土木工程专业英语（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：土木工程专业英语

土木工程专业英语

土木工程civil engineering

钢结构steel struture

钢筋混凝土结构 reinforced concrete structure

钢结构设计规范Code for design of steel structure reinforced concrete beds钢筋混凝土地基 reinforced concrete footing 钢筋混凝土基脚 reinforced concrete canopy 钢筋混凝土顶盖 reinforced concrete foundation 钢筋混凝土基础 reinforced concrete pile钢筋混凝土桩 reinforced concrete plate钢筋混凝土板

reinforced concrete T beam 钢筋混凝土T形梁 reinforcement加强 加固

reinforcing rib 加紧肋

reinforcing mesh 钢筋网

reinforcing rod钢筋, 钢筋条

reinforcing agent 增强剂

reinforcing bars 配筋

梁beam/girder

柱column

吊杆post

框架frame

初步设计preliminary design

强度strength

承载能力load-carrying capacity

脆断brittle fracture

强度标准值characteristic value of strength 强度设计值design value of strength

一阶弹性分析 first order elastic analysis

二阶弹性分析 second order elastic analysis 屈曲buckling

腹板屈曲后强度 post-buckling strength of web plate

推荐第2篇：土木工程专业英语

水力学 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 tru 沥青 bitumen混凝土 concrete强度 strength 非线性 nonlinear桩 pile刚性 rigid隧道 tunnel砾石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement线性的 linear砂浆 mortar弹性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 弯矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正应力 normal stre路面 pavement

钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉强度 tensile strength抗压强度 compreive strength 土木工程 civil engineering岩体力学 rock ma mechanics粒径 grain diameter 容许应力 allowable stre土力学 soil mechanics斜拉桥 cable stayed bridge 悬索桥 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地质成因 geologic origin临界截面 choking section

岩土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服点 yield point

横截面 (transverse) cro section 安全系数 safety factor抗剪强度 shear strength反复试验 trial and error

预应力混凝土 priesteed concrete先张法 pretensioning concrete 后张法 post-tensioning concrete 土质勘测 soil investiagation

在这两种应力中，前者是压应力，后者是拉应力。These two kinds of stre, the former is a compreive stre, which is the tensile stre.

许多情况下可能会指派土木工程师参与其他项目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be aigned to engaged in the work of other projects.

需要强调数学、力学、计算机技术在土木工程应用中的重要性。It should be streed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.

钢材和混凝土是桥梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺点是抗拉强度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗压强度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各种添加剂的用量所控制。 它们主要用于大型水坝，在大坝中它们能减少水泥硬化时释放出的热量。They are mainly used for large dams; dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.

They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.水力学 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 tru 沥青 bitumen混凝土 concrete强度 strength 非线性 nonlinear桩 pile刚性 rigid隧道 tunnel砾石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement线性的 linear砂浆 mortar弹性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 弯矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正应力 normal stre路面 pavement

钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉强度 tensile strength抗压强度 compreive strength 土木工程 civil engineering岩体力学 rock ma mechanics粒径 grain diameter 容许应力 allowable stre土力学 soil mechanics斜拉桥 cable stayed bridge 悬索桥 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地质成因 geologic origin临界截面 choking section

岩土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服点 yield point

横截面 (transverse) cro section 安全系数 safety factor抗剪强度 shear strength反复试验 trial and error

预应力混凝土 priesteed concrete先张法 pretensioning concrete 后张法 post-tensioning concrete 土质勘测 soil investiagation

在这两种应力中，前者是压应力，后者是拉应力。These two kinds of stre, the former is a compreive stre, which is the tensile stre.

许多情况下可能会指派土木工程师参与其他项目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be aigned to engaged in the work of other projects.需要强调数学、力学、计算机技术在土木工程应用中的重要性。It should be streed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.

钢材和混凝土是桥梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺点是抗拉强度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗压强度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各种添加剂的用量所控制。 它们主要用于大型水坝，在大坝中它们能减少水泥硬化时释放出的热量。They are mainly used for large dams; dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.

They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.

水力学 hydraulics水泥 cement桁架 tru 沥青 bitumen混凝土 concrete强度 strength 非线性 nonlinear桩 pile刚性 rigid隧道 tunnel砾石 gravel柱子 column力 force

位移 displacement线性的 linear砂浆 mortar弹性 elastic塑性 plastic沉降 settlement 弯矩 moment扭矩 torque剪力 shear

正应力 normal stre路面 pavement

钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete抗拉强度 tensile strength抗压强度 compreive strength 土木工程 civil engineering岩体力学 rock ma mechanics粒径 grain diameter 容许应力 allowable stre土力学 soil mechanics斜拉桥 cable stayed bridge 悬索桥 suspension bridge中性面 neutral plane水灰比 water-cement ratio 民用建筑 civil architecture地质成因 geologic origin临界截面 choking section

岩土工程 geotechnical engineering屈服点 yield point

横截面 (transverse) cro section 安全系数 safety factor抗剪强度 shear strength反复试验 trial and error

预应力混凝土 priesteed concrete先张法 pretensioning concrete 后张法 post-tensioning concrete 土质勘测 soil investiagation

在这两种应力中，前者是压应力，后者是拉应力。These two kinds of stre, the former is a compreive stre, which is the tensile stre.

许多情况下可能会指派土木工程师参与其他项目的工作。In many cases, civil

engineers may be aigned to engaged in the work of other projects.

需要强调数学、力学、计算机技术在土木工程应用中的重要性。It should be streed that mathematics, mechanics and computer applications in civil engineering is importance.

钢材和混凝土是桥梁建筑的基本材料，混凝土的主要缺点是抗拉强度很低。Basic

materials are steel and concrete bridge construction, the main disadvantage is the low tensile strength of concrete.混凝土的抗压强度是水泥、骨料、水及混合料中所含的各种添加剂的用量所控制。 它们主要用于大型水坝，在大坝中它们能减少水泥硬化时释放出的热量。They are mainly used for large dams; dams in the heat they can reduce cement hardening release.

They are mainly used for large dams, the dam in which they can reduce hardening of the cement when the heat release.

推荐第3篇：土木工程专业英语学习心得

土木工程专业英语学习心得

专业英语是在大学基础英语之后结合专业知识进一步提高学生英语水平而设置的一门主干课程，是大学英语和研究生英语教学中一个重要的环节。当前，科学技术发展迅速，科技信息发达，能够直接及时地获取专业信息、掌握专业发展动态是工程技术人员和科研人员需要具备的基本能力，进行各种涉外合作和学术交流都要求专业人员熟练掌握专业英语。因此，培养阅读理解和翻译英文专业文献的能力，培养专业英语的写作能力和一定的语言交际能力都是非常重要的。 1 专业词汇的学习

1.1 通过构词法学习专业词汇

从构词法的角度来解析土木工程专业词汇的来龙去脉，便于记忆单词，扩大词汇量。 1.2 通过具体语言环境学习专业词汇

简单重复记忆某个专业词汇是一种方法，但显得枯燥，记忆效果往往不佳，容易忘记。如果把专业词汇融入具体的语言环境中，词汇的记忆一般长久牢固，不容易忘记。实现这种方法的途径就是大量阅读专业英语材料。 1.3 通过写作学习词汇

在拥有一定的词汇量以后，写作表达或口语表达都能促进词汇的学习。 2 翻译技能的学习

翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。

2.1 掌握翻译的基本理论知识

翻译是一门学科，经过千百年来翻译家的共同努力，已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系，并在具体实践中总结出了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。 2.2 掌握专业英语的常用句式结构

科技文章的特点是严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，它有常用的句式结构。

2.3 进行翻译实践练习

翻译是一项创造性的语言活动，具有很强的实践性。 2.4 通过阅读提高翻译能力

阅读和翻译能力的提高是互相促进的，读得越多掌握的专业词汇与专业知识就越多，有助于翻译能力的提高。

3 口语表达能力的提高

专业英语口语表达与日常英语口语表达不同的地方就是其具有专业性，可以通过以下方法循序渐进练习。

3.1 大声朗读专业英语材料

大声反复地朗读专业英语材料，锻炼英语的发音，语调与节奏，培养语感，使口腔各发音部位灵活，提高口语表达能力，并增加对专业词汇的熟悉程度。 3.2 设立场景进行实际训练

3~5 人组成一组，设立实际场景扮演不同的角色进行练习。 3.3 多参加以英语为媒介的专题讲座

在学校或涉外工作中，经常有以英语为媒介的幻灯片讲座，多参加并积极询问，增加和外国人面对面交流的机会，也就是多增加应用专业英语的机会，这样可以促进专业英语的口语表达能力的提高。

推荐第4篇：土木工程专业英语1

Plumbing

In general,plumbing refers to the system of pipes,fixtures,and other apparatus used inside a building for supplying water and removing liquid and waterborne wasters.In pratice,the term includes storm water or roof drainage and exterior system components connecting to a source such as a public water system or a point of disposal such as public sewer system or a domestic septic tank or cepool.

The purpose of plumbing systems is,basically,ti bring into,and distribute within,a building a suplly of safe water to be used for drinking purposes and to collect and dispose of polluted and contaminated wastewater from the various receptacles on the premises without hazard to the health of occupants.Codes, regulations,and trade pratices are designed to keep the water system separated from drainage systems;to prevent the introduction of harmful material such as chemicals, micro-organisms, and dirt;and to the keep the water system safe under all operating conditions.These protective codes also are designed to prevent flooding of drainage lines,provide venting of dangerous gases, and eliminate opportunities for backflow of dangerous waste water into the water system.It is eential that disease-producing organisms and harmful chemicals be confined to the drainage system.

Since the time of Moses man has been cautioned to dispose of his wastes safely, and cleanline has been related to the availability ot water and aociated with social coustom.Early man often lived near a water source that served as his water supply and drainage system in one.It was also his bath.Latrine-like receptacles with crude drains have been found in excavations in the Orkney Islands of Neolithic stone huts at least 10,000 years old.Both a water system and piping used as drainage fashioned of terra-cotta pipe were part of the royal palace of Minos in Crete, about 2000BC.The palace also had a latrine with water-flushing reservoir and drainage.Nothing comparable to it was developed in Europe until the 18th century.Even the equipment of the modern bathroom, though much improved with hot and cold water under preure and le crude provisions for drainage, is in concept little different from the Minoan version.It was out until the end of the 19th century that advance in plumbing practice were given serious attention as an integral part of housing.

A building plumbing system includes two components, the piping that brings potable water into the building and distributes it to all fixtures and water outlets and the piping that collects the water after use and drains it to a point of safe disposal.

Water systems.When a building is served by a public water system, the plumbing begins at the service connections required to make water available at outlets serving the fixtures or equipment within the building.

Many premises in rural areas are not served by public water supply.These may include private dwellings, apartment houses, hotels, commercial centres, hospitals, institutions, factories, roadside stands, and restaurants.

Public water supplies have surface water or groundwater as their sources.Large water system are almost entirely supplied with surface water.In smaller communities and in certain areas groundwater is obtained from wells or springs.Independent semipublic, industrial, and private-premise water systems frequently take water from wells on the premise but may, under certain condtions draw water from a spring, lake, or stream.

Public water systems supply treated water meeting public water-supply drinking-water

standards.Private-premise systems are expected to provide water of equal quality, and to do so the private system requires a water-treatment plant including chlorination as a minimun and poibly sedimentation (settling out of solid particles) chemical treatment, primarily for softening, and filtration.

Water is supplied to fixtures and outlets under preure provided by pumps or elevated storage tanks or both.In some installations a pump controlled by a preure-activated switch on a preurized storage tank takes water from a well and pumps until the upper limit ot preure for the system has been reached.If water is being used at the rate it is being pumped., the pump operates continuously.Elevated storage tanks are usually equipped with high-and low-level-float control switches to activate the pump.When the tank gets loe the pump starts and continues pumping until the tank is full.A storage tank may be constructed as illustrated in Fig.1, or it may be located on the roof of a high building.Water from the tank feeds the distribution system by gravity.Water flowing through pipes causes a lo of head due to friction.Since building piping systems are designed to deliver water at the required outlet preure, pipe size is a critical variable.Plumbing codes have tables and graphs to show typical water demandsof fixtures and outlets in a building.If the required water demand is not met because of undersized piping or underpowered pumping, the preure dops and some outlets may have little or no water flow.Pumping codes usually specify preure and rates of flow for the fixtures in a building.The total amount of water that may be needed to supply the demand can be calculated from tables of fixture water demand.Minimum pipe sizes for different fixture in a building are specified in plumbing codes.

Since it is uneconomical to design a water piping system that would provide flow with all outlets open simultaneously, judgment and experience are used to determine the probable maximum simultaneous demand.

Average daily water requirements vary according to the type of premises being served.A single-family dwelling unit averages from 20 to 100 gallons (80 to 400 litres) per day .Apartment house occupants use le .Special users such as hospitals and industries usually require far greater allowances .

Drainage Systems.Drainage of residential building includes the collection of sanitary wastes and roof drainage.The sanitary wastes are collected in soil pipes and stacks usually made of cast iron, although certain portions of connecting pipe may be galvanized iron.When corrosive liquids are collected, as in laboratories and industrial plants, the system may include plastic or gla pipes or coated piping.The joints, bends, tees, elbows, wyes, and many other special fittings are designed to carry away wastes without having obstructions in the pipe or creating condtions that will cause clogging if some large object is dropped into a fixture or a receptacle.Cleanouts and receptacle outlets are provided with screens or gratings to prevent the entry of clogging materials.The entire piping system is sized so that the smallest size is at the fixture outlet.Plumbing codes specify the minimum sizes for drainage connections and the standards applicable to all pipe and fitting materials.

Normally all building drainage is constructed so that waste water flows by gravity to the main house drain.The house drain is usually connected outside the building to a gravity-flow house sewer that leads to a public sewer on a point of treatment.In large buildings such as apartment house, commercial buildings, hospitals, and industrial plants, the house drain may be lower than the point of discharge.Wastes are then discharged to a sump, or storage pit, and all of

the building drainage is lifted by pumps or pneumatic ejectors to a point of discharge to the exterior sewer system.These lifting devices empty water from the storage sump on a cycling basis activated by float controls that prevent flooding of the storage area.Such units are usually installed in duplicate and often have alternate sources of power such as a diesel- or gasoline-power generator for emergency pumping.

Roof drainage is collected in gutters and leaders and taken by appropriate piping to a point of discharge permitted by law.Isolated dwellings may drain to surrounding ground, while larger buildings have a drainage system similar to the sanitary system that connects into a public storm- water sewer system.

Home disposal systems are used in rural areas.The house drain is connected to a septic tank with a tile drainage field or to a cepool.The septic tank removes heavy solid materials from the waste, and the effluent or treated water is allowed to percolate into the soil through buried, specially constructed, rock-filled trenches over which tiles with open joints are laid.Enough trench must be constructed to allow percolation without flooding the surface of the ground.The effluent from septic tanks contains disease-causing bacteria and cannot be allowed to flow directly into streams or underground waters.Health codes and regulations specify the sizes of home disposal units and control the discharge of effluent .

Premises often have other water uses including swimming pools (both outdoor and indoor), ornamental pools, fish pools, and fountains, These require water and are part of the plumbing system.Since swimming-pool water is easily contaminated by bathers, it must either be replaced frequently or filtered, chlorinated, and recirculated.

推荐第5篇：土木工程专业英语2（推荐）

A Typical City Sewer System: Washington D.C.

Modern urban sewage treatment can best be described by reference to a specific city.The Washington D.C.system has many aspects typical of any large modern city, though its early history is not representative of many others.The town’s first bathtubs were installed in the White House and the Capitol, for the members of Congre in the 1840s; in 1850 the U.S.Congre authorized the Corps of the Engineers of the U.S.Army to develop a city-wide water supply from the Potomac River.At this point Washington caught up with New York, London, and Paris, which were also encountering the problem of disposing of used water along with wastes.Washington’s solution was the same as that of other cities; the existing system of culverts and drains, built for street drainage only, was extended and developed into a sewer system for the disposal of domestic waste water from residence , government offices, and businees.The system followed the drainage pattern of the city street network and in general made a system of pipes with a sewer available to each private property.At the same time, again in common with other cities, streets drains wee built to empty into the nearest surface watercourse without any thought of degradation of the water quality.This was in spite of the fact that an engineering study and report (1890) recommended that all extensions of the sewer system separate storm runoff from domestic waste water.

With continued growth of the city, the District of Columbia constructed in the first decade of the 20thcentury a series of intercepting sewers and a pumping station to lift the domestic waste water into an outfall line for discharge into the Potomac River south of the city.At the same time, pumping facilities were installed for the lifting of storm water drainage directly into the nearly Anacostia River.It was impoible to keep domestic and storm flow completely separate, but practical separation was attempted.

With he accelerated growth of the 1920s , concern over pollution of the Potomac increased .The Potomac estuary had a remarkable ability to aimilate pollution because of the large “flats” on both sides of the river that were kept in a state of constant circulation by tidal variations, but a study made by the Public Health Service in 1932 revealed that the river was in such a condition that low flow would bring about serious pollution effects.As a result, Congre decided to proceed with the construcation of facilities for the treatment of waste water.This again was in line with decisions being made in many U.S.and European cities at the same period.

Treatment plan at Blue Plains.During 1934-38 a plant was constructed on the left bank of the Potomac in the part of the city known as Blue Plains to accommodate a flow of 130,000,000 gallons per day and serve a population of 650,000.Initially, with the help of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, money was allowed for construcation of a plant that would remove 90 precent of the organic matter from the waste-water flow.That level of treatment was in accordance with the Public Health Service recommendation contained in the 1932 report.Instead of constructing the plant in accordance with that recommendation, the District of Columbia decided to eliminate the second step in the treatment and construct a sedimentation plant, generally known as primary treatment.The plant was able to remove about 36 percent of the organic matter when in went into operation in August 1938, but, as the population load increased, accelerated by World War II, the plant was unable to maintain this level, and year by year efficiency dropped until it was regularly under 30 percent.

During World War II, initial plans were made for the relief of the treatment burden, and by

1950 the District of Columbia had begun major construction to increase the capacity of the plant and make further plans for inclusion of secondary treatment.

Activated-sludge plant.The activated-sludge proce pioneered in Britain had by now been widely tested.Washington constructed a high-rate activated-sludge treatment plant in anticipation of 70 percent removal of organic matter.While the new plant brought a major improvement in the river, there was no real poibility of keeping up with the pollution burden, even though the plant grew to a capacity of 290,000,000 gallons daily.In the early 1970s the District began planning to extend treatment to a much higher level-once more, a decision that was forced on many cities of the United States, Europe and Asia.

Coordination with surrounding areas.One of the awkward problems confronting city engineers of the 20 century in nearly all countries has been the impoibility of isolating a metropolitan area from neighboring regions.Rivers carry pollution from city to city, even country to country.In Washington the problem was encountered in a relatively mild form: much of the Maryland suburban area drains into Rock Creek and the Anacostia River, which flow through the District of Columbia; to try to keep the two streams as clean as poible the District of Columbia and the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commiion (of Maryland) entered into an agreement to handle each other’s flow at a reasonable cost.All the domestic waste water of the suburban areas is now connected into District sewers, with payments made to handle the waste waters.As part of the agreement, the Maryland Commiion helps to finance both the construction and the operation of the District of Columbia Water Pollution Control Plant.

Other developments.With continued growth and rising pollution control standards of the 1960s and 1970s, Washington like most other major cities has been turning toward additional treatment, including chemical treatment.One proposal calls for achieving so high a level of treatment that the Potomac estuary into which the effluent floes could be used as an emergency water source.

Another direction in which Washington had headed in company with many other modern cities is toward separation of systems.This is a tedious and expensive proce, requiring piping changes on private property.Its longrange wisdom, however, is irrefutable.The redevelopment of certain major areas, such as southwest Washington, has given favorable opportunities for large-scale separation.

An important advance in financing improvments has been adopted by Washington: the sewer-service charge on all those served by the drainage system.This system has been followed more and more by drainage systems serving both municipalities and industry.

Since about 1959 the D.C.sewer system has been interconnected with the areas in Maryland that naturally drain through the District via the Potomac River and major areas in Virginia related to the intercepting sewer serving Dulles International Airport near Herndon, Virginia.As a result of this connection, the area served increased by 436 square miles (1,129 square kilometers) in Maryland and 228 square miles (590 square kilometers) in Virginia.The Metropolitan area in Arlington County and much of the Virginia suburban area adjacent to Arlington County are served by other treatment plants.

Present treatment facilities.At the District of Columbia Water Pollution Control Plant (see Figure 1) the raw waste water enters the plant pumping station and is treated in the following succeive steps: girt removal, preliminary sedimentation, aeration., and final sedimentation.In addition, chlorine treatment may be given the flow prior to preliminary sedimentation or it may be th

given to the final effluent.With the first application, the effect of chlorine is to minimize odours from the sedimentation tanks.When fed to the final effluent, chlorine has a disinfectant effect.The purpose of the sedimentation tanks, both preliminary, is to separate solids from the wastewater flow; the solids removed must be given further treatment.At the D .C.palnt these solids are exposed to anaerobic digestion and dewatering on vacuum filters.The final product is a moist cake with approximately 70 precent water, suitable for land application as a soil conditioner.During the digestion of sludge, a gas consisting of approximately two-thirds methane is produced that is burned for heat for the plant building and to provide some power generation.The sludge gas has a heat value of about 600 BTU (British thermal units) per cubic foot and the quantity produced is about one cubic foot per person.Per day.A sludge gas engine of 1, 200 horsepower drives an 800-kilowatt generator for production of electric power.Initially, the power produced supplied about 90 percent of the needs of the plant, but with the growth of the plant, power requirements have increased rapidly and now the gas engine supplies only a minor proportion of the electric power.It supplies, however, through its jacket water-cooling system, a large amount of the heat neceary to maintain active biological digestion in the sludge digestion tanks.

The total cost of the plant exceeds $ 25,000,000 and the annual operating costs in the late 1960s approximated $ 2,500,000.More than 250 persons are employed in operation and maintenance.

The full extent of the undertaking may be appreciated when the vast waste-water collection system serving property throughout the area in visualized.In the District of Columbia alone, more than 1,700 miles (2,720 kilometers) of sewers serve this purpose, while 2,700 miles (4,320 kilometers) in the Maryland area give similar service to the properties of that jurisdiction.The maintenance of the system is a major activity, as 200 men are engaged in regular maintenance and minor construction related to the sewer system in the District of Columbia alone.Proper maintenance involves regular inspection of the lines and periodic cleaning to avoid difficulties that could cause great inconvenience and poibly properly damage to those served by the drainage system.

推荐第6篇：土木工程专业英语学习感想

Leaning Experience of ESP Course of Civil Engineering I’m looking forward to this subject for a long time.It comes at juniors finally.But I was disappointed by the teaching materials.It’s totally difference of my imagination.All of the contents of this teaching materials are articals! Sensele subject!This is my first impreion after I got the material.But then I felt confused.The content isn’t connect too much of the material except the words.Most contents are usages of grammar and sentence patterns.I felt headache.After a period of study,I got some key points of this subject.The meaning of words are different of its common meaning.We must pay attention to it.Some sentence patterns are very important and their usages are different also.Learing this subjet must be rigorous.Notnoly this but also others too.Succed only based on rigorous learning.This is what I got in this subject.

推荐第7篇：土木工程专业英语重要单词

Structural design; 结构分析structural scheme；结构体系 Configuration；布置

project requirement; 工程要求 Spacing; 间距

Fiber-reinforced composite; 纤维增强复合材料

Strength-to-weight ratio; 强重比 underclearance;桥下净空structural scheme；结构体系 Configuration；布置 Allowable stre; 允许应力 restraint; 约束，buckle; 压曲 Tension,

compreion,

flexure(bending), shear,

torsion(twist)

拉 压 弯 剪 扭 Headroom ;净空

Cro-section；断面，断面图 Fiber-reinforced concrete；纤维增强混凝土 sag; 挠度

fibergla; 玻璃纤维，dome; 圆屋顶 Arched vault 穹隆

Sawtooth roof锯齿形屋顶

CAD, CADD; 计算机辅助设计，计算机辅助制图与设计

schedule production；进度计划 Modify a design；修改设计 plotter; 绘图仪

compatibility; 相容性，适用性 Digitize, digitizer; 数字化，数字化仪 Analysis capability; 分析能力 heating; 供热

ventilating；通风，ventilation Air conditioning；空气调节 Environment engineering; 环境工程（学）

lighting; 照明

humidity; 湿度，moisture, 湿气含量

greenhouse; 温室

Thermo syphon ，热虹吸

Plenum system; 压力通风系统，送气系统

fireclay；耐火粘土，fireclay brick, 耐火粘土砖

Central heating；集中供热

Refrigerating technique; 制冷技术 Construction technology; 施工技术 Spectacular achievement; 显著的成就

Ultrahigh-rise building；超高层建筑 apartment; 公寓住宅，单元住宅 facade; 立面，外观 Shear wall; 剪力墙 Framed tube; 框架筒体 Bundled tube ，束筒结构

streed-skin tube system; 簙壳筒体体系

Spectacular achievement; 显著的成就

Tube in tube；筒中筒结构

sway; 摇摆，摇动，

Column-diagonal tru tube;柱对角桁架筒体

Water treatment and disposal; 水处理

Wastewater solids treatment and disposal;废水固体物质处理 Refuse disposal；垃圾处理 Hazardous waste disposal; 有害废物处理

Air-pollution control; 大气污染控制 Potable management; 饮用水管理 sedimentation; 沉淀法

pesticide，杀虫剂，农药， herbicide, 除草剂

Fertilizer;化肥，肥料

Organic matter,有机物

Chemical disinfection; 化学消毒 Dual water system; 双供水系统 Dewater,脱水

Ecosystem, 生态系统 Perturbation, 干扰

Reclaim: 改造，回收再利用。Reclamation: 回收，再利用 Recovery: 恢复，回收。

Rigid beam; 刚性梁结构 Cantilever;悬臂（结构） suspension；悬索，suspension bridge, 悬索桥

arch; 拱

pedestrian; 行人

Clapper bridge; 板桥 Corbeled arch; 突拱

Cablestayedbridge.斜拉桥 pier; 桥墩，窗间墙，

pile,pillar,post,pole,

Column

Reclamation,开垦，围海造地;conservancy,保护，管理 Inlet; 进口，入口。 Breakwater；防浪堤

Natural and artificial harbor; 天然港与人工港

Claical harbor works; 典型海港工事

Hydraulic model; 水力模型 estuary; 入海口

Maritime engineering: 海事工程 Dam,大坝

Hydroelectric power, 水力发电。 Spillway；溢水口，泄洪道（口） silt; 淤泥，泥沙 reservoir; 水库 buttre; 扶臂 strata; 地层

Permeability,渗透性 blend; 掺和，混和。 Rockfill；堆石，填石

Water-to-cement ratio; 水灰比

Claical harbor works; 典型海港工事

Masonry dam; 石坝

Embankment dam;土坝 Three gorges dam: 三峡大坝

推荐第8篇：建筑专业土木工程专业英语文章

第一篇

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures like gates, bridges, and other things that are built.Sometimes, the areas surrounding the building, such as paths and gardens, are included in the design too.

People who design buildings are architects.They may need skills in many fields, for example: mathematics, science, art, technology, social sciences, politics, history, and philosophy.

The Coloeum, Rome, Italy People in different countries and periods of history have designed buildings in different styles.This may depend on the climate, the materials available for building, and fashion.

The earliest architecture was the building of simple shelters, huts and houses.

As people first began to live together in towns and cities, types of architecture became more complex.Some of the oldest buildings that have been found include the pyramids in Egypt and the ziggurats in Mesopotamia, and other early temples.The houses common people lived in were fairly simple, small and close together.

The architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans is called Claical architecture.Some important claical buildings have stone columns with complex designs.Greek columns have beams placed acro them, but Romans developed the arch in their architecture which was spread acro the Roman Empire.

Indian architecture is famous for the stone carving of its temples and palaces.Different archectural styles developed in China, Japan, Southeast Asia, Africa, Mexico, and Central and South America.

People in Western Europe in the Middle Ages made Romanesque architecture, then Gothic architecture.Gothic buildings have tall, pointed windows and arches.Many churches have Gothic architecture.When the Normans invaded England it was noticed that the English liked small houses with a lot of things in them, while the French liked big houses that were almost empty of furniture.Many castles were also built at this time.In Eastern Europe, the Byzantine influence meant that churches usually have domes.

Mosques may also have domes which are a way of building a wide open space which can hold a lot of people.This is important for religious buildings.

The Industrial Revolution led to new types for buildings for machines and for people to work in.Industrial architecture is the architecture of factories, mills, and other working buildings.

Modern architecture was a new type of architecture created in about 1900.Modern buildings often have little decoration (designs to make something more beautiful) and are often made of steel, gla, and concrete.

推荐第9篇：土木工程专业英语讲稿Leon_2 Building and Architecture

Leon 2 Building and Architecture

建筑物和建筑学

Building

The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities．

建筑物的作用就是为人类活动提供一个庇护场所。

From the time of the cave dwellers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements．

从穴居时代到现在，人类最重要的需求之一就是有个躲风避雨的地方。

In a more general sense, the art of building encompaes all of man’s efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs．

从更一般的意义上讲，建筑的艺术包含了人类为了他自己的需求而控制环境并改造环境的所有努力。

This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges．

除了建筑物，这门艺术还包括所有的土工结构，比如大坝、运河、隧道、沟渠和桥梁等。

The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes is identical．

对于作为庇护用的建筑和作为其他用途的土工结构，其设计的科学依据都是相同的。

It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths．

只是由于现代社会的特殊需求，这两个领域才沿着不同的方向发展。

In a similar manner，the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual；instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists：the planner，the architect，the engineer，and the builder．

同样，和作为躲避用的建筑相关的建筑大师就不再是一个个体；相反，他的工作是由多个专家（规划者、建筑师、工程师和建筑工人）组成的团队来完成的。

The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team．

一座现代化建筑的完成要依靠团队的集体智慧。

The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors．

建筑物的形式是其功能、环境和各种社会经济因素的产物。

An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill．

一幢公寓，一座办公楼和一所学校在形式上各有不同，因为它们要完成的功能不同。

In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building．

公寓内每处居所，比如起居室和卧室必须有从窗户进来的阳光，而浴室和厨房则可以用人工照明，因此可以布置在建筑内部。

This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building．

这些要求自然就限制了公寓的进深。

In office buildings，on the other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，

1 and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light．

相反，办公楼为了亮度统一都使用人工照明，因此其进深就不受有无阳光的约束。

Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building．

环境可能影响到建筑的形状和外观。

An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely，and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function．

城里的学校用围墙把它跟城市完全隔开，以创造一个自己的环境；乡村学校则可与周边景致统一来发展-------即使这两地的学校的功能是相同的。

A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings．

一幢豪装的办公大楼采用的形式所花的预算将比其他办公楼要多得多。

The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions.

建筑物大小和轮廓可能为区划所限制。

In all these examples，buildings with similar functions take on different forms．

在上述例子中，有着相似功能的建筑物却采用不同的形式。

Architecture

Architecture is the art of building．

建筑学是建筑的艺术。

Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use.

实质上建筑学是与供人使用的围合空间有关的科学。

The precise activities to be housed in any specific building--ranging from an aembly line in a factory to a living room in a home--should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within．

任何建筑物内（如从工厂的装配线到住宅中的起居室）人类所进行的具体活动界定了建筑内部某些空间的大小和形状。

These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other．

这些空间的彼此间存在着合理的关系。

Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the building--“circulation” in architectural parlance--requires halls，stairs，or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic．

另外，人在建筑物中的走动（在建筑学的说法中叫“流通”）要求楼内设有走廊、楼梯或电梯（轿厢大小与设计负载有关）。

The plan of a structure，always the first consideration of an architect，is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building．

建筑师首先要考虑的是建筑规划，它综合考量了建筑空间、功能以体现建筑物的用途。

Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and imprees him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice．

规划地好可以使人们在建筑内部按图索骥，使得大厦内各部分一目了然，且不知不觉给他们留下良好印象。

Conversely，a bad plan results in inconvenience，waste，and visual confusion． 相反，规划较差将造成不便、浪费和视觉混乱。

Furthermore，a structure must be well built；it should have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended demands and as the mate edifice materials chosen may allow．

此外，建筑施工必须保证质量良好且使用年限较长，这即要考虑设计意图，也要考虑材料的选择。

The raw materials of architecture—stone，brick，wood，steel，or gla—in part govern the forms

2 of the building and are expreed by them．

建筑材料（石、砖、木材、钢材或玻璃）在某种程度上决定着建筑物的形式，并形成效果表达（即建筑表现）。 Stone

Stone can resist compreion，the force that squeezes together，almost indefinitely．

石材几乎可以无限地承受压力。

While it is poible to crush stone in a laboratory，for practical purposes its compreive strength is unlimited．

即使在实验室中能把石头压碎，但在实际使用中它的耐压程度几乎是无限大。

On the other hand，stone is weak in withstanding tension，the force that pulls apart．

然而其抗拉性能却极差。

Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports，putting the lower half of the beam under tension．

横跨空间的支撑梁都会出现下弯情形，从而使梁的下半部处于受拉状态。

It follows from the tensile weakne of stone that beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals．

由于石材抗拉性能差，因此石材梁跨度小且支点多。

Moreover，stone columns must be sturdy，rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide．

还有，石柱必须粗而短，其高度很少超过宽度的十倍。

In stone buildings，windows，doors，and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than they are wide—the vertical rectangle of the stone aesthetic．

在石材建筑中，门、窗以及支柱间的空间，其高度不得不超过宽度，从而形成具有石头建筑美学的狭长矩形。

Stone has been so dominant in the architecture of the Western world that forms appropriate to it have been preserved even in buildings constructed of wood，as in the American Georgian period．

石料在西方建筑中占有很大比例，以至于在木建筑中它的形式都得以保留下来，例如在美国乔治王朝时期。

Stone，then，lends itself to the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof，to post and lintel construction with rather closely spaced columns，and to arch construction where the strees are predominantly compreive．

在这个时期，石料主要用于支撑楼板和屋顶的墙、与密排柱一起施工的柱和过梁及拱梁。 Wood and Steel

Wood，a fibrous material，withstands tension as readily as it does compreion.

木材是一种坚韧的材料，既可抗拉也可抗压。

Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams，and wooden posts slender and widely spaced．

木梁比起石梁要相对长些；木柱比较细，且间距大。

A horizontal rectangle，wider than it is high，results from the natural properties of wood，as may be seen in Japanese architecture．

利用木材的天然特性做成的矩形框架其宽度大于高度，这在日本建筑中有所体现。

Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its compreive strength．

钢材的抗拉强度并不小于其抗压强度。

Anyone who has observed a steel building under construction must have noticed the gridiron of horizontal rectangles produced by the slender，widely spaced columns and the long beams of each

3 floor．

观察正在施工的钢结构建筑时，人们一定注意到由每根矗立于地面的细长而间距大的柱子和长梁形成的矩形网格结构。

The nature of wood and of steel suggests frame construction—a skeleton to support floors and roof—with whatever surfacing material may be neceary．

木材和钢材的性能适于做框架（一种支撑楼面和楼板的结构），当然还需要其他材料。

Wood and steel also permit cantilever construction in which beams project beyond the last point of support．

木材和钢材还可制成悬臂梁，它可向外伸出更远。

Finally，architecture must do more than meet the physical requirements of strength and space；it must also，content the spirit of man．

最后，建筑艺术不仅要满足强度和空间的实际要求，它还必须满足人类的精神需求。

The building should form an aesthetic unity to which the several parts contribute．

建筑物的各个部分应当形成建筑美学的统一。

Thus，the sides and rear of a structure should bear sufficient correspondence to the front to make them all related parts of a single whole．

这样，结构的侧面和后部就应和正面表现出充分的一致，从而使它们在建筑整体中互相关联。

The major internal divisions，too，require some expreion in the external design．The nave，aisles，transepts，apse，and radiating chapels of Gothic cathedrals，for example，are all visible on the exterior，so that the visitor is subconsciously prepared for what he will find inside．

室内主要部分要表现于外部设计上。例如，哥特式大教堂的正厅、侧廊、耳室和四周的小礼拜堂都从外部可见。这样，游客对其内部所见就会有所预期。

Architecture calls for good proportions—a pleasing relationship of voids to solids，of height to width，of length to breadth．

建筑要求比例恰当，虚与实、长宽高关系要令人愉悦。

Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas，such as the golden section．

人们作了种种尝试才通过数学公式（如黄金分割）阐明这种良好的比例关系。

These efforts have not found general acceptance，however，although good results have been achieved through the repetition of some dimension (for example，a module that is half the diameter of a column) throughout the design．Such repetitions help to produce the visible order that the human mind seems to crave．

虽然整个设计中通过重复某种模数（如以柱子半径为模数）获得了良好的效果，但付出却未能得到普遍认可。然而，总有一天，这些研究对于人们渴望见到的效果会有帮助。

A building also should have what architects call scale；that is，it should visually convey its true size．

建筑物还须具有建筑师们所说的“尺度效应”，也即，建筑物必须在视觉效果上表达其实际尺寸。

Such elements as benches，steps，or balustrades，though slightly variable in size，are，by their very purpose，related to the normal dimensions of human beings．

诸如长凳、台阶、栏杆等物件，尽管其尺寸稍有变化，但按实际用途还是与人的空间感是息息相关的。

They therefore become，almost imperceptibly，units of measurement for gauging the size of the

4 whole edifice．

不知不觉地，这些物件就成为评判整个大厦规模的度量单位。

Because these units are so small in comparison to the whole building，other elements of intermediate size are needed．

由于这些部分比起整个建筑物小得多，因此需要有中等尺寸的其他物件。

Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway；that，in turn，to the height of a colonnade；and finally，the colonnade to the whole structure．

楼梯和栏杆暗示了出入口的高矮；出入口又暗示了柱廊的大小；柱廊最后又暗示了整个结构物的尺寸。

The Petit Trianon at Versailles is perfect in scale．The absence of small elements in St．Peter’s in Rome makes it difficult to perceive its vastne．

凡尔赛的小特例安农宫殿就是一个符合尺度要求的完美例子。罗马的圣·彼得大教堂由于没有小物件，因而它的宏大程度很难被人们意识到。 Decoration

Although all decoration is rejected in some modern architecture，it was employed in the past either for its inherent beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in the building.

虽然在某些现代建筑中极少使用装饰装修，但过去却使用较多，这或是由于其天然的美感，或是为了强调建筑物某一部分的重要性。

Decoration or ornament may be used to contribute the character，the visible expreion of the purpose of the building.

装饰装修可用来表达建筑物的特征，即成为其用途的视觉表现形式。

Thus a bank should look like a bank，and a church should be immediately identifiable as such.

因此，银行看起来就像银行，而教堂则应该立刻被认出是教堂。

Ideally，too，any building should seem to belong on its site，with some relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography．

最理想的是任何建筑物都应当各得其所，和相邻建筑物以及当地的地理情况保持某种关系。

Through the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose，governed by the materials， proportioned and given scale and character by the designer，buildings become expreions of the ideals and aspirations of the generations that built them．The succeive styles of historic architecture are incarnations of the spirit of their times．

通过相应的建筑形式（这些形式由其功能构成，由材料确定，或由设计者确定比例和给定尺寸及特征），建筑展示了建造它们的那代人的理想和抱负。有历史意义的建筑所延续的风格就是那个时代的精神化身。

推荐第10篇：土木工程专业英语unit8unit13词汇 机械工业出版社

unit 8

discontinuity 突变，断层，不连续 anomaly 不规则，异常 groundwater 地下水

excavation 开挖，挖掘，开采 waterbearing 含水的 joint 节理

seam 层理，层面 soak 浸，泡，浸透 muck 垃圾，矸石，碴 spoil 弃土，矸石，碴土 fault 断层

lining 支护，衬砌 expendable 消耗品

sequence 次序，顺序，工序 round 循环 chisel 凿，砍 overbreak 超挖

unproductive 无效的，徒劳的 maive 结实的，坚固的 ancillary 辅助的，附属的

opening开口，隧道空间，隧道 bit 齿，截齿

invert 反拱，仰拱 curvature 弯曲，曲率 negotiate 通过，越过 boom 臂杆

pick 凿，铁锹，铁镐，镐 figure 轮廓，形状

advance 前进，推进，进尺 be subjected to 经受，易受······的 support capacity 支撑能力，自承能力 soft ground 软土，软土层

surrounding ground 周围地层，围岩 geotechnical investigation 岩土勘察，岩土调查

rock ma 岩体

tunneling operating 隧道施工作业

tunnel heading 隧道工作面，隧道推进 smooth wall blasting=smooth blasting 光面爆破

Full-Face Tunnel-Boring Machine 全断面隧道掘进机

Part-Face Tunneling Machine 部分断面隧道掘进机，摇臂式隧道掘进机 drill jumbo 凿岩台车

cycle operation/cyclic operation 循环作业 cutting head 截割头 gouge cutter 量规刀齿

crawler frame （台车的）车架 unit 9

pioneer 做······先锋，提倡 propose 建议，提倡

mobilization 调动，应用，动员 time 安排······的时间，定时 reinforcement 加强筋，钢筋 spiling 桩，板桩

settlement 下沉，沉降 dictate 规定，指示，命令 modify 修正，修改

grout 浆体，砂浆，注浆

oval 卵形的，椭圆的；卵形，椭圆形 irregularity 不规则，无规律，不整齐 prudent 谨慎的，小心的 calibrate 校准

remedial 补救的，治疗的

terminology 专门名词，术语，名词学，术语学

lagging 绝缘层材料，绝热层材料 with reference to 关于，就······而言，针对······

with respect to 关于，就······而言 for that matter=for the matter of that 关于那一点，就那件事而言 surrounding rock 围岩

support structure=supporting structure 支护结构

initial ground support 初期岩层支护 soil nail 土钉

permanent support 永久支护

stand-up time 稳定时间，自稳时间

shield tunnelling method 盾构隧道掘进方法

constituent model 本构模型 numerical modeling 数值模拟

rule of thumb 经验法则，经验方法，计算中的近似法

threshold limit 阀值，门槛值 unit 10

croing 横跨，跨越，穿过 gravel 砂砾，砂砾层 inject 注射，注入

subsoil 底土，下层土，天然地基；掘起······的底土

immerse 沉浸，使侵入 prefabricate 预制

drydock 干坞，干船坞；驶入干船坞 basin 盆地，水池 cast 浇筑，浇注

buoyant 有浮力的，轻快的

pontoon 浮桥，浮筒，浮码头；架浮桥于 segment （管段的）管节，部分

ballast 压舱物，沙囊，道碴；使稳定，为（铁路等）铺道碴，在······上装压舱物

park 停放

bollard 护桩，船桩

bulkhead （管段的）端封墙，隔壁，防水墙

let-in 插口

moor 停泊，固定，系住

tackle 固定，处理；滑车，用具，装备 screed 刮板，样板，泥水匠用的均泥尺 gasket 垫圈，衬垫 backfill 回填，装填

dredge 挖泥，挖泥船，挖泥机；清理 dredger 挖泥船，挖泥机 bring up with 提出，发展

immersed tunnel 沉管隧道，沉埋隧道 injected sand foundation 注砂基础 dynamic loading 动态载荷，动力载荷 earthquake loading 地震载荷 pile foundation 桩基础

roadway and railroad tunnel 公路与铁路隧道

tunnel element （沉管的）管段 wave loading 水波载荷 temporary support 临时支护

construction organization 施工组织 hydrostatic water preure 静水压力 tunnel trench （沉管）隧道基槽 unit 11

facility 设施，设备，工具 alluvial 冲积的，淤积的 boost 推进

hone 磨练，提炼 shipworm 船蛆 segment 管片

conceive 构思，以为 stride 大步，阔步，进步 plateau 状态，停滞时期

bentonite 斑脱土，膨润土，膨润岩 cast-in-situ 现浇的

diaphragm 隔墙，横隔墙 clearance 间隙，余隙，净空 agitator 搅拌器

mainstay 支柱，主要方法 urethane 尿烷，氨基甲酸乙酯 thatch 茅草屋顶，茅草 cut-off 阻断的，隔断的 thixotropic 触变的，摇溶的 articulation 结合，连接 hull 船壳，船体

harsh 苛刻的，粗糙的，荒芜的 derivative 派生词，衍生，衍生物 subterranean 地下的

hit upon 发现，想到，碰见 preure gap 压力差

earth preure shield 土压（平衡）盾构 slurry shield 泥水盾构 foam shield 泡沫盾构 lip-type seal 唇缘密封

segment aembly 管片组装 gravel layer 砂砾层 unit 12

conduit 管道，导管，沟渠，泉水，喷泉 ditch 沟，沟渠，壕沟 cantilever 悬臂

abutment 邻接，桥墩

bedrock 岩床，根底，基础 pier 码头，（桥）墩 tru 捆绑；（干草的）一捆，一束，构架，桁架

caion 弹药箱（车），沉箱 bascule 活动结构

drawbridge 可开闭的吊桥 mantle 覆盖物；覆盖 suspender 悬挂物，吊杆 beam bridge 简支梁桥 cantilever bridge 悬臂梁桥 arch bridge 拱桥

suspension bridge 悬吊桥，悬索桥 movable bridge 活动桥 unit 13

girder 粱，钢桁的支架

depreion 洼地，凹地，凹陷处 maive 厚重的，大块的

slab 厚平板，混凝土路面，板层 pier 码头，（桥）墩 treatise 论文，论述 pozzalana 火山灰 cutaway 剖面的 freeway 高速公路 deck 甲板，舰板，覆盖物，一副（纸牌）；装饰，打扮，装甲板 trunk 树干，躯干，（汽车后部）行李箱，象鼻

cement 水泥，接合剂；接合，用水泥吐，巩固；粘牢 crane 起重机

topography 地形学

cutaway 下摆圆角的，一部分切掉的 cofferdam 围堰 shaft 轴，杆状物 auger 螺钉钻 clay 粘土，泥土 slurry 泥浆，浆 work-horse 耕马，驮马，结实耐用的结构，踏实干重活的人 steel rebar 钢筋

Portland cement 波特兰水泥，普通水泥，硅酸盐水泥

cast-in-place concrete 现浇混凝土unit 8

discontinuity 突变，断层，不连续 anomaly 不规则，异常 groundwater 地下水

excavation 开挖，挖掘，开采 waterbearing 含水的 joint 节理

seam 层理，层面 soak 浸，泡，浸透 muck 垃圾，矸石，碴 spoil 弃土，矸石，碴土 fault 断层

lining 支护，衬砌 expendable 消耗品

sequence 次序，顺序，工序 round 循环 chisel 凿，砍 overbreak 超挖

unproductive 无效的，徒劳的 maive 结实的，坚固的 ancillary 辅助的，附属的

opening开口，隧道空间，隧道 bit 齿，截齿

invert 反拱，仰拱 curvature 弯曲，曲率 negotiate 通过，越过 boom 臂杆

pick 凿，铁锹，铁镐，镐 figure 轮廓，形状

advance 前进，推进，进尺 be subjected to 经受，易受······的 support capacity 支撑能力，自承能力 soft ground 软土，软土层

surrounding ground 周围地层，围岩 geotechnical investigation 岩土勘察，岩土调查

rock ma 岩体

tunneling operating 隧道施工作业

tunnel heading 隧道工作面，隧道推进 smooth wall blasting=smooth blasting 光面爆破

Full-Face Tunnel-Boring Machine 全断面隧道掘进机

Part-Face Tunneling Machine 部分断面隧道掘进机，摇臂式隧道掘进机 drill jumbo 凿岩台车

cycle operation/cyclic operation 循环作业 cutting head 截割头 gouge cutter 量规刀齿

crawler frame （台车的）车架 unit 9

pioneer 做······先锋，提倡 propose 建议，提倡

mobilization 调动，应用，动员 time 安排······的时间，定时 reinforcement 加强筋，钢筋 spiling 桩，板桩

settlement 下沉，沉降 dictate 规定，指示，命令 modify 修正，修改

grout 浆体，砂浆，注浆

oval 卵形的，椭圆的；卵形，椭圆形 irregularity 不规则，无规律，不整齐 prudent 谨慎的，小心的 calibrate 校准

remedial 补救的，治疗的

terminology 专门名词，术语，名词学，术语学

lagging 绝缘层材料，绝热层材料 with reference to 关于，就······而言，针对······

with respect to 关于，就······而言 for that matter=for the matter of that 关于那一点，就那件事而言 surrounding rock 围岩

support structure=supporting structure 支护结构

initial ground support 初期岩层支护 soil nail 土钉

permanent support 永久支护

stand-up time 稳定时间，自稳时间

shield tunnelling method 盾构隧道掘进方法

constituent model 本构模型 numerical modeling 数值模拟

rule of thumb 经验法则，经验方法，计算中的近似法

threshold limit 阀值，门槛值 unit 10

croing 横跨，跨越，穿过 gravel 砂砾，砂砾层 inject 注射，注入

subsoil 底土，下层土，天然地基；掘起······的底土

immerse 沉浸，使侵入 prefabricate 预制

drydock 干坞，干船坞；驶入干船坞 basin 盆地，水池 cast 浇筑，浇注

buoyant 有浮力的，轻快的

pontoon 浮桥，浮筒，浮码头；架浮桥于segment （管段的）管节，部分

ballast 压舱物，沙囊，道碴；使稳定，为（铁路等）铺道碴，在······上装压舱物

park 停放

bollard 护桩，船桩

bulkhead （管段的）端封墙，隔壁，防水墙

let-in 插口

moor 停泊，固定，系住

tackle 固定，处理；滑车，用具，装备 screed 刮板，样板，泥水匠用的均泥尺 gasket 垫圈，衬垫 backfill 回填，装填

dredge 挖泥，挖泥船，挖泥机；清理

dredger 挖泥船，挖泥机 bring up with 提出，发展

immersed tunnel 沉管隧道，沉埋隧道 injected sand foundation 注砂基础 dynamic loading 动态载荷，动力载荷 earthquake loading 地震载荷 pile foundation 桩基础

roadway and railroad tunnel 公路与铁路隧道

tunnel element （沉管的）管段 wave loading 水波载荷 temporary support 临时支护

construction organization 施工组织 hydrostatic water preure 静水压力 tunnel trench （沉管）隧道基槽 unit 11

facility 设施，设备，工具 alluvial 冲积的，淤积的 boost 推进

hone 磨练，提炼 shipworm 船蛆 segment 管片

conceive 构思，以为 stride 大步，阔步，进步 plateau 状态，停滞时期

bentonite 斑脱土，膨润土，膨润岩 cast-in-situ 现浇的

diaphragm 隔墙，横隔墙 clearance 间隙，余隙，净空 agitator 搅拌器

mainstay 支柱，主要方法 urethane 尿烷，氨基甲酸乙酯 thatch 茅草屋顶，茅草 cut-off 阻断的，隔断的 thixotropic 触变的，摇溶的 articulation 结合，连接 hull 船壳，船体

harsh 苛刻的，粗糙的，荒芜的 derivative 派生词，衍生，衍生物 subterranean 地下的

hit upon 发现，想到，碰见 preure gap 压力差

earth preure shield 土压（平衡）盾构 slurry shield 泥水盾构 foam shield 泡沫盾构 lip-type seal 唇缘密封

segment aembly 管片组装 gravel layer 砂砾层 unit 12

conduit 管道，导管，沟渠，泉水，喷泉 ditch 沟，沟渠，壕沟 cantilever 悬臂

abutment 邻接，桥墩

bedrock 岩床，根底，基础 pier 码头，（桥）墩 tru 捆绑；（干草的）一捆，一束，构架，桁架

caion 弹药箱（车），沉箱 bascule 活动结构

drawbridge 可开闭的吊桥 mantle 覆盖物；覆盖 suspender 悬挂物，吊杆 beam bridge 简支梁桥 cantilever bridge 悬臂梁桥 arch bridge 拱桥

suspension bridge 悬吊桥，悬索桥 movable bridge 活动桥 unit 13

girder 粱，钢桁的支架

depreion 洼地，凹地，凹陷处 maive 厚重的，大块的

slab 厚平板，混凝土路面，板层 pier 码头，（桥）墩 treatise 论文，论述 pozzalana 火山灰 cutaway 剖面的 freeway 高速公路 deck 甲板，舰板，覆盖物，一副（纸牌）；装饰，打扮，装甲板 trunk 树干，躯干，（汽车后部）行李箱，象鼻

cement 水泥，接合剂；接合，用水泥吐，巩固；粘牢 crane 起重机

topography 地形学

cutaway 下摆圆角的，一部分切掉的 cofferdam 围堰 shaft 轴，杆状物 auger 螺钉钻 clay 粘土，泥土 slurry 泥浆，浆 work-horse 耕马，驮马，结实耐用的结构，踏实干重活的人 steel rebar 钢筋

Portland cement 波特兰水泥，普通水泥，硅酸盐水泥

cast-in-place concrete 现浇混凝土

第11篇：土木工程专业英语讲稿Leon_8 Bridge Design and Construction

Leon 8 Bridge Design and Construction

桥梁设计和施工

Planning 规划

The first step leading to the construction of a modern major bridge is a comprehensive study to determine whether a bridge is needed.

建一座现代化大型桥梁的第一步就是广泛研究并确定建桥的必要性。

If it is to be a highway bridge, in the United States for example, a planning study is initiated by a state bridge authority, poibly in cooperation with local governments or the federal government.

比如在美国，如果要建一座公路桥梁，州桥梁专家发起规划研究，且需要与当地政府或联邦政府合作。

Studies are made to estimate the amount of bridge traffic, the relief of jammed traffic in nearby highway networks, the effects on the regional economy, and the cost of the bridge.

要评估过桥的交通量，能否缓解附近公路网交通拥堵情况，对区域经济的影响以及桥的造价。

The means for financing the project, such as public taxes or sale of revenue bonds repaid by toll charges, are considered.

还要考虑工程资金的筹措，如公共税收，或通过收取过路过桥费偿还借贷的国债。

If the studies lead to a decision to go ahead with the project, the land needed for the bridge and its approaches is acquired at the selected site.At this point, field engineering work is started.

若经过研究决定要实施路桥工程，那么就需要征用选址处的建桥用地和建设通向桥址的道路占地。此后，现场工作便开始了。

Accurate land surveys are made.Tides, flood conditions, currents, and other characteristics of the waterway are carefully studied.Boring samples of soil and rock are taken at poible foundation locations, both on land and under the water.

现场要做好精确的勘测工作。潮汐、洪水状况、水流以及航道特点等都要进行仔细研究。尽量在基础施工现场（包括岸上和水下）进行土体和岩石的钻孔取样。

Selection of bridge design 桥梁设计的选择

The chief factors in deciding whether a bridge will be built as a girder, cantilever, tru, arch, suspension, or some other type are：(1) location； for example, acro a river; (2) purposes；for example, a bridge for carrying motor vehicles；(3) span length；(4) strength of available materials；(5) cost；(6) beauty and harmony with the location.

决定将桥建成梁桥、悬臂桥、桁架桥、拱桥、悬索桥还是其他类型桥的主要因素有：（1）桥梁位置；如跨越河流；（2）用途，如汽车运输；（3）跨距；（4）可用材料强度；（5）造价；（6）美观以及与场地环境的协调性。

Each type of bridge is most effective and economical only within a certain range of span lengths, shown in the following table：

每类桥梁都只在某个跨距范围内才省钱、有用，如下表所列：

As indicated in the table, there is a considerable overlap in the range of applicability of the various types.

表中数据表明，不同类型桥的跨距值存在相当大的交叠。

In some cases, alternative preliminary designs are prepared for several types of bridge in order to have a better basis for making the final selection.

有时，为了使最终方案论据充分，通常要准备多种类型桥梁设计方案进行初步比较。

Selection of materials 选材

The bridge designer can select from a number of modern high-strength materials, including concrete, steel, and a wide variety of corrosion-resistant alloy steels.

桥梁设计人员可以选择多种现代高强材料，如混凝土、钢材和不同类型的抗腐蚀合金钢。

For the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, for example, the designer used at least seven different kinds alloy steel, one of which has a yield strength of 50, 000 pounds per square inch (psi) (3, 515 kg／sq cm) and does not need to be painted because an oxide coating forms on its surface and inhibits corrosion.

比如，维拉扎诺海峡大桥的设计者用了至少7种不同类型的合金钢，其中任何一种的屈服强度都达到3, 515 kg／平方厘米, 而且无需喷涂，因为在其表面已经形成了氧化层可以抑制侵蚀。

The designer also can select steel wires for suspension cables that have tensile strengths up to 250, 000 psi (17, 577 kg／sq cm).

设计人员还可以选择抗拉强度高达250000磅每平方英寸的钢丝束作悬索。

Concrete with compreive strengths as high as 8,000 psi (562.5 kg／sq am) can now be produced for use in bridges, and it can be given high durability against chipping and weathering by the addition of special chemical agents and control of the hardening proce.

如今用于桥梁的混凝土其抗压强度高达8000psi。通过添加特殊的化学添加剂可控制硬化过程；这种砼使用年限长，可抗剥落和抗风化。

Concrete that has been prestreed and reinforced with steel wires has a tensile strength of 250, 000 psi (17, 577 kg／sq cm).

预应力混凝土和钢筋混凝土的抗拉强度为250000psi。

Other useful materials for bridges include aluminum alloys and wood.

其他建桥材料还包括铝合金和木材。

Modern structural aluminum alloys have yield strengths exceeding 40,000 psi (2,812 kg／sq cm).

现代结构使用的铝合金其屈服强度超过40000psi。

Laminated strips of wood glued together can be made into beams with strengths twice that of natural timbers；glue-laminated southern pine, for example, can bear working strees approaching 3,000 psi (210.9 kg／sq cm).

多层胶合木材能制成强度比普通木材多一倍的梁。比如，层压胶合的南方松木，能承受接近3000psi的有效应力。

2 Analysis of forces 受力分析

A bridge must resist a complex combination of tension, compreion, bending, shear, and torsion forces.

桥梁必须能抵抗拉、压、弯、剪和扭的合力作用。

In addition, the structure must provide a safety factor as insurance against failure.

此外，结构还必须保有抵抗破坏的安全系数。

The calculation of the precise nature of the individual strees and strains in the structure, called analysis, is perhaps the most technically complex aspect of bridge building.

精确计算结构的应力和应变变化，称为受力分析，这也许是桥梁建造技术中最繁复的方面。

The goal of analysis is to determine all of the forces that may act on each structural member.

受力分析的目的是确定可能作用在每个构件上的所有力。

The forces that act on bridge structural members are produced by two kinds of loads—static and dynamic.

这些力分为两种：静荷载和动荷载。

The static load—the dead weight of the bridge structure itself—is usually the greatest load.

静荷载——桥梁结构本身的恒载——通常是最大的荷载。

The dynamic, or live load, has components, including vehicles carried by the bridge, wind forces, and accumulations of ice and snow.

动荷载，或活荷载，有很多分力组成，包括桥梁承担的交通工具的作用、风力和冰雪堆积物的作用。

Although the total weight of the vehicles moving over a bridge at any time is generally a small fraction of the static and dynamic load, it presents special problems to the bridge designer because of the vibration and impact strees created by moving vehicles.

尽管桥上移动车辆的总重任何时候都只是静、动荷载的一小部分，但因为车辆的移动会产生振动和冲击，所以对于桥梁设计人员而言这仍然是一个需要特别注意的问题。

For example, the severe impacts caused by irregularities of vehicle motion or bumps in the roadway may momentarily double the effect of the live load on the bridge.

比如，由公路上车辆移动或颠簸的不规则性产生的剧烈冲击可以瞬间使得动荷载对桥梁的影响倍增。

Wind exerts force on a bridge both directly by striking the bridge structure and indirectly by striking vehicles that are croing the bridge.

风通过直接作用于桥梁结构和间接作用于穿过桥梁的车辆上而对桥梁施加荷载。

If the wind induces aeroelastic vibration, as in the case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, its effect may be greatly amplified.

如果风引起空气弹性振动，就像塔科马海峡大桥的情况一样，其效应可能会被无

3 限放大。

Because of this danger, the bridge designer makes provisions for the strongest winds that may occur at the bridge location.

因此，桥梁设计人员采取措施对可能作用在桥梁上的最大风力做出防范。

Other forces that may act on the bridge, such as strees created by earthquake tremors, must also be provided for.

其他可能作用在桥梁上的力，如地震作用，也须加以预防。

Special attention must often be given to the design of the bridge piers, since heavy loads may be imposed on them by currents, waves, and f1oating ice and debris.

设计时必须特别留心，因为桥墩要遭受水流、波浪、浮冰和碎块产生的重荷冲击。

Occasionally a pier may even be hit by a paing ship.

有时，桥墩甚至可能被一艘过往的船只撞到。

Electronic computers are playing an ever-increasing role in aisting bridge designers in the analysis of forces.

电子计算机在桥梁设计人员进行受力分析的过程中起到了越来越重要的作用。

The use of precise model testing, particularly for studying the dynamic behavior of bridges, also helps designers.

使用精确的模型进行测试对设计人员会有所帮助，尤其是在桥梁动力特性的研究过程中。

A scaled-down model of the bridge is constructed, and various gauges to measure strains, accelerations, and deformations are placed on the model.

有时还要建造桥梁的缩尺模型，并且在模型上安装能测量应变、加速度和变形的各种测量仪器。

The model bridge is then subjected to various scaled-down loads or dynamic conditions to find out what will happen.

然后，对模型桥梁施加不同的按比例缩减的荷载或动力条件来观测结果。

Wind tunnel tests may also be made to ensure that nothing like the Tacoma Narrows Bridge failure can occur.

可能还要进行风洞实验，以确保不再发生像塔科马海峡大桥一样的破坏事件。

With modern technological aids, there is much le chance of bridge failure than in the past.

在现代技术的帮助下，桥梁损坏的几率比起过去小得多。 Construction the foundations 桥梁基础的施工

Construction starts with the foundations, which may cost almost as much as the superstructure.

桥梁施工是从基础开始，这部分的造价可能和上部结构差不多。

Foundations built in water usually present the greatest difficulties.

通常水中修建桥梁基础遇到的困难最多。

One of the older methods, which is still used in shallow waters, is to erect cofferdams similar to the ring of closely spaced piles that the Romans used.

在浅水区仍然使用较原始的方法，即修建围堰，这类似于罗马人使用过的环形密

4 排桩。

For constructing foundations in deep water, caions have long been used.

深水区内基础施工，一直都采用沉箱法。

The caion, which is a huge box closed on all sides except the bottom, is lowered onto the river bed.

沉箱是指除了底面的所有面都被密封起来的巨大箱体，它被沉降到河床上。

Workers inside the caion, which is filled with compreed air to keep out the water, dig deeper and deeper, and the caion sinks as the digging proceeds.

箱体内充满压缩空气而将水排出。施工人员在箱体内开挖的越来越深，箱体随着开挖的进行而下沉。

When a suitable depth is reached, the caion is filled with concrete and becomes part of the foundation itself.

当到达适当深度时，箱体内浇筑混凝土，而后沉箱就成为基础的一部分。

Another deep-water method, le hazardous and le costly than the caion method, uses steel or concrete piles.

另一种比沉箱方法危险性更小、更经济的深水基础施工法是使用钢桩或混凝土桩。

With modern pile drivers, long heavy piles can be driven even in deep water.The piles can be cut off and capped either above the water level or below it.If they are capped below the water level, a prefabricated hollow pier case is floated out to the site, sunk on the piles, and then filled with concrete to form the pier.

现代打桩工具能把长重桩夯入深水中，在水面或水下截桩并套上桩帽。若在水下套上桩帽，那么要将预制好的中空墩架运到现场，沉到桩头上，然后浇筑混凝土形成桥墩。

Erecting the superstructure 上部结构施工

After all piers and abutments are in place, the erection of the superstructure begins.The method of construction used depends largely on the type of bridge being built.There are six construction methods：falsework, flotation, cantilevering, sliding, direct lifting, and suspension.

所有的墩台完工后，就开始上部结构的施工。施工方法很大程度取决于建造的桥梁类型。共有六种施工方法：临时支架法、浮船施工法、悬臂法、滑动施工法、直接起吊法和悬索法。

In falsework construction, mainly used in building concrete arch bridges, metal or wood supports are built temporarily to support the erection.

临时支架法，主要用于混凝土拱桥的施工，搭建临时金属支架或木支架支撑结构。

A great deal of ingenuity is often required just to erect the falsework, especially for structures over swift rivers or deep canyons.Temporary piles and trestles are commonly used in wide shallow rivers.

通常要求脚手架搭建要做工熟练，特别是对湍急河流和深山峡谷的结构施工有用。一般在宽浅的河流中搭设临时桩柱和脚手架。

In the floatation method, mainly used in building long bridges, large bridge sections are prefabricated on shore and floated out on barges to the bridge site.The sections are then hoisted into place, either by floating derricks or by winches placed on previously constructed sections of the bridge.

浮船施工方法，主要用于长桥施工。先在岸上预制好型的桥梁部件，用驳船运到施工地点。然后用移动的起重机或用桥上事先固定好的绞盘把这些部件吊装到位。

The cantilevering technique is used not only for cantilever bridges but also for steel arch bridges.Construction starts at an abutment and extends toward the center piece by piece.Moving derricks and cranes on the completed portion of the structure handle the heavy material.

悬臂技术不仅用于悬臂桥而且也用于钢拱桥。施工是从桥台开始，向着中间一段一段地延伸。在部分已完工结构上移动吊车起吊超重材料。

Sliding construction is used only rarely.In this method, a prefabricated unit, such as a tru, is erected on shore and slid out over a temporary or permanent support until it comes to rest on another support.

滑动施工法很少使用。它事先在岸上制作好预制构件，比如桁架，然后在临时或永久的支架上滑运直到它静置在另一个支座上。

In the direct lifting method, mainly used for light, short-span highway bridges a prefabricated bridge unit is lifted by a hoist and swung directly onto the bridge supports.

直接吊装法，主要适用于轻型、短跨的公路桥，预制好的桥梁构件用起重机起吊，直接摆放到桥梁支座上。

In all methods of construction, it is neceary to determine the strees and deformations at every stage of construction.Strees in a partly completed bridge—constructed by the cantilever method—can exceed the strees in a completed bridge because of the totally different conditions of support and loading.

在所有的施工方法中，每个施工阶段都必须确定应力和变形。在悬臂法施工的桥梁中，因为完全不同的支撑和荷载条件，部分完工桥梁中的应力会超过竣工桥梁中的应力。

When the roadway is surfaced, and signs, lighting, guardrails, and other acceories are installed, the bridge is ready for use.

当铺好路面，安装好标志牌、照明设施、栏杆和其他的附属设施后，桥梁即可投入使用。

第12篇：土木工程专业英语讲稿Leon_6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

Leon 6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

供热、通风和空调

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are all aspects of environmental engineering, a recent concept embracing all aspects of the engineering of buildings, such as structure, drainage, acoustics, and internal transportation.

供热、通风和空调涵盖了环境工程的全部；环境工程的新理念还包括建筑内部各项工程，比如结构、排水、声学和内部人员流动。

The concept of environmental engineering takes cognizance of the fact that all elements of building are interrelated.

环境工程原理认为：建筑物的所有部分都是相关的。

The heat produced by lighting, for instance, affects the need for air-conditioning, calling for ducts, which in turn affect the design of the structure.

比如，照明产热需要空调降温，空调要使用管道，从而影响到结构设计。

The present article is confined to buildings, but the subject may be extended to cover mobile vehicles, such as motor coaches, aircraft, ships, railway trains, spacecraft, and submarines, each having highly specialized requirements.

本文仅限于建筑物，但是这个主题可以扩大到包括大客车、飞机、轮船、铁路列车、宇宙飞船和潜艇等交通工具，它们要求的专业化程度都很高。

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning in the present context may be defined in general terms as the control of the environment within enclosed spaces.

本文中，供热、通风和空调被笼统地定义为围合空间内部的环境控制。

Apart from comfort, many industrial procees depend on a controlled atmosphere；thus, this branch of engineering covers a considerable range of applications.

除了舒适，许多工业过程都与受控的环境有关；因此，本学科应用范围较为广泛。

Heating is concerned with raising the temperature of the thermal environment.供热就是为了提高环境温度。

Ventilating is concerned with the supply of fresh air and removal of air that is vitiated, polluted, or contaminated.

通风涉及供应新风、排除混浊或被污染的空气。

Air-conditioning may include the functions of heating and ventilating but in addition is concerned with lowering of temperature of the thermal environment, raising or lowering of humidity, and purifying the air by removal of dust, bacteria, and other airborne matter.

空调包括供暖和通风，此外还涉及到环境降温、加湿或除湿，通过清除灰尘、细菌和其它空气中携带的物质而净化空气。

Making fire was among man\'s earliest achievements, and doubtle wood formed the earliest of fuels, first in caves, as remains of Stone Age hearths show, and later in mud and turf enclosures.

用火是人类最早的成就之一，木材无疑是最早的燃料；早期人类在洞穴里生火（石器时代炉膛的遗迹就是证明），后来是在泥土、草皮做成的围堂内生火。

The discovery that charcoal could be made from wood to produce a fuel without smoke seems to have been an early step toward progre in places where only moderate warmth was needed, such as China, Japan, and the Shores of the Mediterranean.

木材可以制成木炭，这种无烟燃料的出现是早期的一大进步，这在那些仅需要适度供暖的地方很有必要，比如中国、日本和地中海岸等地区。

Another evolution was the flue or chimney, first as a simple aperture in the centre of the hut roof and later rising from the fireplace, invented in Europe in the 13th century.

另一个进展就是烟道或烟囱。最早只是在小屋顶中心开个简单的孔，后来就在壁炉上增加了烟囱（它是13世纪欧洲人发明的）。

Smoke and fumes no longer pervaded the living space. 这样，烟气就不会弥漫于生活空间了。

Stoves, far 1e wasteful of heat than fireplaces, appear to have been used first by the Chinese about 600 BC.

大约在公元前600年中国人最早使用炉子，它比壁炉大大减少了热量的浪费。

They can be traced through Ruia and into Germany and in the European countries generally, where they are still used today, often as a focus of family life.

炉子的足迹遍布俄国、德国以及欧洲的很多国家，如今这些地区仍有使用，且常被视为家庭生活的中心。

The stove croed the Atlantic to the United States, where Benjamin Franklin in 1744 invented an improved design, the forerunner of the traditional potbellied stove.

炉子穿越大西洋来到美国；1744年，弗兰克林·本杰明对它进行了改良设计，这就是传统大肚采暖炉的雏形。

The first scientific refinement of the fireplace seems to be attributable to the physicist Benjamin Thompson, count Rumford, toward the end of the 18th century.

到了18世纪末期，壁炉的第一次科学改良似乎应归功于物理学家汤普森·本杰明，拉姆福德伯爵。

His aim was to improve the efficiency of the open fire by the use of lumps of fireclay and by a canopy, both designed to increase the amount of radiant heat.

他的目标是通过使用耐火砖和炉盖来提高明火的功效，这两项设计增大了辐射热。

Because his ideas were not accepted, however, a gro fuel waste has continued up to the present day.

然而，由于他的想法未被采纳，所以严重的燃料浪费现象一直持续到了今天。

Heating by a fire outside the space to be heated, now described as central heating, appears to have

4 been invented by the Lacedaemonians of Greece, who first used heated floors.

对供暖空间之外用火取暖，现在被称为集中供热，它好像是由古希腊的斯巴达人发明的，是他们最早使用地暖。

The Great Temple in the city of Ephesus (350 BC) is believed to have been heated by flues laid in the floors, using lignite as fuel.

公元前350年，以弗所市的大神殿就是通过放置在地板中的暖气管来供热的，它用褐煤作燃料。

The Greeks perceived the advantages of central heating, but it was the Romans who became the supreme heating engineers of the ancient world with their hypocaust system.

虽然希腊人认识到集中供热的优点，但是罗马人才称得上古代最伟大的供暖专家，他们发明了火炕式供暖系统。

The floor was raised on pedestals, and the hot gases from a furnace were guided into the underfloor space, from which they rose through hollow terra-cotta tubes embedded in the walls.

地板被架离楼板之上，从炉子里出来的热气被引至地板下的空间，从那里热气又通过埋入墙体中的中空陶瓦管上升。

Such systems are to be found throughout Europe wherever Roman culture flourished.

这种供暖方式遍布欧洲，在罗马文化繁荣的地方随处可见。

In Italy, the hypocaust is found only in baths, but in cooler climates, such as Britain’s, not only baths but also the living room and sometimes other rooms were heated.

在意大利，这种火炕供暖只能在浴室里找到；但是，在气候更冷的地方，比如英国，浴室和起居室，有时还包括其他的房间都要供暖。

Such scientific development and refinement of life came to an end with the fall of the Roman Empire and the ruin of the cities that followed.

这种科学进步和讲究生活随着罗马帝国的衰落和接下来的城市毁灭而结束了。

The Dark Ages saw a return to a le civilized form of life; castles and homesteads employed the crude methods of heating used by primitive man.

在欧洲中世纪的黑暗时代，生活又回到了文明退化状态；城堡和家园使用的是原始供暖方法。

Drafty halls were warmed by a log fire in the centre of the stone floor.

通风良好的大厅用点燃石地板中间的柴火来供暖。

Enormously heavy fur-lined cloaks were worn to keep warm.

为了保暖，用厚重的毛皮作衬里的披风穿在身上。

It has taken 1, 500 years for the comfort of the Roman system of floor heating to be rediscovered by modern civilization.

舒适的罗马式地热系统被现代文明重新拾起却用了1500年的时间。

The advent of steam as a source of power in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and early 19th centuries offered a new way of heating, first used in factories and mills.

在18世纪和19世纪早期工业革命中，作为动力来源的蒸汽的出现提供了一种新的供暖方法，该方法最早被用在工厂和磨坊中。

Steam conveyed in pipes was extensively used for heating not only for industrial needs but for schools, churches, courts of justice, aembly halls, and even homes and horticultural greenhouses.

在管道中输送蒸汽来供暖不仅被广泛地应用于工厂中，而且也被用于学校、教堂、审判法庭、会议厅，甚至家庭和园艺温室。

The very hot surfaces of steam heating cause a parching effect on the air, often accompanied by a disagreeable odor of burnt dust.

蒸汽供暖的高热表面对空气产生烘烤效应，经常伴随着烧焦尘土的难闻气味。

The advantages of hot water, with a lower surface temperature and milder general effect than that

7 of steam, began to be recognized about 1830.

比起蒸汽，热水的优势在于具有更低的表面温度，气味淡但烘烤效应小，这在1830年人们就认识到了。

One of the first such systems was installed at the New Westminster Hospital, London.

第一套水暖系统安装在伦敦的新威斯敏斯特医院。

Hot water at low preure has continued from that time to occupy a principal place in methods of heating；it is used in radiators, convectors, embedded floor and ceiling heating systems, and as a means of warming air for distribution by fans in a variety of ways.

从那时起，低压热水就一直在供暖方法中占据着重要地位；它被用于散热片、对流加热器、埋置于地板和天花板中的供暖系统中。而且，作为一种升温手段，可通过风机以各种方式进行分配。

In 1831 Jocob Perkins of England patented a revolutionary method of high-preure hot-water heating in which a continuous circuit of very strong piping, receiving heat from a coil in the furnace, conveyed water in a closed system to coils disposed about the building.

1831年，英国的雅各布.帕金斯取得了具有革命性的高压热水供暖的专利权，这种供暖方式通过一个连续循环的坚固管道从锅炉中的螺旋管获取热量，并在一个封闭系统内将热水输送到建筑内部的管道中。

Circulation was by thermo syphon.循环是在热弯管内进行的。

The system achieved considerable popularity in spite of its high temperatures; its tubing was small and neat compared with the maive cast-iron pipes used with low-preure apparatus.

尽管供暖温度较高，但却很受欢迎；其管道系统和在低压设备中使用的巨大铸铁管道相比要小且整洁。

The high-preure hot-water principle has been revived in a modern system developed first in continental Europe and later spread elsewhere, chiefly for industrial heating.

高压水暖原理在现代化供暖中的复兴，最早是在欧洲大陆发展起来，后来传播到其他地方，主要用于工业供暖。

The need for some form of induced ventilation to enclosed spaces probably did not arise until the 19th century, by which time aembly halls, theatres, and churches were being built to hold hundreds and even thousands of people.

大概直到19世纪，才产生了需要对封闭空间采取某种形式导流通风，那时所建的集会礼堂、剧院、教堂要容纳成百甚至上千人。

In industry some amelioration of the atmosphere in the steamy, gas-lighted workrooms was forced on mill owners to offset an increasing sickne rate.

工业上为了减少持续上升的患病率，厂家被迫对水汽蒙蒙的采用煤气灯照明的车间环境进行改善。

Mines had been ventilated from earliest times by furnace kept burning at the base of vent shafts.

矿井从最早开始就一直把炉子放在通风竖井的底部来保持燃烧通风。

Some of the early ventilating systems in buildings followed this method, for example, the New Houses of Parliament in London, rebuilt in 1837.

一些早期建筑的通风系统沿用了这种方法，比如伦敦的新国会大厦，它重建于1837年。

There air was exhausted from the chambers by means of coke fires, kept burning day and night in the roof spaces beneath tall shafts, whose Gothic outlines remain a feature of the architecture, though the shafts are no longer used.

在竖井下方的屋顶空间昼夜燃烧的炭火耗尽了房间里的氧气。虽然不再使用竖井，但仍保留着哥特式建筑的外形。

The air was drawn in by the suction of these extraction shafts through gratings in the floor of the chambers, which were connected in turn to tunnels leading to the Thames River, from the banks of which the fresh air was drawn.

空气抽排管道和通向泰晤士河的隧道相连，抽气泵通过房间地板格栅吸入泰晤士河岸的新鲜空气。

Although a rotary fan had been invented in the 16th century, a convenient power supply was not available until the days of ubiquitous electric current.From the 18th century steam drove fans in industrial installations.

虽然16世纪就发明了旋转式风扇，但直到发明无所不在的电流后才有了方便的电力供应。18世纪，工业设备上还用蒸汽驱动风机。

The plenum system was an early method of combining heating with ventilation by using steam in tubes in an air duct to heat the air, the driving force being a fan, also steam driven.

压力通风是一种早期通过风道中的蒸汽管加热空气而把供热和通风结合起来的方法，其压力也是由蒸汽驱动的风机提供。

The heated air was delivered through ducts under preure (or plenum), conveyed to all parts of the building.Schools, hospitals, and factories were often heated by this means.

热空气在高压作用下，通过管道传送到建筑内的各个部位。学校、医院和工厂通常采用这种方式供热。

Cooling by evaporation may have originated in India, where mats of wetted gra hung over openings on the windward side resulted in evaporative cooling by as much as 20 to 30 °F (11 to 17℃).

蒸发冷可能发源于印度。在那里，湿草席悬挂在通道口的迎风面上，使得蒸发冷却后温度达到11-17℃。

The mats were kept wet by hand or by a perforated trough above.Such a system employs one of the fundamental principles of air conditioning.

这些草席通过人工或通过在其上方开孔的水槽保湿。这种方法利用了空调的基本原理。

The term “air conditioning” is credited to Stuart W.Cramer, who in 1907 presented a paper on humidity control for textile mills before the American Cotton Manufacturers Aociation.

“空气调节”这个术语的出现归功于Stuart W.Cramer，他在1907年向美国棉花制造业协会提交了一篇关于纺织厂湿度控制的论文。

Control of moisture content in textiles by addition of steam to the atmosphere had long been known as “conditioning”.It was not, however, until 1911, when Willis Carrier published the results of many years of research, that the scientific basis of air conditioning was laid.

增加空气中的水汽来控制纺织品中的含湿度很早就被称为“调湿”了。然而，直到1911年，当Willis Carrier公布多年的研究结果时，才奠定了空气调节的科学基础。

From air conditioning in industry, for the quality of the product, to air conditioning for comfort was but a step.

从工业中为产品质量进行空气调节到以舒适为目的的空气调节，这仅仅迈出了第一步。

Comfort air-conditioning was developed in the 1920s for increasingly large theatres, stores, and office blocks, in which the economic value was evident.

由于20世纪20年代出现越来越多的大型剧院、商店和办公大楼，舒适的空调是才发展起来，其经济价值是很明显的。

The development of air conditioning as a major industry, however, awaited new refrigerating techniques.

然而，空调作为主要产业的发展还期待着新的制冷技术的出现。

Until the end of the 19th century, design of heating and ventilating systems was largely empirical.A change to scientific methods began to evolve in the 1890s.

直到19世纪末，供热和通风设计大多还是凭经验。朝着科学性的转变始于19世纪90年代。

Research work was undertaken at the University of Berlin-Charlottenburg and in a few other places before World War I.

人们着手做研究工作是在第一次世界大战前的柏林夏洛特博格大学和其他几个地方。

After the war, research was begun in several countries, notably in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Sweden, and France.Out of this international research effort modern air conditioning has grown.

战后，研究又在几个国家兴起，尤其是在英国、美国、德国、瑞典和法国。由于这些国际化研究成果，现代空调装置才得以发展起来。 12

第13篇：专业英语

http://zaixianfanyi.com/google.php#hj

194页：了解什么归入类别嵌入计算，它足以说明什么不是嵌入式设备的要求。嵌入的设备的寿命非常不同于通用机器的3 年的逐渐过时循环。有些设备是几乎一次性的：平均日本celluar电话在少于一年被替换。在oppsite极端，基础建设的设备例如电话交换机在30年的日程表贬值。这些寿命差异产生具体的影响，可升级性和向后兼容性。少量嵌入设备有升级要求。例如，积极汽车热衷者更改自己的车里的芯片，但是这些通常是只读光盘，不是处理器。大多数消费者项将被替换，不会升级。

Backward compatibility is seldom an embedded requirement,as software does not migrate from one device to another.An interesting exception is game consoles:to maintain compatibility,later console chips must be capable of being exactly as fast as the early versions despite changes in underlying proce technology.In consoles,backward compatible is often implemented by putting a complete copy of the previous-generation console in one small corner of the next-generation die.Bacause many embedded designs need not be backward compatible with previous implementations,designers are free to switch designs with each product generation.Consequently,there is le emphasis on the distinction between architecture and implementation.If a new version of a chip is slightly incompatible but much better than its predeceors,designers may still be willing to use it.

因为软件并不从一个设备迁移到另一个，向后兼容性很少是嵌入式的要求，一个有趣的例外是游戏控制台：要维护兼容性，尽管最新控制台芯片在基础工艺技术上有所改变，但是它一定是可胜任的是象早版本一样快速地确切。往往通过将上一代控制台的完整副本放在一个小角落里的下一代模向后兼容。因为许多嵌入式的设计需要，不能与以前实现向后的兼容，设计师可以自由切换的每一代产品的设计。因此，有少强调体系结构与实施之间的区别。如果稍有不兼容，但比其前任的芯片的新版本，设计师仍可能愿意使用它。

第14篇：专业英语

耐蚀性和耐久性的疏水性表面上形成镁合金涂上纳米氧化铈电影和氟硅烷分子在腐蚀性氯化钠水溶液

一．摘要

防腐性能和耐久性的疏水性表面涂以镁合金纳米氧化铈电影和fluoroalkylsilane分子在腐蚀性氯化钠水溶液是探讨利用电化学技术和控制行为角度测量。疏水性表面的耐久性在腐蚀性5重量%氯化钠水溶液阐明。防腐性能的疏水性表面上形成镁合金估计通过电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测量。EIS测量和适当的等效电路模型揭示了疏水性表面的耐腐蚀性能显著改善镁合金AZ 31。美国社会检测和材料(TM)标准D 3359 02横截胶带测试进行探讨粘连的疏水性膜对镁合金表面。腐蚀形成机制的疏水性表面上形成镁合金还提议。

2.引言:一个疏水性表面有水接触角超过150,在自然界中,有许多生物与疏水性表面,和一个荷叶是一个很有代表性的疏水性表面。莲花叶有一个腊状组件和表面粗糙度在纳米尺度微观和。腊状的组件提供了疏水性的荷叶表面由于低表面能和表面粗糙度增强了疏水程度。这两个因素,即。、低表面能和表面粗糙度,创建疏水性表面的财产。这些结果从自然世界提供一个指导构建人工疏水性表面和表面润湿性可控的设计。疏水性表面被人为地创造了各种材料的表面如聚合物、金属氧化物和金属和特别感兴趣在学术和工业领域,由于他们的自清洗和抗粘着属性。

最近,疏水性的疗法已经用于各种工程材料的表面,如钢铁、铜、锌和铝,以提高他们的腐蚀性能,因为他们可能会提出一个解决长期问题的环境污染和腐蚀的金属和金属合金。刘和同事开发了一个简单的方法来制造一个疏水性表面铜基体上与n十四酸和揭示了在海水耐蚀性能的电化学测量。沈从文和刘报道相对容易的化学腐蚀的方法来制作疏水性表面上多晶金属和铝及其合金,分别。他等。捏造一个疏水性表面上通过修改肉豆蔻酸铝阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性能,估计通过电化学阻抗谱。根据电化学测试的结果,他们得出结论,极大地改善了疏水性表面耐腐蚀的铝。通过这种方式,一个疏水性表面已被证明是有效的改善工程材料的耐蚀性。 镁及镁合金方面表现出优越的物理和机械性能如高刚度/重量比,良好的铸造性能,良好的振动和冲击吸附和高阻尼容量。镁合金的,因此,将是一个很好的材料,减少车辆的重量,降低燃料消耗,减少二氧化碳排放;然而,极低的耐腐蚀的财产镁合金限制大规模使用向各种应用程序。镁合金的接触与水引起的腐蚀镁合金的反应。压低进步的腐蚀,它能有效抑制镁合金的与水接触。一个可能是一种很有前途的疏水性处理技术来提高防腐性能,因为它能够抑制表面的接触与水和环境湿度由于疏水性属性。然而,很少有伪造的报告在镁合金表面疏水性。梁等人首次展示了伪造的疏水性表面的镁合金微弧氧化预处理其次是化学改性。然而,他们没有估计耐蚀性和化学稳定性在腐蚀介质。江泽民等人也报道了制造一个bioinspired疏水性表面上MgLi合金的化学腐蚀,其次是萤石oalkylsilane(FAS)修改。他们估计d防腐性能之间的关系,通过检查时间暴露在空气和水接触角变化的静态疏水性表面的Mg李合金。表面显示稳定的疏水性属性三个多月在大气条件。然而,表面不暴露于腐蚀性环境如氯化钠水溶液。在氯化钠溶液被用作水溶液促进腐蚀反应。因此,耐蚀性和耐久性的配角rhydrophobic表面尚未公布。最近,我们成功地制造了一个对AZ31镁合金表面疏水性由一个简单的浸渍过程在室温下在很短的时间内使用纳米氧化铈和FAS分子。然而,耐蚀性和耐久性的疏水性表面上对AZ31镁合金在腐蚀性氯化钠水溶液尚未被调查。特别是,解吸行为的FAS分子和降解纳米氧化铈的电影在腐蚀性氯化钠水溶液是未知的。一般来说,氯化钠水溶液作为腐蚀性介质。因此,这是非常重要的,揭示了耐久性的疏水性表面的腐蚀氯化钠水溶液因为效应的疏水性表面对耐腐蚀是下降了一半,如果耐久性的疏水性表面会低。

在本文中,我们报告的耐腐蚀性能和耐久性的疏水性表面涂以镁合金纳米氧化铈电影和fluoroalkylsilane分子在腐蚀性氯化钠溶液使用电化学和接触角测量。此外,该行为对解吸的FAS分子和降解纳米氧化铈的电影在腐蚀性氯化钠水溶液也调查了。

2.实验过程:对AZ31镁合金(组成:2.98%,0.88%,0.38%的锌铝锰,0.0135%的硅,0.001%,0.002%,0.0027%的铜镍铁,其余的是Mg),厚度为1.5 mm被用来作为衬底。来超声清洗绝对乙醇10分钟。清洁后,来与惰性Ar气干。镁合金基体的清洗沉浸于50毫升蒸馏水含有1.086克的硝酸铈六水合(Ce(三)336 h2o)。溶液的pH值测量是在室温下约4.5。解决方案是用电磁搅拌器搅拌在一个旋转的100 rpm在浸为20分钟。在浸,样本彻底在绝对乙醇清洗。最后,洗样本沉浸在40毫升的甲苯溶液包含400的μL FAS化合物(CF2)7 CH2CH2Si(OCH3)3)和40μL的摘要利用四-(trimethylsiloxy)钛((CH3)3 sio)4 ti)(TTST)为30分钟。TTST分子被用作催化剂以促进水解和/或聚合的FAS分子。样本然后清洗绝对乙醇超声在10分钟使用超声波清

洁与频率为50 kHz。

表面的形态之前和之后获得的样本沉浸在5重量%氯化钠水溶液观察了场发射扫描电子显微镜(fe sem,s501)的基础上液滴测量方法与水的2μL滴体积。这个动态水接触角的疏水性表面被决定使用超纯水,添加和退出这个下降,分别。所有的测量的润湿特性在空气中进行298 k的耐用性疏水性吗

表面在5重量%氯化钠水溶液估计通过调查变化之间的关系在静态水接触角和时间进化浸泡后的样品在解决方案。静水接触角的测定样品表面在迪引导fi ve点后的样品沉浸在氯化钠水溶液为一个常数时间。测量后,样本与冲洗超纯水然后沉浸在解决方案。这些程序被多次执行。XPS测量的进行使用Mg基米-雷克南(1253.6 eV)辐射在12和10 kV马英九在纠夫ff角90年的。所有的结合能的光谱进行了修正使用标准结合能的C 1 s峰(284.6 eV)作为参考。所有的电化学测量了在5.0重量%氯化钠水溶液,pH值为6.2,在室温下,使用计算机控制的稳压器(普林斯顿大学的应用研究,VersaSTAT3)在开路条件。疏水性表面形成的对AZ31镁合金和铂板被用作工作和计数器电极,分别。工作电极被设置在一个自制的持有人由Te fl用圆形窗口的区域是0.785厘米2。自制的细节描述持有人在其他地方。一个饱和甘汞电极(SCE)被用来作为参比电极。参考电极附近的设置圆形窗口。疏水性表面上形成的对AZ31衬底都沉浸在氯化钠溶液为30到180分钟,允许该系统是稳定的,和动电位极化曲线随后被测量对于开放封闭原则(OCP在扫描速度吗0.5 mV / s从400年到800年þmV。电化学阻抗光谱(EIS)进行测量的频率范围在0.1赫兹和100 kHz,用正弦信号的perturba-tion 10 mV,每十年8分。所有的样品都沉浸在30分钟内所有的阻抗测量之前。这个实验EIS光谱解释基于等效电使用这个程序类似Zplot 2.0得到拟合参数。

附着力测试的疏水性底片的镁合金进行根据ASTM D 3359 b 02。刀具与叶片是fi tted包含5齿间距1.0毫米分开。这个切割工具被用来将横切的模式在ca。90的角度通过涂层。la 26磁带被应用到切割面和用橡皮擦铅笔来确保良好的年底接触底片,90年代之后,然后拆除。

3.结果与讨论:制造的疏水性表面在镁合金。在以前的研究中,XRD概要的显示这个浸没的镁合金在硝酸铈六水合水溶液归纳形成铈氧化物e,和所有的电影在这个研究造价泰德XRD展出配置文件类似于一个以前的报告。见图1 a,宽阔的五个山峰在大约2θ= 28.5,33.1、47.

5、56.3和76.7都被分配了1

11、200、220年,311年和331年衍射峰的氧化铈的立方阶段基于JCPD年代数据(卡没有。43 1002)。其他高峰是由于镁合金基体。图1 b显示了一个FESE M的形象dcerium纳米结构氧化物覆盖着FAS分子。像图1中清楚地看到b,表面有nanosheets对齐相当陡峭的角相对到表面。nanosheets展出的一个边缘的长度范围约为200 nm到1μm和厚度为2050海里。在组图1 b显示了水滴的行为样品表面。活塞的前进和后退水接触角样品的表面被估计为153(2和146(2,respectiv伊利。接触角滞后是7,列明这显示了疏水性表面的财产

疏水性表面的化学性质沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠水溶液。图2显示的图像表面疏水性仪(一个)之前和之后的沉浸在5重量%氯化钠溶液(b)30,(c)180年,(d)1440分钟。图2中清楚地看到一个c,没有改变表面形态之前和之后的浸在5重量%氯化钠水溶液在180分钟可以观察到,尽管一些裂缝形成在所有的样品表面。即使在浸了360分钟,我们不能观察到的变化在表面形态(这里没有显示)。相比之下,浸的疏水性表面在5重量%氯化钠水溶液为mininduc es的重大改变表面形态如图2 d。样品表面1440分钟后浸有颗粒状和多孔结构。在之前的一份报告中,我们确认了纳米铈氧化物薄膜是由一个三层结构稍微多孔层作为亲密接触到下一层在镁合金基体和一个紧凑的层作为过渡层,和一个纤维层作为主要的顶层。

因此,稍微多孔层可以出现在表面由于部分超然的中间和顶部的层在策略的腐蚀介质很长一段时间。这个润湿性属性的疏水性表面沉浸于后5重量% NaC l水溶液估计使用静态水接触角测量。图3显示了水接触角的变化作为函数的浸泡时间在5重量%氯化钠水溶液。所有的情节在图3显示平均水接触角测量的值在不同的5分相同的样本。为每个情节的误差酒吧平均最大和最小的水接触角在相同的样本。这个平均静态水接触角的疏水性表面与时间演化逐渐减少。这意味着 ,疏水的密度的功能组表面可以减少沉浸在5重量的样本%氯化钠水溶液。静态水接触角的疏水性表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠360分钟内水溶液减少的范

围ca。136(2到152(2。不同的ences在水接触角在最大值和最小值相对较小,平均静态水接触角的后浸60到360分钟几乎没有改变。这表明浸在5重量%氯化钠水溶液诱使没有任何改变从我们ttability表面状态的观点。在另一方面,平均静态水接触角沉浸于后5重量% NaC l水溶液减少了1440分钟相当。平均静态水接触角的疏水性表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠水溶液24 h被估计为50(2 .in另外,在水接触角之间的差异最大(133(2)和最小(25(2)值被超过100年,非常大,尽管同样的样品表面。这个水接触角的值在大多数部分的示例表面范围在25 35。该地区拥有高疏水性,就是最大的水接触角,只有一个小样品表面的一部分。这可能表明,在大多数年代部分样品表面解吸的FAS分子和该奈米结构发生退化。最大的水接触角几乎一样平均水接触角度沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠水溶液在360分钟。从这些结果,它是推测腐蚀反应疏水性表面上形成的镁合金涂上纳米氧化铈在5重量%氯化钠水溶液可以推进之间显著360和1440分钟。 探讨表面状态决定的疏水性表面的沉浸在5重量%氯化钠水溶液在360分钟,表面进行了观察。图4 b,e显示的图像表面疏水性FESEM沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠水溶液对180年和360年分别最小。在这两个表面,相对平滑部分和一些粒状产品可以观察到。扩大后的版本的图像的平滑部分仪(图4 a,c)透露,许多nanosheets对齐相当陡峭的角相对于表面形成密集。后的表面形态沉浸在5重量%氯化钠水溶液为180和360分钟被几乎一样,在浸。另一方面,放大版的FESEM图像(图4 c,f)的粒状产品透露,产品有辐射针状的结构和形成的裂纹。此外,形成大量的粒状产品样品表面的增加而增加的浸泡时间。探讨了表面状态使用XPS测量。XPS Mg 2 p光谱的样品表面之前和之后的沉浸在5重量%氯化钠水溶液如图5所示。在浸,没有峰来源于Mg可观测到的光谱由于镁合金表面覆盖着CeO2纳米薄膜(膜厚洛克:ca。2μm)和FAS分子。另一方面,对于样品表面后,一个高峰,沉浸deconvoluted成两个组件对应于毫克(OH)2和采用可以清楚地观察到的光谱。这些组件可以归因于腐蚀产物的形成。可能出现的腐蚀反应通过下面的反应:

腐蚀氯化钠水溶液可以渗透膜通过裂缝和达到镁合金表面由于纳米CeO2电影上形成镁合金在影片中有很多裂缝。接触的腐蚀性溶液与Mg盟友诱导腐蚀反应。因此,腐蚀产物可能来自裂缝如图4所示。这些结果支持,粒状产品腐蚀产物,Mg(OH)2。然而,占领的比率的腐蚀产物在样品表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠水溶液在360分钟很低见图4 c。大多数的样品表面会遍布FAS分子。吸附状态的FAS分子纳米CeO2电影也证实使用XPS测量。图6显示了XPS C 1 s光谱的样品表面之前和之后沉浸在氯化钠水溶液。在浸,样品表面显然有三个山峰,是deconvoluted成6个组件。在一个结合能峰值284.6 eV可以归结明确C C / C H官能团那源自这个CH2官能团,部分由碳污染由于环境exposrure。绑定的能量峰值组件从286年到290年电动汽车可以deconvoluted分成三个组件对应于C O,Cd O,CF2 CH2团体.

另一个高峰在294左右的电动车可以分解成两个组件对应——-CF2 CF2和cf3基团。在XPS谱包括反褶积曲线C1s示例之前,沉浸在氯化钠水溶液中显示支持信息。浸的样品后在氯化钠水溶液,一些显著的变化在XPS谱可以清楚地观察到C1s。高峰在294左右的电动车是明显减少,消失在60分钟后浸。此外,随后改变ch2 -和-CF2 CF2——-CF2地区也可以观察到在180分钟后浸。这些结果表明,解吸的FAS吸附分子的纳米CeO2电影可能是由于腐蚀反应基于攻击的腐蚀性溶液。由于FAS解吸,水接触角可以增加逐渐减小的浸泡时间如图3所示。腐蚀产物来自裂缝如图4所示。因此,与腐蚀反应,然后anostructured CeO2电影可能剥离为原点的裂缝。然而,XPS谱和水接触角测量表明,FAS分子仍然会出现在样品表面因为表面高疏水性质展出。当浸没时间延长至360分钟,几乎没有改变光谱。因此,样品表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠水溶液在360分钟显示高疏水性质如图3所示。然而,进一步提高在浸泡时间的重要改变诱导样品表面清楚地看到在图2 d。此外,疏水性的样品表面是大大降低.

耐腐蚀性能的镁合金表面疏水性。我们调查了疏水性表面的耐腐蚀性能在5重量%氯化钠水溶液的电化学的观点。图7显示了动电位极化曲线(一个)未经处理的镁合金在沉浸在5重量%氯化钠水溶液为30分钟和疏水性表面上形成镁合金在沉浸在5重量%氯化钠水溶液为(b)30,(c)60,(d)180年,(e)1440分钟作为与腐蚀电流密度(jcorr)未经处理的镁合金(9.25十5 a / cm2),疏水性表面上形成镁合金(2.17十7 a / cm2)下降了超过1个数量级。jcorr的价值观的疏水性表面上形成镁合金在沉浸在氯化钠水溶液为60、180和1440分钟被估计为4.79十8,6.89十8和2.21十7 a / cm2,分别。应该指出的是,所有的jcorr值后的样品沉浸在氯化钠水溶液为60到1440分钟都远低于未经处理的镁合金。这支持这一结论,即我们的疏水性的治疗是有效的改善耐蚀性。这个腐蚀电位(Ecorr)。1510年对AZ31是ca mV。在更多的负面析氢占主导地位

比Ecorr潜力,从而提高阴极电流。在更积极的潜力比Ecorr、镁氧化盛行和金属不断溶解由于缺乏钝化层,它不是在这些条件下形成的高氯浓度。另一方面,Ecorr疏水性表面的ca。96 V和明显转向积极的方向与未经治疗的镁合金。在Ecorr的重大转变,积极的方向可以归因于改善疏水性的保护特性镁合金表面上形成。在更积极的潜力比Ecorr,突然增加电流密度的潜力的ca。830 mV显然是观察。这个增加可能与电流密度的点腐蚀,表明电解质渗透通过电影和因此发起的点蚀。这可能是由于渗透的电解质通过裂纹在影片中。一个类似的行为已经被报道甚至在铝合金。Ecorr移动的消极的方向和jcorr减少与增加浸泡时间的疏水性表面上形成镁合金。另一方面,被动的地区成为了宽。被动地区的存在表明,疏水性表面的展品保护特性在一个解决方案包含Cl离子。在的情况下样品浸了1440分钟后,没有提高电流密度在更积极的潜力比Ecorr,被动的地区,可观测到的曲线,电流密度值几乎保持不变,更积极的潜力比ca。10 50 mV。从结果的水接触角测量、XPS数据,和菲sem观察,外观的被动地区可能主要是由于被动氢氧化物薄膜,Mg(OH)2镁合金上形成。 到探针腐蚀机理和量化耐腐蚀性能的超疏水表面,EIS进行研究。图8给出了进化的阻抗谱疏水性表面上形成的镁合金中浸泡不同时间后5重量%氯化钠溶液。图8 b显示了放大阻抗谱。阻抗谱的未经处理的镁合金和疏水性表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠溶液为超过360个闵氏电容回路在高和中等频率和尾巴在低频段。电容式循环可以归因于电荷转移的腐蚀过程和尾巴可能是与扩散过程和关联在腐蚀层。另一方面,当浸泡时间小于180分钟,两个电容回路在高和介质低频率是观察见图8。第一个循环从高到中等频率区域可以归因于一个保护表面膜的FAS分子和/或纳米氧化铈,双层电容在电极表面,而第二个从介质低频率可能是由于电荷转移(腐蚀)阻力。逐渐下降的电容式循环与增加浸泡时间。这表明,防腐性能的疏水性表面上形成镁合金浸时间逐渐减小。防腐蚀性能的下降可能是由于局部腐蚀。这是在好的协议与观测到的结果和动电位极化曲线FESEM图像。使一个精确的分析的阻抗数据,提出了等效电路模型。未经处理的表面状态和治疗superhydrophobically镁合金是大大不同于物理化学的角度来看,因此两个不同的模型是用来适应阻抗谱。这两个等效电路模型图9所示。图9显示了等效电路模型代表了电化学行为的治疗对AZ31表面,它显示了一个时间常数。在这个电路,Rct意味着电荷转移电阻,CPEdl是固定相元素的双电层,和Rs是解决方案的阻力。Rct的价值是一个象征的总耐腐蚀性能。固定相的元素(CPE)常常用来代替了电容器的等效电路以适应阻抗行为的双电层更准确。

对于表面的疏水性,等效电路模型应该有两个时间常数在相应的阻抗谱,因为我们的装配式疏水性表面粗糙的表面有许多分钟毛孔,能捕获空气的独奏曲d -液界面。Cc通常会被分配到一个表面的电容的电影,它是基于各种因素如膜厚度及缺陷结构。Rct | | Cdl的元素在图9 b显示了阻抗与界面反应之间的电影和衬底。并行组合的Rc和Cc代表阻抗与界面反应电解质溶液之间和电影。斯垣福,以下简称通常是与电阻和电容和关联的空气在一个微小孔隙,分别。斯垣福| |以下简称的元素被安排在平行于上述两个元素与考虑到许多分钟毛孔会充满空气。通过应用这种等效电路模型在图9 b阻抗谱的疏水性表面上形成镁合金,更好的拟合结果可以获得。此外,我们应用了等效电路模型如图9 c到疏水性表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠水溶液为1440分钟。这个模型中常常使用的情况下在金属基体形成保护膜。我们使用了模型的原因是水的接触角的疏水性表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠水溶液为1440分钟显示亲水性能和空气层之间形成的许多分钟毛孔不存在。拟合结果代表表1中列出。Rct获取的值的拟合结果作为一个函数的浸泡时间在5重量%氯化钠水溶液图10所示。Rct值的减少与增加浸泡时间。特别是,减少Rct值的浸泡时间在180年和360年之间min是显而易见的。调查这个原因,伯德图如图11所示,因为相位角,j,是一个敏感的参数说明存在着额外的时间常数的阻抗谱和整个阻抗数据提出了明确。图11显示了未经处理的伯德图和疏水性治疗镁合金。一个定义明确的时间常数可观测到的EIS光谱未经处理的镁合金约100赫兹。这弛豫过程是与电化学活性的未经处理的镁合金表面浸在氯化钠水溶液和可以归结于这个电容的电化学双层在固体/电解液界面。在低频率的电阻响应对应的极化电阻。EIS光谱的疏水性表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠溶液为更多的than36 0分钟节目一阶段最大在中频和表现出类似的行为来治疗镁合金,而那些表面的疏水性沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠溶液在180分钟有两个阶段最大值在相对较低的和高频率(图11 b)。高频时间常数,大约在105赫兹,与疏水性表面上形成镁合金。另一个时间常数大约在3赫兹可以归结于这个电容的双层并转移到较低的频率比时间常数未经处理的镁合金因为好屏障性能的疏水性表面,抑制渗透的氯化钠水溶液对镁合金表面。此外,阻抗行为的疏水性表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠溶液在180分钟显示一个类似的形状(图11)。这样

一个形状与孔隙度与漆层的现象。单调的阻抗水平降低和增加浸泡时间。在低频区,一个巧合的光谱观测的疏水性表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠溶液在180分钟。这个阻抗行为在低频区域取决于属性的保护层。高阻抗水平的证据,我们的疏水性表面显示高耐蚀性由于疏水性财产如果浸泡时间是180分钟之内。然而,在这个情况下,浸没时间超过360分钟,不同的阻抗行为可以被观察到。浸泡时间的增加导致不同的化学和/或物理变化对镁合金表面疏水性形成。当浸泡时间是360分钟,形成腐蚀产物增加清楚地看到在图4 b。由于改变表面状态,Z | |价值年代的疏水性表面逐渐方法的未经处理的镁合金在浸泡时间增加。然而,| | Z值在低频率的疏水性表面上形成镁合金在沉浸在5重量%氯化钠水溶液24 h估计是大约7.2 103Ω平方厘米,5数量级高于未经处理的镁合金。这表明我们的疏水性膜阻碍腐蚀产物的形成明显由于协同效应的superhydrophobicity基于FAS涂层和防护性能的纳米氧化铈电影。粘合性能的疏水性膜在镁合金。量化性疏水性膜对镁合金,ASTM标准D 3359 - 02年横截胶带测试被执行。图12显示了疏水性表面的照片(a)和(b)之前的横截胶带测试之后。显示的疏水性膜附着力好到镁合金表面没有广场被删除后切除磁带。此外,水接触角的疏水性表面之前和之后的横截胶带测试几乎是相同的。这有力地证明了FAS分子附到纳米氧化铈共价电影和附着力的疏水性膜对镁合金表面是好的。腐蚀机制覆盖镁合金疏水性膜。最后,我们提出了腐蚀机理的疏水性表面上形成镁合金涂上纳米氧化铈。图13显示了原理图的腐蚀机理,对镁合金表面疏水性形成。在步骤1 corres水洼到疏水性表面在浸,疏水性表面有一些裂缝表面上。初沉浸在5重量%氯化钠水溶液(步骤2),渗透的解决方案通过裂缝可能是由于减少了疏水性表面上。由穿透的腐蚀性溶液,镁合金表面接触与腐蚀性溶液,形成腐蚀产物(步骤3)。再浸导致局部击穿的保护层,疏水性表面由纳米氧化铈和FAS分子由于诉讼的局部腐蚀攻击(目的)。即使再浸引起故障的保护层,形成许多腐蚀产物,导致了化学和物理变化在表面的州(步骤5)。这种变化会改变表面的润湿性质的从superhydrophobicity来superhydrophilicity,如图3所示。然而,耐腐蚀是多少高于未经处理的镁合金。这可能是不仅因为表面疏水性的部分承受腐蚀作用可以充当一个防护层,但也因为一个被动的氢氧化物薄膜,Mg(OH)2,可以镁合金上形成。

4.结论

防腐性能和耐久性的疏水性表面涂以镁合金纳米氧化铈在腐蚀性氯化钠溶液电影进行了电化学和接触角测量。FESEM图像显示,没有任何改变表面形态之前和之后的沉浸在5重量%氯化钠anqueous解决方案在180分钟可以被观察到。相比之下,浸的疏水性表面在5重量%氯化钠水溶液为1440分钟引起显著改变表面形态。水接触角测量表明,平均静态水接触角的疏水性表面逐渐减少的增加有浸泡时间在5重量%氯化钠水溶液。静态水接触角的疏水性表面沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠水溶液在360分钟减少到范围。136年的ca(2到152(2。另一方面,平均静态水接触角沉浸在之后5重量%氯化钠水溶液24小时减少到50(2。防腐电阻的疏水性表面上形成镁合金估计通过动电位和EIS测量。电化学动电位极化曲线测量表明,疏水性表面上形成镁合金表现出更高的腐蚀性能比未经处理的镁合金。比腐蚀电流密度的未经处理的镁合金,superhydrophobically镁合金的治疗减少了超过1的顺序级。EIS测量和适当的等效电路模型显示,防腐电阻是明显地改善了疏水性的治疗。然而,镁表面被观察到具有腐蚀了从小孔的裂缝。腐蚀的机理,疏水性表面上形成的镁合金还提议。根据ASTM标准D 3359横截胶带测试,附着力的疏水性膜对镁合金表面非常好。我们相信一个疏水性表面将是一个有效的策略来改善各种防腐蚀性能工程材料。

第15篇：专业英语

我国经济和科学技术正在高速发展，随着我国机械行业实力的不断提升，中国正在加速产品与设备的更新与改造，我国与其他国家在各技术领域也正在实现进一步的合作，许多企业引进了很多进口设备，大量资料是英文原版的。因此，学生将来在工作岗位上能否读懂这些资料就是摆在面前的一个严峻的问题，特别是在生产实际中碰到现场实际问题的时候，很可能需要查阅原版英文资料或与相关专家用英语交流专业技术来谋取解决途径，所以机械工程专业英语的掌握就变得越来越重要。

一、学习机械专业英语面临的主要问题

1.缺乏足够的重视，认为没必要

许多学生对专业英语重视不够，认为自己以后在工作岗位上一般用不上，学起来又不容易，不想花功夫去学习和加强专业英语方面的能力，即便有专业英语课程也是抱着及格万岁的思想，敷衍了事。其实，随着社会的发展，各种工作岗位对人才的要求越来越高，即使作为一名操作工，也有很大可能要面对纯英文的说明书、加工图纸等专业文献，更无须说将来担任管理和领导岗位对专业英语的需求了。

2专业基础知识不扎实

专业基础不扎实、专业知识的缺乏是专业英语学习和翻译的一大障碍。只有既懂外语又懂专业的人才能适应全面的对外开放，

4.无法适应专业英语本身的特点

专业英语一般内容较为枯燥，阐述的是原理概念，结构严谨，不注重文字修饰，重在客观事实；专业词汇多，逻辑性强，理论推导多，有独特的文体形式和表达方式。在学习开始阶段，我感觉很难适应。

二、大学生学好机械专业英语的方法

1.把握专业知识

必须将机械专业知识与英语知识相结合。缺乏专业知识，翻译专业文献就没有了根基，成了无本之末。也许自己在学习过程中就会对翻译出来的东西拿捏不稳，或者自己都不明白，更不能保证对错了。所以，学生必须加强开设本课程前的相关专业知识的学习，为本课程的学习扫清这方面的阻碍，减轻负担。也有学生反映，专业英语学完以后，英语和专业两方面都有所巩固和加强，所以学生要做的仍旧是树立信心，保持良好积极的心态。

2.积累专业词汇和专业术语

在专业英语的学习过程中，学生既要巩固基础词汇，也要学习专业词汇，更要注重基础词汇的习惯用法、含义和在专业英语中的特殊用法、含义，同时，学生还需要在识记专业词汇的同时，掌握一定量的词根、词缀［7］。提高专业英语资料的阅读能力必须扩大词汇量，掌握一定量的专业词汇。如果词汇量掌握得不够，阅读时就会感到生词多，障碍大，不但影响阅读的速度，而且影响理解的程度，从而不能进行有效的阅读，还容易使人产生挫败感。而学生要想扩大词汇量，就必须在阅读的同时进行识记，并扩大阅读范围。

3培养浓厚兴趣

培养对英语的兴趣至关重要。“兴趣是最好的老师”，兴趣是学习英语的巨大动力，有了兴趣，学习就会事半功倍。我们都有这样的经验：喜欢的事，就容易坚持下去；不喜欢的事，是很难坚持下去的。而兴趣不是与生俱来的，需要培养。必须要用正确的态度对待英语学习，用科学的方法指导学习。多让自己去尝试，通过努力让自己体会成功的愉悦。

三、结语

用英语进行专业交流是学习机械工程专业英语的最终目的。由于翻译过程是个创造性的、从生疏到熟练的过程，只有具备刻苦的精神、严肃认真的学习态度和一定的英语水平、专业水平和汉语表达水平，才能充分理解原专业文献的含义，把握原文的想要表述的实质内容，运用种种表达手段和翻译技巧，用准确流畅的符合汉语言习惯的语言生动地再现原文。所以，为把自己培养成为复合型、有发展后劲的高技能人才，大学生必须把握机械工程专业知识，培养专业英语的学习兴趣，积累专业英语学习方法和基础知识，加强英文原始专业文献的阅读，扩大知识面，迅速而切实地提高自己的专业英语的应用能力，为将来更好地适应高素质工作岗位和进一步发展的需要打下良好的基础。

第16篇：专业英语

土木工程翻译实例----现场质量控制样件概述 On-site Quality Control Samples

The Specialist contractor shall erect the first area of each type of the Works and offer these to the Project Manager as on-site quality control samples.

The standard of workmanship for the Works shall be to an agreed standard established by the construction of the On-site Quality Control Samples.The Project Manager shall review and comment on the On-site Quality Control Samples.Should the specialist contractor wish to continue with installation of any of the Works before the Project Manager has reviewed and commented on the On-site Quality Control Samples, he shall do so at his own risk.The Project Manager may require parts of the sample to be dismantled to allow inspection of concealed details.Upon acceptance, the on-site control samples shall remain as part of the installed permanent Works.The Project Manager shall reject workmanship that falls below the accepted standard and shall require the specialist contractor to remove it and re-install it to the acceptable standard.现场质量控制样件

专业分包商应首先安装每种类型工程的第一个区域并将它作为现场质量控制样件提供给项目经理。 把已通过审批的现场质量控制样件的施工标准作为工程的工艺标准。项目经理应对现场质量控制样件进行审查和评论。如果分包商想在以上步骤完成之前继续进行任何工程的安装，一切风险将由其自行承担。项目经理可以要求部分地拆除样件以检查隐蔽工程的详细节点。工程验收之后，现场质量控制样件仍然应作为永久工程的一部分。项目经理可以拒绝没有达到验收标准的工艺并要求专业承包商将其去除同时按照验收标准重新安装。

我的土木工程翻译----材料来源及其证书(摘于合同文件)

Compliance with Standards

Unle otherwise described, all materials shall conform to the appropriate current European or British Standard Specifications.The Specialist contractor shall provide the Project

Manager, on request, with guarantees, or certificates of conformity, from the prime material manufacturers and suppliers proving that the materials to be used do in fact conform to such specifications.These guarantees or certificates shall also confirm that the materials are suitable and appropriate for their intended use within the Works and will satisfy this Contract Document.

遵从规范

除非有特别的说明，所有的材料均应符合相应的现行欧洲或英国规范。专业承包商应该按照要求把从原材料厂家和供应商那里获得的保证书或认证书递交项目经理用以证明即将使用的材料着实符合这类规范。这些保证书或认证书也应该确认这些材料在工程中的用途适当且合理，同时符合合同文件。

Sources of Materials

In accordance with the schedule of submiions, the Specialist contractor shall provide for the Project Manager’s review a list of the proposed materials and their sources.He shall also provide documents from the sources as evidence of their ability to carry out the tasks

expected of them, and written confirmation that the materials they are supplying are suitable and appropriate for their intended use and will satisfy this Contract Document.

The Specialist contractor shall obtain the total quantity of each material from the same manufacturer.

The Specialist contractor shall obtain materials from established and reputable

manufacturers, particularly those who are prepared to aist him with the design proce, through to the fabrication and final installation on site.

材料的来源 根据递交计划表，专业承包商应把含有提议使用材料的名称及其来源信息的列表递交项目经理审阅。专业承包商还应提供从材料供应商那里获得的相关文件以证明他们有能力完成其任务,以及书面确认用以证明这些材料在工程中的用途适当且合理，同时符合合同文件。

专业承包商应获得每种材料从同一个生产商购买的总数量。

专业承包商使用的材料应向知名的生产商购买。特别是他们完全能够从设计、装配到现场安装整个过程中给与承包商支持。

土木工程翻译----白令海峡大桥的简介摘录

第一次知道白令海峡大桥是在上大学的时候桥梁课老师梁力给我们播放了《Discovery》中一集专门介绍它的视频，我被它的壮观，雄伟所震撼，今天突然想到了这座“坚强”撼世之桥，特意把它的资料找了出来，并把其中一小段翻译出来和大家一起分享。

Bering Strait bridge

白令海峡大桥的简介摘录

Technical challenges技术挑战

The route would lie just south of the Arctic Circle, subject to long, dark winters and extreme weather (average winter lows 20°C with poible lows approaching 50°C).Maintenance of any exposed roadway would be difficult and closures frequent.Even maintenance of enclosed roadways and pipelines could also be affected by winter weather.Ice breakup after each winter is violent and would destroy normal bridge piers.Specially shaped maive piers along the ocean floor would be needed to keep the bridge stable.The Confederation Bridge between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick addrees similar concerns on a much smaller scale.桥的路线正好位于北极圈的南端,它受到了漫长黑暗的冬季和极限天气的影响(冬天的平均温度低至20°C而且最低的温度甚至可能达到50°C)。任何暴露在外的路面部分的维护工作都是很困难进行的，所以不得不频繁地将其关闭。即使是关闭的路面和管线的维护也将受到冬季气候的影响。在冬天过后冰的消融也会是危险强烈的并且会对普通的桥墩造成毁灭性的破坏。这就需要沿着海床布置具有特殊形状的大桥墩以保证桥的稳定性。位于爱德华王子岛和新布朗斯威克之间的联邦大桥就面临着类似的问题，只不过它受影响的范围要小得多。

The United States and Canada use the British and now world standard gauge (4 feet, 8.5 inches wide) rails, while Ruia uses Ruian broad gauge (5 feet wide) tracks, a

break-of-gauge, and this would have to be addreed.A dual-gauge track network has been proposed, as those are used in some areas of Australia, whose rail network is split into different gauges.A cheaper solution is variable gauge axles or bogie exchange, as used at several places in the world already.

美国和加拿大的铁路采用英国的也是现在的世界标准轨距（4英尺，8.5英寸宽），而俄罗斯的铁路采用俄罗斯宽轨距（5英尺宽），需要说明的是这样就形成了具有不同轨距的铁路。一个具有双轨距的铁路网方案被提了出来，这种方案正在澳大利亚某些地区使用，他们的铁路网就为存在不同的轨距。一个造价更低的解决方案就是使用变轨距车轮或转向车，这种方案已经在世界多个地方使用了。

土木工程翻译---施工安全

1、水平安全绳之设置，应依下列规定办理：

a、采用￠8.3钢丝绳，两端各用三个U型卡扣紧固在建筑物或构筑物牢固位置。

b、相邻两支柱间的安全绳限系挂一条安全带。

c、每条安全绳可系挂安全带之条数标示于绳锚锭端。

2、垂直安全绳之设置，应依下列规定办理： a、安全绳之下端应有防止安全带锁扣自尾端脱落之设施。

b、一条安全绳限供一名工人使用。

c、劳工作业或爬升位置之水平间距在一米以下者，得二人共享一条安全绳。

d、所有垂直安全绳应垂伸至地面/已完成楼板。

e、完成检验的安全带或安全绳皆应贴上下表所示的当月合格颜色标签，以利大家轻易分辨已完成检验的合格安全带。

f、在吊篮内施工，安全带必须系挂在安全绳自锁器上，不得系挂在除安全绳以外的任何地方。

g、施工人员应配备工具箱，将所用小附件装箱存放，小工具必须拴绳使用，防止高空坠落伤及人、物。临边物

料的摆放不得随意放置，要距离楼板边缘至少1米以上的安全位置，防止风吹或人碰落楼下，伤及人、物。 h、摆放如玻璃、箱体等大件物体时，必须有安全保护措施，如大尺寸规格的玻璃（2.4平方米以上的）要求对

称摆放在玻璃架子两侧，并用绳子捆绑牢固，成箱的玻璃尽量集中存放，玻璃箱倾斜垫牢，并用木板将各木箱相连接，以免倒塌。

i、现场设置急救箱，在高温季节给工人发放防暑降温物品。

我的译文：

1.The setup of horizontal safety rope should comply with the followingprovisions:

a.￠8.3 wire rope should be applied.Three U-shaped clasphould be used one both

ends to tighten onto the stable places on the buildingor structure.

b.Only one safety belt could be tied on the safety rope between two adjacentstrut rods.

c.The number of safety belt allowed to be tied should be marked on the head ofthe

rope’s anchor.

2.The setup of vertical safety rope should comply with the following provisions:

a.At lower end of the safety rope, there should be facilities to prevent the fastener of safety

belt from falling off from the caudal end.

b.One safetyrope should only be used by on worker.

c.When horizontal distance between the operation or climbing position of workers iswithin one meter, one safety rope should be shared by two workers.

d.All the vertical safety rope should draw down to ground/completed floor.

e.The followingstick in colors should be stuck onto safety belts or safety ropes after test todisplay test paing of current month.In this way, qualified safety belt aftertest would be easy to recognize.

f.During operation in basket, safety belt must be tied onto the self-lock of the safetyrope; tying onto any places besides safety rope is prohibited.

g.Builder should be equipped with tool box.Small acceories should be kept in the boxand fastened to rope when in use to prevent from being dropped from height andhitting people or objects.Material and supplies at the edge of construction area should not be placed at will; more than one meter’s distance from the edgeof the floor is considered safe location for placing; in this way, droppingcaused by wind or man and hitting people or objects could be avoided.

h.when big objects such as gla or boxes are placed, safety protection measures must becarried out.For example, gla of big dimensions (above 2.4 square meters)should be placed onto the two sides of the gla shelf with symmetry, and boundand fastened with rope.Gla in boxes should be placed together at one placeas much as poible.Boxes of Gla should be well padded to prevent fromslant.Wood-blocks should be used to joint all boxes to prevent from collapse.

i.First-aidbox should be placed at construction site.Workers should be given heat controlarticles in high temperature season.

第17篇：专业英语

电气专业英语词汇

电磁感应定律(electromagnetic inductive law) 变压器的分类（claification of transformer） 短路实验（short circuit test）

标么值的定义（definition of pre-unit value） 基准值的选取（selection of basic value）

变压器的运行性能（operation characteristics of transformer） 电压变化率 (voltage regulation factor)

变压器的电压调节（voltage regulation of transformer） 三相变压器 (three-phase transformer)三相变压器的磁路系统(magnetic circuit system of three-phase transformer)

交流电机绕组、电动势及磁动势(winding, emf and mmf of alternating current machine) 磁动势magnetomotive force [电磁]

交流绕组简介(the outline of alternating current winding) 主磁通和漏磁通main flux and leakage flux 功率平衡 (power balance) 转矩平衡（and torque balance） 电磁转矩 (electromagnetic torque) 参数表达式parameter expreion 转矩特性(torque characteristics) 实用表达式（practical expreion） 转速特性 (speed characteristic)输出转矩特性 （output torque characteristic） 定子电流特性（Characteristics of stator current）效率特性（efficiency characteristic）

定子功率因数特性(Characteristics of the stator power factor) 机械特性mechanical characteristics

感应式电机induction machine马蹄形磁铁horseshoe magnet磁场magnetic field涡流eddy current右手定则right-hand rule左手定则 left-hand rule转差率slip

感应电动机induction motor旋转磁场rotating magnetic field绕组 winding定子stator转子rotor

感生电流induced current时间相位time-phase励磁电压exciting voltage槽solt

叠片lamination ， 叠片铁芯laminated core短路环short-circuiting ring鼠笼 squirrel cage转子铁芯rotor core

铸铝转子cast-aluminum rotor青铜bronze马力horsepower散绕random-wound绝缘insulation交流环电动机ac motor端环end ring合金alloy

线圈绕组coil winding模绕form-wound

工作特性 performance characteristic

2

频率frequency

转/分revolutions per minute电动机驱动motor drive generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修

wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动

synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数

locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流

magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral线到中性点staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load 满载polyphase 多相 iron-lo 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励

armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的wave guide 波导 波导管bandwidth 带宽

light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石 二氧化硅

regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的

Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导 传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap 限波器shunt 分路器

Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控tuner 调谐器3

attenuate 衰减incident 入射的

two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压

time constant 时间常数

forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器

stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时

direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿

operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点

feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应

voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配

error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost-buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路

Automatic Voltage Regulator(AVR)自动电压调整器reference Voltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器

manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区

potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air-gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路

load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线air-gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器

conductor 导体

heating appliance 电热器direct-current 直流

时变线性系统linear time variant system 时不变线性系统linear time invariant system 自感self-inductor互感 mutual-inductor电介质the dielectric蓄电池storage battery

电动势e.m.f = electromotive force

发电机generator励磁excitation励磁器excitor电压voltage电流current

升压变压器step-up transformer母线bus

变压器transformer空载损耗no-load lo铁损iron lo铜损copper lo空载电流no-load current有功损耗reactive lo无功损耗active lo

输电系统 power transmiion system高压侧 high side输电线 transmiion line高压

high voltage低压low voltage中压middle voltage功角稳定 angle stability稳定 stability电压稳定voltage stability暂态稳定transient stability电厂power plant能量输送 power transfer交流 AC直流 DC

电网 power system落点 drop point开关站 switch station调节 regulation

高抗 high voltage shunt reactor并列的：apposable裕度 margin故障 fault

三相故障 three phase fault分接头tap

切机 generator triping高顶值 high limited value静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)机端电压控制 AVR电抗 reactance电阻 resistance功角 power angle

有功（功率） active power电容器Capacitor电抗器Reactor断路器Breaker

电动机motor

功率因数power-factor定子stator阻抗impedance功角power-angle电压等级voltage grade有功负载active load PLoad无功负载reactive load档位tap position电阻resistor电抗reactance电导conductance电纳susceptance上限upper limit下限lower limit正序阻抗positive sequence impedance负序阻抗negative sequence impedance零序阻抗zero sequence impedance无功（功率）reactive power功率因数 power factor无功电流 reactive current斜率 slope额定 rating变比 ratio

参考值 reference value电压互感器 voltage transformer 分接头 tap

仿真分析 simulation analysis下降率 droop rate

传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side同步 synchronization保护断路器 circuit breaker摇摆 swing阻尼 damping

无刷直流电机Brusle DC motor刀闸(隔离开关)Isolator机端 generator terminal变电站 transformer substation

永磁同步电机Permanent-magnet Synchronism Motor异步电机Asynchronous Motor

三绕组变压器three-column transformer ThrClnTrans双绕组变压器double-column transformer DblClmnTrans固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation双回同杆并架 double-circuit lines on the same tower单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bus system

励磁电流magnetizing current补偿度 degree of compensationElectromagnetic fields 电磁场失去同步 lo of synchronization装机容量 installed capacity

无功补偿 reactive power compensation故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time强行励磁 reinforced excitation并联电容器shunt capacitor下降特性 droop characteristics

线路电压降补偿器 LDC(line drop compensation)

第18篇：土木工程专业英语 高频词汇词汇总结(河工大土木)终结版（优秀）

土木091班 赵明阳 总结分享

Accumulation累计 Acquaint使熟悉 Adherion Admixture集合 Aerodynamic Aesthetic美学的 Aggregate集料

Alternate wetling and thrawing冻融循环 Descriptive描述的 叙述的 Deterministic决定性的 Displacement位移

Dispose处置 安排配置 Domestic家庭的 居民的

Dominate控制 Durability持久性 Dynamic load动荷载

Beam梁

Beholder旁观者

Bills of materials材料清单 Blended混合的 Buckling buttre支持物 Ceramics 陶瓷

Characteristic load特征荷载 Code法律条文 Coefficient系数 Collapse倒塌

Collision 碰撞 Column柱

Comply同意 遵守 Composite 合成的 Compreion压力

Conceivably可想象的可得到的 Concentrated load集中荷载 Condense浓缩的 Conference会议

Confidence interval置信区间 Congestion充满拥挤

Contemplate注视思考打算设想 Contradistingction相反的 correlation关联相关性 cosmic宇宙的

cover up包裹 隐藏 Crack破坏 Creep徐变 Criterion标准

Cro section area 横截面积 Cumbersome笨重的 麻烦的 Decimal小数

Decisive确定的 决定的 Deduce推导出 Deflect 偏转下垂 Editorial board 编辑委员会 Emphatically强调地 Epitome更改 Erosion腐蚀

Erratic反复无常的 Ethical伦理的 evoke唤起

Evolve from进化

Evolve开展发展研究出 Exceed超出 Exceively

Explicitly明显的明白的 Exposure暴露

extrapolate推断 外推 Factually事实的，真实的 fancy想象的

Fire resistance防火性 Formulate方程 fudge捏造 空话

General arrangement 总体布置 Gravel砾石 Hazard危险 heed注意留心

Homogeneous均匀的 单一的 Humidity湿度 Humility谦卑德 illuminate照亮 Impair削减

implication纠缠 隐含 Impose 将……强加于 Incipient开始的初期的 Incline倾斜 弄斜 Inerative反复的 Inertia惯性

Inherent为……所固有的 injunction命令 指令

分享快乐

土木091班 赵明阳 总结分享

Instill浸染

Interactive相互作用的 Intrinsic内在的 本质的 Jack 千斤顶 Justify证明

Lateral load水平和在 Leak泄漏 Legal法律的

Legitimate合法的

Load carrying capability承载力

Load factor荷载因数

Longitudinal长度的 纵向的

Lubricate润滑

Lucrative可赚钱的 Maintenance保养

Ma production大量生产 Maive大量的 Mature 成熟的 Meld混合组合 Misalignment Miscellaneous杂乱的 Moisture潮湿 Moment力矩 Neutral中立的 Norminal名义的

Obsure模糊的 不清楚的 Ordinate法典 Orient取向

Originator创始人

Overdesign过安全设计 Perceive感觉 Pertain附属的 Pinpoint准确定位

Plain concrete素混凝土 Plan view平面图

Plaster Plaster砂浆

Plastic deformation 塑性变形 Postulate假定 Precedent先例

Precompreion预应力 Preliminary基本的 Presume假定

Probabilistic 概率的 Prohibitive禁止的

Prominent突出的，杰出的 Proportion比例

Provisional暂定的 嘉定的 Provision预防 规定 Rationally 合理地 Rational合理的 Rational基本原理

Ready mixed concrete预拌混凝土

recapituled扼要概述 Reference参考

Reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土

Reinforcing steel钢筋 Relevance关联

Render提出。给与描绘表现 Renewal更新

Replicate重复 重现 Restrain约束

Safety margin安全储备 Sag 下垂

Salient 明显的

Scrutiny细看仔细推敲 Seismic地震的

Settlement 下降 Shortcut抄近路 Shrinkage收缩

Single load集中荷载 Skeleton骨架

Specification详细说明 Specified load规定荷载 Specify规定 Splice连接拼接 Springy有弹性的

Standard interval 标准区间 Static load静荷载 Static load静荷载 Stiffne

Stochastic随机的，不确定的

Strength of materials材料力学 Stre-strain curve 应力应变曲线 Structural an结构分析alysis Subjective主管的

Subscriber 订阅者 签署者 Substance物质材料内容

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土木091班 赵明阳 总结分享

Supervision监督

Sustained load 持续荷载 Table of content目录 Tensile strength抗拉强度 Tension拉力

Thermal expansion热膨胀 Tolerance容许 Torque 扭转力矩 Tractable易处理的 Trade journal 行业杂志 Transcribe抄写 记录 Transmit传送 Turbulent汹涌的

Ultimate strength最大强度 Underdesign欠安全设计 Underreinforced配筋不足的 Undue 过度的

Uniformly distributed load 均布荷载 unsettled不稳定的 Utilization使用 利用 Veneer镶片 饰面 Verify 校验 Vertical竖向的 Visualize Void空的

Withstand承受

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第19篇：专业英语1

专业英语

4单元

An alternating沿着特殊路径1上A、B亮点间的交流电压周期性改变符号.故如果假设A到B为正方向,那么同一瞬间B到A则为负方向,这就是为什么要标出假定正方向的非常重要的原因.图中,这样的方向都是用箭头或者下划线表示,并表示正参考方向.

Electric engineering电气工程使用最简单、最常见并且随时间呈正弦变化的交流电.因此是按正弦变化的电流.非正弦电流增加能量损失.感应过电压过度地影响通信电路,这一事实解释了为什么首选正弦电路.

The transmiion远距离信息传送也用信号调制正弦电流的幅值、频率和相位。周期的非正弦电流可以被认为是同一时间，不用频率的正弦电流的组合。这就是为什么所有的正弦电流电路都很重要的原因。

13单元

As far as考虑到电动机，我们一直尝试着无限的变速电机，把它接到交流电网，这样就可以省略了中间交、直流转换参数。最近的一项发展涉及到用转换器代替整流器。因换向器和电刷用一种特殊的方式直接作用于线圈电流，这是线圈处于 场中某一特定位置。这种功能可以通过安装在传动轴上的传感器设备来演示。从电枢绕组上分出接线，一定不是定子上接到这个电路里面。用不同的方法可得到一些成就，但是总有些缺陷，就好像对直流电机的要求还要很多年才能实现。并、复、他励电机是用来启动的，他们必须运行在一个较宽的速度范围，并且运行在自动控制系统中，串励电机用于启动转矩较大，过载系数自动限制，功率需求并且过载时可提供较高的转矩。

Summarizing then结论为：相对于同步感应电机而言，尽管直流电机在最大功率和最高速度方面有最低限制，但也可以应用于实际生活中的任何领域。

Discuion of dc machine直流电机应用方面的研讨将涉及电机重要部分运行特性的简单说明。同时，也考虑到机械地位的经济性和科技性的评估，以及能量转换设备的竞争力。一般来讲，直流电机的突出优越性在于他的灵活性和多用性。而主要的 不利条件也许就是对初始投资的担忧。然而，直流电动机仍然在工业应用领域占据着强有力的优势。

16单元

The no-load currents of因为三相磁路、磁通量的磁阻相同，三相 感应电机的空载电流组成了一个对称的系统。换句话说，空载电流波形近似于正弦波。因为有相对较大的气隙存在，电流的三次谐波或者相应的磁通量不会变得如此重要。

The e.m.p transformation感应电机的电动势转换因数，代替~~~~~

In induction machines在感应机器，如变压器中，二次侧于一次侧紧密相关，也就是二次侧绕组可由另一个每极每相，槽数不同的绕组代替作为一次 侧。为了维持设备的功率关系，二次侧参数需要相应的重新计算。 19单元

In this case在 这种情况下，当忽略磁路中铁芯上的磁阻，同时也忽略极与极靴间的磁导时（这是一个相对较小的间隙），我们就可以假设极靴间的空气隙里面磁密曲线和磁势曲线相同。由于磁场失去它的正弦形式，它将会在定子绕组电动势中不仅感应出基波，也感应出高次谐波。Higher-olderharmonics

问答1 空载和负载时主磁通是否变化？为什么？书77页

The secondary currentand the resulting ampere-turns I2N2 will change the flux，tending to demagnetize the core，reduce øm and with it E1.Φp is unchanged in eq magnitude from the no load condition on since，neglecting resistance，it still has to provide a total back e.m.p equal to V1.

问答2 串励电机励磁转矩与电枢电流关系？书87 第二段

The torque is production to almost the square of the current al low saturations an to some power between 1 and 2as saturation increases.

第20篇：专业英语 工程力学

1.In the finite element method ,the actual continuum or body of matter like solid ,liquid or

gasis represented as an aemblage of subdivisions called finite elements .these elements areconsidered to be interconnected at specified joints which are called nodes or nodal points .the nodes usually lie on the element boundaries where adjacent elements are considered to be connected.

在有限元方法中，本来连续体物质像固体液体气体被看做是一个划分后有限单元的集合。这些单元被认为是在指定的关节是相互联系的,这些关节被称为节点。这些节点通常附着在与附近单元相联系的边界上

2.With the program registered in some information support, and the data and proper control

commands added, the program is ready to be tested by submitting it for proceing.At the beginning, the program will include some errors that may be syntax errors and logic errors.Syntax errors appears because some of the rules of the language are violated.Normally these can be easily detected and corrected.Logic errors correspond to the case that a syntax error-free program is submitted for execution, but it does not produce the desired results.随着程序的编写在信息的支持下，数据和合适的控制命令的增加，这个程序快速的被测试，通过提交它给过程。在开始时，这个程序会包含一些错误，语法错误和逻辑错误。语法错误出现，是因为一些语言规则被违反。通常这些能容易被发觉和改正。逻辑错误相应的原因，是一个语法自由错误程序被提交执行，但是它没有产生想要的结果。

3.This large discrepancy was explained by the proposal of Griffith that glay materials

contained cracklike defects which are as stre raisers.Griffith argued that for the case of uniaxial tensile loading of a material containing a crack in the plane perpendicular to the tensile axis, the crack would begin to grow and cause ultimate failure at strees below the theoretical strength.

这个大的差异被Griffith的提议解释，这个提议是玻璃质材料存在易碎的缺陷即应力集中。Griffith认为，例如单轴拉力荷载作用一个物体上，附体在垂直于拉力轴线的平面上有裂纹，裂纹将开始增在，在理论强度应力下导致最终的破坏

4.In recent years, high-strength alloys have become increasingly widely used.Because

fabrication methods are often imperfect, many structures made from these materials contain cracklike defects.As a consequence of this, fracture prior to plastic yield has become an increasingly familiar mode of failure.Under these circumstances,designs based solely on resistance to plastic deformation are often inadequate when high-strength materials are used.It is, therefore, important for many applications to have a theory for metals which can either predict the breaking loads for structures containing flaws or cracks of known geometry, or predict the maximum tolerable flaw size for a given load.The subject of relating the fracture strength of a part to the size of the flaws it contains is called fracture mechanics.

在最近几年，高强度合金的应用变得越来越广泛。因为制作方法常常不完美。许多用这些材料做成的结构存在易碎的缺点。这个导致的后果就是，断裂提前于屈服的破坏模式变得越来越平凡。在这些情况下，建立在完全抵抗塑性变形的基础上设计，在使用高强度合金时，常常不适当。因此，一个应用对于能够预测有裂纹和几何缺陷的结构的破坏，或是预测在一个荷载作用下，最大允许裂纹尺寸的理论就很重要。这个关于断裂强度和相应的断裂尺寸的学科被称为断裂力学

5.If the strain in the sample were to be strictly uniaxial, the holes would tend to elongate in

the tension direction and become smaller in the transverse direction.This would result in

long stringlike holes which would have little detrimental effect on the strength of the body.如果例子中的应变是严格的单轴应变，这些洞会趋向于拉伸沿着拉力方向，在横向上变小。这会产生长线型的洞，这些洞对物体的强度会有一些不利的影响

6.Civil engineering is claimed to be the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for

the use and convenience of man.The part played by civil engineers in pioneering work and in developing wide areas of the world has been and continues to be enormous.Civil engineers must make use of many different branches of knowledge including mathematics, theory of structures, hydraulics, soil mechanics, surveying, hydrology, geology and economics.

建筑工程被称作竖起来的艺术，力量的来源于现实生活中人们的使用和舒适。发挥工程师在创业和在世界的发展中的广大地区扮演着并将继续充当重要的角色，土木工程师一定使用许多不同的学科，包括数学，结构理论，水力学，土力学，测量，水文，地质学和经济学

7.In a world that is becoming more and more interdependent, there is an ever-increasing need

to link communications systems on various continents and to provide live international television coverage.This need is now being met by the communications satellites.

在一个越来越相互依存的世界里，对于把各个大陆的通讯系统连接起来和提供国际电视直播报道的需求不断增长，这种需求现在被通讯卫星所实现。

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