的，所以讲的时候强调一下就好，如果按照我的流程讲的话„„其实很多东西都要放在后面流程介绍或者学术和会议技巧中才能彻底讨论„„我忽然感觉模联的知识体系其实好复杂„„ 因为我们着急开模拟会议„„所以先发流程篇吧~首先是流程简图 点名 ┃ 确定议题 ┏━┻━┓

正式辩论 非正式辩论 ┗━┳━┛ 投票

这个是缩略版，不过基本会议就是这么回事了„„

一、点名（roll call）

点名开始后，主席助理（Aistant Director ）按字母表顺序，依次点到代表国家名，出席者举国家牌（Placard）,回答”到（Present）”,表示自己出席，否则为“未出席（Absent）”。

点名过程中未出席的代表在到达会场后应向主席团递意向条告知。 点名完毕，主席助理会宣布实到人数以及简单多数（Simple Majority）与绝对多数（Two-thirds Majority） 。 简单多数（Simple Majority）

又称1/2多数，其计算方法为国家数的1/2+1，应用于投票。（在后面的讲解中，会用到1/2多数的流程，将标记“★”）

绝对多数（Two-thirds Majority） 又称2/3多数计算方法为国家数的2/3+1,应用于重要事件的投票（后面的讲解中，会用到2/3多数的流程，将标记“☆”）

二、确定议题（Setting Agenda）★

当委员会存在2个或两个以上议题时，就会进行确定议题环节，先由一个代表动议（motion）将议题确定为A（Set agenda to A），主席团会选出两组同意和反对此议题的国家，并让其对自己支持或反对的原因进行阐述，时间约为60秒；所有人阐述完观点后，对议题进行投票，超过二分之一多数就进行下一环节，若未通过，则继续讨论并最终得出一个议题。（若只有两个议题，则默认议题B通过。）

三、辩论环节

正式辩论（formal debate） 主发言名单（Speaker\'s list）★

需要一名代表动议（motion）开启主发言名单（open the speaker\'s list），需二分之一多数通过，通过后主席会让希望在主发言名单发言的代表高举国家牌，无名额限制，被点到的国家按名单顺序发言，发言时间默认为120秒，可动议延长或缩短。其内容一般为对自己立场的阐述。

楼主表示，其实正式辩论除了主发言名单还有其他形式，楼主在开复旦会的时候就遇到过次级发言名单„„所以楼主习惯说主发言名单而不是正式发言名单 主发言名单注意事项

每个国家在主发言名单中不重复出现（但发言后可通过向主席团递意向条重新加入）国家顺序随机

当主发言名单中所有国家代表已经发言，而此时没有任何代表追加发言，则结束主发言名单，进入投票阶段主发言名单中若代表剩余时间超过30秒时，需要选择让渡（yield）时间的方式

楼主觉得进入动议之前的主发言名单是要认真听的，因为大家都能表明立场，但是后期主发言名单就很没营养„„在该讨论细节的时候主发言名单还在表明立场„„所以会议到中后期主席团就尽量防止进行主发言名单吧，遇到米有动议的时候就重复几遍“请问场下有无动议或问题”吧~ 让渡发言时间（yield time）

代表在发言时间内结束发言后，可将剩余时间让渡，让渡分为如下几种： 让渡给他国代表（Yield Time to Another Delegate） 让渡给问题 (Yield Time to Questions) 让渡给评论 (Yield Time to Comments) 让渡给主席 (Yield Time to the Chair) 注：所有让渡不得二次让渡

让渡其实米有太大的用处，尤其是对于新人们，基本都会怯怯生生的说让渡给主席„„ PS.让渡给他国代表这个方法一定要和对方商量好了再用„„当然楼主表示曾经用这招陷害过同校的代表

非正式辩论（informal debate）

发言名单进行过程中，如果代表认为可以对特定问题进行更详细的讨论时，可以动议（motion）一个非正式辩论,非正式辩论一般分为两种：有主持核心磋商和自由磋商，有些会议会有其他形式的非正式辩论，比如无主持核心磋商，自由演示

那个那个„„无主持核心磋商和自由演示均出自复旦会议„„目前在其他会上还没见过„„

有主持核心磋商（moderated caucus--MC）

如果代表想就一个特定话题进行讨论，可以动议一个以XX为主题的有主持核心磋商，动议时要说出总时长和每位代表的发言时间。XX动议一个以XXX为主题的有主持核心磋商，总时长为X，每位代表X秒

例：伊朗动议一个以“基金组织建立的具体问题”为主题的有主持核心磋商，总时长为5分钟，每位代表30秒。

话说„„后面的那个例子是楼主恶搞委员会的某人时用的„„不是很典型„„

发言过程中，最重要的是留意好时间，一般主席助理会在屏幕上显示计时器，主席可能会在剩余30秒的时候敲击桌面（一般只有一下）这时代表不要停止发言，应根据剩余时间调整发言稿；时间结束时，主席会敲击桌面两下，这时代表应迅速结束发言（如果一句话只剩几个字的话就尽快说完）不要无视主席的提醒 楼主表示最后一句话很无力„„ 自由磋商（Unmoderated caucus-UMC）

如果希望不限话题自由讨论，那么代表可以动议一个自由磋商，不需要提出磋商的主题，只需声明总时间，自由磋商过程中，代表可以和其他国家讨论，撰写文件，茶歇，主席会在时间结束前两分钟敲击桌面并提示剩余时间自由磋商是整个会议中利用价值最高的时间，建议利用这段时间和同盟们讨论之前有主持核心磋商中讨论的问题，并尝试写工作文件（working paper）

提出非正式辩论的注意事项

有价值的非正式辩论是能够合理、有效地推动会议进程、并在适当时间被提出的，而不是拖延会议时间。当代表动议提出无价值或不符合时宜的非正式辩论时，主席团有权宣布“主席团认为此动议不符合会议进程”（the dais considers this motion is out of order），并不批准其进入投票程序。动议也可能因为没有附议而作废。 关于辩论的说明

非正式阶段结束后，则进入正式辩论阶段。 正式辩论和非正式辩论交替，贯穿整个会议。 每个环节都需要举牌投票决定提议的取舍。★

四、动议&问题 动议（Motion）

定义: 在决策性会议中，在会议规则的基础上,由全体会议成员决定的，改变原有会议进程的决定的行为称为动议。

模联会议中，动议可在正式发言名单两位代表发言之间，主席询问时提出，多人同时动议时随机点选。（希望动议的代表直接举国家牌即可）动议可连续提出。 常见的几种动议

动议辩论（开启主发言名单，有主持核心磋商和自由磋商）★ 动议修改发言时间★ 动议暂停会议★ 动议搁置议题☆ 动议更改投票顺序☆ 动议结束辩论，开始投票★ 动议结束会议★ 问题（Point）

组织性问题（Point of Order） 指出主席在主持会议中的某些错误 不需要投票

咨询性问题（Point of Inquiry） 对于会议程序由不明白时，举牌向主席咨询 不需要投票 个人特权问题（Point of Personal Privilege） 在场上个人有任何不适，需要主席团的帮助和解决 不需要投票 意向条（Page）

为了保证会场秩序，代表间即代表和主席团的交流应以传递意向条形式进行意向条应注明自己的国家和对方的国家一般会场都会提供意向条，代表要递意向条时，只需将写好的意向条折好（只留下自己的国家和对方的国家在外面），举手示意志愿者即可

五、投票(Vote) 模拟联合国会议中的投票分两种：

程序性表决：对动议和议题的选择★ 所有代表必须投票，不得弃权

文件表决：辩论结束后，开始投票环节，对已经产生的文件进行投票通过☆ 文件表决一般为唱票表决（Roll call vote）

被点到国家的代表可选择赞成（Yes）反对（No）弃权（Abstain）过（Pa）,选择过的代表在第一轮投票结束后进行第二轮投票，并只能选择赞成或反对

流程篇就到这里了，因为打算文件什么的单独拿出来讲，所以投票部分简单了些 过一段时间再发会前准备篇„„

期间楼主可能会上传一些模联文章„„有关国际关系什么的

话说楼主是中文委（原英文委），表示上了贼船之后英文会议就变成浮云了~所以英文委员会的同学们如果要按照这个思路培训的话最好斟酌一下„„

而且，楼主一直坚持英文会永远没有中文学术，所以楼主是学术派，不是表演系，演讲技巧什么的估计没有英文委的人那么强，不过会尽量询问一下学长们的意见和经验~ 关于什么是个好的模联演讲，这个东西很难说，就像说什么样的钢笔是支好钢笔、什么样的耳机是个好耳机、什么样的女人是个好女人一样。每个人心中都有一定的标准，却又没有类似ISO一类的组织来统一一下，这个就比较麻烦了。不过演讲么，有些东西还是共通的。以下内容呢，是鄙人的一些经验，供大家参考。

首先在你准备演讲之前，无论它是有准备的演讲还是即兴演讲，首先要问自己的一件事情是：“我为什么要做这个演讲？”

对了，细心的同学肯定能发现，这个问题问的是一个演讲目的的问题。演讲如果没有一个明确的目的的话，就会很难组织（无论在什么情况下），这也是国内MUN会议比较“水”的原因之一，同时也是为什么绝大多数同学不喜欢听学校组织的各种讲座、思想政治教育、党国高层领导人讲话等的原因之一，因为这些发言也好讲话也好，没有一个明确的目的，让人觉得听不到头，又没什么兴趣，自然就不喜欢；当然，也有可能是发言者的水平真的高耸入云，听众理解不了„„

为了方便说明，我们把国家分为三类：I类国家是在讨论的某个事件或某个问题的直接参与者，比如讨论巴以问题中的以色列代表；II类国家是对这个问题有密切关系的关注者或者间接参与者，比如讨论利比亚问题中的阿尔及利亚（利比亚邻国）；III类国家是一般的国家，仅仅“表示关注”或者其他什么的，比如讨论H1N1型流感中的马拉维，基本没有什么关系。

在你思考你的演讲目的的时候，首先要考虑的问题就是你所代表的国家在这三类国家中属于哪一类，然后在依照这种“身份”来构建你的演讲目的。Okay，假设我是六方会谈中的韩国代表，那我的演讲的根本目的应该是保护韩国不受朝鲜可能有可能没有的核武器的威胁，这个是最重要的；为了达到这个目的，我就不能在演讲中仅仅表达这个问题很严重，朝鲜违反NPT条约这类的大话，而要细化深入：韩国希望看到朝鲜怎么样，朝鲜方面怎么样才能表达诚意，怎么样才能换取韩国的援助这类具体的问题。

如果你代表的是一个II类国家，例如讨论泰国洪灾问题中的马来西亚代表。你和这个问题没有直接的关系，但是有间接的关系：泰国的洪水产生的后果可能是使得泰国的稻米出口量大大减少，那么，作为一个负责人的地区大国和一个地区人口大国，一个优秀的马来西亚代表就应该说明本国在今年稻米出口问题上的态度、立场，怎样维护市场的稳定，怎样保证世界粮食安全不会受到威胁。

如果很不幸，你代表的是一个III类国家，比如北约东扩问题中的秘鲁代表（不过这种情况应该是不会出现的，只是举个极端的例子）。这是时候就需要你的知识积淀了：北约为什么要东扩？会给谁带来威胁？北约是出于什么目的建立的？（当然你就会想到一个很长的国际关系时期）那么，北约东扩对于秘鲁来说是好还是不好？如果好，应该怎么支持？如果不好，应该怎么纠正？

所以不难看出，从I类到III类国家，准备演讲的难度是不断增加的；但是同时，演讲出彩的可能性也是不断增加的。为什么这样说呢？因为越是和事件紧密联系的国家，所受到的羁绊就会越多，实际发言起来就会考虑很多的问题，从而很难拿出一个出色的解决方案；反之，一个和事件联系不是那么紧密的国家，放在一个第三方的位置，可能提出一些很有建设性而直接利益方出于各种顾虑难以拿出的解决方案，这就是所谓的旁观者清。

当然，从技术角度来考虑，你的演讲可能会有三种情况，第一种是真的有很强的目的性：我就是要谴责某个代表，就是要号召大家都来关注我的工作文件，就是要请大家一起来帮我写DR。在这种演讲中，国内同学的普遍问题是太过于含糊，很多同学都比较客气，而不敢直接说出自己的观点；或者太过于直接，只会有important一个词，什么都是important，让人感觉听起来没有什么内容。第二种情况是没有特别强的目的性，但是不说又不好：比如前面说到的I类和II类国家，正在参与某个事件，不发言的话可能会造成很严重的问题。这个时候会出现的问题是不知道该怎么说，只好大而化小小而化了的轻描淡写一笔带过，这种问题的出现很明显是前期的准备工作没有做足，甚至有些BG都没有仔细研究过，这个是需要个人回去反省的，没有好的解决办法。第三种情况是演讲根本没有什么目的，就是想上去露个脸，给主席看看我，表达一下我还会说英文，我还看过BG。这种演讲在国内会上特别多，人大政协开会时候也特别多，同时也是我本人最反感的一种。没有目的的演讲在MUN的会场上应该是不存在的，叫你来开会就一定是有你来开会的理由，你说找不到演讲的目的这件事就足以证明你没有好好研究议题，就该回去打屁股了。

讲完了演讲的目的，再说说演讲的内容。内容更多是你自己准备和练习的，我能分享给你的只是一些技术方面的东西。

1、时间

演讲时间很重要。MUN会场上一次发言多长时间？可能30秒，可能1分钟，可能90秒，可能2分钟。不管多长时间，请你问问自己，在这么长时间内，我能讲多少内容？

回答这个问题，你可以先找一段你觉得讲得特别快的演讲录音，掐表掐到（比如）一分钟，再看看这段录音的演讲稿大约有多少词。准备托福考试听力的同学都知道，180词以上的听力就很困难了，210词的就根本不是人听的东西，那么，你演讲肯定是想要别人了解你的观点，那么多快的速度合适呢？80-120，如果到国外开会可以到150，但是你肯定不是native speaker吧，那么你说到150的时候就成了白开水，完全没有办法控制你的语音语调（你的大脑也没有时间处理这些），各种语法错误音调错误吞音什么的就一起来了„„所以，别说太快。

如果你看到一个代表准备了一篇500词的发言稿（反正我看到过），那么你的第一个反应应该是：这个代表没机会领导会议进程了。一个连自己讲话时间都把握不好的代表，怎么能够把握一场会议的脉络呢？

2、列点还是不列？

很多内地的代表都喜欢在演讲中列点，小白一点的代表直接就是firstly secondly这样往外冒，高级一点的in short term或者in long term的来谈，由此可见内地的对付考试的写作训练多么可怕——诚然，写作的时候这样写会让人觉得你写作很有条理；但是演讲啊各位！演讲不是写作啊，演讲这么讲是要吃亏的。

来，我们看看为什么说这样讲会吃亏。这样讲你可能会有三种准备：写好稿子，写好要点，不写只记在脑子里。如果你写了稿子，恭喜你，不管你怎么练习，最好的效果也只是朗诵不是演讲；如果你写好了要点，恭喜你，不管你怎么克制，所有的要点一定讲不完，或者论述的内容你自己都不想听；如果你记在脑子里，恭喜你，你上台讲的时候至少有20%的眼神在瞄天花板。这些都不是练习能够达到的，这是人的天性，除非间谍训练，否则基本没有办法克服。

那么怎么办呢？我的建议是不要列点，想好一个点就充分的把它表达出来。1分钟的发言不会有太多内容，100多个词撑死了。写作上，100多个词写一个点，你觉得多么？我觉得不多，甚至太少了。100多个词能把一个点表达清楚，那已经是很不容易的事情，搞那么多点一个一个列出来，实在不值。

3、思考问题

这也是同学问我的比较多的一个问题：“＃＃（某个词）我不会说，怎么办？” 我的回答一般是：“换个词说啊～”

当然，这个回答是个很不负责任的回答，其不负责任程度仅次于直接告诉学生这个词怎么说。但是这一问一答反映了一个问题：大多数同学的思维方式不是那么正确，为什么这么说呢？ 请你一起来反思一下：当你想要表达一句英文的时候，绝大多数情况下（除了how are you? i am good~这种）都是一个从中文到英文的思维过程，即你会先想好中文的表达法，然后想每个词拿英文怎么说，接着再思考这一串怎么串起来，最后才说出口。

无疑，这样做是严谨的，但是会出两个问题。第一个问题，这样一套思考过程会花费一些时间，英文好的同学可能会反应很快（这也是为什么国内会英文好的代表相当有优势但到了国外就被打击了），英文差一点的同学可能会需要更长的时间，这样演讲也好对话也好就会卡壳；第二个问题，当你忽然忘记了一个单词怎么说的时候，就会很慌张，会赶紧求助，然后就会直冒冷汗啦两眼上飘啦手势僵硬啦一堆问题都出来了。

怎么避免这样的问题呢？我的建议是直接用英文思考。你看的BG是英文的吧？那些专业名词是英文的吧？那就干脆把中文这个中介给省略掉了呗。干脆忘掉核不扩散条约，直接反应NPT；忘掉的黎波里，直接反应Tripoli。这种思维模式需要锻炼，不过练出来了之后以后出国所谓的“语言关”就完全不存在了，是很经济的事情。 －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ 偶然间想到的这些问题，先写这么多吧，供大家参考。

关于什么是个好的模联演讲，这个东西很难说，就像说什么样的钢笔是支好钢笔、什么样的耳机是个好耳机、什么样的女人是个好女人一样。每个人心中都有一定的标准，却又没有类似ISO一类的组织来统一一下，这个就比较麻烦了。不过演讲么，有些东西还是共通的。以下内容呢，是鄙人的一些经验，供大家参考。

首先在你准备演讲之前，无论它是有准备的演讲还是即兴演讲，首先要问自己的一件事情是：“我为什么要做这个演讲？”

对了，细心的同学肯定能发现，这个问题问的是一个演讲目的的问题。演讲如果没有一个明确的目的的话，就会很难组织（无论在什么情况下），这也是国内MUN会议比较“水”的原因之一，同时也是为什么绝大多数同学不喜欢听学校组织的各种讲座、思想政治教育、党国高层领导人讲话等的原因之一，因为这些发言也好讲话也好，没有一个明确的目的，让人觉得听不到头，又没什么兴趣，自然就不喜欢；当然，也有可能是发言者的水平真的高耸入云，听众理解不了„„

为了方便说明，我们把国家分为三类：I类国家是在讨论的某个事件或某个问题的直接参与者，比如讨论巴以问题中的以色列代表；II类国家是对这个问题有密切关系的关注者或者间接参与者，比如讨论利比亚问题中的阿尔及利亚（利比亚邻国）；III类国家是一般的国家，仅仅“表示关注”或者其他什么的，比如讨论H1N1型流感中的马拉维，基本没有什么关系。

在你思考你的演讲目的的时候，首先要考虑的问题就是你所代表的国家在这三类国家中属于哪一类，然后在依照这种“身份”来构建你的演讲目的。Okay，假设我是六方会谈中的韩国代表，那我的演讲的根本目的应该是保护韩国不受朝鲜可能有可能没有的核武器的威胁，这个是最重要的；为了达到这个目的，我就不能在演讲中仅仅表达这个问题很严重，朝鲜违反NPT条约这类的大话，而要细化深入：韩国希望看到朝鲜怎么样，朝鲜方面怎么样才能表达诚意，怎么样才能换取韩国的援助这类具体的问题。

如果你代表的是一个II类国家，例如讨论泰国洪灾问题中的马来西亚代表。你和这个问题没有直接的关系，但是有间接的关系：泰国的洪水产生的后果可能是使得泰国的稻米出口量大大减少，那么，作为一个负责人的地区大国和一个地区人口大国，一个优秀的马来西亚代表就应该说明本国在今年稻米出口问题上的态度、立场，怎样维护市场的稳定，怎样保证世界粮食安全不会受到威胁。

如果很不幸，你代表的是一个III类国家，比如北约东扩问题中的秘鲁代表（不过这种情况应该是不会出现的，只是举个极端的例子）。这是时候就需要你的知识积淀了：北约为什么要东扩？会给谁带来威胁？北约是出于什么目的建立的？（当然你就会想到一个很长的国际关系时期）那么，北约东扩对于秘鲁来说是好还是不好？如果好，应该怎么支持？如果不好，应该怎么纠正？

所以不难看出，从I类到III类国家，准备演讲的难度是不断增加的；但是同时，演讲出彩的可能性也是不断增加的。为什么这样说呢？因为越是和事件紧密联系的国家，所受到的羁绊就会越多，实际发言起来就会考虑很多的问题，从而很难拿出一个出色的解决方案；反之，一个和事件联系不是那么紧密的国家，放在一个第三方的位置，可能提出一些很有建设性而直接利益方出于各种顾虑难以拿出的解决方案，这就是所谓的旁观者清。

当然，从技术角度来考虑，你的演讲可能会有三种情况，第一种是真的有很强的目的性：我就是要谴责某个代表，就是要号召大家都来关注我的工作文件，就是要请大家一起来帮我写DR。在这种演讲中，国内同学的普遍问题是太过于含糊，很多同学都比较客气，而不敢直接说出自己的观点；或者太过于直接，只会有important一个词，什么都是important，让人感觉听起来没有什么内容。第二种情况是没有特别强的目的性，但是不说又不好：比如前面说到的I类和II类国家，正在参与某个事件，不发言的话可能会造成很严重的问题。这个时候会出现的问题是不知道该怎么说，只好大而化小小而化了的轻描淡写一笔带过，这种问题的出现很明显是前期的准备工作没有做足，甚至有些BG都没有仔细研究过，这个是需要个人回去反省的，没有好的解决办法。第三种情况是演讲根本没有什么目的，就是想上去露个脸，给主席看看我，表达一下我还会说英文，我还看过BG。这种演讲在国内会上特别多，人大政协开会时候也特别多，同时也是我本人最反感的一种。没有目的的演讲在MUN的会场上应该是不存在的，叫你来开会就一定是有你来开会的理由，你说找不到演讲的目的这件事就足以证明你没有好好研究议题，就该回去打屁股了。

小国怎么处理？这或许是我被问到的最多的问题，没有“之一”。联合国192个成员国，所谓的“大国”又有几个呢？所以在模联的会场上，绝大多数情况下，当你拿到国家分配的时候，第一印象极有可能是“呃⋯怎么又是个小国⋯”。代表一个你从来没有接触过的国家肯定是件不那么让人愉快的事情，不过在我接触的模联经历中，大部分的优秀代表往往都是把小国做的比较出彩的代表。那么，所谓的“小国”应该怎么操作呢？

首先要明确一个概念，联合国这个舞台上，原则上来说国家没有大小区别，一国一票；虽然事实上很多不那么发达的国家会受到强权国家的影响，但由于在模联这个舞台上极少有强制性的因素，因此这种强权政治的影响可以说是降低到相当小的地位，那么“小”国不“小”，甚至还能有所大作为从原则上来说就不是什么不可能的事情了。

更何况，小国总有小国的优势，你需要做的，就是知己知彼，方可做到百战不殆。 因为各位基本都是天朝的高中生，对于国家大小的评判往往是以我朝为标准来看待，那么只有美英法俄等算是“大国”，德国意大利瑞典之流只能算“中等规模国家”（其实人国力比我朝强大许多），而看到尼日利亚啦玻利维亚啦之类的都可以算作是“小国”了。而事实上是怎么样呢？或许一个国家国土面积不是很大，在联合国中看似也没有什么作为，但在地区内很有可能是相当有影响力的国家。

举一个大家很难想到的例子：伊拉克。现在的伊拉克是个大家都觉得挺不怎么样的国家，可在1991年第一次海湾战争爆发以前，伊拉克曾经是个相当强盛的国家。它很好的利用了60年代初OPEC对西方世界的油价战，获取相当大量的财富，民众的生活水平也得到了很大提高，比当时我国民众的生活水平高出太多，在伊斯兰世界，特别是中东地区，不可不谓是数一数二的大国。不过之后挑起了长达数年的两伊战争，又入侵科威特，受到美国打压和经济制裁，才变得现在这个样子。

同样的例子还有很多，比如伊朗、比如内乱前的利比亚、还有现在的古巴、委内瑞拉、印度尼西亚、尼日利亚、南非，都是区域级的强国，在区域内有很强的号召里，完全可以把区域内的国家召集起来对抗强国。

另一种可能的情况是，国家还没有达到区域级强国的角色，或者国家本身属于“福利国家”，不很在意国际局势，这样的国家也挺多，比如尼泊尔、瑞典、摩洛哥、新西兰、秘鲁之类。这类国家往往所在意的国际局势的稳定和问题的解决，因此在国际政治舞台中往往扮演一个“调停者”的角色，在各个Bloc之间进行协调，做和事佬；甚至有的模联会议中出现了这样的“调停者”主导合并两大Bloc的决议草案的先例出现。只要时机把握得好，这种方式能够相当出彩。

第三种处理“小国”的方法，也是历史上一大群国家用过的方式，叫做“不结盟运动”。因为二战之后美苏长期争夺霸权，一群国家看它们不爽；1956年南斯拉夫的铁托、印度的尼赫鲁、埃及的纳赛尔一帮人提出了这个主张，即不与美苏中任何一个阵营结盟，宣扬“独立自主的外交政策”，然后不理美苏，在联合国的舞台上干了不少事情，比如新中国恢复联合国合法席位就是不结盟运动搞出来的事情。类似的还有一个松散的国际组织，叫做77国集团，现在不怎么活跃了，不过也是可以参考的运作方式。因为在模联会场上大国往往是少数，孤立他们是小国可以很好处理的一个方式。

最后一点是充分利用小国的特色，拿特色做文章。比如你代表的是一个东南亚或者加勒比的“小国”，可以找找这个国家的国花、国鸟之类的自然东西，然后带到会场上，会让你成为众人的焦点。另一种“特色”是国家的特色问题，因为这些不怎么发达的国家经常是会有各种各样的问题，例如苏丹的达尔富尔问题啦，马尔代夫的海平面上升问题啦，海地的地震赈灾啦，拿自己国家的问题说事，博得一下大家的同情也是一种可以考虑的方案。 暑期各种会议已经开始了，祝大家开会开心～

第20篇：模拟联合国

模拟联合国（Model United Nations）简称MUN是模仿联合国及相关的国际机构，依据其运作方式和议事原则，围绕国际上的热点问题召开的会议。青年学生们扮演不同国家的外交官，作为各国代表，参与到“联合国会议”当中。代表们遵循大会规则，在会议主席团的主持下，通过演讲阐述“自己国家”的观点，为了“自己国家”的利益进行辩论、游说，他们与友好的国家沟通协作，解决冲突；他们讨论决议草案，促进国际合作；他们在“联合国”的舞台上，充分发挥自己的才能。 海牙国际模拟联合国大会

（The Hague International Model United Nations, THIMUN）是面向中学生的规模最大的世界级模拟联合国大会。每年吸引了近4000名来自世界各国的中学生。1998年，海牙国际模拟联合国大会成为联合国正式承认的国际非政府组织，2002年联合国秘书长科菲·安南亲临大会，如今该大会已经有遍布五大洲的37个分会，每年总参加人数达十几万。大会每年都会根据当年的国际焦点选定一个特定主题，如2007年为“消除极端贫困与饥饿”（Eradicating Extreme Poverty and Hunger），2008年为“气候变迁”（Climate Change）。通过5天的讨论，代表们的会议成果——表决通过的决议，将由大会组委会编辑成册，递交给联合国秘书处，并存于联合国图书馆。表明全世界青年人为支持联合国，促进国际合作，企盼世界和平所作的贡献。 主要流程

模拟联合国对青年学生的吸引不仅在于其别具风格的形式更在于其真实的对于联合国规则的模拟。在模拟联合国大会当中，参会学生将会根据特定的会议规则对某一议题进行演讲、辩论、磋商，形成书面文件，寻找解决方案。

模拟联合国主要通过语言交流和书面文件两套方式进行问题解决。

语言方面

通常会经过点名后加入主发言名单（Speaker\'s list）→有组织核心磋商（Moderated Caucus）→自由磋商（Unmoderated Caucus）→主发言名单（Speaker\'s list）这样一个循环，关于议题（topic）中某一问题不断深入的进行交流讨论。

书面文件

通常会经过立场文件（Position Paper）→工作文件（Working Paper）→决议案草案（Draft Resolution）→修正案（Amendment）→决议案（Resolution）的一个单向流程。

立场文件是表明一个国家对某一议题基本立场和看法的文件，要求每个参会代表在会议召开前提交。

工作文件是通过对一个阶段会议的主要成果的整理而成，通常集结了一个或多个国家集团的主要观点。

决议草案是对一个议题的解决方案的初步解决方案。

修正案是对决议草案中的不足之处进行的修正。

编辑本段意义

模拟联合国活动之所以能够风靡全世界，是因为它是一项极富教育意义的活动。

为学生们带了更广阔的视野

模拟联合国活动关注的问题广泛，大都是当今各国面临的热点问题，在这样一个充满激情和挑战的全球化时代，在我国改革开放继续深化，国际局势依然复杂多变的背景下，积极参与这项活动不仅有助于同学们对联合国的了解，更为同学们打开一扇窗，提供了一个舞台，让大家关心世界，用国际眼光来思考问题，讨论问题。

模拟联合国活动中主要涉及的话题 ：

和平与安全恐怖主义人权 环境贫穷与发展货币政策石油危机 ，全球化， 公共卫生

激发英语热情与培养学习能力

由于模拟联合国活动源自西方，大部分会议的工作语言是英文。阅读背景资料、会场上书写大量文件、听取发言、阐述观点这些都对学生的英语水平提出了很高的要求。模拟联合国活动是一种体验式的活动，代表们融入了外交情境，需要自觉自主的运用英语进行表达，这样的环境下，大大激发了学生学习英语的热情。

虽然最终的大会只有短短几天时间，但是在会议之前代表要做好充分的准备。代表必须密切关注“自己的国家”，研究和学习一个国家的政治、经济、外交政策等方方面面，只有这样才能充分扮演好外交官的角色。准备的过程实际上是一个多种学科知识的整合过程，代表们需要将政治、经济、历史和地理知识与大会要讨论的问题紧密结合，思考各个要素之间的联系。这样就打破了学科间的壁垒，形成了丰满完整的知识体系。

模拟联合国活动涉及的学科：历史地理数学文化经济军事自然科学等

锻炼领袖气质与合作精神

模拟联合国活动是一种互动性极强的学习经历，青年人不仅能够学习和讨论国际事务，还能够通过实践来锻炼自己组织、策划、管理的能力，研究和写作的能力，演讲和辩论的能力，解决冲突、求同存异的能力，与他人沟通交往等多方面能力。这些会让学生受益终身。

其中包括：研究写作演讲时间管理危机处理 团队合作， 沟通与妥协

原联合国秘书长科菲·安南在一封致模拟联合国大会的贺信中说：“联合国依靠世界上每个人的努力而存在，尤其是像你们这样的青年。这个世纪，不久就会是你们的。”当今的年轻人将是未来决策的制定者。模拟联合国就是这样一个活动，让青年人的领袖才能得到锻炼。中国正越来越多地在世界舞台上发挥作用，中国的年轻人也应该为迎接国际化的挑战做好充分的准备。相信在模拟联合国的舞台上，青年学子能够上演精彩而震撼的一幕

目前中国大学生模拟联合国大会主要有三大会议，一是由中国联合国协会（China United Nations Aociation）主办的中国模拟联合国大会，二是由外交学院主办的北京模拟联合国大会（Beijing Model United Nations），以及由北京大学模拟联合国协会主办的亚洲国际模拟联合国大会（Asian International Model United Nations, Peking University）。

《联合国的英文.doc》

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