地震英语（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：地震英语话剧

学生ABCD

救援人员EF

总理G

专家HI

主持人J

情景13分钟

宿舍里ABCD

A 玩电脑被砸死

B在学习跳楼

C 睡觉没人叫 被砸被救

D 打电话跑了

情景23 分钟

救援 EF GBC

情景35分钟

ADEHIJ

情景1

A在玩电脑游戏，他非常投入，听着音乐，他喜欢晃腿

B在旁边认真地学习，并不耐烦的告诉A 不要晃桌子

C在睡的很死，呼噜声非常大，

D在打电话，坐在C的床上

A is playing computer games ,he is in his own world and can't be attracted by other things.as serious as A ,B is doing his homework.Look at c,he always sleep just like a pig,and he is snoring just like this.what is d doing now？He is talking with his girlfriend in the phone.it seems just like a peaceful day as usual.however,the death is coming quitely.

学生A :doublekill！

学生B：oh，no！Why do you always shake your legs,look,the desk is shaking heavily.you made me feelthat like big earthquake

学生A:sorry,i am wrong.but how can the earthquake come.you always like to make jokes.maybe you have looked too many horror movies.

学生B:who knows?but if the earthquake really comes,we have no ways because we live on 6 floors.shall we jump out of the window?

学生A:You think too much，boy!just do you homework seriously and don"t think those bad things.ok?

学生B:ok

学生D:I don't have courses today .what are you doing now.

When the holiday comes we can get together again.of course i mi you!

Oh ,my god,our room is shaking heavily,what happend, may be the disaster comes,maybe we can't get together again forever.....

(D 推了一下C，没有叫醒，然后自己偷偷跑下去了)

学生B：don't shake your legs,the desk is shaking again!

学生A:sorry ,i forget!..........no,i am not shaking,what a strange phenomenon.学生B:earthquake? Dose it really come?what can i do?i see!

(A 说完就从窗户跳下去了，B继续玩)

学生B：i konw,i play games all the day,may be i just need a little sleep.

(B说完继续玩游戏，不久之后被砸倒)

学生C:what" up ?

(C醒来后赶快藏到了床底下)

情景2

B is dead because jumping from 6 floors is really a dangerous thing.B and C are buried in the ruin.Two hours later, the earthquake calm down ..he is very tired .the Rescue team comes here.there are 2 rescue personeland a dog all together,but the dog is lost........

救援人员E:Why is my dog?

救援人员F:We don't kown.let us serve the dog together

救援人员E：good idea.

学生C:Help!Help! I am dying!i want water.

救援人员F:listen carefuly,is there anyone shouting there?

救援人员E:ifmy dog is here,maybe it can tell us.

救援人员F:ok ,let's go there to have a look!

学生C:help ,help! Iam here,i don't want to die.i was just sleeping on my bed ,but now i was dying!

救援人员E:don't worry ,we can help you!give me your hand please..........

(经过救援，C 成功脱险，B还在里面)

学生C:thankyou very much,but my roommates is still buried in the ruin,please help him,please!

救援人员F:ok,he will be ok,don"worry.

(温总理来了)

Look，the premier Wen jiabao comes here personally，he is tired as well as very anxious.

总理G:““As a disaster is an order, every second counts for a survivor.It is the people who raise you up!Never cast aside and never give up!Saving a life belittles anything else!As long as there is a ray of hope， we will make every effort and never say never.”

The attendence of premierecourage everyone, they exhaust their energy to rescue victims.the Red Cro prove various goods and materials to victims.people from all the world leave thier own home to come here to help us.they dominate their money and clothes,giving their loving heart.

情景3

Hello everyone.Welcome to watch cctv .today we invite two earthquake experts H ,I,resue pesnol E,And the survivor C.

问C

What's your first reactiong when the earquake comes?

学生C:.........

救援人员E:

1.If you are indoors, duck or drop down to the floor.Take cover under a sturdy desk, table or other furniture.Hold on to it and be prepared to move with it.Hold the position until the ground stops shaking and it is safe to move.Stay clear of windows, fireplaces, woodstoves, and heavy furniture or appliances that may fall over.Stay inside to avoid being injured by falling gla or building parts.If you are in a crowded area, take cover where you are.Stay calm and encourage others to do likewise.

2.If you are outside, get into the open, away from buildings and power lines.

3.If you are driving, stop if it is safe, but stay inside your car.Stay away from bridges, overpaes and tunnels.Move your car as far out of the normal traffic pattern as poible.If poible, avoid stopping under trees, light posts, power lines, or signs.

4.If you are in a mountainous area, or near unstable slopes or cliffs, be alert for falling rock and other debris that could be loosened by the earthquake.

5.If you are at the beach, move quickly to higher ground or several hundred yards inland.

专家H:When an earthquake occurs, the most basic phenomenon is the ground of continuous vibration, mainly is obvious shaking.In the quake area people feel great shaking before, sometimes first feel about beats.This is because seismic waves from underground to ground came that p-wave first reach's sake.S-wave then produce the large amplitude of the horizontal wobble, is the main cause of the earthquake disaster 专家I:An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph.The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas.Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.

推荐第2篇：英语演讲稿 地震

Since we enter the 21st century,the spirit of cooperation has become more and more important.Win-win is a popular word.In this way, one plus one is actually bigger than rather than just equal to two.

In this highly developed society,the progre of science and technology is the result of cooperation.The Human Genome project is a good example.More than 1000 top scientists from different countries have participated in the great project.Every scientist may be a \'one\',but one plus one, the final result is much greater than \'two\'.

The theme of our society is not competition, but cooperation.Every stage of practice shows that people with spirit of cooperation or team work will win succe much more easily than those without the spirit, and a country or region will develop faster and better if cooperating with the outside world instead of self-enclosed.We can benefit from each oher if we create value together.We must correctly handle the relationship between cooperation and competition, and learn to cooperate with other.We need to make one and one bigger than two.

The terrible disaster caused more then 40075 inhabitants deaths and countle injured up to18:00 May 20th.The 8-day search-and- rescue efforts have put more strain on people\'s nerves.Many Chinese spent the agonizing week following news on TV, on net, or glancing over newspapers and on public transport during rush hours.Even strangers exchanged information on the updated death toll and the latest outcome of rescue miions; cheered for every survival narrowly escaping hell; mourned each new death; and prayed for the strong lives still trapped in the debris.But hope is dimming as time is running out.So many people lost their lives in a flash, so many happy family become destitute and homele far and near, so many buildings collapsed without any hesitate, the earth cracked, and even worse, it rained while others try to rescue them…I can not image how sad a child will be that she or he turn out to be orphan after this earthquake.Or the old lost all her offspring in this earthquake.people begin to wonder what they can do to help those who are still suffering.

What else can I do? has been the question on everyone\'s mind since the deadly quake hit Sichuan province.

After all, only a few warm-hearted volunteers could acce the front lines of combating disaster considering the complicated conditions and fear of potential calamity.people can be seen everywhere lining up to make donations.In many cities, blood banks have been reported up to saturation; and volunteers wishing to donate blood have to register and wait for to be notified.More and more people are eager to be involved in the rescue and relief work that they are becoming unsatisfied with the disaster-relief efforts made outside of the quake-ravaged areas; and volunteers are descending upon the worst-hit areas in growing numbers.

It is pity that there are a lot of disasters in this Olympic year.This year, we, Chinese people, really have suffered a lot.however, we have not been defeated, instead, we\'ve become more united and show great resolution to overcome all kinds of challenges to make our country more thriving and prosperous.

When people shout slogans Cheer up, China!, Cheer up, Wenchuan! after a three-minute silent tribute to quake victims, at the Tian\'anmen Square in central Beijing,I know that the nightmare of the 8 days gone by will fade from the collective Chinese mind with time;and I could see the Chinese longings to rebuild a better future with dauntle perseverance and national esprit de corps !

推荐第3篇：英语地震慰问信

a letter of condolence 地震慰问信 1 中国四川汶川大地震灾害 严重， 已造成500多万人无家可归。请你 代表 我校 写一封 慰问信 向 灾区人民 表示 关怀和慰问。 1.简要描述灾区的情况 2.对灾区人民 表示 关怀 和 慰问 3.表达 灾后重建家园 的信心 dear victims, the earthquake which happened two weeks ago in sichuan province is an enormous disaster for our whole nation.it has caused both financial and life lo.until now, fifty thousand people lost their lives due to the earthquake and much more injured seriously.five million people have no homes to return as the majority of the buildings were collapsed we are sorry about this accident.it’s a pity that many children lost their parents and many couples lost their lovers.i could not help but cry when hearing of the moving stories that happened during the disaster. our whole nation is a big family, every member would like to give a helping hand to the people who suffered from the earthquake.we must show our warm-heartedne and make donations to the stricken area so that their broken heart can be warmed. a series of actions has been taken since the earthquake happened.i believe the stricken area will soon be restored with the soldiers and other warm-hearted people’s help.the future will be bright, cheer up! yours sincerely zzia (wj) ------- ----------- 地震慰问信2 dear victims, a week ago, i was shocked at the news about the earthquake in wenchuan.and i’m very sorry to hear that this earthquake was the greatest disaster after 1949.and there are 40075 people who are found dead in the disaster till now and there have been more than 500 million people who are homele.the floor was ripped through, many blocks and houses were seriously damaged, and even were as flat as a pancake. i’m deeply moved by the volunteers and the international rescue teams victims and survivors with our warm heart.moreover, we contribute a large amount of money to you.and our school will try our best to help you. last but not the least, i hope we all have the confidence to rebuild your home after the disaster.only we have the perseverance can we defeat the natural disaster. good luck and best wishes to you! yours sincerely zzia (jy) ------- ----------- 地震慰问信3 dear victims, on the 12 of may in 2008, an incredible and unknown earthquake suddenly happened in wenchuan, sichuan province.almost half of china was affected.it was a huge calamity to chinese people. until now, there are nearly 50 thousand people who died in this earthquake and more people injured.many people lost their relatives and fell into the deep sorrow.and they also lost their homes and hometowns.a large number of buildings were damaged.what’s more, many children and students lost their lives because of the collapse of schools.and their parents who suffer from this big calamity can’t accept the fact until now. all of the chinese people begin to act and do everything they can when they hear the news.almost every one of us contributes a great number of money and goods which people in sichuan need.as students, we don’ t have enough money to donate, but we should do all that we could do. what’s more important, we consider that we can help sichuan people rebuilt and their home and live happily. yours sincerely zzia (yl) 注明：(thanks for my three students contribution of their 下面是写慰问信需要注意的几点： 1.start with a statement of sympathy 2.follow with sentences about mutual experiences or relationship. 范文：

.慰问信 （notes of sympathy on illne, injury and material lo）

亲友生了病或受了伤，或由于火灾、水灾、被盗等不幸事件蒙受了损失，就应该写封信表示慰问。慰问信要写的真诚，要注意措辞。写慰问信时，一定要围绕一个中心，那就是使收信人从中得到安慰和鼓舞。

1.慰问病人 (to those who are ill) june 6, 2005 dear mrs.corbin, i was so sorry to learn of your illne.you must hurry and get well！everybody in the neighborhood mies you, and we’re all hoping you’ll be back soon. mr.burke joins me in sending best wishes for your speed recovery. sincerely yours, mary burke [译文] 亲爱的科宾夫人：

听说您病了，我非常难过。您一定要尽快地恢复健康，因为邻居们都很想念您，大家都希望您早日出院归来。

伯克先生和我共祝您很快康复。

您真挚的

玛*伯克

2005年6月6日

------------------ 3.慰问受伤的人（to those who have been injured）

写给受伤的人的慰问信要尽量简短、中肯。信中不必查问事故是怎么发生的，是谁的过错，或有无见证人；而应表达你听到友人受伤后的难过心情，以及希望他不久就能痊愈等等。换言之，你关心的不是事故的前前后后，而应该是受伤者的身体和恢复情况。 june 16, 2005 dear tom, i just can’t tell you how sorry i was to learn of your accident.your family tells me that your are progreing nicely, and that you’ll be out of the hospital in about ten days, i’m certainly relieved to know that! in the next day or so you’ll receive a little package from margaret and me.i hope you like it, and that it will help to pa the time more pleasantly. with every good wish for your swift recovery. sincerely, [译文] 亲爱的汤姆：

知道您受到意外伤害时，我简直难以形容我心中是多么难过。您的家人告诉我，您恢复得很好，再有十天左右的时间就可以出院了。听到这一情况后，我心中感到很宽慰。

在一两天内，您会收到玛格丽特和我寄给您的一小包东西，我希望您喜欢它，并希望它能帮助您更愉快地消遣时光。

衷心祝愿您尽快地恢复健康！

您真诚的

鲍勃

2005年6月16日 4.慰问蒙受物质损失的人 (to those who have suffered material lo or damage) 人们在蒙受损失时，总希望能得到朋友的安慰。这种慰问信一般都比较简短，只表示关心和同情。

june 25, 2005 dear mr.thompson, i was extremely sorry to hear of the fire that destroyed your beautiful house.i know well how much that house meant to you and i hasten to offer my sympathy. with best wishes to you both. sincerely yours, smith [译文] 亲爱的汤普森先生：

听说火灾毁了您漂亮的住宅，我难过极了。我知道您和夫人是非常喜爱那座房子的。特立即向您们表示慰问。

向您们致以最诚挚的同情。

您诚挚的，

史密斯

2005年6月25日

------------------ 5.安慰友人考试落榜（to those who could not pa the entrance examination） june 29, 2005 dear bill, what shocking news to me when i was told by mr.lewis that you could not pa the entrance examination.this means you have to wait for another year to attend the next entrance examination.i quite understand how you feel now.still you have many more chances to try.so i hope that you will not take this to heart, and will get ready to try again.i am sure you will easily succeed next yours, elizabeth [译文] 亲爱的比尔：

我在刘易斯先生那里获悉你入学考试落榜，深感惋惜。这意味着你要等待明年再考了。我很能理解你目前的心境。但你仍有很多机会，所以希望你别太往心里去，做好下次考试的准备。我深信你明年一定能获得成功。

你的

伊丽莎白

2005年6月29日

------------------ 6.英文慰问信的写作格式，英文慰问信范文

慰问信 （notes of sympathy on illne, injury and material lo）

亲友生了病或受了伤，或由于火灾、水灾、被盗等不幸事件蒙受了损失，就应该写封信表示慰问。慰问信要写的真诚，要注意措辞。写慰问信时，一定要围绕一个中心，那就是使收信人从中得到安慰和鼓舞。 i am sorry to hear that you have been sick.in our daily lives, you have given us too much love and care sometimes regardle of yourself.it is because of your hard work pay, we can continuously to make progre.each cla clamate all expecting you to recover as soon as poible.while you were away, we all mi you very much.for us you are more than a teacher.we all love you, hoping you can recover soon.best wishes!

------------------ 7.慰问信，唁电等问候信函

祝贺升职 范例 dear mr.gokhale, i’m writing this letter to congratulate you on your new post in new delhi.i am very delighted to hear of your promotion after three exciting and hardworking years in taiwan.the diligence and enthusiasm contributed a great deal to the economic ties between india and taiwan. it has been a great pleasure and privilege for me to have had the opportunity of working closely with you over the past three years.you have been one of the most capable representatives in taiwan.the cooperation and friendship that you so kindly extended to me has been most gratifying. no doubt our paths will continue to cro from time to time, and i look forward to maintaining close contact with you in your new capacity.likewise, please let me know if i can be of help in taipei.at last, i would like, once again, to expre my sincere gratitude for your efforts to improve india-taiwan trade and investment exchange and cooperation, and i wish you a prosperous and succeful future. sincerely yours,篇3：给四川地震灾区的中学生写一封英语慰问信

给四川地震灾区的中学生写一封英语慰问信

给四川地震灾区的中学生写一封英语慰问信 dear friends, im awfully sorry to hear that a horrible and severe earthquake unexpectedly hit your hometown.faced with such a rarely-seen disaster, you remain so calm and strong-willed that we are all moved to tears.a friend in need is a friend indeed.thinking about your present situation, we can not wait a minute to make every bit of our effort to help you.i, as the chairman of student union, on behalf of all my schoolmates, expre our most sincere pity and care for you.besides, we make a donation of 120 thousand yuan to you, expecting that it can help you go through the difficulty.a better hometown can be rebuilt.therefore, never give up whatever happens.remember we wont be far away when you need any help! yours sincerely, li hua篇4：给四川地震灾区的中学生写一封英语慰问信

给四川地震灾区的中学生写一封英语慰问信

给四川地震灾区的中学生写一封英语慰问信 dear friends, im awfully sorry to hear that a horrible and severe earthquake unexpectedly hit your hometown.faced with such a rarely-seen disaster, you remain so calm and strong-willed that we are all moved to tears.a friend in need is a friend indeed.thinking about your present situation, we can not wait a minute to make every bit of our effort to help you.i, as the chairman of student union, on behalf of all my schoolmates, expre our most sincere pity and care for you.besides, we make a donation of 120 thousand yuan to you, expecting that it can help you go through the difficulty.a better hometown can be rebuilt.therefore, never give up whatever happens.remember we wont be far away when you need any help! yours sincerely, li hua篇5：高中英语慰问信 a letter of condolence慰问信 中国青海玉树大地震灾害严重，已造成***多万人无家可归。请你代表 我校写一封慰问信向灾区人民 表示关怀和慰问。

推荐第4篇：地震术语英语

Seismic 地震

abnormal events: Coherent events which are not reflections.Refraction, reflected refractions, diffractions, surface waves, and sometimes multiple reflections are included (though there’s nothing ―abnormal‖ about any of these ).

异常同相轴：相干非反射同相轴，包括折射波、反射折射波、绕射波、面波，往往也包括多次反射波（尽管这些波本身无任何异常）。

absorption: A proce whereby some of the energy of seismic wave is converted into heat while paing through a medium.Absorption for seismic waves is perhaps of the order of 1/2 db/cycle.Sometimes claimed to be proportional to the frequency squared rather than linear with frequency.See Q.吸收作用：为地震波通过某一介质时，其一部分能量转化为热量的一个过程。地震波吸收衰减约为每周期1/2 分贝，有时表述为吸收与频率的平方成正比，而不是与频率成简单的线性正比关系。见品质因数 Q。

acoustic: Sonic; pertaining to sound.Usually refers to compreional P waves, sometimes restricted to P-waves in fluids (liquids and gases ), sometimes generalized to include other elastic wave types.声学的，声的：声音的，声速的；属于声学范畴。通常指压缩纵波，有时仅指在流体中传播的纵波（液体和气体），广义上也包括其它类型的弹性波。

acoustic impedance: Seismic velocity multiplied by density.Reflection coefficient depends on changes in acoustic impedance.声阻抗，波阻抗：地震波速度乘以介质密度。反射系数依赖于波阻抗的变化。

acoustic wave: 1.Sonic wave.An elastic wave train, sometimes restricted to propagation though a fluid.2.The wave train generated and detected by a sonic-logging sonde（see acoustic log）.The wave train is a composite of various modes of energy transfer.The first arrival usually results from compreional (P- or longitudinal ) waves traveling in the formation; the inverse of its velocity is measured by the sonic log.A second arrival is sometimes identified as shear (S-) wave travel in the formation; it represents a pseudo-Rayleigh wave which travels at approximately the velocity of S-waves.Compreional waves traveling through the mud usually have relatively high frequency content; they are sometimes called fluid waves.One or more modes of high-amplitude, low-frequency tube waves (sometimes called Stoneley waves ) are usually very distinct arrival.3.More generally, an elastic wave or seismic wave.声波，地震波：1.声波。有时仅指在流体中传播的弹性波列。2.由声波测井电极系产生并检测到的波列（见声波测井）。该波列是由各种不同能量的波复合而成的。初至波通常是在岩石中传播的压缩（P-或纵）波；其波速的倒数是通过声波测井而测到的。续至波往往被看作在岩石中传播的剪切（S-）波；它表现为一个以近似S-波速度传播的伪-瑞雷波。通过软泥层的压缩波通常具有相对较高的频率成分；往往被称为流体波。一个或更多强振幅、低频率的管波（也称斯通利波）的波至通常特别明显。3.更一般的指弹性波或地震波。

air gun: 1.A marine seismic source which injects a bubble of highly compreed air into the water.Oscillations of the bubble as it alternately expands and contracts generate a sonic wave whose frequency depends on the amount of air in the bubble, its preure, and the water depth (or water preure ).Arrays of guns of different sizes are sometimes used so that a broader frequency spectrum will be generated.Different from gas gun.2.Air guns have also been adapted for lowering in a borehole or pushed down into the marsh.The adaptations prevent mud, sand, etc., from entering and fouling the air gun.3.Air guns are also used in small tanks of water which are set on the surface of the ground as a seismic source on land.空气枪：1.通过向水中排放高压气泡的一种海上地震震源。气泡交替收缩和膨胀的振动可产生声波，该声波的频率取决于气泡中空气量、压力和水深（或水压）。通常使用大小不同的空气枪阵列来得到更宽的频谱。它不同于单个气枪震源。2.空气枪通过改进后，可适用于钻孔和沼泽地区。这种改进可阻止泥浆、沙等进入和阻塞空气枪。3.空气枪也可以放在地表小型水池中作为陆上地震震源。

air wave: Energy from the shot which travels in the air at the velocity of sound:

1051(1+0.00218 F)1/2≈1051+1.1 F ft/sec, where F= Fahrenheit temperature, or 331.51(1+0.00366 C)1/2≈331.5+0.607 C m/sec, where C=Centigrade temperature. 空气波：爆炸产生的能量在空气中以声速传播：1051(1+0.00218 F)1/2≈1051+1.1 F英尺/秒，其中F为华氏温度，或331.51(1+0.00366 C)1/2≈331.5+0.607 C 米/秒，其中C为摄氏温度。

angle of incidence: The acute angle which a raypath makes with the normal to an interface.This is the same angle as an approaching wavefront makes with an interface in an isotropic medium.The angle between the raypath and the normal is the angle of incidence in the anisotropic case, the raypath not necearily being perpendicular to the wavefront in this case.The angle of incidence may be complex for electromagnetic waves.入射角：射线路径与界面法线所成的锐角。在各向同性介质中它等于波阵面与分界面的的夹角。在各向异性介质中，射线路径与界面法线的夹角为入射角，而此时射线路径与波阵面不一定是正交的。对于电磁波来说它的入射角为复角。

apparent velocity: 1.The velocity which a wavefront appears to have along a line of geophones.If the wavefront makes the angle θwith the spread and the true velocity of the wavefront if V, then the apparent velocity is V/cosθ.2.The inverse of the slope of a refraction time-distance curve.视速度：把波阵面看作沿地面测线传播时的速度。如果波阵面与检波器排列的夹角为θ，设真速度为V，则视速度为V/cosθ。2.折射波时距曲线斜率的倒数。

apparent wavelength: The distance between corresponding points on succeive cycles of a wave train as seen by a geophone spread.Differs from actual wavelength if the wave train direction makes an angle with the spread.视波长：在检波器排列方向上，波列两相邻周期相应的波峰或波谷之间的距离。如果波传播方向与检波器排列方向有一夹角，则与真实波长不同。

arrival: An event; a lineup of coherent energy signifying the arrival of a new wavetrain.

波至：波至；表示一个新的波列到达的一组相关能量。

arrival time: 1.The time from shot or other energy release to the time which is picked for an event, making allowance for static and dynamic corrections.2.The time of an event without corrections.

波至时间：1.从爆炸或其它能量释放后，到拾取到第一个波至之间的时间，它可用于静校正和动校正。2.未经校正的波至到达时间。

attenuation: 1.A reduction in amplitude or energy, such as might be produced by paage through a filter.2.A reduction in the amplitude of seismic waves, such as produced by divergence, reflection and scattering, and absorption.3.That portion of the decrease in seismic or sonar signal strength with distance not dependent on geometrical spreading.This decrease depends on the physical characteristics of the transmitting media, involving reflection, scattering, and absorption.4.If the amplitude of a plane wave is reduced by the factor e-α(f)x

in traveling a distance of x meters, then the attenuation factor isα(f).Often thought to be linear with frequency, sometimes thought to be quadratic with frequency.5.Regarding the rapid attenuation of electromagnetic waves in the earth, see skin depth.衰减：1.振幅或能量的减少，例如信号通过滤波器后就有可能发生衰减。2.地震波振幅的减少，由地震波的扩散、反射和散射、及吸收等所致。3.地震或声纳信号强度随传播距离的增大而产生的部分减弱，与信号的几何分布无关，主要依赖于传播介质的物理性质，包括反射、散射和吸收。4.如果α(f)x ，则衰减因子为 α一个平面波传播x米所产生的衰减为e-(f) 。通常认为衰减与频率成正比，也有人认为与频率的二次方成正比。5.关于电磁波在地下迅速衰减，见趋肤深度。

average velocity: The distance traversed by a seismic wavelet divided by the time required, both often corrected to a reference datum plane.For reflections, often refers to a ray reflected at normal incidence.平均速度：一个地震子波传播距离与所需时间的比值，其中距离和时间通常都被校正到一个参考基准面上。对于反射波来说，常指法线反射路径。

azimuth: The horizontal angle usually specified clockwise from true north.方位角：通常指由真北按顺时针方向指定的水平角。

binary gain: A gain-control system in which amplification is changed only in discrete steps by factors of 2.The times at which the gain steps occur is recorded so that the amplitude can be recovered later.二进制增益：放大倍数按2的阶次离散变化的增益控制系统。在增益阶处的时间被记录下来以便以后进行振幅恢复。

blind zone: 1.A layer which cannot be detected by refraction methods, also called hidden layer.The blind zone (a) may have a velocity lower than that of shallower refractors, in which case it will lead to an overestimate of the depth of deeper refractors, or it (b) may have a velocity intermediate between those of layers above and below but not have sufficient velocity difference or thickne to produce first-arrivals; in this case it is apt to cause an underestimate at the depth of deeper refractors.2.A zone from which reflections do not occur; a shadow zone.3.A zone from which no drill cuttings are returned to the surface.4.A portion of a formation in which a logging tool response is too low.A blind zone occurs because of the finite size or configuration of the logging tool.For the lateral curve a blind zone (abnormally low reading) is recorded when a bed which is highly resistive compared to the overlying and underlying formations is present between current and measuring electrodes.5.A layer which cannot be detected by electrical methods because its resistivity is not sufficiently different from the resistivity of other layers or because it is too thin.盲区：1.用折射波法无法检测到的区，也称隐蔽层。盲区中

(a) 速度低于更浅的折射层速度，这将会导致对更深折射层的深度估计偏大，或者 (b) 盲区中速度介于其上面和下面的折射层之间，但二者之间没有足够的厚度或速度差来产生初至，这种情况下容易对更深折射层的深度估计偏小。2.不产生反射的区域；阴影带。3.无钻井岩屑返回地表的区域。4.测井仪响应很低的岩层。这种盲区的出现主要与测井仪的大小和结构有关。对于梯度电极系测井曲线，当供电电极和测量电极之间出现比其上和其下岩层具有较高阻抗的地层时，该盲区（曲线上反常的低读数）就被记录下来。5.用电法无法检测到的层，这是因为它的电阻率与其它层之间没有明显的差异或者是因为它太薄。

body waves: P- and S-waves which travel through the body of a medium, as opposed to surface waves.See P-wave and S-wave.体波：在介质体中传播的P- 波和 S-波，是相对于面波而言的。参见P- 波和 S-波。

break: Onset of an event, especially the first break.A burst of energy indicating the arrival of new energy.see time break and uphole time.波跳：波列的前端，尤其指初至。能量的突然增大意味着新的能量的到达。参见起爆时间和〔初至波到达〕井口时间

buried focus effect: A situation where the concave upward curvature of a reflector is large enough that the energy focuses before it reaches the recording plane.A buried focus situation causes several branches (usually three) of a reflection to be observable from the same surface location (i.e., the law of reflection is satisfied for several points on the reflector from the same surface location).The portion which paes through the focus is called the reverse branch.For zero offset and constant velocity, a buried focus occurs if the center of curvature lies beneath the recording plane.Le curvature is required to produce the buried-focus effect for offset traces than for traces at normal incidence.Hence buried-focus effects are more likely on long offset traces as well as more likely deeper in the section.velocity gradients and curvature of isovelocity surfaces (which are opt to occur in structural areas) also affect buried-focus effects.Curvature of the reflector out of the plane of the seismic line can also cause multiple branches.There is a quarter-wave phase shift in the reverse branch.地下焦点效应：当向上凹的反射界面曲率足够大时，使反射能量在到达记录平面之前而聚焦的一种情况。在这种情况下，可观测到来自同一界面位置反射的多个分支（通常三条）（也就是说，反射定律满足同一反射面上多个反射点）。通过焦点的部分称之为回转波。对于零偏移和常速度情况，如果曲率中心位于记录面之下，则会形成地下焦点。非零偏移距记录道产生地下焦点效应比法线入射记录道所需的曲率要小。因此偏移距越大地下聚焦效应表现在剖面上越深。速度梯度和等速面曲率对地下焦点效应也有影响。地震测线平面外弯曲的反射界面也会造成反射的多分支现象。在回转波中存在四分之一个相移。

cable: 1.The aembly of electrical conductors used to connect the geophone or hydrophone groups to the recording truck.See also streamer.2.The aembly of electrical connectors and tensile members used to support a logging sonde or well geophone or bird.电缆：1.用来连接地震检波器或水听器组和记录车的导电体组合。见等浮电缆。2.用来支持测井电极系或井中检波器或水鸟的导电体和抗拉张体组合。 chirp: A Vibroseis signal; a sinusoidal signal of continuously varying frequency.often implies a linear change of frequency with time.线性调频脉冲: 一种可控震源信号；一组频率随时间连续线性变化的正弦信号。

coefficient of anisotropy: See anisotropy.Variation of a physical property depending on the direction in which it is measured.各向异性系数：见各向异性。物理性质随着被测量的方向而变化。

coherence: l.The property of two wave trains being in-phase.2.A measure of the similarity of two functions or portions of functions.If the functions have power spectra Pii and Pjj and cro-power spectra Pij (which may complex), their coherence is Pij/( Pii Pjj)1/2

Also called coefficient of coherence.Coherence is the frequency-domain concept which is analogous to correlation in the time domain.

相干性：1.两波列相位之间的属性。2.两函数或它们的一部分之间的相似性。如果两函数的功率谱分别为Pii 和 Pjj，它们的互功率谱为Pij（可能是复数），则相关性为

Pij/( Pii Pjj)1/2

也称之为相关系数。这里的相关性是频率域中的概念，它与时间域相关类似。

coherent: Having a fixed-phase relationship with respect to each other.A set of wave forms is coherent if the phase change from one to the next has a well-defined relationship.For example, seismic reflection events are coherent in a linear way with respect to dip, coherent in a hyperbolic way with respect to normal moveout, coherent with respect to weathering variations in a nonanalytic though systematic way with respect to geophone locations.The principal evidence for a separate seismic event is coherence among the members of a set of seismic traces over a short time interval of the order of 1-1 /2 or so cycles of the dominant frequency compared with le coherence elsewhere.Coherence is often measured in a qualitative way in record picking but quantitative measures of coherence are used in automatic picking scheme; see semblance.Coherence is used in connection with various types of wave trains, including electromagnetic and seismic waves.相关的：两者之间存在着固定的相位关系。一组波形如果相位从一种形式变成另一种形式且有明确的关系，则说明这组波形是相关的。例如，地震波反射同相轴与倾角线性相关，与正常时差双曲相关，与风化层变化非解析相关，与检波器位置系统相关。一地震波组中单个地震波相位与该组波相关的主要依据是与其它相关性差的地方相比它们之间有一很短的时间间隔约为1-1 /2个主频周期。相关性在记录拾取中是定性测量的，而在自动拾取中是定量测量的；见相似性。相关性常用于把各种不同类型的波联系起来，包括电磁波和地震波。

common-depth-point: l.The situation where the same portion of the subsurface is involved in producing reflections at different offset distances on several profiles.2.Common-depth-point shooting produces redundant reflection data from which a common-depth-point stack can be made.Different shotpoint-geophone combinations are used to record the same reflection from the same subsurface.Also call roll-along.Abbreviated CDP and CRP.

共深度点：1.在几条测线上以不同偏移距产生反射的地下同一点。2.共深度点爆炸产生冗余的反射数据从而可进行共深度点叠加。不同的炮点检波器组合用来记录来地下自同一反射面的同一反射波。也称逐点爆炸法。缩写为CDP 和 CRP。

common-depth-point stack: A sum of traces which correspond to the same subsurface reflection point but which are from different profiles and have different offset distances.The traces are corrected for statics and normal moveout before summing (or stacking).The objective is to attenuate random effects and events whose dependence on offset is different from that of normal moveout for primary reflections.Hence multiple reflections which show a different NMO, surface waves, refractions, diffractions, etc., will be attenuated relative to primary reflections.Also called roll-along and horizontal stacking.Petty Geophysical Engineering Company patent.共深度点叠加：相应于对地下同一反射点的地震道的相加，但它们来自不同测线且具有不同偏移距。这些道在叠加之前都已经过静校正和正常时差校正。其目的就是衰减随机影响和那些与一次反射波随偏移距的正常时差不同的波至。因此，正常时差不同的多次反射波、面波、折射波、绕射波等相对于一次反射波来说都会被削弱。也称逐点爆炸和水平叠加。佩蒂地球物理工程公司专利。

common-offset gather: A side-by-side display of traces which have the same shot-to-geophone distance (offset).共偏移距道集：具有相同炮检距的道显示。

common-offset stack: A stack of traces which have the same offset and which are located within a limited range of depth-point locations.共炮检距叠加（同距叠加）：限定的深度点位置范围内的且炮检距相同的地震道的叠加。

common-range gather: Common-offset gather.共炮检距道集（选排）：同偏移距道集（选排）。 Common reflection point: Common-depth-point.共反射点：共深度点。

compreional wave: An elastic body wave in which particle motion is in the direction of propagation; the type of seismic wave aumed in conventional seismic exploration.Also call P-wave, dilatational wave, and longitudinal wave.压缩波：质点运动方向与波传播方向相同的一种弹性体波；常规地震勘探中一种假设的地震波类型。也称为P-波、膨胀波和纵波。

configuration: Arrangement (as of geophones in a group); array.排列形式：排列（检波器组合）；阵列。

converted wave: Seismic energy which has traveled partly as a P-wave (longitudinal wave) and partly as an S-wave (shear wave), being converted from one form to the other upon reflection or refraction at oblique incidence on an interface.Since mode conversion is small for small incident angles, converted waves become more prominent as offset increases.转换波：部分以P-波（纵波）和S-波（剪切波）形式传播的地震波倾斜入射到某一界面上经反射或折射，从一种形式转换成另一种形式。在小入射角情况下转换能量小，随着炮检距的增加，转换波变得更为显著。

critical angle: Angle of incidence θc for which the refracted ray grazes the surface of contact between two media (of velocities V1 and V2): sin θc = V1 / V2.临界角：当折射线与两介质的分界面（界面速度分别为V1 和

V2）相切时，所需的入射角θc：sin θc = V1 / V2.critical reflection: A reflection at the critical angle.Amplitude may be exceptionally large in this vicinity.临界反射：入射角为临界角时的反射。这时的反射波振幅最大。

curved path: A seismic raypath which is curved because refraction changes the direction of the ray as the velocity changes with depth.Increase in velocity with depth makes the raypath concave upward.弯曲射线路径：由于速度随深度的变化使得折射方向也随之改变，从而得到一个弯曲的地震射线路径。速度随深度增加，使得射线路径向上弯曲。

deconvolution: The proce of undoing the effect of another filter.Usually an inverse filter is designed and convolved with the signal, the objective being to nullify an objectionable effect of an earlier filter action.反褶积：解除一个滤波器所带来的影响的过程。通常是设计一个逆滤波器，然后与信号进行褶积，目的是使以前的滤波器对信号的影响变为零。

deep seismic sounding: DSS.深地震测深：DSS

diffraction: 1.A phenomenon common to all waves(light waves, radio waves, seismic waves, surface water waves, etc.).See Huygens principle.2.Scattered seismic energy which emanates from an abrupt discontinuity of rock type, particularly common where faults cut reflecting interfaces.绕射：1.一切波（光波、无线电波、地震波、水面波等）都会出现的一种现象。参见惠更斯原理。2.来自岩性突变处，尤其是来自断层反射面处的散射地震能量。

diffraction stack: A weighted stack of all the elements of reflected energy along a diffraction curve which yields a migrated section (to the extent that the data were two-dimensional).A method of automatically migrating reflection seismic data.绕射叠加：沿绕射曲线所有反射能量的加权叠加从而得到一个偏移剖面（如果数据是二维的）。是一种自动偏移反射地震资料的方法。

dilatational wave: P-wave.膨胀波：P-波。

dispersion: 1.Distortion of the shape of a wave train because of the variation of velocity with frequency.The peaks and troughs may advance toward (or recede from) the beginning of the wave as it travels.Leads to the separation of group velocity u from phase velocity v.Where λ = wavelength and f = frequency, v = f/(1 /λ) u = df/d (1 /λ).

The dispersion of seismic body waves is very small under most circumstances, but surface waves may show appreciable dispersion in the presence of near-surface velocity layering.The dispersion of electromagnetic body waves is large in most earth materials.2.A statistical term for the amount of deviation of a value from the norm.扩散，频散：由于速度随频率的变化使得波列形态发生畸变。在传播过程中波峰和波谷相对于波端可能超前或后退。从而导致群速度u与相速度v彼此分开。v = f/(1 /λ)，u = df/d (1 /λ).其中λ为波长，f为频率。多数情况下，地震体波频散非常小，但是面波在近地表速度层的频散是非常明显的。电磁体波在多数土质材料中扩散是非常大的。2.计算偏离标准值程度的一个统计学术语。

display: A graphic representation of data, especially of seismic data.The historic display mode for seismic records graphs amplitude as a function of time for each geophone group output, giving wiggle trace or squiggle or conventional display.Variable area display in which the area under the wiggle trace is shaded (often involving a bias and trace clipping) has the advantage that coherent events are more evident.Variable density has also been used but requires very careful proceing to retain a full spectrum of gray shades.Superimposed modes or combined model which involve the use of both wiggle trace and variable area or variable density simultaneously retain many of the good features of each type display.Other display modes are also used.显示：数据资料特别是地震资料的图形显示。以前的地震记录图形显示方式是把每一组检波器的输出振幅作为时间的函数，给出波形道或波形曲线或常规显示。变面积显示是把波形道下的区域涂上阴影（通常加斜线和修饰线），这样就使相干同相轴显得更突出。变密度显示也是常被用到的，但它需要细心的处理来保留一个完整的灰色阴影频谱。叠加或组合的显示方式就是综合使用波形曲线和变面积或变密度两种方法，使得显示同时保留各种方式各自的优点。另外还有一些其它的显示方式。

diving waves: Refraction in a strong velocity-gradient zone may reverse the component of seismic rays in the downward direction and return them to the surface, where they may be observed (at offset ) as refraction arrivals even though they have no appreciable path through a distinctive refractor.If there are no velocity reversals, diving waves may be used to derive the velocity distribution by means of the Wiechert-Herglotz intergral.弓形射线波：强速度-梯度带中的折射波，使得向下传播的地震射线分量方向发生逆转并返回地表，且可能被看作折射波波至，尽管它们不是来自一个明显的折射层也没有明显的折射路径。如果没有速度逆转弓形射线波可以通维歇特-赫格劳兹积分求出速度分布。 Dix formula: For reflections from a sequence of flat, parallel layers, the velocity in the nth layer vn (interval velocity) is given by

2vn(vn2tnvn21tn1)(tntn1)

where vn1 and vn are the average velocities from the datum to reflectors above and below the layer and tn-1 and tn are reflection arrival times.This formula, is sometimes misused to calculate interval velocities in situations which do not satisfy Dix\'s aumptions.

Dix公式：对于来自水平层状介质的反射波，第n层的速度vn（层速度）由式：

2vn(vn2tnvn21tn1)(tntn1)

给出，其中vn1 和 vn为从基准面到反射层的上一层和下一层的平均速度，tn-1 和 tn是反射波到达时间。这一公式有时在不满足迪克斯（Dix）假设的情况下常被误用来计算层速度。

DSS: Deep seismic sounding; a long explosion seismic profile (usually refraction) which has the objective of studying the crust, Moho, and upper mantle.深地震测深：深层地震测深，一个很长的爆炸地震剖面（通常是折射剖面），其目的是为了研究地壳、莫霍面和上地幔。

dynamic corrections: Normal-moveout correction or corrections which depend on record time.动校正：正常时差校正或根据记录时间所进行的校正。 earthquake: Sudden movement of the earth resulting from faulting or volcanism.An earthquake is claified according to the depth of its focus or hypocenter: shallow 300 km (sometimes >450 km).The seismicity of an area is its likelihood of having earthquakes.Some of the energy released in an earthquake is radiated as seismic energy.天然地震：地球的突然震动，其结果是导致断裂运动或火山活动。天然地震根据震中或震源的深度进行分类：浅层 300 km (有时 >450 km)。某一地区的地震活动性就是该地区将要发生地震的可能性。天然地震所释放的部分能量也可被人工地震所利用。

earthquake seismology: Study of earthquakes and their resulting seismic waves as a means of understanding the structure of the earth.A schematic seismic record showing several of the wave arrivals from an earthquake is shown in Figure 65.The scheme for identifying different arrivals is discued under wave notation.Different types of waves may be detected at different distances.The time intervals between different arrivals depends on the distance from the earthquake hypocenter to the observing station.Intensity is a measure of the ground motion at a specific locality; magnitude is a measure of the energy released in the earthquake.天然地震测震学：对天然地震和其地震波进行研究从而进一步了解地球的内部结构。地震记录示意图如图65所示它可得到几个不同的波至。图中采用不同的震波符号来标识不同的波至。在不同的位置上可检测到不同类型的波。不同波至间的时间间隔取决于从震中到观测站之间的距离。地震烈度是某一区域地面运动的量度，地震震级则是地震所释放能量大小的量度。

elastic: Returning to its original shape after removal of distorting stre.The return of shape is complete and almost instantaneous rather than gradual.弹性的：在去除应力后，物体还能恢复原状的一种性质。物体形状的恢复是完全的而且几乎是瞬时的，而不是逐渐恢复原状。

elastic constants: Elasticity deals with deformations that vanish entirely upon removal of the strees which cause them.The paage of a seismic wave is an example.The general elasticity tensor relating stre and strain in anisotropic media poees 21 independent constants.In transversely isotropic media in which properties are the same measured in two orthogonal directions, these reduce to five independent constants.Isotropic media (properties the same measured in any direction) have only two independent elastic constants.For small deformations, Hooke\'s law holds and strain is proportional to stre.The elastic properties of isotropic materials which obey Hooke\'s law are specified by elastic moduli.These include the following: a.Bulk modulus k: The stre-strain ratio under simple hydrostatic preure: kp vvwhere ΔP = preure change, V = volume, and ΔV= change in volume.ΔV/V is called the dilation.The bulk modulus can be expreed in terms of other moduli as: k = E/3(l2σ )(l +σ) ]1/2, Vs = (μ/ ρ)]1/2= [E /2 ρ(l +σ) ]1/2,and Vp / Vs = [(0.5 -σ)/(l-σ) ]1/2.弹性常数：在去除应力后并使得由应力产生的形变完全消失时的弹性性质。以地震波所通过介质为例，在各向异性介质中与应力和应变有关的弹性张量具有21个独立的弹性常量。在横向各向同性介质中，在两个相互垂直的方向上性质相同，此时独立的弹性常量个数减少至5。而各向同性介质（在各个方向上测量的结果相同）只有2个独立的弹性常量。小形变情况下，虎克定律成立，应变与应力成正比。各向同性介质满足虎克定律，其弹性性质可用弹性模量来表示。它们包括a.体变模量k：受单位流体静压力时应力-应变的比值：

kp vv其中ΔP 为压力的变化量，V 为体积，ΔV 体积变化量.ΔV/V 称为膨胀度。体积模量也可由其它模量来表示：

k = E/3(l2σ )(l +σ) ]1/2 Vs = (μ/ ρ)]1/2= [E /2 ρ(l +σ) ]1/2 和

Vp / Vs = [(0.5 -σ)/(l-σ) ]1/2

elastic impedance: Seismic velocity multiplied by density.Reflection coefficient depends on changes in elastic impedance.Also called acoustic impedance.弹性阻抗：地震波速度乘以介质密度。反射系数随波阻抗变化而变化。也称为声阻抗。 elastic wave: An acoustic wave, seismic wave, or sonic wave.弹性波：一种声波或地震波。

electrodynamic geophone: Moving-coil geophone.电动检波器：动圈式检波器。

epicenter: The location on the earth\'s surface below which the first motion in an earthquake occurs.Compare hypocenter.震中：地球表面上某一位置处，当地震发生时其下面首先开始震动。参照震源。

event: A lineup on a number of traces which indicates the arrival of new seismic energy, denoted by a systematic phase or amplitude change on a seismic record arrival.May be a reflection, refraction, diffraction, or any other type of wavefront.同相轴：新的地震能量到达的多道记录线组成的排列。它由地震记录波至的系统相位或振幅变化来表示。可能是反射波、折射波、绕射波，或其它类型的波阵面。

expanding spread: 1.A spread moved to greater offsets for succeive shots from the same location so that the equivalent of many geophone groups is obtained from a single shot.used in refraction work, in noise analysis, and in velocity analysis.2.Depth probe.3.A Dix-type expanding spread is used in the field with the X2-- T2 velocity determination.

扩展排列：1.在同一位置逐次放炮同时使炮检距逐渐变大的排列。因此，等价于单炮激发，多检波器接收。常用于折射波勘探、噪声分析和速度分析。2.测深。3.迪克斯型扩展排列用于野外X2-- T2速度测定。

extended spread: In-line-offset spread.纵排列：纵测线偏移排列。

fathometer: A device for measuring water depth by timing sonic reflections from the water bottom; an echo sounder.水深计：通过计算声波从水底返回时间来测量水深的一种仪器；回声测深仪。

Fermat’s principle: The raypath which seismic energy will follow between two points is that for which the first order variation with all neighboring paths is zero.It is sometimes phrased as that path for which the traveltime is a minimum (or, in certain cases, a stationary value or a maximum) compared with all neighboring paths.If the intervening medium contains parts having different speeds, the path will not be straight, but will be such that the over-all traveltime is minimized (usually).The resulting raypath will be the least-time path or brachistochrone.Snell\'s law follows from Fermat\'s principle.

费马原理：两点之间地震波传播的射线路径，它与相邻路径的一阶差分为零。有时也可描述为与周围其它路径相比旅行时间最短（或特定情况，定值，或最大）的那条路径。如果两点之间的介质具有不同的速度，射线路径就不是直的，但尽管如此，仍使总的旅行时间最小的（一般来说）。其结果将是最小时间路径或最小时程。斯奈尔定律遵从费马原理。

first arrival: First break.初至：初至波。

first break: The first recorded signal attributable to seismic-wave travel from a known source.First breaks on reflection records are used for information about the weathering.Much refraction work is based principally on first breaks, although secondary (later) refraction arrivals are also used.Also ca1led first arrival.初至波：属于来自已知震源的地震波的第一个记录信号。反射波记录上的初至可用来获知岩层的风化信息。在折射波勘探中，虽然也用续至波，但多数主要还是使用初至波。

floating datum: A reference surface used in areas of rough topography.

浮动基准面：在起伏地形区使用的一个参考面。 flute: Mute.槽：切除。

focus: The location of the first rupture in an earthquake; the hypocenter.

震源：天然地震中首先破裂的地方；（地震）震源

fold: Common-depth-point multiplicity.Where the same CDP point is sampled at 12 offset distances, e.g., it is referred to as \"12-fold.\" See also folding.覆盖次数：共深度点多次覆盖。例如同一个CDP点以12个不同的炮检距进行采样，这就是所谓的12次覆盖。见folding叠加。

format: The arrangement of data (as on a magnetic tape) involving the placement of bits of different significance, number of bits per byte and bytes per word, parity, multiplexing arrangement, timing and gain information, record identification and other auxiliary data, gaps, start-stop codes, etc.Standard formats have been specified by the SEG.Specific computer systems may use their own format for proceing so that the first step with new data may be to reformat it.数据格式：数据（在磁带上）的排放形式，包括有效数字位置、每字节的位数和每字的字节数、奇偶校验位、多路编排、同步和增益信息、记录标识和其它辅助数据、间隔、起止位等等。勘探地球物理学家协会（SEG.）已给出了一个标准的数据格式。特定的计算机系统在处理数据时可能使用系统本身的数据格式，因此对于一组新的数据，第一步工作就是进行数据重排。

Gardner method: A refraction interpretation method which involves separating intercept time into constituent delay time aociated with the shot end and the geophone end of the trajectory.The separation is not unique unle some aumptions are made.Gardner\'s concept of delay time is central to other refraction methods.

加德纳法：一种折射地震的解释方法，其原理是将截距时间分解成与曲线轨迹的炮点尾端和检波器尾端有关的延迟时间。除非是在某一假设的前提下，否则分解的方法不是唯一的。 加德纳延迟时间原理是其它折射波法的核心。

gather: A display of the input data to a stacking proce rearranged so that all the seismic traces corresponding to some criterion are displayed side by side.Used for checking corrections and evaluating the components of the stack.A CDP gather displays data for the same reflecting point after correction for normal moveout and statics.A common-range gather displays data for the same offset but a number of nearby reflection points.道集：叠加处理输入数据的重新排列，以便使所有地震道按某一标准并排排列。用于核对校正和计算叠加分量。共深度点道集显示的是正常时差校正和静校正后的同一反射点的数据。而同偏移距道集是对炮检距相同的相邻几个反射点的数据进行重排。

geophone: The instrument used to transform seismic energy into an electrical voltage; a seismometer, a jug, or pickup.Most land geophones are of the moving-coil type.A coil is suspended by springs in a magnetic field (the magnet often is integral with the case of the instrument).A seismic wave moves the case and the magnet but the coil remains relatively stationary because of its inertia.The movement of magnetic field with respect to the coil generates a voltage acro the coil which is proportional to the difference between the velocity of the coil and the magnet.Thus over a region which is above the natural frequency, the voltage output is proportional to the velocity of the seismic wave motion and relatively insensitive to frequency.At frequencies below the natural frequency of the geophone, the output (for input of constant velocity of magnet motion) is proportional to frequency and hence to the acceleration involved in the seismic wave.地震检波器：把地震能量转换为电信号的一种仪器；地震计、检波器或拾音器。大多数陆上检波器都是动圈式检波器，线圈通过弹簧悬挂在磁场中（磁铁通常是和仪器外壳连在一起的）。外壳和磁铁随地震波而运动但线圈由于其本身的惯性仍保持相对静止。磁场相对于线圈的运动将在线圈内产生电压，该电压正比于线圈和磁铁的相对速度。因此在地震波频率大于检波器自然频率时，输出电压正比于地震波速度，和其频率关系不大。当频率低于检波器的固有频率时，输出（磁铁运动速度为常数）正比于地震波频率和其加速度。

geophone interval: 1.The distance between adjacent geophones within a group.2.Sometimes used for group interval, the separation between the centers of adjacent geophone groups.检波距：1.一组检波器中相邻检波器之间的距离。2.有时用于组合检波距，相邻检波器组合中心之间的间隔。

ground roll: Surface-wave energy which travels along or near the surface of the ground.Usually characterized by relatively low velocity and low frequency but high amplitude.Ground roll tends to mask desired signals; shot and geophone patterns, filtering, and stacking are used to discriminate against it.Rayleigh waves are usually the main source and ground roll is sometimes called pseudo-Rayleigh wave.地滚波：沿地表或近地表传播的面波。通常具有低速低频强振幅等特征。地滚波酷似有用信号；常用炮点检波点组合、滤波和叠加等方法对它进行区分。地滚波的主要成分是瑞雷波，有时也称伪瑞雷波。

group interval: The horizontal distance between the centers of adjacent geophone groups.

组合间距：相邻检波器组合中心之间的水平距离。

group velocity: The velocity with which the energy in a wave train travels.In dispersive media where velocity varies with frequency, the wave train changes shape as it progrees so that individual wave crests appear to travel at a different velocity (the phase velocity) than does the envelope of the wave train.The velocity of the envelope is the group velocity.

群速度：一组波列中能量的传播速度。在扩散介质中速度随频率变化而变化，随着波列向前推进其波形也发生变化，因此单个波峰的传播速度（相速度）与波列包络的速度不同。这里包络速度就是群速度。

guided wave: l.An interface wave or surface wave.2.A channel wave.导波：l.界面波或面波。2.槽波。

hammer: A hammer striking a steel plate is used as seismic source for shallow refraction measurements.The hammer incorporates a switch which starts a timer when the hammer strikes; the timer is stopped when energy received by a geophone reaches some threshold value.冲击锤：浅层折射法中用于锤击钢板来作为震源的锤。冲击锤装有一计时触发开关，当锤落下开始计时，当检波器接收到的能量达到某一阈值时计时停止。

head wave: A refraction wave or Mintrop wave; a wave characterized by entering and leaving the high-velocity medium at the critical angle.Particularly the wave which gives a refraction first break.首波：折射波或敏车普波；以临界角进入和离开高速层的波，尤其是产生第一个折射波初至的波。

hodograph: The figure described by the terminus of a moving vector. 矢端线：由变矢量端点所绘制的图形。

Hooke\'s law: Stre is proportional to strain.See elastic constants.虎克定律：应力和应变成正比。见弹性常数。 horizontal stacking: Common-depth-point stacking.水平叠加：共深度点叠加。

Huygens principle: The concept that every point on an advancing wavefront can be regarded as the source of a secondary wave and that a later wovefront is the envelope tangent to all the secondary waves.惠更斯原理：波前面上的每一点都可看作一个二次扰动的点震源，下一个波前面就是所有子波波前的包络。

impedance: l.The apparent resistance to the flow of alternating current, analagous to actual resistance in a dc circuit.The impedance is (in general) complex, of magnitude |Z| with a phase angle θ.These can be expreed in terms of the resistance R (in ohms), the inductive reactance Xi = 2πfL and the capacitive reactance Xc = 1 /2πfC

Z = [R2 + (Xi －Xc)2 ]1/2 ohms tan1XiXc Rf is frequency in hertz, L is inductance in henrys, and C is capacitance in farads.2.See acoustic impedance.3.In magnetotelluric exploration, if Ex is the electric-field component in an arbitrary horizontal direction and Hy is the magnetic-field aociated with it (in the orthogonal horizontal direction), the wave impedance (or field impedance or surface impedance) Zs is: Zs = Ex/Hy

The surface impedance is a complex number because of phase differences between Ex and Hy.Measurements of surface impedance versus frequency can be interpreted in terms of the electrical properties of the subsurface.阻抗：l.交流电的视电阻，与直流电的真实电阻类似。阻抗（一般来说）是复数，大小为|Z|，相位角为θ。它可电阻R（欧姆）、感抗Xi = 2πfL和容抗Xc = 1 /2πfC来表达：

Z = [R2 + (Xi －Xc)2 ]1/2 欧

XiXctanR1 其中频率f为赫兹，电感L为亨利，电容C为法拉。2.参见声阻抗。3.在大地电磁勘探中，如果Ex为任意水平方向的电场分量，Hy为与它相应的（水平正交方向）磁场分量，波阻抗（或场阻抗，或表面阻抗）Zs为：Zs = Ex/Hy。因为Ex 和 Hy的相位不同，所以表面阻抗为复数。表面阻抗相对频率的变化可用来表述地下电性。

incident angle: The angle which a raypath makes with a perpendicular to an interface, which is the same as that which a wavefront makes with the interface in isotropic media.入射角：射线和分界面的垂线所成的角，在均匀介质中，与波阵面和分界面所成的角相等。

interval velocity: Seismic-wave velocity measured over a depth interval.1.In sonic log determinations the interval may be 1 to 3 ft, in well shooting it may be 1000 ft or more.Usually refers to compreional velocity and usually implies measurements perpendicular to the bedding.2.Often used for velocity calculated by the Dix Formula from velocities measured from normal moveout.层速度：在一定的深度间隔上测得的地震波速度。1.声波测井的测定间隔为1到3英尺，地震测井的间隔则为1000英尺或更大。通常指纵波速度和特指垂直于层方向测得的速度。2.通常用于速度计算，先由正常时差进行速度测定，然后再经Dix公式进行计算。

Kirchoff diffraction equation: An expreion of the wave amplitude at a point P which is several wavelengths λ from a diffracting aperture in the plane B.If α and β are the angles between the normal to B and the rays from Q and P to B, the lengths of the rays being r and s, then the wave amplitude u at P can be expreed as an integral over the aperture area, dσ: ui21i(rs)/e(coscos)d rs基尔霍夫绕射方程：波在某点P的振幅表达式，P点到平面B上的绕射孔的距离为多个波长λ。如果α 和 β分别是Q 和 P到平面B的射线与B的法线的夹角，两射线的长度分别为r 和 s，则波在P点的振幅u可由对绕射孔面积dσ的积分来表示： ui21i(rs)/e(coscos)d rslaw of reflection: The angle of reflection = angle of incidence, for the same wave mode in an isotropic medium.This is a special case of Snell\'s law.The more general form of Snell\'s law must be used for the wave generated by mode conversion upon reflection.If ip is the incident angle for an incident P-wave (or is for an incident S-wave), then the angles of the reflected P-wave will be rp and the angle of the reflected S-wave will be rs:

sinipVpsiniinrpsinrs VsVpVswhere Vp is the P-wave velocity and Vs is the S-wave velocity.反射定律：在均匀介质中，同一波的反射角等于入射角。它是斯奈尔定律一种特殊情况。斯奈尔定律更一般的形式满足由反射波波型转换产生的转换波。如果一个入射P-波（或S-波）的入射角为ip，则反射P-波的反射角为rp，反射S-波的反射角为rs：

sinipVpsiniinrpsinrs VsVpVs其中Vp为P-波速度，Vs为S-波速度。

law of refraction: The sine of the angle of incidence is to the sine of the angle of refraction as the velocity of the incident wave is to the velocity of the refracted wave.Usually called Snell\'s law. 透射定律：入射角的正弦和透射角的正弦之比等于入射波和透射波速度之比。通常也称为斯奈尔定律。

least-time path: The path between two points which takes the least time to traverse (subject to certain constraints).The path which a seismic ray takes according to Fermat\'s principle.Also called minimum-time path or brachistochrone.The raypath will generally be curved or bent because of velocity variations.Also applicable to light rays, etc.最短时程：通过两点之间所需时间最短的那条路径（服从一定的约束条件）。满足费马原理的地震射线路径。也称为最小时程或最速路径。由于速度发生变化，射线路径一般都是弯曲的。同样适用与光射线等。

Lg-wave: \"Long\" surface waves including both Rayleigh wave and Love waves.Lg-波：“长”面波，包括瑞雷波和勒夫波。

longitudinal wave: P-wave or compreional wave.纵波：P-波或压缩波。

long-path multiple: A seismic reflection whose travel path is much longer than required for a primary reflection from the deepest interface reached.A long-path multiple tends to appear as a separate event rather than blending into the tail of the primary.For example, the energy might be reflected by a deep reflecting interface, then at or near the surface, and again by the same or another deep interface.See multiple.全程多次反射波：传播路径比来自最深界面的一次反射波路径长得多的地震反射波。长程多次波常以单独波至的形式出现而不是掺混在一次波的尾部。例如，来自某一深层反射界面的反射波在地表或近地表被反射回去，而在同一个或另一深层反射界面又一次被反射回来。参见多次波。

long wave: Surface wave.长波：面波。

love wave: A surface seismic wave aociated with layering, characterized by horizontal motion perpendicular to the direction of propagation with no vertical motion.Designated Q-wave, LQ-wave, G-wave, or SH-wave.Love waves may also be thought of as channel waves with the earth\'s surface the upper channel boundary.Total reflection occurs at the boundaries of the channel so that the waves represent energy traveling by multiple reflection.The energy builds up because of interference.Different interference modes are designated by the number of nodal planes within the layer but usually only zero mode is observed.The dispersion of Love waves can be used to calculate the thickne of the surface layer.Earthquake Love waves have velocities up to 4.5 km/sec, faster than Rayleigh waves.

勒夫波：与层状介质有关的一种地震面波，其特征为质点水平运动且与波传播方向垂直，不发生垂向运动。被命名为Q-波、LQ-波、G-波或SH-波。勒夫波也可看作是地表上部通道边界的槽波。所有反射都发生在孔道边界上，所以能量以多次反射的形式传播。由于干涉现象而使能量聚集。不同的干涉类型取决于层内的节面数，通常只能观测到零型干涉。勒夫波的频散可用来计算表层厚度。天然地震勒夫波的速度在4.5千米/秒以上，大于瑞雷波速度。 low-velocity layer: 1.Weathering; a near-surface belt of very low-velocity material.2.A layer of velocity lower than that of shallower refractors.See blind zone.3.The B-layer in the upper mantle from 60 to 250 km deep, where velocities are about 6 percent lower than in the outermost mantle.4.The region just inside the earth\'s core.低速层：1.风化层；近地表低速带。2.速度低于其上面折射层的地层。参见盲区。3.上地幔中从60到250千米深度的B-层，它的速度比最外面的地幔低6%。4.地核内部的区域。

marker bed: 1.A bed or sequence of beds which yields characteristic reflections over a more-or-le extensive area.2.A bed which accounts for a characteristic segment of a refraction time-distance curve and which can be followed over a reasonably extensive area.3.A bed with distinctive magnetic or electrical effects.标准层：在一个较大的范围内产生特征反射的一层或一组层。2.用来解释折射波时距曲线的特征段并且在更广范围也适用的层。3.具有明显磁效应或电效应的层。

migration: 1.Plotting of dipping reflections in their true spatial positions rather than directly beneath the point midway between the shotpoint and center of the geophone spread.Some automatic migration schemes utilize the complementary properties of wavefront curves and diffraction curves (curves of maximum convexity).An unmigrated event is tangent to a diffraction curve (which defines the particular diffraction curve) and its arrival time defines the wavefront.The migrated event lies at the other intersection of these two curves and is tangent to the wavefront curve.Migration often is limited to the plane of the section, although, properly, three-dimensional positions should be considered.2.Where the velocity varies laterally, data will migrate differently and ray tracing is used to determine the migrated positions.3.Movement of ions in a solution because of electric-field gradient.偏移，运移：倾斜反射点实际空间位置的展绘，而不是直接将炮点和检波器排列中心位置的中点下方作为反射点位置。一些自动偏移方法是利用波前曲线和绕射曲线（最大凸度曲线）的互补性质来实现的。偏移前的反射波同相轴与绕射曲线相切（由此可确定绕射曲线），而它的波至时间可确定波前面。偏移后的同相轴在两曲线的另一个交点上与波前面相切。偏移通常限制在剖面所在的二维平面内，然而，为了更准确，就应该考虑三维空间位置。2.速度发生横向变化会使偏移位置不同，通常采用射线追踪的方法来确定偏移位置。3.由于电场梯度的存在而使离子在溶液中发生运动。

minimum-phase: 1.A two-term wavelet or couplet (a, b) is minimum-phase if |a| >|b|.Same as minimum-delay.Any wavelet may be represented as the convolution of couplets; the wavelet is minimum-phase if all the couplets of which it is composed are minimum-phase.For examp1e, the z-transform of a wavelet might be 6+z-z2 which can be expreed as (3-z)(2+z), each of which is minimum-phase and hence the wavelet is minimum-phase.Minimum-phase is sometimes expreed as having all roots outside the unit circle in the z-plane or as having no zeros in the right half of the Laplace transform S-p1ane.2.A multichannel matrix of vectors is minimum-phase if its determinant (which can also be expreed as the product of couplets) is minimum-phase.A multichannel response produced by impulsive inputs might be: input

input channel 1

channel 2 output channel l(2z)(z)

output channel 2(1)(6z)which has the determinant 12 + 7z + z2 = (3 + z)(4+ z) which is minimum-phase; hence the multi-channel response is minimum-phase.The principal feature of minimum-phase is that the energy arrives in a burst which is not followed by a larger burst.3.A minimum-phase filler is that one of the set of poible filters with identical amplitude response, which delays the energy the least; it also is called the minimum-delay filter.If the input to a minimum-phase filter is itself minimum-phase, then the output will also be minimum-phase.Many of the filtering actions to which seismic signals are subjected are minimum-phase and much of the filtering done in digital proceing is minimum-phase.A minimum-phase wavelet is sometimes called front-loaded because its energy is concentrated in the front end of the pulse.Maximum-phase or maximum-delay is the other extreme, and mixed-phase is intermediate.

最小相位：一个二项子波或双根子波(a, b)，如果有|a| >|b，则它是最小相位的。与最小延迟相同。任一子波都可看作是双根的褶积。如果组成它的所有根都是最小相位的，则该子波也是最小相位的。例如，一个子波的Z变换为6+z-z2，也可写作(3-z)(2+z)，它的每一项都是最小相位的，因此该子波是最小相位的。最小相位有时也可描述为在Z平面内的所有根都在单位圆外或拉普拉斯变换S平面的右半平面无零点。2.如果多道矩阵向量的行列式（即根的乘积）是最小相位的，则该矩阵向量是最小相位的。脉冲输入的多道响应为：

输入

输入

通道 1 通道2

(z)输出通道 l(2z)

(6z)输出通道 2(1)它的行列式12 + 7z + z2 = (3 + z)(4+ z)是最小相位的，因此该多道响应也是最小相位的。最小相位的主要特征是波至能量是一个脉冲而不是紧随其后还有一个更大的脉冲。3.最小相位滤波器是一套等幅响应的物理可实现滤波器，它的能量延迟最小，也称为最小延迟滤波器。如果最小相位滤波器的输入信号本身就是最小相位的，则输出信号也将是最小相位的。多数地震信号的滤波和数字滤波都属于最小相位滤波。最小相位子波也叫前载子波，因为它的能量主要集中在脉冲的前端。最大相位或最大延迟是能量集中的另一种极限情况，混合相位则介于两者之间。

multiple: Seismic energy which has been reflected more than once.lf this definition is strictly adhered to, virtually all seismic energy involves multiples, and primary energy which has been reflected only once is scarcely observable.The important distinction is between long-path and short-path multiples: a long-path multiple arrives as a distinct event whereas a short-path multiple arrives so soon after the primary that it merely adds tail to the primary.Usually it does not matter whether the reflections being mapped are primary but rather whether their attitude is indicative of the attitude of the appropriate portion of the section, so that the tailing produced by the many short-path peg-leg multiples does not detract seriously.The attitude of long-path multiples is not apt to be representative of the portion of the section aociated with their arrival time.Usually the long-path multiples have traveled more in the slower (shallower) part of the section than primaries with the same arrival time, so that they ordinarily show more normal moveout and can be attenuated by CDP stacking.

多次波：经多次反射的地震波能量。如果严格按照定义来说，实际上所有地震波均包括多次波，一次反射能量很难观测到。全程多次波和短程多次波的主要区别是：全程多次波具有明显的同相轴，而短程多次波紧随着一次波而到达，仅仅是给一次波加了一个尾巴。通常，所要成图的反射波是否是一次波无关紧要，而它们的形态是否能表示剖面的部分形态却是非常重要的。所以，短程微屈多次反射波产生的拖尾对剖面质量的影响不大。而全程多次波的形态就不能代表与波至时间有关的剖面部分的形态。通常相同的波至时间，全程多次波在剖面的低速（浅层）部分的传播路程比一次波要长，因此它们表现出更大的正常时差，这可以通过共深度点叠加来压制。

multiple coverage: Seismic arrangement whereby the same portion of the subsurface is involved in several records, as with CDP shooting.The redundancy of measurements permits various types of noise to be attenuated in proceing.多次覆盖：当采用共深度点放炮时，使得多道记录都能记录到地下相同部分信息的地震排列方式。这种冗余测量可使各种类型的噪声在处理时得到削弱。

multiplex: 1.A proce which permits transmitting several channels of information over a single channel without crofeed.Usually different input channels are sampled in sequence at regular intervals and the samples are fed into a single output channel.Digital tapes are sometimes multiplexed in this way.Multiplexing can also be done by using different carrier frequencies for different information channels.2.A stereoscopic plotting instrument used in preparing topographic maps by stereophotogrammetry.多路传输，多倍仪：在单个通道上传输多道信号并使它们不发生串音的一种传输方式。通常不同道的输入信号按顺序以固定间隔进行采样，然后被注入单个输出通道进行传输。数字磁带往往以这种方式进行多路编排。多路传输也可采用对不同信道使用不同载频的方式进行。2.一种立体测图仪，它通过立体摄影测量来绘制地形图。

multiplexed format: A sequence of data in which the first sample of channel 1 is followed by the first sample of channel 2, then the first sample of channel 3, etc., until the first sample of all channels is given; then follows the second sample of channel 1, the second sample of channel 2, etc.As opposed to trace-sequential format in which the first sample of channel 1 is followed by the second sample of channel 1, etc., until all of channel 1 is given, followed by channel 2, etc.If such an array of data is thought of as a matrix, then multiplexed format may be thought of as reading by columns and trace-sequential format as reading by rows.The data output of digital recording equipment is in multiplexed format whereas most data proceing is done in trace-sequential format.Converting from the one format to the other is one of the first steps in data proceing and usually part of the edit routine.Such a format conversion is called matrix transposition.多路编排格式：数据排列次序为：通道1的第一个采样，跟着是通道

2、通道3的第一个采样等等，直到所有通道的第一个采样都给出后，接下来是通道

1、通道2的第二个采样等等。它和道序传输格式相反，道序传输格式为：通道1的第一个采样，跟着是通道1的第二个采样，直到通道1的所有采样都给出，然后是通道2的所有采样等等。如果把一组数据编排看作一个矩阵，那么多路编排格式可以认为是按列读取，而道序传输格式是按行读取的。数字记录装置的输出数据是多路编排格式的，而大多数数据处理都是按道序传输格式进行的。数据处理首先要做的工作之一就是将数据从一种格式转换成另一种格式，这也是编辑程序的一部分。这种格式转换也称为矩阵转置。 mute: To change the relative contribution of the components of a record stack with record time.In the early part of the record the long offset traces may be muted or excluded from the stack because they are dominated by refraction arrivals or because their frequency content after NMO correction is appreciably lower than other traces.The transition where they begin to contribute may be either abrupt or gradual.A large abrupt transition introduces frequencies which may not be otherwise present and may distort the design criteria for a deconvolution operator.Muting may be done over certain time intervals to keep ground roll, air waves, or noise bursts out of the stack.For this last function, compare diversity stack.Also called fade.切除：改变时间叠加记录成分的相对贡献值。大偏移距记录道的前部往往在叠加前被切除，这是因为它们主要是折射波分布区或因为动校正后使其频率成分比其它道的低。记录道何时被切除可能是突然的，也可能是渐变的。突然的转变将引入本来不存在的频率成分，这会影响反褶积算子的设计准则。切除可以通过一定的时间间隔来使地滚波、空气波或其它噪声不参与叠加。对最后这一功能，请参照多样化叠加。也叫噪声衰减。

NMO: Normal moveout.NMO: 正常时差。

normal incidence: A wavefront striking an interface broadside; i.e., so that the angle between the wavefront and the interface (angle of incidence) is zero.法向入射：波阵面穿过分界面的侧面，因此波阵面和分界面的夹角（入射角）为零。

normal moveout: The variation of reflection arrival time because of variation in the shotpoint-to-geophone distance (offset).Normal moveout depends on velocity and (to a leer extent) dip as well as offset and decreases with reflection time.Many velocity analysis methods are based on normal-moveovt measurements.To the extent that long-path multiples travel at a lower average velocity than primary reflections for the same arrival time (because velocity usually increases with depth), they will show greater normal moveout and can be attenuated by common-depth-point stacking.Offset sometimes is thought of as an independent variable and normal moveout is illustrated in offset space.正常时差：由于炮点到检波点之间的距离（炮检距）的不同而产生的反射波至时间变化。正常时差依赖于地层速度和倾角（在更小的范围内）以及炮检距，且随反射时间的增加而减小。很多速度分析法都是以正常时差测量为基础的。对于全程多次波来说，在与一次波旅行时间相同的情况下，它们传播的平均速度却比一次波慢（因为速度随深度而增加），那么它们的正常时差将比一次波大。因此全程多次波可通过共深度点叠加进行压制。往往炮检距被看作是自变量，正常时差是在炮检距空间来描述的。

offset: l.The distance from the shotpoint to the center of the nearest geophone group.Often resolved into components: perpendicular offset, the distance at right angles to the spread line, and inline offset, the distance from the projection of the shotpoint onto the line of the spread.2.The perpendicular offset only.3.The distance between the shotpoint and the center of any geophone group.4.The distance between the shopoint and any geophone.5.Some times (in refraction work) the displacement.6.In marine shooting, the distance from the recording boat where the radio-location equipment is usually located to the mid-point of the subsurface coverage; stepback.7.Displacement of the plot of a reflection to its proper position on a cro-section; migration.8.Displacement of a formerly contiguous body.炮检距，偏移距，补偿：l.从炮点到最近的检波器组合中心之间的距离。通常被分解为：垂直偏移距，与测线排列的垂直距离；同线偏移距，炮点在测线上的投影到检波器排列之间的距离。2.仅指垂直偏移距。3.从炮点到任意检波器组合中心之间的距离。4.从炮点到任意检波点之间的距离。5.（折射波法中的）平移断层。6.海上放炮时，从无线电定位装置所在的记录船到地下覆盖段中点之间的距离；即回步。7.横剖面上反射曲线到其确切位置之间的距离；即偏移量。8.对以前邻接体的置换。

onset: The beginning of a wave train.See break.波端：一个波列的开始部分。参见波至。

phase velocity: 1.The velocity with which any given phase (such as a trough or a wave of single frequency) travels; may differ from group velocity because of dispersion.Sometimes called trough velocity or peak velocity.2.Apparent velocity.相速度：1.任一给定相位（如波谷或单频波）的传播速度，由于频散，可能与群速度不同。有时也称为波谷速度或波峰速度。2.视速度。

plane wave: Having wavefronts which are planar (with no curvature), as might originate from a very remote source.A common aumption in seismic and electromagnetic wave analyses which is not strictly true in actual situations.平面波：波阵面是平面（无弯曲）的波，如震源很远的波。地震波和电磁波研究中的常用假设形式，严格来讲实际情况并不是这样。

point source: 1.A source whose actual size is unimportant as far as the effects being observed are concerned.2.A single current electrode whose companion is a great distance away, such as the current pole of the pole-pole or pole-dipole arrays.点源：与所引起的效应相比，其大小并不重要的一种震源。2.与另一电极距离很远的单供电电极，如单极-单极排列或单极-偶极排列的供电方式。

Poion\'s ratio: The ratio of the transverse contraction to the longitudinal extension when a rod is stretched:

d/d

L/Lwhere Δd = change in diameter d and ΔL = the change in the length L.See also elastic constant.The ratio of the velocities of P- and S-waves, Vp and Vs can be expreed in terms of Poion\'s ratio: Vp2(1)Vs121/2 For liquids σ = 1/2 and Vs vanishes.泊松比：当一杆被拉伸时，它的横向收缩和纵向伸长之比：

d/d

L/L其中Δd是直径d的变化量，ΔL是长度L的改变量，见弹性常数。P- 波和S-波的速度Vp 和 Vs之比可用泊松比来表示：

Vp2(1)Vs121/2

液体的泊松比为σ = 1/2，Vs消失。

porosity: Pore volume per unit volume of formation.Often indicated by the symbol Φ.Porosity is determined from cores or from sonic logs (see Wyllie relationship), from density logs, from neutron logs, or from resistivity logs (see Archie\'s formula).See also movable oil plot.Primary porosity refers to the porosity remaining after the sediments have been compacted but without considering changes because of subsequent chemical action or flow of waters through the sediments.Secondary porosity is the additional porosity created by subsequent chemical changes, especially fiures, fractures, solution vugs, and porosity created by dolomitization.Effective porosity is the porosity available to free fluids, excluding unconnected porosity and space occupied by bound water and dieminated shale.孔隙度：单位体积岩层中空隙所占的体积。常用符号Φ表示。孔隙度可由岩芯或声波测井（见威利关系式）、密度测井、中子测井以及电阻率测井（见阿尔奇公式）等进行测定。也可见油气运移图。原生孔隙度指的是沉积物被压实后仍保留的空隙度，但它由于随后的化学作用或有水的流过而没有发生太大变化。次生孔隙度则是由后生化学变化，特别是裂隙、断裂、溶洞和白云石化作用而产生的附加孔隙度。有效孔隙度是指适用自由流体的空隙度，它不包括不连通的空隙度和周围水以及浸染泥岩占有的空隙度。

Primary reflection: Energy which has been reflected only once and hence is not a multiple.Strictly speaking, primary reflections are virtually undectable because they contain so little energy and short-path multiples usually are included.一次反射：只经过一次反射的波而不是多次波。严格来讲，实际上检测不到一次反射波，因为它们的能量很小且包含短程多次波。

primary wave: P-wave or longitudinal wave.一次波：P-波或纵波。

P-wave: An elastic body wave in which particle motion is in the direction of propagation.The type of seismic wave aumed in conventional seismic exploration.Also called compreional wave, longitudinal wave, primary wave, preure wave, dilatational wave, and irrotational wave.In an isotropic homogeneous solid, the P-wave velocity Vp can be expreed in terms of the elastic constants and the density:

Vp = [ (λ +2μ )/ρ ]1/2

=[E(l - σ)/ρ(1-2σ)(l +σ)]1/2, where λ and μ are Lame\'s constants, E is Young\'s modulus, k is the bulk modulus, and σ is Poion\'s ratio.See also wave

推荐第5篇：地震英语作文

地震英语作文

Strong earthquake damage so large, to show once again brought out.In the vicinity of the epicenter, and in some cities and villages, many houses collapsed and damaged roads, telecommunications disruption, many schools and hospitals have become ruins.Human vibrant homes, Zhuanshun between appalling.

This is a natural disaster caused by difficult to avoid the tragedy, it is sad.And this kind of tragedy, and in fact the long history of human companions, Ruyingsuixing.Far not said that the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, despite the past 32 years but has remained a matter of fear.In 1998 the major flood disaster in 2003, the atypical pneumonia crisis, the end of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the recent tropical storm in Myanmar, have caused a large number of casualties and property loes.Human nature is no stranger to disaster, but when Wenchuan earthquake and the plain reality of the time, the natural power of human beings before the fragile, exposed completely.

Wenchuan earthquake, the people to disaster areas has caused tremendous physical and mental suffering, but also makes the map as a small region, the people throughout the country the most about the place.As a so-called human life, compatriots suffering in some of the time, the country’s grief out of the full performance.The international community has also expreed concern about the rapid and condolences.

When a major earthquake has occurred, and aftershocks continued, the key word at this time only a matter of fact the word save and aistance.In a sense, the aistance is also save an integral part.There is no doubt that relief has become China’s current government and the people most important task.

Disaster relief to save what? This seems to be without a thought.But in fact, the true meaning of disaster relief must be clarified.The primary task of relief, when in order to save lives.Compared with the life, property lo and post-disaster reconstruction and so has been relatively minor, or that include the rescue of property and the seismic reflection of the problem, should be moved back to save lives extremely important After that.

In the earthquake disaster site to direct rescue of Premier Wen Jiabao said a word, as long as both hands, will be able to rebuild their homes - these words to the real interpretation of the true meaning of the disaster.In other words, this is also the Chinese government will as a primary task of saving the idea of the source.That is only one life, not to the other of alternative, the response must be to the fastest speed, with the GREatest efforts, even at the cost to take any means, at any cost, the disaster areas to save people’s lives.

This means that the government-led rescue system should be the focus fell on the lives of the rescue.With the paage of time, the number of casualties will also continue to increase.Safety of the lives of tens of thousands of people, in fact, the most severe disaster order.As long as there’s hope that the front line, who must rescue efforts to hundredfold, from the ruins in search for poible survivors, from under collapsed buildings in a rescue every life.

It should be noted that not only rely on relief confidence, courage and a spirit of solidarity, but also rely on the profeional rescue teams and technical configuration.Although available for disaster relief to everyone, but under certain conditions, relief is also a live technical, profeional and strong, high-risk, large amount of labor.Can not fail to mention that Chinese soldiers once again played a steel wall role in the relief difficult conditions, the elite combat units in the affected areas to give full expreion to the mighty army of glory.The young Chinese soldiers in the affected areas of the rescue scenario is indeed deeply felt the blood is thicker than water like fish and water deeply.

Will save lives as the overriding priority, also means that aid must race against time, and death race.Those dying in the ruins of the life, is eagerly awaited relief.Time is life, meaning, at this point has been the most vivid expreion.Early into the second relief to the affected areas, we can save a life back.In the epicenter of local traffic inconvenience or even interrupted the circumstances, Premier Wen Jiabao asked the rescue team is to walk as soon as poible into the most affected areas, highlighted the earthquake relief the importance of the concept of time.

It should also be noted that the earthquake disaster relief is not just a matter of the Government.As the face of ever, a major natural disaster, the government’s influence, life-saving operations, but also relies on public and non-governmental organizations surmount.Including encouraging the spirit of the people of disaster areas, material support, including positive and practical actions, such as blood donation, both will have a positive effect rescue operations.Wenchuan after the earthquake, many enterprises and individuals, has begun an emergency donation of property, to the most needed areas.Non-disaster areas the people’s bleings and encouragement, people have fully felt the warmth and firm national strength. No Valentine’s love of natural disasters.In a battle to save the lives of all people, the victory will come after a disaster test of the Chinese nation.强地震的破坏力如此之大，又一次淋漓尽致地呈现出来。在震中以及附近的一些城市与乡村，许多房屋倒塌，道路毁坏，电信中断，不少学校与医院成了废墟。人类生机勃勃的家园，转瞬之间惨不忍睹。

这是一场由自然灾难造成的难以躲避的悲剧，令人悲痛。而这样的悲剧，事实上与人类漫长的历史相伴，如影随形。远的不说，1976年的唐山大地震，尽管已经过去32年，但至今依然令人心有余悸。1998年的特大洪涝灾害、2003年的“非典”危机、2004年底的印度洋海啸，以及最近发生在缅甸的热带风暴，都造成了大量的人员伤亡和财产损失。人类对于自然灾难并不陌生，但是，当汶川大地震现实地摆在眼前的时候，人类在自然威力前的脆弱，显露无遗。

汶川大地震，给灾区的民众造成了巨大的身心痛苦，也使得地图上那样一个狭小的区域，成为全国人民最为牵挂的地方。所谓人命关天，在部分同胞受难之时，举国的悲恸充分表现了出来。国际社会也迅速表达了关切与慰问。

当一场大地震已经发生，而且余震不断，此时的关键词其实只剩下两个字，即“救”与“援”。某种意义上，“援”也是“救”的组成部分。毫无疑问，救灾已成为当前中国政府与民众最为重要的任务。

救灾救什么？这似乎是一个无须思考的问题。但事实上，救灾的真义必须得到厘清。救灾的第一要务，当为拯救生命。与生命相比，财产的损失与灾后的重建等都已经相对次要，或者说，包括抢救财产以及对于地震中出现问题的反思等，都应该退到“拯救生命”这一极端重要的议题之后。

在地震灾害现场指挥抢救的温家宝总理说过一句话，“只要有双手，家园就能重建”——这句话真切地诠释出了救灾的真义所在。换言之，这也是中国政府将救人作为首要任务的理念之源。正因为生命只有一次，无法以其他之物替代，故救灾者必须以最快的速度，以最大的努力，甚至不惜采取任何手段，“不惜任何代价”，拯救灾区民众的生命。

这意味着，以政府为主导的救援体系须将重心落在对生命的挽救上。随着时间的推移，伤亡数字也将会不断增加。数万人的生命安危，其实就是最严厉的灾情命令。只要有一线的希望，救援者就必须以百倍的努力，从废墟中寻找可能的生还者，从正在倒塌的建筑物中抢救出每一个生命。

应该看到，救灾不仅依赖信心、勇气与团结的精神，也依赖专业的救援队伍与技术配置。尽管人人都可为救灾尽力，但在一定条件下，救灾又是一个技术活，专业性强、风险度高、劳动量大。不能不提到，中国军人又一次发挥了“钢铁长城”的作用，在艰苦的救灾条件下，作战在灾区的精锐部队充分体现出了威武之师的雄风。年轻的中国军人在灾区救援的情景，确实令人深切地感到了血浓于水的鱼水深情。

将拯救生命视为压倒一切的首要任务，也意味着，救援者必须争分夺秒，与死神赛跑。那些废墟里奄奄一息的生命，正在急切地等待救助。“时间就是生命”的含义，在此时也得到了最真切地体现。救援者早一秒进入受灾地区，就能早抢救出一个生命。在震中地区交通不便甚至中断的情况下，温家宝总理要求救援队伍“就是步行也要尽快进入受灾最严重的地区”，突出强调了地震救援之时间概念的重要性。

还应该看到，地震救灾不仅仅是政府之事。如同面对以往任何一场重大自然灾害一样，在政府之力之外，拯救生命的行动，还依赖于民众与非政府机构众志成城。包括给予灾区人民的精神激励、物质的支持，以及包括积极献血等切实的行动等，均会对救援行动产生积极效果。汶川大地震发生之后，不少企业与个人，已开始紧急捐赠财物，运往最需要的地方。非灾区民众发出的祝福与鼓励，已让人充分感受到了温暖而坚定的民族力量。

天灾无情人有情。在一场拯救生命的全民战斗中，胜利终将属于历经灾难考验的中华民族。

推荐第6篇：地震英语表达

地震英语词汇

aftershock余震

airdropped goods空投物资

armed police武警

casualties伤亡人数

charity organization慈善组织

charity performance义演

cla resumption复课

cla suspension停课

collapsed building倒塌房屋

death toll死亡人数

debris / rubble废墟

earthquake-hit region受灾地区

earthquake monitoring地震监控

earthquake relief抗震救灾

emergency measure紧急措施

epicenter震中

eentials /neceities生活必需品

evacuation evacuee 撤离者,疏散者撤离

field hospital野战医院

first-aid急救

fundraise:raise money for a cause or project募捐

green channel绿色通道(China\'s banking regulators Wednesday ordered all the banks to open a \"green channel\" disaster relief donations from home and abroad and scrape the remittance charge.银监会周三要求各银行金融机构开辟抗震救灾捐款快速通道，不得向境内外汇往灾区的捐款收取手续费。)

international aid国际援助

international maritime 海的,海上的,海事的satellite telephone国际海事卫星电话

landslide山体滑坡

life detector生命探测器

life line生命线

makeshift临时措施

a.临时的house 简易房屋

medical team医疗队

mud flow泥石流debris flow

national mourning day国家哀悼日

Non-Governmental Organization(NGO)非政府组织

power restoration恢复供电

prime time for rescue救援黄金时间

relief materials救灾物资

rescue effort救援行动

rescue team救援队

rescue worker救援人员

Richter Scale里氏震级

search and rescue work搜救行动

seismographer [ saiz\'mɔgrəfə ] .地震学家

sniffer 嗅探者,嗅探器 dog / rescue dog / search dog救援犬

survivor幸存者

temporary shelter camp临时避难所

trapped person被困人员

victims受灾群众

civic 公民的

It\'s a civic pride to have a champion.

拥有世界冠军是我们每个公民的骄傲。

cyclone 飓风

daunting 使人畏缩的The prospect of meeting the President is quite daunting.

一想到要会见总统就足以令人心悸.dire 迫切的可怕的,悲惨的,阴惨的They are in a dire extremity.他们在悲惨的穷途末路。

dub 授予称号

fragile 虚弱的

hitch 搭便车

junta 军政府

impel 激励

mobilize 动员

orphan 孤儿

philanthropy 善心

tremor 震动

unprecedented 史无前例的

hands-on

亲自动手的

He adopts a hands-on approach to solving the company\'s financial problems.

他亲自动手解决公司的财务问题。

表示地震的词：

earthquake

quake

shake

shock

tremor

temblor [美语] (pl.-s, -blores )

（地震）发生于...：

hit...袭击，打击，使遭受

strike...突然发生

shake...摇；摇动；摇撼

jolt...使颠簸，摇晃

rock...摇，摇动，使振动

roll acro...波动，起伏，横摇

rip through...裂开，破开；突进，横撞直闯

破坏程度（小→大）

damage 损害，损伤；〔口语〕伤害，毁坏。

destroy 毁坏，破坏；摧残。

shatter .破坏；捣毁；破灭。

devastate 蹂躏，破坏；使荒废；毁灭。

level 推倒，夷平。

flatten 夷为平地。

地震学相关词汇：

seismological 地震学上的

seismology 地震学

seismograph 地震仪

seismographer 地震学家

aftershock 余震

smaller tremors 小地震

epicenter 震中

magnitude 震级

Richter Scale(1—10) 里氏震级

earthquake monitoring 地震监控

tsunami 海啸

tsunami warning system 海啸预警系统

tidal waves 潮汐波，浪潮

natural disaster 自然灾害

tragedy 灾难

wreckage 残骸

death toll 死亡人数

survivors 幸存者

victims 受灾者

international contributions 国际援助

evacuation 撤离

rescue team 救援小组

China has mobilized动员 130,000 army and paramilitary[ ,pærə\'militəri ] 准军事性的,起军事辅助作用的 troops 准军事部队to the disaster area, but the quake buckled roads and triggered mountain landslides, meaning that relief supplies and rescuers have struggled to reach the worst-hit areas.Mobilize是一个平时不太常用的单词

地震灾难发生之后，全世界对于中国政府mobilize抗震救灾力量的效率给予了好评，我们也可以对mobilize有一个全新的认识与了解。

中国政府此次动员的抗震救灾力量主要来自军警，上述文字中的

paramilitary troops就是“准军事部队”的意思，也就是警察，包括武警。Paramilitary是西方国家通常用来表达警察和武警部队的英语词汇，在我国的汉英词典中，“武警”的译文通常是armed police，但这个表达远不如

paramilitary在英语国家中用的普遍。中国政府此次出动的抗震救灾力量中除了军人之外还有大量武警、森林警察、消防警察和普通公安干警，这些警力在英语中可以统称为paramilitary troops。

Buckled roads就是“阻挡道路”的意思，其中buckle这个单词在这里使用得十分生动形象，因为“阻挡道路”我们一般是表达为block road的，而buckle的意思是“使扭曲”，“使弯曲”，“使变形”，对于在汶川地震中毁坏的公路来说，buckle这个词显然是再形象不过的了。

triggered mountain landslides就是“引发山体滑坡”的意思，其中的mountain landslide就是“山体滑坡”的意思。slide属于美国英语用法，指的是(土、石、雪等的)崩落，崩塌。常见派生用法有landslide(山崩，滑坡，塌方)，mud slide就是“泥石流”。Trigger这个词用在这里也十分形象，因为它通常表示由于外来力量的作用而造成的某种后果。

在美联社的另外一篇报道中，“引发”的英语对应词汇用的spark，其释义与trigger相似，如A strong aftershock sparked landslides near the epicenter of this week\'s powerful earthquake Friday, burying vehicles and again cutting off ravaged areas of central China.

我们抗震救灾中所急需的各类“救灾物资”就是relief supplies。说到与“救”相关的词汇，我们往往会条件反射想到save，其实不然。在各种灾难救援行动中，rescue是一个更常用的词汇，下文的rescuers就是“救援人员”的意思，而“救援行动”本身在英语中就是relief。“救援人员”还可以表达为

relief workers，如美联社的这篇报道中就提到了以下一句话：Relief workers said food, water and tents were urgently needed.上文中的worst-hit areas指的就是此次地震灾害中受灾最严重的地区，比如说汶川，北川和青川等地。 此次汶川地震造成的严重后果之一就是大量人员、尤其是正在学校上学的孩子们被掩埋在建筑物坍塌之后的废墟之中，在表示“废墟”的时候，英语中通常使用debris和rubble这两个单词。

如美联社的这篇报道提到：Rescuers saved a child from the debris of a school in the town of Beichuan 80 hours after the quake struck.They said they could hear weak calls for help from amid the rubble, Xinhua said.其中，debris所涵盖的范围比rubble更广泛，它可以泛指一切物体解体之后形成的碎片或者残骸，比如说飞机发生空难之后的残骸the debris of a plane，又如，The beach was littered with debris(海滩上到处都是残骸)。必须指出的是，debris是不可数名词。相对而言，rubble用在此次

Below is a special report on the earthquake and the rescue operations taking place.

Rescue efforts are underway in China\'s Sichuan province following

Monday\'s devastating earthquake 灾难性的地震, which measured 7.8 on the Richter Scale 里氏震级.

According to Xinhua news agency, nearly 15,000 people have died in the disaster, with as many as 24,000 more trapped under rubble 碎石，碎砖 from collapsing buildings and another 14,000 declared miing 申报失踪.Prime Minister Wen Jiabao has visited the area to personally oversee relief work （抗震）救灾工作, and is flying to the epicentre 震中 of the earthquake today.

Chinese troops have been mobilised 调动 to carry out rescue operations and emergency aid 紧急救护 has been air-dropped 空降 into areas that have been cut off by the disaster.

Bad weather has hampered 阻碍 relief efforts and in some cases rescuers have had to trek into the disaster area 受灾地区 by foot and search for trapped survivors 生还者 by hand as roads have been blocked by debris 瓦砾碎片.

Some residents of the provincial capital 首府 Chengdu have chosen to sleep in tents and government shelters for fear of aftershocks 余震 causing more damage.

One witne in Chengdu told the BBC the city\'s population is helping the relief work by donating 捐献 food and water for those affected in the surrounding countryside.

Financial aid 经济救助 has been pouring in 大量涌进 from all over China, with the Chinese government pledging hundreds of millions of dollars.Substantial donations from other countries and humanitarian

organizations have also been pledged 承诺，给予（援助）.

推荐第7篇：地震英语作文

Strong earthquake damage so large, to show once again brought out.In the vicinity of the epicenter, and in some cities and villages, many houses collapsed and damaged roads, telecommunications disruption, many schools and hospitals have become ruins.Human vibrant homes, Zhuanshun between appalling.

This is a natural disaster caused by difficult to avoid the tragedy, it is sad.And this kind of tragedy, and in fact the long history of human companions, Ruyingsuixing.Far not said that the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, despite the past 32 years but has remained a matter of fear.In 1998 the major flood disaster in ～, the atypical pneumonia crisis, the end of ～ Indian Ocean tsunami and the recent tropical storm in Myanmar, have caused a large number of casualties and property loes.Human nature is no stranger to disaster, but when Wenchuan earthquake and the plain reality of the time, the natural power of human beings before the fragile, exposed completely.

Wenchuan earthquake, the people to disaster areas has caused tremendous physical and mental suffering, but also makes the map as a small region, the people throughout the country the most about the place.As a so-called human life, compatriots suffering in some of the time, the countrys grief out of the full performance.The international community has also expreed concern about the rapid and condolences.

When a major earthquake has occurred, and aftershocks continued, the key word at this time only a matter of fact the word save and aistance.In a sense, the aistance is also save an integral part.There is no doubt that relief has become Chinas current government and the people most important task.

Disaster relief to save what » This seems to be without a thought.But in fact, the true meaning of disaster relief must be clarified.The primary task of relief, when in order to save lives.Compared with the life, property lo and post-disaster reconstruction and so has been relatively minor, or that include the rescue of property and the seismic reflection of the problem, should be moved back to save lives extremely important After that.

In the earthquake disaster site to direct rescue of premier Wen Jiabao said a word, as long as both hands, will be able to rebuild their homes - these words to the real interpretation of the true meaning of the disaster.In other words, this is also the Chinese government will as a primary task of saving the idea of the source.That is only one life, not to the other of alternative, the response must be to the fastest speed, with the GREatest efforts, even at the cost to take any means, at any cost, the disaster areas to save peoples lives.

This means that the government-led rescue system should be the focus fell on the lives of the rescue.With the paage of time, the number of casualties will also continue to increase.Safety of the lives of tens of thousands of people, in fact, the most severe disaster order.As long as theres hope that the front line, who must rescue efforts to hundredfold, from the ruins in search for poible survivors, from under collapsed buildings in a rescue every life.

It should be noted that not only rely on relief confidence, courage and a spirit of solidarity, but also rely on the profeional rescue teams and technical configuration.Although available for disaster relief to everyone, but under certain conditions, relief is also a live technical, profeional and strong, high-risk, large amount of labor.Can not fail to mention that Chinese soldiers once again played a steel wall role in the relief difficult conditions, the elite combat units in the affected areas to give full expreion to the mighty army of glory.The young Chinese soldiers in the affected areas of the rescue scenario is indeed deeply felt the blood is thicker than water like fish and water deeply.

Will save lives as the overriding priority, also means that aid must race against time, and death race.Those dying in the ruins of the life, is eagerly awaited relief.Time is life, meaning, at this point has been the most vivid expreion.Early into the second relief to the affected areas, we can save a life back.In the epicenter of local traffic inconvenience or even interrupted the circumstances, premier Wen Jiabao asked the rescue team is to walk as soon as poible into the most affected areas, highlighted the earthquake relief the importance of the concept of time.

It should also be noted that the earthquake disaster relief is not just a matter of the Government.As the face of ever, a major natural disaster, the governments influence, life-saving operations, but also relies on public and non-governmental organizations surmount.Including encouraging the spirit of the people of disaster areas, material support, including positive and practical actions, such as blood donation, both will have a positive effect rescue operations.Wenchuan after the earthquake, many enterprises and individuals, has begun an emergency donation of property, to the most needed areas.Non-disaster areas the peoples bleings and encouragement, people have fully felt the warmth and firm national strength.

No Valentines love of natural disasters.In a battle to save the lives of all people, the victory will come after a disaster test of the Chinese nation.强地震的破坏力如此之大，又一次淋漓尽致地呈现出来。在震中以及附近的一些城市与乡村，许多房屋倒塌，道路毁坏，电信中断，不少学校与医院成了废墟。人类生机勃勃的家园，转瞬之间惨不忍睹。

这是一场由自然灾难造成的难以躲避的悲剧，令人悲痛。而这样的悲剧，事实上与人类漫长的历史相伴，如影随形。远的不说，1976年的唐山大地 震，尽管已经过去32年，但至今依然令人心有余悸。1998年的特大洪涝灾害、～年的“非典”危机、～年底的印度洋海啸，以及最近发生在缅甸 的热带风暴，都造成了大量的人员伤亡和财产损失。人类对于自然灾难并不陌生，但是，当汶川大地震现实地摆在眼前的时候，人类在自然威力前的脆弱，显露无 遗。

汶川大地震，给灾区的民众造成了巨大的身心痛苦，也使得地图上那样一个狭小的区域，成为全国人民最为牵挂的地方。所谓人命关天，在部分同胞受难之时，举国的悲恸充分表现了出来。国际社会也迅速表达了关切与慰问。

当一场大地震已经发生，而且余震不断，此时的关键词其实只剩下两个字，即“救”与“援”。某种意义上，“援”也是“救”的组成部分。毫无疑问，救灾已成为当前中国政府与民众最为重要的任务。

救灾救什么？这似乎是一个无须思考的问题。但事实上，救灾的真义必须得到厘清。救灾的第一要务，当为拯救生命。与生命相比，财产的损失与灾后的 重建等都已经相对次要，或者说，包括抢救财产以及对于地震中出现问题的反思等，都应该退到“拯救生命”这一极端重要的议题之后。

在地震灾害现场指挥抢救的温家宝总理说过一句话，“只要有双手，家园就能重建”——这句话真切地诠释出了救灾的真义所在。换言之，这也是中国政 府将救人作为首要任务的理念之源。正因为生命只有一次，无法以其他之物替代，故救灾者必须以最快的速度，以最大的努力，甚至不惜采取任何手段，“不惜任何 代价”，拯救灾区民众的生命。

这意味着，以政府为主导的救援体系须将重心落在对生命的挽救上。随着时间的推移，伤亡数字也将会不断增加。数万人的生命安危，其实就是最严厉的灾情命令。只要有一线的希望，救援者就必须以百倍的努力，从废墟中寻找可能的生还者，从正在倒塌的建筑物中抢救出每一个生命。

应该看到，救灾不仅依赖信心、勇气与团结的精神，也依赖专业的救援队伍与技术配置。尽管人人都可为救灾尽力，但在一定条件下，救灾又是一个技术 活，专业性强、风险度高、劳动量大。不能不提到，中～人又一次发挥了“钢铁长城”的作用，在艰苦的救灾条件下，作战在灾区的精锐部队充分体现出了威武之 师的雄风。年轻的中～人在灾区救援的情景，确实令人深切地感到了血浓于水的鱼水深情。

将拯救生命视为压倒一切的首要任务，也意味着，救援者必须争分夺秒，与死神赛跑。那些废墟里奄奄一息的生命，正在急切地等待救助。“时间就是生 命”的含义，在此时也得到了最真切地体现。救援者早一秒进入受灾地区，就能早抢救出一个生命。在震中地区交通不便甚至中断的情况下，温家宝总理要求救援队 伍“就是步行也要尽快进入受灾最严重的地区”，突出强调了地震救援之时间概念的重要性。

还应该看到，地震救灾不仅仅是政府之事。如同面对以往任何一场重大自然灾害一样，在政府之力之外，拯救生命的行动，还依赖于民众与非政府机构众 志成城。包括给予灾区人民的精神激励、物质的支持，以及包括积极献血等切实的行动等，均会对救援行动产生积极效果。汶川大地震发生之后，不少企业与个人， 已开始紧急捐赠财物，运往最需要的地方。非灾区民众发出的祝福与鼓励，已让人充分感受到了温暖而坚定的民族力量。

天灾无情人有情。在一场拯救生命的全民战斗中，胜利终将属于历经灾难考验的中华民族。

推荐第8篇：英语地震简介

中文名称：

地震

英文名称：

earthquake

定义：

地壳在内、外营力作用下，集聚的构造应力突然释放，产生震动弹性波，从震源向四周传播引起的地面颤动。

世界上主要有三大地震带：

环太平洋地震带 分布在太平洋周围，包括南北美洲太平洋沿岸和从阿留申群岛、堪察加半岛、日本列岛南下至我国台湾省，再经菲律宾群岛转向东南，直到新西兰。这里是全球分布最广、地震最多的地震带，所释放的能量约占全球的四分之三。

欧亚地震带 从地中海向东，一支经中亚至喜马拉雅山，然后向南经我国横断山脉，过缅甸，呈弧形转向东，至印度尼西亚。另一支从中亚向东北延伸，至堪察加，分布比较零散。 海岭地震带 分布在太平洋、大西洋、印度洋中的海岭地区（海底山脉）。

中国地震多发地区

在中国大致有这么几个地震敏感点，以四川 西藏 为主的西南地区，因为其处于地中海-—喜马拉雅地震带上。还有以河北，北京，江苏，福建台湾，为主的东南沿海地区因为其处于环太平洋地震带上，板块活动较为剧烈。所以这些处于地球内部版块交界处的省份，容易发生地震。

一1906.4.18美国旧金山地震8.3级死亡2000人损失5亿美元次生灾害为火灾在那旧地区金山圣弗朗西斯科半岛

二1923.9.1日本关东地震8.2级死亡143000人财产损失66亿日元，日本全国财富的5％次生灾害为火灾、狂风、海啸在日本关东地区，这次地震的震级之大，破坏之烈，次生灾害 灾种之多，都堪称日本自然灾害之最，在世界现代史上称得上一次少见的综合性大灾

难。

三1999.09.21中国台湾大地震7.6级死亡2000人损失118亿美元次生灾害为火灾且台中市深度浅,余震强,余震次数频繁而且持续时间长

四2008.5.12中国汶川大地震8.0 级死亡70000人损失8451.4亿美元堰次生灾害塞湖、地震谣传成都、绵阳、什邡浅源地震。汶川地震不属于深板块边界的效应，发生在地壳脆——韧性转换带，震源深度为10千米——20千米，因此破坏性巨大。

地震前兆地震前兆指发生前出现的异常现象，在地应力作用下，在应力应变逐渐积累、加强的过程中，会引起震源及附近物质发生如地震活动、地表的明显变化以及地磁、地电、重力等地球物理异常，地下水位、水化学、动物的异常行为等。概括性称这些与地震孕育、发生有关联的异常变化现象为地震前兆（也称地震异常）。它包括地震微观异常和地震宏观异常两大类。

地震微观异常：地下水异常地下水包括井水、泉水等。主要异常有发浑、冒泡、翻花、升温、变色、变味、突升、突降、泉源突然枯竭或涌出等。人们总结了震前井水变化的谚语：“井水是个宝，前兆来得早。”“无雨水质浑，天旱井水冒。”“水位变化大，翻花冒气泡。”“ 有的变颜色，有的变味道。”

生物异常许多动物的某些器官感觉特别灵敏，它能比人类提前知道一些灾害事件的发生，例如海洋中水母能预报风暴，老鼠能事先躲避矿井崩塌或有害气体的侵入等等。

至于在视觉、听觉、触觉、振动觉、平衡觉器官中，哪些起了主要作用，哪些又起了辅助判断作用，对不同的动物可能有所不同。伴随地震而产生的物理、化学变化（振动、电、磁、气象、水氡含量异常等），往往能使一些动物的某种感觉器官受到刺激而发生异常的反应。如一个地区的重力发生变异，某些动物可能能通过它的平衡器官感觉到；一种振动异常，某些动物的听觉器官也许能够察觉出来。地震前地下岩层早已在逐日缓慢活动，呈现出蠕动状态，而断层面之间又具有强大的摩擦力，于是有人认为在摩擦的断层面上会产生一种每秒钟仅几次至十多次、低于人的听觉所能感觉到的低频声波。人只能感觉得到每秒20次以上的声波，而动物则不然。那些感觉十分灵敏的动物，在感触到这种声波时，便会惊恐万分、狂躁不安，以致出现冬蛇出洞，鱼跃水面，猪牛跳圈，在浅海处见到深水鱼或陌生鱼群。鸡飞狗跳等异常现象。动物异常的种类很多，有大牲畜、家禽、穴居动物、冬眠动物、鱼类等等。 猪：不进圈、不吃食、乱叫乱闹、拱圈、越圈外逃。羊：不进圈、不吃食、乱叫乱闹、越圈逃跑、闹圈。狗：狂吠不休、哭泣、嗅地扒地、咬人、乱跑乱闹、叼着狗崽搬家、警犬不听指令。猫：惊慌不安、叼着猫崽搬家上树。

有关地震知识及预防

推荐第9篇：英语作文 地震

Yesterday, in Japan 8.8 magnitude occurred maizuru, powerful earthquake, the earthquake let us, this earthquake looming is terrific, the entire honshu island ulterly changed, earthquake that triggered the big fire entire towns, and because the main honshu island is the coastal regions, so because the quake triggered a tsunami, the tsunami have been rushed to the imperial county, and it took the whole Japan\'s floor is main honshu island say all the boundle, became engulfed by the sea, today, because tsunami caused a whirlpool, then, take everything contributed in.Can say is really powerful.

In the earthquake, many people have lost family and friends, some people even themselves are dead, they how poor! Natural disasters are ruthle, according to expert introduction, the Japanese earthquake destructive more than 20 wenchuan earthquake damage.The earthquake has the highest an earthquake, series is really powerful! They know how pain, lose his family is a thing, as we live in the same earth, should also help them.

The earthquake actually is also a warning, it reminds us, to protect the

environment, not to do a great deal of extraction, this can lead to underground energy strong earthquake if coastal areas, also take care not to put the rubbish into the sea, that will also pollute the environment.

Let us environmental protection! Let our earth more beautiful, more beautiful!意思：昨天，在日本本州岛发生了8.8级的强烈大地震，这次的地震让我们触目惊心，这次的地震是非常厉害的，整个本州岛面目全非，地震引发的大火烧了整个城镇，并且由于本州岛是沿海地区，所以因为地震还引发了海啸，这次的海啸一直冲到宫廷县德楼，把整个日本本州岛可以说是全部吞没，变成了茫茫的海洋，今天，由于海啸发生，于是引起了漩涡，把东西都捐了进去。可以说实在是威力巨大。

在这次地震中，好多人都失去了家人和朋友，有些人甚至自己都死了，他们多么可怜呀！自然灾害是无情的，据专家介绍，这次日本地震破坏力超过20个汶川地震的破坏力。这次地震有史以来级数最高的一次地震，实在是威力巨大！他们知道，失去家人是多么痛苦的一件事情，作为生活在同一个地球的我们，也应该帮助他们。

这次地震其实也是一个警钟，它在提醒我们，要保护环境，不要大量抽取地下能量，这样会导致强烈的大地震，要是沿海地区也要注意不要把垃圾扔到海里，这样也会污染环境。

让我们环保起来吧！让我们的地球变得更加的美丽，更加的漂亮!

推荐第10篇：关于地震地震英语作文

ble you——China

On May 12th ,a powerful earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter Scale has attacked the village which was called Wenchuan in Sichuan Province.

I surfed the Internet from morning till night to see what were happening in that place.I fell very distreed that when I saw the pictures .The whole villages were wiped out by the terrible earthquake.Hundreds of people lost their lives or were rendered homele.But fortunately, millions of people home or broad have given freely in response to the appeal for the victims of the earthquake.

I hope all of us can try our best to help the victims out of this terrible disaster as soon as poible.China is a great nation ! Chinese are all great people ! Great Chinese must defeat all the difficulties they meet at last !

I believe and ble you——China—— my great motherland!

In the sound of the whistle, the May meeting of rain and tears.This is a sad moment: the mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, wives, husbands, lovers,

teachers, students, friends, colleagues, neighbours… ...to at 14:28 on May 12 before the dull, busy, hope , Disappointed, sad, happy…… those beutiful days.Today\'s Wenchuan Festivals, it is only a short farewell.Life, not just breathing and heartbeat.Man\'s bitterest sorrows are separation and death not the lives of the border.Pro-people did not leave, everything will continue.In the ruins of the baby crying sound, called a \"Wenchuan\" new life, born today.

翻译：祝福你——中国

5月12日,一个强大的规模7.8的地震不但攻击村庄被叫做四川汶川。

我搜寻网路,从早到晚看什么发生在那个地方。我感到很痛苦,当我有看过照片,整个村庄所消灭可怕的地震。数以百计的人失去了生命或乌托邦无家可归。但幸运的是,数以百万计的人家里还是广泛自由地在回应了上诉为地震的受害者。

我真心希望大家能尽最大的努力帮助受害者从这可怕的浩劫尽快。

中国是一个伟大的国。中国都是伟大的人!伟大的中国必须打败所有的困难,他们终于见面了!

我相信,祝福你——中国——我的伟大的祖国!

在声音的汽笛声,会议的雨水和泪水交汇。这是一个悲伤的时刻:向母亲、父亲、儿子、女儿、妻子、丈夫、恋人、教师、学生、朋友、同事、邻居„„在5月12日14时28分前的平淡、忙碌、希望、失望、忧愁、欢喜„„那些美丽的温馨日子。

今天的汶川祭奠,只有短暂的告别。一生,而不只是呼吸和心跳。人的最恶毒的悲痛是分离和死亡不是生命的边界。亲人们没有离去,一切都将延续。在废墟上嘹亮的婴儿啼哭声里,一个叫做“汶川”的新生命,今天降生。

第11篇：英语四六级：地震英语作文

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Strong earthquake damage so large, to show once againbrought out.In the vicinity of the epicenter, and in some citiesand villages, many houses collapsed and damaged roads,telecommunications disruption, many schools and hospitalshave become ruins.Human vibrant homes, Zhuanshun betweenappalling.

This is a natural disaster caused by difficult to avoid thetragedy, it is sad.And this kind of tragedy, and in fact the long history of human companions,Ruyingsuixing.Far not said that the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, despite the past 32 years but hasremained a matter of fear.In 1998 the major flood disaster in 2003, the atypical pneumonia crisis,the end of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the recent tropical storm in Myanmar, have caused alarge number of casualties and property loes.Human nature is no stranger to disaster, but whenWenchuan earthquake and the plain reality of the time, the natural power of human beings beforethe fragile, exposed completely.

Wenchuan earthquake, the people to disaster areas has caused tremendous physical andmental suffering, but also makes the map as a small region, the people throughout the country themost about 洛基Rocky在线英语教育平台

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the place.As a so-called human life, compatriots suffering in some of the time, thecountry’s grief out of the full performance.The international community has also expreedconcern about the rapid and condolences.

When a major earthquake has occurred, and aftershocks continued, the key word at this timeonly a matter of fact the word save and aistance.In a sense, the aistance is also save anintegral part.There is no doubt that relief has become China’s current government and the peoplemost important task.

Disaster relief to save what » This seems to be without a thought.But in fact, the truemeaning of disaster relief must be clarified.The primary task of relief, when in order to save lives.Compared with the life, property lo and post-disaster reconstruction and so has been relativelyminor, or that include the rescue of property and the seismic reflection of the problem, should bemoved back to save lives extremely important After that.

In the earthquake disaster site to direct rescue of Premier Wen Jiabao said a word, as long asboth hands, will be able to rebuild their homes - these words to the real interpretation of the truemeaning洛基Rocky在线英语教育平台

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of the disaster.In other words, this is also the Chinese government will as a primary taskof saving the idea of the source.That is only one life, not to the other of alternative, the responsemust be to the fastest speed, with the GREatest efforts, even at the cost to take any means, atany cost, the disaster areas to save people’s lives.

This means that the government-led rescue system should be the focus fell on the lives of therescue.With the paage of time, the number of casualties will also continue to increase.Safety ofthe lives of tens of thousands of people, in fact, the most severe disaster order.As long as there’shope that the front line, who must rescue efforts to hundredfold, from the ruins in search forpoible survivors, from under collapsed buildings in a rescue every life.It should be noted that not only rely on relief confidence, courage and a spirit of solidarity, but alsorely on the profeional rescue teams and technical configuration.Although available for disasterrelief to everyone, but under certain conditions, relief is also a live technical, profeional andstrong, high-risk, large amount of labor.Can not fail to mention that Chinese soldiers once againplayed a steel wall role in the relief difficult conditions, the elite combat units in the affected areas togive full expreion to the mighty army of glor洛基Rocky在线英语教育平台

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y.The young Chinese soldiers in the affected areasof the rescue scenario is indeed deeply felt the blood is thicker than water like fish and waterdeeply.

Will save lives as the overriding priority, also means that aid must race against time, and deathrace.Those dying in the ruins of the life, is eagerly awaited relief.Time is life, meaning, at this pointhas been the most vivid expreion.Early into the second relief to the affected areas, we can savea life back.In the epicenter of local traffic inconvenience or even interrupted the circumstances,Premier Wen Jiabao asked the rescue team is to walk as soon as poible into the most affectedareas, highlighted the earthquake relief the importance of the concept of time.

It should also be noted that the earthquake disaster relief is not just a matter of theGovernment.As the face of ever, a major natural disaster, the government’s influence, life-savingoperations, but also relies on public and non-governmental organizations surmount.Includingencouraging the spirit of the people of disaster areas, material support, including positive andpractical actions, such as blood donation, both will have a positive effect rescue operations.Wenchuan after the earthquake, many enterprises and individuals, has be洛基Rocky在线英语教育平台

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gun an emergencydonation of property, to the most needed areas.Non-disaster areas the people’s bleings andencouragement, people have fully felt the warmth and firm national strength.No Valentine’s love of natural disasters.In a battle to save the lives of all people, the victory willcome after a disaster test of the Chinese nation. 强地震的破坏力如此之大，又一次淋漓尽致地呈现出来。在震中以及附近的一些城市与乡村，许多房屋倒塌，道路毁坏，电信中断，不少学校与医院成了废墟。人类生机勃勃的家园，转瞬之间惨不忍睹。

这是一场由自然灾难造成的难以躲避的悲剧，令人悲痛。而这样的悲剧，事实上与人类漫长的历史相伴，如影随形。远的不说，1976年的唐山大地震，尽管已经过去32年，但至今依然令人心有余悸。1998年的特大洪涝灾害、2003年的“非典”危机、2004年底的印度洋海啸，以及最近发生在缅甸的热带风暴，都造成了大量的人员伤亡和财产损失。人类对于自然灾难并不陌生，但是，当汶川大地震现实地摆在眼前的时候，人类在自然威力前的脆弱，显露无遗。

汶川大地震，给灾区的民众造成了巨大的身心痛苦，也使得地图上那样一个狭小的区域，成为全国人民最为牵挂的地方。所谓人命关天，在部分同胞受难之时，举国的悲恸充分表现了出来。国际社会也迅速表达了关切与慰问。

当一场大地震已经发生，而且余震不断，此时的关键词其实只剩下两个字，即“救”与“援”。某种意义上，“援”也是“救”的组成部分。洛基Rocky在线英语教育平台

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毫无疑问，救灾已成为当前中国政府与民众最为重要的任务。

救灾救什么？这似乎是一个无须思考的问题。但事实上，救灾的真义必须得到厘清。救灾的第一要务，当为拯救生命。与生命相比，财产的损失与灾后的重建等都已经相对次要，或者说，包括抢救财产以及对于地震中出现问题的反思等，都应该退到“拯救生命”这一极端重要的议题之后。

在地震灾害现场指挥抢救的温家宝总理说过一句话，“只要有双手，家园就能重建”——这句话真切地诠释出了救灾的真义所在。换言之，这也是中国政府将救人作为首要任务的理念之源。正因为生命只有一次，无法以其他之物替代，故救灾者必须以最快的速度，以最大的努力，甚至不惜采取任何手段，“不惜任何代价”，拯救灾区民众的生命。

这意味着，以政府为主导的救援体系须将重心落在对生命的挽救上。随着时间的推移，伤亡数字也将会不断增加。数万人的生命安危，其实就是最严厉的灾情命令。只要有一线的希望，救援者就必须以百倍的努力，从废墟中寻找可能的生还者，从正在倒塌的建筑物中抢救出每一个生命。

应该看到，救灾不仅依赖信心、勇气与团结的精神，也依赖专业的救援队伍与技术配置。尽管人人都可为救灾尽力，但在一定条件下，救灾又是一个技术活，专业性强、风险度高、劳动量大。不能不提到，中国军人又一次发挥了“钢铁长城”的作用，在艰苦的救灾条件下，作战在灾区的精锐部队充分体现出了威武之师的雄风。年轻的中国军人洛基Rocky在线英语教育平台

打造国内最大的英语教育平台

在灾区救援的情景，确实令人深切地感到了血浓于水的鱼水深情。

将拯救生命视为压倒一切的首要任务，也意味着，救援者必须争分夺秒，与死神赛跑。那些废墟里奄奄一息的生命，正在急切地等待救助。“时间就是生命”的含义，在此时也得到了最真切地体现。救援者早一秒进入受灾地区，就能早抢救出一个生命。在震中地区交通不便甚至中断的情况下，温家宝总理要求救援队伍“就是步行也要尽快进入受灾最严重的地区”，突出强调了地震救援之时间概念的重要性。

还应该看到，地震救灾不仅仅是政府之事。如同面对以往任何一场重大自然灾害一样，在政府之力之外，拯救生命的行动，还依赖于民众与非政府机构众志成城。包括给予灾区人民的精神激励、物质的支持，以及包括积极献血等切实的行动等，均会对救援行动产生积极效果。汶川大地震发生之后，不少企业与个人，已开始紧急捐赠财物，运往最需要的地方。非灾区民众发出的祝福与鼓励，已让人充分感受到了温暖而坚定的民族力量。

天灾无情人有情。在一场拯救生命的全民战斗中，胜利终将属于历经灾难考验的中华民族。

洛基Rocky在线英语教育平台

第12篇：玉树地震{英语作文}

Now the most important and sad thing during the whole county is the earthquake happening in qinghai province yushu city.

目前举国上下最紧要(令人伤感，充满悲恸)的事情就是发生在青海省玉树县的地震。

It is not longaway from the Wenchuan earthquark , Haiti earthquark and all the scenes made us feel close but sorry.

想想在之前不久刚刚发生的汶川地震和刚刚过去的海地大地震，这一幕一幕，让人不胜寒嘘。

Some people is saved but some died for ever, some lose family and some lose health.The natural disaster is cruel but actual which made us scared but contemplative.

有些人被救，而有些人永远的离开了这个世界，有些人失去了家人，有些人失去了健康的身体。自然灾害是残酷的，这使我们感到更加害怕之外还有沉思（作文地带觉得这个词翻译的不到位，请大家指教，谢谢。）。

We human being always think us the dominator of the nature, try to

amend the rule of nature ,destory the root of life and finally we have to repay for what we have done, such as global warming , worse weather, extinct species and energy sources.

我们始终认为我们人类对自然的主宰地位，竭尽全力去控制自然规律，破坏了自然界发展的基本规则，到最后只能是我们自己为自己的所作所为付出惨痛的代价，正如 全球气候变暖，更糟糕的天气，物种灭绝以及失去能源。

Maybe we should learn leons form the alarms such as frequent

Earthquake, abnormal weather , worse habitation.Hope we can live to 2012.

也许我们应该吸取经验教训，例如频繁性地震就是一个警钟，异常天气变化，更糟的居住形势。但愿我们能活到2012年。

I fell very distreed that when I saw the pictures .The whole villages were wiped out by the terrible earthquake.Hundreds of people lost their lives or were rendered homele.But fortunately, millions of people home or broad have given freely in response to the appeal for the victims of the earthquake.

当我看到震区的那些图片的时候，心里非常难过。整个村子都被夷为了平地(地震使整个城镇破坏相当严重)。成千上万的人失去了生命或者是失去了自己的家园。但幸运的是，(作文地带这一句话翻译比较活,可能跟原文意思有些不一致，但直译出来不大顺口，所以我们作文地带在这里就活用了，希望理解)，数以百万记的来自世界各地的人们都伸出了他们的援助之手，大家携手一起为玉树捐款赈灾。

I hope all of us can try our best to help the victims out of this terrible disaster as soon as poible.

我想我们每一个人都要尽自己的一份力，让那些深处灾区的人们尽快从地震的阴影中走出来。

第13篇：英语作文 日本地震

All of those broken bones in northern Japan, all of those broken lives and those broken homes prompt us to remember what in calmer times we are invariably minded to forget: the most stern and chilling of mantras, which holds, quite simply, that mankind inhabits this earth subject to geological consent—which can be withdrawn at any time.

For hundreds, maybe for thousands of people, this consent was withdrawn with shocking suddenne—all geological events are sudden, and all are unexpected if not necearily entirely unanticipated—at 2:46 on this past clear, cool spring Friday afternoon.One moment all were going about their quotidian busine—in offices, on trains, in rice fields, in stores, in schools, in warehouses, in shrines—and then the ground began to shake.At first, the shock was merely a much stronger and longer version of the temblors to which most Japanese are well accustomed.There came a stunned silence, as there always does.But then, the difference: a few minutes later a low rumble from the east, and in a horrifying replay of the Indian Ocean tragedy of just some six years before, the imagery of which is still hauntingly in all the world’s mind, the coastal waters off the northern Honshu vanished, sucked mysteriously out to sea.The rumbling continued, people then began to spy a ragged white line on the horizon, and, with unimaginable ferocity, the line became visible as a wall of waves sweeping back inshore at immense speed and at great height.Just seconds later and these Pacific Ocean waters hit the Japanese seawalls, surmounted them with carele ease, and began to claw acro the land beyond in what would become a dispaionate and detached orgy of utter destruction.

We all now know, and have for 50 years, that geography is the ultimate reason behind the disaster.Japan is at the junction of a web of tectonic-plate boundaries that make it more peculiarly vulnerable to ground-shaking episodes than almost anywhere else—and it is a measure of Japanese engineering ingenuity, of social cohesion, of the ready acceptance of authority and the imposition of neceary discipline that allows so many to survive these all-too-frequent displays of tectonic power.

But geography is not the only factor in this particular and acutely dreadful event.Topography played an especially tragic role in the story, too—for it is an axiom known to all those who dwell by high-tsunami-risk coastlines that when the sea sucks back, you run: you run inland and, if at all poible, you run uphill.But in this corner of northeast Japan, with its wide plains of rice meadows and ideal factory sites and conveniently flat airport locations, there may well be a great deal of inland—but there is almost no uphill.

Such mountains as exist are far away, blue and distant in the west.All here is coastal plain.And so the reality is this: if a monstrous wave is chasing you inland at the speed of a jetliner, and if the flat topography all around denies you any chance of sprinting to a hilltop to try to escape its wrath, then you can make no mistake—it will catch you, it will drown you, and its forces will pulverize you out of all recognition as a thing of utter insignificance, which of course, to a tsunami, all men and women and their creations necearily must be.

所有这些骨折在日本北部,所有这些破碎的生活和那些破碎的家庭促使我们希望记住在平静的时候我们总是有意忘记:最严厉和令人心寒的咒语,并将拥有非常简单,这是人类栖居在这个地球上受地质consent-which随时可能被取消。

为数百,或许数千人,该同意被撤回以惊人的suddenne-all地质事件是突然发生的,并且都不一定完全意想不到unanticipated-at分46秒,如果在这过去的清晰,很酷的春天星期五下午。一会儿所有的都是关于他们的日常busine-in去办公室,在火车上,在稻田里,在商店、学校、仓库、在shrines-and然后地面开始动摇。起初,这个震动仅仅是一个更强大的和较长的版本的temblors。大部分的日本人是好习惯。7有一个撒发呆的沉默,因为没有人总是这样。但后来,差别:几分钟后一种低沉的隆隆声从东方来,又在那张可怕的回放的印度洋的悲剧,只是一些六年前的出现的意象这仍然是在全世界所有的思维,本州岛北部沿海海域神秘地消失了,郁闷的海面。

持续的隆隆声,人们开始之后,间谍歪歪扭扭的白线在地平线上,带着不可思议的凶残,线条变得可见的一面墙,海浪横扫作为在巨大的速度回来近海并且以大的高度。仅仅几秒钟之后,这些太平洋水域袭击日本海堤,克服他们与大享安逸、并开始爪在跨区域以外什么将会变成一个冷静、脱落的混乱的灭绝。

现在我们都知道,有50年来,那地理学是终极原因背后的灾难。日本是一个网站的交界处的tectonic-plate特有的界限,使它更容易受到的震撼地表比几乎任何else-and集是衡量日本工程别出心裁,社会凝聚力的,准备好了接受的权威性和实施必要的纪律,让这么多的展示这些all-too-frequent生存构造的力量。

但地理不是唯一的因素在这个特定的和尖锐的可怕的事件。特别是地形踢了一场悲剧角色在故事中,它是一个公理too-for都知道那些住在high-tsunami-risk海岸线,当大海烂透了回来,你跑:你跑内陆,如果可能的话,你跑上山。但是在这个角落,以其东北部的日本水稻广袤的平原草地和理想的地点和方便地平的机场工厂地点,可能还有大量的inland-but几乎没有任何艰难的。

这样的山体的存在已经远去,蓝色和遥远的西部。所有这是滨海平原。于是现实是这样的:如果一个恐怖的波追逐你内陆飞机的速度,并且如果甸地势平坦四周你否定任何机会拔腿冲向一个山顶,试图逃脱它的忿怒,你就能取得没有mistake-it会来找你,它会把你淹死,它的力量将会粉碎你的面目全非事态的渺小,这当然发声,海啸,所有的男人和女人,他们的创作必然都必须是业余选手。

第14篇：地震英语情景对话

W: Hello.Welcome to the Company.你好。欢迎你到公司来。 L: Hello.And good morning.I`m lily.你好，早上好。我是乔治•陈。 Z: Nice to meet you George.I`m glad you`ll be working for us.We`re like a big family here.We all work together as a team.乔治,很高兴见到你,我很高兴你能到我们这里来工作,我们这就像是一个大家庭,所有的人工作在一起,就像一个团队

L: That`s great.I`m eager to start.太好了。我都等不及要开始工作了 W: Well, let me tell you about some of our policies and practices here.好的，那我就把这里的规章制度先跟你说一下。

L: All right.That will be a big help.I`m fresh out of college.好的。那会对我帮助很大。我刚从学校毕业。

W: We require all our employees to arrive for work on time and we insist that they keep their lunch hours to a reasonable length.我们要求员工准时到岗，而且午餐的时间不要过长

L: I understand.That seems easy to follow.我明白,这很容易做到。 Z: Employee character is very important to us.We expect everyone here to be industrious, cooperative, honest and open-minded.员工性格很重要。我们希望公司的员工勤奋、协作、诚实、开明

L: I`m very glad to hear that.I think I poe all of those qualities.很高兴听到这些。上述素质我都具备。

W: We also try to do the best we can for our employees.We feel obligated to provide a safe working environment, and we make every effort to listen to our employees’ concerns.我们也努力为员工创造最好的条件。我们有责任为员工提供一个安全可靠的工作环境，我们也聆听员工们的呼声

L: That`s very admirable.That`s also one of the reasons I wanted to work here那好极了。这也是我想到这里工作的原因之一

W: Now, perhaps you have some questions.Is there any additional information I can provide? 现在你可能有些问题要问吧。你还想了解些什么呢？

L: Yes, As a matter of fact.I have a few questions.是的,我有好几个问题要问呢！

Z: Certainly.Go ahead! 尽管问吧！

L: Will I be required to have a medical examination before I start work? 我开始上班之前要不要进行体格检查？

Z: Yes, definitely.But the company will cover the expense.是的，一定要体检。但是公司会出这笔钱。

L: And would I have to go through special training or preparations for the job? 我要不要通过一些特殊的岗前培训？

W: Yes, you would.Our company believes in employee training and self-improvement.是的，要参加培训。我们公司秉承员工培训和个人成长的信念。

L: And would it be neceary for me to work on weekends? 我在周末有没有必要加班？

Z: No, that wouldn`t be neceary.不必。

L: And one more question: do employees here have to go through a probation period? 还有一个问题：这里的员工有没有试用期？

Z: No, they don`t.Once you are hired you have the same rights and great privileges as other employees.没有，你一旦被录用了,就享有和其他员工一样的权利。

L: I see.That`s great.我明白了。太好了。

W,Z: Do you have any other questions?你还有别的问题吗？

L: No, I don`t think so.You`ve been so helpful.我想没有了,你帮我解决了很多疑问

Z,W:All right.I`m glad to hear that.好的，很高兴你这么说。

L:Well,I`ve probably taken up enough of your time.我占用你的时间已经够多了

Z: we will have a wonderful work time together。我们将会一起拥有美妙的工作时间。

L: I`ve enjoyed talking with you.Thank you very much.我很喜欢跟你们谈话,谢谢。

Z,W: You`re very welcome.不用客气。

第15篇：四川地震英语美文

Feature: When tremor hits, femininity shines

By Xinhua Writers Zhan Yan, Rong Jiaojiaopsy

CHENGDU, June 27 (Xinhua) --

When William Shakespeare wrote \"frailty, thy name is woman,\" he may have no idea what women could do at times of extreme adversity.As the 8.0-magnitude earthquake rocked Sichuan, southwest China, on May 12, it let out not only the devastating power within the earth, but also the incredible strength inside women.

Though they have suffered both at the quake zone and on the home front, women in Sichuan have helped inspire and give hope to those around them with their strength and love.

IN THE NAME OF THE MOTHER

A two-month-old baby found under the ruins in Longwan Village, Chenjiaba Township, Beichuan County, on May 12, survived because she was shielded by the body of her mother, who died protecting her.

The mother\'s body was in a kneeling position, with the right hand preed to the ground and the left holding the baby tightly.A thick roof beam lay acro her back.The baby was crying in the space formed by her curved body.Two months before, the mother had undergone enormous pain while giving birth.She chose a natural delivery, rather than the le painful Caesarean.\"It\'s for our baby\'s health,\" Huang Lingli told her husband Mu Jianfeng.She fainted several times during the 25-hour delivery.During the labor, her husband repeatedly asked her to have a Caesarean, but she refused: \"I won\'t give up.I want our baby to be as healthy as poible.\"

\"Marriage and birth-giving, the two most important things in a woman\'s life.I\'ve done both and good days always follow,\" the husband recalled her saying.However, she only spent two months with her baby Mu Qianqi.In the eyes of her husband, the woman seemed to have boundle energy.She was busy all day, caring for the baby, cooking, working the farmland and tending other family members.The husband worked in Shanghai, thousands of miles away, earning money for the family.

\"Our daughter laughed in her sleep and woke up giggling,\" said her last text meage to her husband.The husband said he would keep this meage in his phone for the rest of his life, and would show it to the daughter when she is old enough to understand

THE BELATED MESSAGE OF ROMANCE

Li Diyan never expected her husband to carry her photo every day, because after two decades of marriage, she knew he was just not the romantic type.\"I thought he knew nothing about romance.He never told me \'I love you\' in all those years,\" Li says.

When she found out how wrong she was, it was too late.One month before his scheduled retirement, Colonel Qiu Guanghua was killed in action -- his helicopter crashed while carrying a dozen trapped and injured villagers from the remote mountains.Collecting his belongings, rescuers found a yellowing photo of his wife in his breast pocket.

Before the earthquake, the couple were planning how to spend their retirement.\"Touring around Shanghai, Hangzhou....We had done a schedule,\" Li says.

The helicopter disappeared in bad weather in the cloudy mountains.It was found after a 10-day search.

When he was miing, she had firmly believed he was alive.On the previous flight, Qiu survived a mishap when he was carrying about 20 injured people from Maoxian County, his home area.The engine overheated, but he managed a forced landing.He had 5,800 hours of flying time.

She believed the same thing had happened this time.It was his 64th flight in the 17 days after the quake.Struggling between hope and despair, she often woke in the middle of the night when she heard a noise and asked, \"Is that you? Guanghua?\"

They lived near the airport.She had to get up early and ride her bicycle for two hours to work.He asked to move, but she refused.\"It is near your workplace and convenient for you,\" she told her husband.

She is still proud of him, the boy from a backwater village who became a pilot.

He volunteered for the rescue team although he could have been excused so close to his retirement.\"They are suffering.I can\'t sit watching.I want to do my part,\" he told his wife.

She aured him she would take care of the family and look for his miing father and mother.She finally contacted them and brought them medicine, foods and a power-generator.

Each time her husband left, she worried.\"It was his familiar \'Hi\' on phone after every flight that made me feel safe at heart,\" Li says.

But this time, the call never came.

She has set up a memorial hall at their home.She pours two cups of liquor before his picture every night, toying with her jade necklace pendant.It was a token of betrothal from him.Another hung round his neck.

The Fearle Quake Heroine Fears Night

She is strong and brave during the day, but in the darkne of night, Jiang Min is painful.

(1)Jiang is a policewoman from Pengzhou, a city destroyed by the May 12th earthquake.

Ten of Jiang’s relatives died in the earthquake, including her mother and two-year-old daughter.Jiang did not leave her post (岗位) as more and more displaced(使背井离乡) people came to Pengzhou seeking help.It was up to police, like her , to find shelter and food.

In the weeks following the earthquake, Jiang worked non-stop at temporary shelters.She said she barely slept.

(2) Regarded by millions of Chinese as a national heroine, Jiang said she was still struggling with

nightmares(噩梦) from that day.Work distracts her grief .

“ I don’t like night”, she said.“I don’t know how I struggled through those days.My heart ached whenever I thought of my daughter and my mother… I didn’t even know where they were,” said she, fighting back tears.

(3) Born in 1980 , Jiang led a quiet life before the earthquake, taking a walk with friends, going shopping and drinking tea were her favorite activities.The earthquake changed everything.

\'\'Life was carefree then,\'\'she said.

The earthquake changed everything.

“ The most relaxed moment I have now is when I gather and chat with female workmates,” said Jiang, who was in Beijing for the Tenth National Women’s Congre.“We sometimes cried and we felt better after that .”In order to fight against stre,Jiang attended psychological counseling on occasion.She said talking to psychologists was helpful.

\'\'But you still have to rely onn yourself to get over the psychological stre.otherwise on matter what the experts say,it just won\'t work on you,\'\'Jiang said

A DAUGHTER\'S MEMORY AND WISH

\"Mum, you gave me life, but I am sorry I can\'t sustain yours.How I wish I could be your mother if there were afterlife, then I could take better care of you,\" wrote Li Jia, 26, on the blog dedicated to her mother, who died in the earthquake.

Li Jia, an art editor of an advertising company in Chengdu, was having on-line chat with her mother, who

worked in Beichuan County, when the tremor struck.Her mother went suddenly off-line and couldn\'t be reached on her mobile.

Finally, word came that her mother\'s workplace was flattened during the quake and her body couldn\'t be found.Li Jia couldn\'t believe that her meeting with Mum on May1 when they danced together to celebrate the Labor Day was their last.

Memories haunted Li Jia and she decided to open a blog on May 26 for her mother.She wrote that she met her Mum every day in her dreams and hoped to see her often in this way.She confeed her regret at not saying \"I love you\" due to her shyne.She promised to her mother that she would be strong and happy.

\"Through the blog, I felt relieved.It is also a way to talk to myself to gain strength to move on,\" said Li Jia, adding that her mother\'s biggest wish was to see her daughter healthy and happy.

When Li Jia arrived in Beichuan County on June 21 to see her once cozy home in ruins, she couldn\'t help weeping silently.

But she soon regained self-control.\"Mum, I know you are watching me, so I will cry no more.Your love will be lifelong and you will always be there.\" (Zhang Yanping, Zhu Yu and Bai Ruixue contributed to the story.)

第16篇：关于地震英语作文

导语：雅安地震给灾区儿童带来了极大的伤害，他们有的失去了亲人，有的则受到了心灵上的创伤。请给灾区的儿童写一封慰问信吧!下面是小编整理的一篇参考范文。

I feel so sorry for your lo, maybe yesterday you\'re leading a happy life, but this unexpected terrible disaster destoryed all, no one would like that coming.But don\'t let the earthquake ruin your life and take your sunshine away! I hope you overcome the pain in a short time and get back to school with all your clamates.Hope you always feel be loved and protected, you must believe that there is a lot of nice people in our society and they\'re all willing to help if you met any difficulties.I believe you are strong in mind.Life is hard, try to turn this memory into consistant power.No matter what happens, as long as we are together, we will never ever ever ever give up!There is always hope and love!

4月20日四川雅安发生7.0级大地震，作为一名中学生，你有什么样的感受呢?你有没有献出自己的爱心呢?雅安地震的参考范文。

2013年4月20日，四川省雅安地区发生了7.0级大地震，那里的人们痛失亲人和家园。全国人民众志成城，抗震救灾。作为一名中学生，请你谈谈你的做法和感受。

要求：文章语言流畅，逻辑清晰，用词准确，80—100字左右;词汇参考：地震 earthquake悲痛 sorrow受到感动 be deeply moved安慰 comfort重建 rebuild自愿做某事 volunteer to do sth参考范文：

On April 20th, a big earthquake happened in Ya’an, Sichuan.Many people lost their relatives and their homes.All the Chinese people feel quite sorrow.A lot of people volunteer to help them.Some people raise money for them, some people buy something for them, some people go there to comfort the sad children.Thousands of soldiers help them to save their relatives and rebuild their homes Even foreign friends also give them a hand.

I’m deeply moved by these people.So I’ll use my pocket money to buy some food and school things for the children there.I think all of us should try our best to help them to get out of the trouble together.

1.校园安全

建设平安校园是我们每个人的责任与义务。作为一名学生，我们更应该珍惜自己的生命，更应该注意自己的人身安全。假如你是Li Hua，并担任校学生会主席，请你就安全问题，向全校学生发出倡议，写一封安全倡议书。

内容提示：(1)不带管制刀具到学校;(2)不私自下河洗澡;(3)不打架;(4)上学放学的途中应该注意安全;(5)遇紧急情况，立即报告警察或老师。

参考词汇：管制刀具：restricted knives or things;洗澡：have a bath;打架：fight;紧急情况：emergency;交通安全：pay attention to the traffic。

★ 范文

Dear students,

As we know, safety is the most important thing in our lives.So, we should try our best to make sure we are safe.We mustn’t bring restricted knives or things to our school because these things may cause serious problems.Do not have a bath in rivers or ponds by ourselves without our parents’ permiion.And, we should be friendly to others so fighting is strongly banned.Make sure that we should always pay attention to the traffic on our way to school or home.Furthermore, if we meet some emergency, we must call for help from the police or our teachers.In a word, following these safeties rules above can make us live in peace.Yours,

Li Hua

12.饮食安全

假如你是一所国际学校校办英文杂志的学生编辑.你看了下面这封信后，也想写一篇关于该信的读后感，内容要点包括：你对此事件的看法;解释你的理由并提出你的建议;向受害者表达尽快康复的祝愿.★ 范文

Today, I received the reader\'s letter.I was shocked at it.Personally speaking, I think we should pay more attention to the food safety.The government must make some neceary laws.What\'s more, some businemen shouldn\'t be only interested in making money.They must care about people\'s health.We\'d better not eat anything in dirty places though some food is delicious, because eating unhealthy food does harm to our health.Finally, I hope the family in the accident will get better soon.越来越多汽车进入我们的家庭生活，改善了我们的生活，但同时也带来了很多问题，如塞车和车祸，给家庭和社会带来极大的危害。作为中学生，我们应该怎样做呢?请写一篇有关交通安全的短文(80字左右)内容包含：遵守交通规则，如走人行道/过斑马线。别在街道上或马路上玩耍和踢球。劝父母不能酒后驾车。你可以适当增加内容，让短文通顺，过渡自然。参考词汇：sidewalk 人行道 zebra-croing 斑马线

With more and more cars coming into our families, we are happy that it has greatly improved our life.But unluckily, it has also brought many problems, such as heavy traffic and traffic accidents.

Traffic safety is everybody\'s busine.We must obey the rules.For example, we must walk on walk side, when we cro zebra – croing, stop and look right and left, then go acro fast.Don’t play football on the road .we can tell our parents not to drink before they drive, not to run through red lights, not to talk and laugh while driving etc.

We can say cars are coming into our life, but only when everybody thinks traffic safety is everybody\'s busine can we be safe driving on roads and walking on sidewalks.

第17篇：关于地震英语作文

福岛核电站

Officials with Japan\'s nuclear safety agency said early Sunday morning there is an emergency at another nuclear reactor at a quake-hit power plant.The agency says the cooling system at the number three reactor at the Fukushima nuclear power plant is offline and could poibly explode, following Saturday\'s blast at the plant\'s number one reactor.日本核安全机构官员星期天早晨说，一座受到地震破坏的核电厂中的另一个核反应堆也出现紧急状况。该机构表示，福岛核发电厂三号核反应堆冷却系统断电，可能会发生爆炸。此前这座核电厂一号核反应堆星期六发生了爆炸。Reports quoting government officials say up to 160 people may have been exposed to radiation.Meanwhile, residents in the country\'s northeast are struggling to find food and clean water.援引政府官员讲话的报道说，多达160人可能受到核辐射。与此同时，日本东北部居民仍然缺乏食品和清洁饮用水。Aftershocks continued to hit northeastern Japan Sunday, several days after a 8.9-magnitude earthquake and resulting 10-meter-high tsunami devastated the coastline.里氏8.9级的强烈地震袭击日本东北部以后导致海啸，10米高的巨浪冲击了沿海地区。日本东北部地区星期日仍有余震。VOA Correspondent Steve Herman is near the power plant.He says locals are complaining that the authorities are not giving them accurate information about the situation fast enough.\"One of the things the authorities are trying to do is not have any panic spreading among people, but information about what is happening is coming out of Tokyo not Fukushima,\" he said.美国之音记者赫尔曼就在核电站附近，他说，当地居民报怨当局没有及时向他们通报确切信息。他说：“当局要努力做到的一件事就是不让惊慌情绪在民众中扩散，但是有关事态的消息来自东京而不是福岛当地。”Herman says authorities still have not determined how much damage the country\'s coastline communities have suffered.\"Japan just has countle little farming communities and fishing communites.And it is these fishing communities that have really taken the horrible hit up and down the northeastern Pacific coast.There is obviously just hundreds, if not thousands, of these types of towns and villages that have been totally or partly destroyed,\" he said.美国之音记者赫尔曼说，当局仍然无法确定日本沿海社区受到的破坏和损失有多大。他说：“日本有无数小型农业社区和渔业社区。东北部太平洋延岸渔业社区经受了令人恐惧的海啸袭击。这里成百上千的以渔业为主的城镇和村庄部分或全部遭到了破坏。”The final death toll could range from the thousands to tens of thousands, depending on how many of these communities are gone.这次灾难造成的最后死亡人数可能会高达数千甚至上万，要看有多少社区受到这次灾害的洗劫。VOA reporters managed to travel to Fukushima by plane, but many airports, roads and railways remain flooded or damaged throughout Japan.美国之音记者试图乘飞机前往福岛，但是日本各地很多机场、道路和铁路都仍在海水浸泡中或在地震中受损。Herman says that because of this, people are scrambling to find basic neceities, even in inland areas such as Fukushima.\"People are just trying to find clean water.Food supplies are running out.In the convenience stores, there are no rice balls left.There is no bottled water left.We are facing a really serious situation in the days ahead for these people that are living in areas that were only moderately damaged,\" he said.赫尔曼说，正因如此，人们都在急切寻找基本生活必须品，甚至在福岛这样的内陆地区情况也是一样。他说：“人们努力寻找清洁用水，食品供应濒于枯竭。便利店的饭团销售一空，瓶装水也早就不见踪影。居住在这些仅受到一般破坏地区的人们，未来将面临着非常严重的局面。”Overall, analysts say Japan could have fared much worse in the disaster.总体来说，分析人士认为

日本在这次灾难中原本伤害可能更大。Tokyo has invested billions of dollars into making the country as earthquake-proof as poible.Architects specially design high-rise buildings to flex in a quake.Tsunami warning signs and large seawalls line the Japanese coast.Even schoolchildren practice drills on what to do during an earthquake.东京在将日本最大程度地建成抗震国家方面已经投资了数以十亿计美元。建筑师设计的高层建筑 都有抗震功能。日本沿海筑有长长的大型的防浪墙，海啸警报信号标志也到处可见。However in the end, analysts say that no amount of human preparedne is foolproof against the power of nature.不过分析人士认为，人类不论进行了多充分的准备，最终也无法完全对抗大自然的力量。.yuloo.com/wy-cet/\'>育路英语四级考试网

第18篇：四川地震英语演讲稿

What else can I do?

The terrible disaster caused more then 40075 inhabitants deaths and countle injured up to18:00 May 20th.The 8-day search-and- rescue efforts have put more strain on peoples nerves.Many Chinese spent the agonizing week following news on TV, on net, or glancing over newspapers and on public transport during rush hours.Even strangers exchanged information on the updated death toll and the latest outcome of rescue miions; cheered for every survival narrowly escaping hell; mourned each new death; and prayed for the strong lives still trapped in the debris.But hope is dimming as time is running out.So many people lost their lives in a flash, so many happy family become destitute and homele far and near, so many buildings collapsed without any hesitate, the earth cracked, and even worse, it rained while others try to rescue them…I can not image how sad a child will be that she or he turn out to be orphan after this earthquake.Or the old lost all her offspring in this earthquake.people begin to wonder what they can do to help those who are still suffering.

What else can I do? has been the question on everyones mind since the deadly quake hit Sichuan province.

After all, only a few warm-hearted volunteers could acce the front lines of combating disaster considering the complicated conditions and fear of potential calamity.people can be seen everywhere lining up to make donations.In many cities, blood banks have been reported up to saturation; and volunteers wishing to donate blood have to register and wait for to be notified.More and more people are eager to be involved in the rescue and relief work that they are becoming unsatisfied with the disaster-relief efforts made outside of the quake-ravaged areas; and volunteers are descending upon the worst-hit areas in growing numbers.

It is pity that there are a lot of disasters in this Olympic year.This year, we, Chinese people, really have suffered a lot.however, we have not been defeated, instead, weve become more united and show great resolution to overcome all kinds of challenges to make our country more thriving and prosperous.

When people shout slogans Cheer up, China!, Cheer up, Wenchuan! after a three-minute silent tribute to quake victims, at the Tiananmen Square in central Beijing,I know that the nightmare of the 8 days gone by will fade from the collective Chinese mind with time;and I could see the Chinese longings to rebuild a better future with dauntle perseverance and national esprit de corps !

第19篇：关于地震的英语

地震相关英语词汇

地震-earthquake [\'ə:θkweik]，temblor [\'temblə]（美语），seism [\'saizəm, -səm]； 余震-aftershock [\'ɑ:ftəʃɔk, \'æf-]；

海啸-tsunami [tsu\'nɑ:mi]；打击、袭击-hit，strike；破坏-destroy，devastate； 粉碎、摧毁-shatter；

灾难性的-devastating；

颠簸、摇晃-jolt；

death toll 死亡人数；

survivors 幸存者；

victims 受灾者

英语中表示地震的名词有：

earthquake、quake、shake、shock、tremor和temblor （此词为美语）

英语中表示地震的动词（即意为“地震发生于...”的动词）有：

hit 袭击，打击，使遭受

strike 突然发生

shake 摇；摇动；摇撼

jolt 使颠簸，摇晃

rock 摇，摇动，使振动

roll acro 波动，起伏，横摇

rip through 裂开，破开；突进，横撞直闯

形容地震的破坏程度的动词有（按破换程度从小到大排序）：

damage 损害，损伤；〔口语〕伤害，毁坏

destroy 毁坏，破坏；摧残

shatter 破坏；捣毁；破灭

devastate 蹂躏，破坏；使荒废；毁灭

level 推倒，夷平

flatten 夷为平地

哀悼

national day of mourning 全国哀悼日

mourning ceremony 哀悼仪式

national flags fly at half-mast 降半旗致哀

silent tribute 默哀

online tribute 网上悼念

赈灾

earthquake relief 赈灾

post-disaster reconstruction 灾后重建

altitude sickne 高原反应

quake victims 遇难者

relief work 救援工作

Tibetan treatment 藏医疗法

medical team 医疗队

relief goods 救援物资

slide-proof rug 防滑垫

cold-proof coat 防寒大衣

heat sensor 生命探测仪

signs of life 生命迹象

plague prevention 防疫

plague prevention 鼠疫防疫

oxygen deprivation 缺氧

oxygen supply 氧源，供氧

oxygen mask 氧气罩

募捐

gala devoted to quake relief赈灾晚会

telethon 为募捐播放的长时间的电视节目

campaign-style donation activity 大型募捐活动

charity donor 慈善捐赠者

donation agreement 捐赠协议

charity sale 义卖

giveaway buffet [\'bʌfit] 慈善餐会

地震

aftershock 余震

epicenter [\'episentə] 震中

magnitude [\'mæɡnitju:d] 震级

earthquake monitoring [\'mɔnitəriŋ] 地震监控

earthquake wave / seismic wave 地震波

earth tremor [\'tremə] 轻微地震

Richter [\'riktə] Scale(1-10) 里氏震级

at a scale of 7 on the Richter calculations 里氏7级地震 seismology [saiz\'mɔlədʒi, sais-] 地震学

第20篇：四川地震英语作文

Strong earthquake hits China

A powerful earthquake measuring 7.8 has hit Chinas southern province of Sichuan, shaking buildings as far away as Beijing, Shanghai and Bangkok.

It was not immediately clear if there were any casualties or damage from the tremor which the the US Geological Survey (UGS) earlier put at 7.8.

The epicentre of the quake was 93 kilometres north of Chengdu.

Wenchuan, which took full force of the quake, has a population of 111,000 people.

It is in an ethnic Tibetan area in Aba county which recently saw violent clashes between Tibetans and Chinese authorities.

According to some reports there was a second earthquake measuring 3.9 which hit the Beijing district of Tongzhou at roughly the same time.

Telephone lines in the affected area are jammed and there are still no reports of casualties.

Reports from Thailand say high buildings in Bangkok continued to shake several minutes after the tremors began.

We felt continuous shaking for about two or three minutes.All the people in our office are rushing downstairs.Were still feeling slight tremblings, said an office worker in Chengdu.

Chinas tallest building, the Jinmao Tower, and other highrise buildings in Shanghais financial district were evacuated after tremors were first felt.

people were shouting get out, get out, so we all ran out of our dorm, said a student surnamed Zhang at a university in nearby Chongqing.

A spokesman for the China Earthquake Administration said it was still checking the epicentre and scale of the tremor.

英语作文 China Wenchuan earthquake

Like many people in the UK, the team at BBC Learning English have been shocked and saddened by news of the earthquake in Sichuan province.We would like to extend our condolences to those affected by this terrible natural disaster.Below is a special report on the earthquake and the rescue operations taking place.

和在英国的很多人一样，BBC 英语教学组的全体成员对五月十二号发生在四川省的地震消息感到震惊和悲痛。在这里我们对受害者表示最深切的哀悼，向那些受地震影响的人们深表同情。下面是对这次地震和地震营救行动的一篇特别报道。

------------------

Rescue efforts are underway in China’s Sichuan province following Monday’s devastating earthquake 灾难性的地震, which measured 7.9 on the Richter Scale 里氏震级.

According to Xinhua news agency, nearly 15,000 people have died in the disaster, with as many as 24,000 more trapped under rubble 碎石，碎砖 from collapsing buildings and another 14,000 declared miing 申报失踪.

prime Minister Wen Jiabao has visited the area to personally oversee relief work （抗震）救灾工作, and is flying to the epicentre 震中 of the earthquake today.

Chinese troops have been mobilised 调动 to carry out rescue operations and emergency aid 紧急救护 has been air-dropped 空降 into areas that have been cut off by the disaster.

Bad weather has hampered 阻碍 relief efforts and in some cases rescuers have had to trek into the disaster area 受灾地区 by foot and search for trapped survivors 生还者 by hand as roads have been blocked by debris 瓦砾碎片.

Some residents of the provincial capital 首府 Chengdu have chosen to sleep in tents and government shelters for fear of aftershocks 余震 causing more damage.

One witne in Chengdu told the BBC the city’s population is helping the relief work by donating 捐献 food and water for those affected in the surrounding countryside.

Financial aid 经济救助 has been pouring in 大量涌进 from all over China, with the Chinese government pledging hundreds of millions of dollars.Substantial donations from other countries and humanitarian organisations have also been pledged 承诺，给予（援助）.

Although full casualty figures 伤亡数字 are not yet certain, it is clear that Monday’s earthquake is the worst to strike China since the Tangshan earthquake of 1976.

An 英语作文：What is earthquake?

earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earths crust that creates seismic waves（地震波）.Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer（地震检波器）, also known as a seismograph（地震仪）.The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude(里氏量级）, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible 感觉不到的 and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas.Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale（麦加利震级, 麦氏震级）.

At the Earths surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by a shaking and sometimes displacement （位移）of the ground.When a large earthquake epicenter （震中）is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a ts

unami（海啸）.The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans—that generates seismic waves.Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture（破裂, 裂开） of geological faults（断层）, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments.

An earthquakes point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter.The term epicenter means the point at ground level directly above this.

来源：http://blog.sina.com.cn/study001

《地震英语.doc》

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