学术英语写作（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：英语辩论 学术写作 常用词

一党制国家

One—party States 人权 Human rights 人权宣言

Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 工会 Trade unions

下议院 House of Commons 上议院 House of Lords 个人主义 Individualism 女权主义 Feminism 马列主Marxism—Leninism 马克思主义 Marxism 马基雅维里主Machiavelli 王权 Crown

无产阶级 Proletariat

无产阶专政 Dictatorship of the proletariat 无政府主义 Anarchism 专制 Despotism

专制政府/绝对专制主义 Absolute government/absolutism

中央与地方的关系 Central/Local relations 分权 Separation of powers公共行政 Public administration 公民权利 Civil rights 公民自由 Civil liberties 正义Justice

可审判性Justiciability平等Equality 奴隶制Slavery 占统治地位的党 Dominant party 代表Delegate

代议员Representative 代议制政府

Representative government 代表制Representation 主权Sovereignty 市民社会Civil society 市（镇）长Major

立宪主义Constitutionalism立宪政体 Constitutional government 立法机关Legislatures 立法否决Legislative veto 立法委员会

Legislative committees 立法起草

Legislative drafting 半总统制

Semi-presidential systems 议长Speaker 议会制度

Parliamentary system 司法机构Judiciary 司法行政官Magistrate 司法审查Judicial review 民主Democracy 民主党Democratic Party

民主集中制Democratic centralism 民意测验Opinion polls

共产党Communist Parties共和国Republic 机构/制度Institution 权力Power 权利Rights

权利法案Bill of rights 权威Authority 妇女选举权

Women’s suffrage 地方长官Prefect

地方政府Local government 地方政府财政

Local government finance 地方政治Local politics 同意Consent

同意投票Approval voting 团体理论Group theory 邦联Confederation

邦联条例Articles of Confederation 自由Freedom

自由党Liberal parties 自由裁量权Discretion 自决Self-determination 自治Self-government 自治领Dominion 行为主义Behaviouralism 行政Administration 行政机关Executives

政委员Administrative board 行政法庭

Administrative tribunal 行政法院

Administrative court 州长Governor 多元主义Pluralism 多元社会Plural society 多头制Polyarchy 多数派政府

Majority government 多数统治Majority rule 决策Decision making 决策理论Decision theory 农奴制Serfdom 阶层/阶级Cla

麦迪逊，詹姆斯Madison,James 苏格拉底Socrates 极权主义Totalitarianism 否决权Veto 投票Voting 投票率Turnout 护宪Entrenchment 财产权Property 利益Interests 利益表达与聚合 Interest articulation and aggregation 利益集团Interest group

言论，表达和出版自由Freedom of speech,expreion,and the pre 社区/共同体Community 社团主义Corporatism 社会主义Socialism 社会民主主义 Social democracy

社会契约论Social contract君主制Monarchy 责任Responsibility 责任政府

Responsible government

直接民主Direct democracy直接行动Direct action 杰斐逊，托马斯Jefferson,Thomas 欧洲议会

European Parliament 欧洲共同体

European Community 歧视Discrimination 国际法International Law 国家State

国家元首Head of state 国家消亡

Withering away of the state 国家财政危机

Fiscal crisis of the state 非暴力反抗

Civil disobedience 非暴力行为

Non-violent action 制定法Statute Law 制衡Checks and balance 委任Patronage 委员会Commiion 质询Interpellation 法Law 法令Act 法官Judge 法治Rule of law 法律的正当程序 Due proce of law 法案，议案Bill 宗教自由

Freedom of religion 审判Adjudication 审查制度Censorship 官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy 实证主义Positivism 封建主义Feudalism

革命和反革命Revolution and counter-revolution 政体Polity 政纲platform 政变Coup D’etat 政府Government 政府组成过程 Government formation proce 政府首脑

Head of government 政府调查Public inquiry 政治Politics

政治义务Political obligation 政治文化Political culture 政治中的种族问题 Race in politics 政治心理学

Political psychology 政治发展

Political development

政治行动委员会（美国）Political action committee 政治行为研究 Political behaviour 政治地理学

Political geography

政治权力Political power 政治局（及常务委员会）Politburo(and Pesidium) 政治沟通

Political communication 政治体系/政治系统 Political system 政治参与

Political participation 政治财政Political finance 政治科学Political science 政治社会化

Political socialization 政治社会学

Political sociology 政治学的定量方法

Quantitative methods in politics 政治态度Political attitudes 政治腐败

Political corruption 政治继承

Political succeion 政治理论Political theory 政治暴力Political violence 政治影响Political influence

政治整合/政治一体化Political integratio 政党分赃制Spoils system 政党认同Party identification 政党代表大会 Party convention

政党功能Parties,political:functions of 政党组织Party organization 政党核心集团Machine 政党秘密会议Caucus 政策分析Policy analysis 政策实施Implementation

政策输出研究Policy output studies 城市政府City government 城邦国家City state 贵族/贵族制Aristocracy 思想库Think tank 看守政府 Caretaker government 选区Constituency 选民登记

Registration of electors 选择投票Ticket-splitting 选择领导Leadership selection 选举Elections

选举团Electoral college 选举纲领Election program 选举制度Electoral system 选票Ballot

重农主义Physiocracy 重划选区Redistribution 重商主义Mercantilism 种族灭绝Genocide 种族主义Racism 种族隔离Apartheid 顺从Deference

保守主义Conservatism 保守党Conservative parties保护主义Clientelism 修正主义Revisionism 独立机构

Independent agency

独立宣言Declaration of Independence 独裁主义，权威主义Authoritarianism 独裁制Autocracy 帝国Empire

帝国主义Imperialism 美国革命

American Revolution 美国国会Congre 美国辉格党Whig:U.S.

首相（总理）/首相（总理）制政府

Prime minister/Prime ministerial government

总统，总统制President/Presidential system总罢工General strike 总督Governor-General 派别Faction 咨询和同意

Advice and consent 宣传Propaganda 宪法Constitutional law 宪法规约

Conventionofthe constitution

宪法/宪政Constitution/constitutionalism 神权政治Theocracy 神授王权

Divine right of kings 费边主义Fabianism 绝对专制主义Absolutism 统治阶级Ruling cla 统治能力Governability 恐怖Terror 恐怖主义Terrorism 格劳修斯Grotius 监护Tutelage 监察专员Ombudsman 党派首领Bo 罢免Recall 恩格斯Engels

缺席投票Absence voting 特权Prerogative 特许状Charter 秘密警察Secret police 倒台与政权更迭

Breakdown and regime change 候选人选择

candidate selection 爱国主义Patriotism 被保护国Protectorate

竞争性政党制度Competitive party system 竞选运动Election campaign 部门Department

部长，部Minister/Ministry 部长会议Council of Ministers 准司法Quasi-judicial 准--非政府组织Quango 资历制Seniority 资产阶级Bourgeoisie 资本主义Capitalism 浮动投票人Floating vote 浪漫主义Romanticism 宽容Toleration 家长型控制Paternalism 调查委员会Selectcommittee 预算，预算编制Budget/Budgeting 陪审团Jury 理性Rationality

理性选择方法Rational choice 教权主义Clericalism 教会与国家

Church and State 基本权利Fundamental right 基层党组织

Primary party organization 职能代表

Functional representation 授权立法

Delegated legislation 授权学说Mandate theory 常设委员会

Standing committee 累计投票Cumulative vote 唯心主义Idealism 领导Leadership 第二院，上议院 Second chambers 康德Kant

混合政府Mixed government 弹劾Impeachment 隐私Privacy

殖民统治Colonial government 联合，联合政府 Coalition/Coalition government 联合民主

Consociational democracy 协商民主

联合国United Nations 联邦制Federalism 联邦党人文集 Federalist Papers 联盟，联合League 超载Overload 超国家政府

Supranational government 博爱Fraternity 斯大林Stalin 斯宾诺莎Spinoza 斯密，亚当Smith,Adam 最低下限Droop quota 最高行政法院 Conseil d’Aetat

最高法院Supreme court 黑格尔Hegal 辉格党与托利党 Whigs and Tories 等级Estates

集体主义Collectivism

集体行动Collective action集体领导 Collective leadership 集合理论Coalition theory 街区选举，集团投票 Block vote

普通法Common law 游说Lobbying

雇主组织Employer’s organization 强制性投票

Compulsory voting 鼓励性行动

Affirmative action 路德，马丁Luther,Martin 解散议会

Diolution of parliament 意识形态Ideology 新左派New Left 新右派New Right 新政New deal

新教政党Protestant parties 福利国家Welfare state

群众性政党Ma membership party 僭主制/暴政Tyranny 寡头制Oligarchy 寡头政治铁律

Iron law of oligarchy 精英，精英主义Elites,Elitism 精英理论Doctrine of elites 腐败选区Rotten borough 弊政Maladministration 熊彼特Schumpeter 影子内阁Shadow cabinet 暴力Violence 潘恩Paine 霍布斯Hobbes 穆勒Mill

激进主义Radicalism 激进政党Radical parties 整体主义Holism 辩证法Dialectic

辩证唯物主义Dialectical materialism 警察Police

警察国家Police state 时事政治词汇

国内时事Domestic Affairs

中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会 17th National Congre of Communist Party of China (17th NCCPC) 中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC 中央纪律检查委员会 Central Commiion for Discipline Inspection 中共中央委员会 CPC Central Committee 全国人民代表大会 (简称 全国人大) National People’s Congre (NPC)

九届全国人大四次会议 the Fourth Seion of the Ninth National People’s Congre 全国人大代表 deputy to the National People’s Congre 全国人民代表大会主席团 the NPC Presidium 全国人民代表大会常务委员会 the NPC Standing Committee 全国人民代表大会常务委员会办公厅 the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会 (简称全国政协) National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)

中国政协委员 member of the National Committee of CPPCC 最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court

最高人民法院院长President of the Supreme People’s Court 最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate

最高人民检察院检察长Procurator-General

国务院State Council

外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs

国防部Ministry of National Defense

国家发展计划委员会State Development Planning Commiion

国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commiion

教育部Ministry of Education

科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology

国防科学技术工业委员会Commiion of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense

国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commiion

公安部Ministry of Public Security

安全部Ministry of State Security

监察部Ministry of Supervision

民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs

司法部Ministry of Justice

财政部Ministry of Finance

人事部Ministry of Personnel

劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labor and Social Security

国土资源部Ministry of Land and Natural Resources

建设部Ministry of Construction

铁道部Ministry of Railways

交通部Ministry of Communications

信息产业部Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications

水利部Ministry of Water Resources

农业部Ministry of Agriculture

对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation

文化部Ministry of Culture

卫生部Ministry of Health

国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commiion

中国人民银行People’s Bank of China

审计署Auditing Administration

fgA中国英语学习网

中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee

政治局常委 Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee

政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee

书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee

中央委员 Member, Central Committee

候补委员 Alternate Member

省委/市委书记 Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC

党组书记 secretary, Party Leadership Group 中华人民共和国主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China

全国人大委员长/副委员长 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congre

秘书长 Secretary-General

主任委员 Chairman

委员 Member

（地方人大）主任 Chairman, Local People’s Congre

人大代表 Deputy to the People’s Congre

国务院总理 Premier, State Council

副总理Vice Premier

国务委员 State Councilor

秘书长 Secretary-General

（国务院各委员会）主任 Minister in Charge of Commiion for

（国务院各部）部长 Minister

部长助理 Aistant Minister

司长 Director

局长 Director

省长 Governor

常务副省长 Executive Vice Governor

自治区人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government

地区专员 Commiioner, prefecture

香港特别行政区行政长官 Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

市长/副市长 Mayor/Vice Mayor

区长 Chief Executive, District Government

县长 Chief Executive, County Government

乡镇长 Chief Executive, Township Government

秘书长 Secretary-General

办公厅主任 Director, General Office

（部委办）主任 Director

处长/副处长 Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief

科长/股长 Section Chief

科员 Clerk/Officer

有中国特色的社会主义民主政治socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics 邓小平理论 Deng Xiaoping Theory 三个代表 three represents theory (the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.) 高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and carry out the important thoughts of "Three Represents" 坚持解放思想、实事求是的思想路线，弘扬与时俱进的精神 adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time.两大历史性课题（提高党的执政能力和领导水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力） the two major historic subjects of enhancing the abilities of administration and art of leadership and resisting corruption, guarding against degeneration and warding off risks.全面推进党的建设的新的伟大工程forge ahead with the new great project of Party building 三讲教育：讲学习，讲政治，讲正气three emphases education (to stre theoretical study, political awarene and good conduct) 新闻发布会news conference 政府工作报告government’s work report 国有企业state-owned enterprises (SOE) 人均国内生产总值per-capita gro domestic product (GDP) 国民生产总值gro national product (GNP) 经济房low-cost housing 西部大开发 the strategy of developing the western region 西部大开发战略develop-the-west strategy 扩大住房贷款，助学贷款和大件消费品贷款expand housing loans, student loans and major commodity loans 弱势群体 disadvantaged groups (对弱势群体给予特殊的就业援助。Special employment aistance should be given to members of disadvantaged groups.) 西电东送 transmiion of electricity from the western to the eastern region 加快经济结构调整 accelerate economic restructuring 购买力 purchasing power 消费者物价指数Consumer Price Index (CPI) 城镇社会保障体系 urban social security system 下岗职工基本生活费 subsistence allowances for laid-off workers 离退休人员基本养老金 basic pensions for retirees 特困行业和企业 industries and enterprises in dire straits 试点项目 pilot project 抵抗全球经济衰退 to combat the global economic slump 医疗改革 health care reform 农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural workers 扩大内需，刺激消费 expand domestic demand and consumption 乡镇企业 township enterprises 地方保护主义local protectionism fgA中国英语学习网 不正当竞争unfair competition fgA中国英语学习网 与时俱进 advance with the times 综合国力 overall national strength 可持续发展 sustainable development 三峡工程 Three-Gorges Project 三峡移民 Migrants from Three Gorges area 电视会议 televised meeting 常务委员 Standing Committee member 下岗职工 laid-off workers 再就业 re-employment 再就业下岗人员 re-employment of laid-off workers 隐形就业 hidden employment 国有企业改革 Reform of state- owned enterprises 医保制度改革 Reform of medical insurance system 政府机构改革 Reform of government institutions 现代远程教育 modern distance education 青藏铁路 Qinghai-Tibet Railway 农村电网改造 projects to upgrade rural power grids 退耕还林、还草工程 Grain for Green Project 增收节支 increase revenue and cut government expenditure 全面小康社会 all-round well-off society 构建和谐社会to build a harmonious society 对某事予以严重关注expre grave concern over sth.fgA中国英语学习网 对某事表示深切关注be deeply concerned about sth.fgA中国英语学习网 旨在做某事in a bid to do sth.海峡两岸关系cro-Strait relations 国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council 三通(指台湾海峡两岸实现通商，通航和通邮) three direct links of trade , mail , and air and shipping services acro the Taiwan Straits fgA中国英语学习网 一国两制one country, two systemsfgA中国英语学习网 反对“台独” oppose the “Independence of Taiwan 一个中国的原则是和平统一的基础

The One-China Principle is the foundation and prerequisite for peaceful reunification 国际时事International Affairs 大使，使节ambaador大使馆embay 武装部队armed forces 逮捕arrest 当局 authorities 禁止ban 炸弹；轰炸bomb 人体炸弹body bomb 预算budget 内阁cabinet 运动，选举campaign 候选人，选手candidate 伤亡casualty 停火cease-fire 首领，长官chief 倒塌collapse 谴责condemn 腐败corruption 撞击，坠毁crash 汇市 currency market 僵局deadlock 死亡数death toll 赤字deficit / 盈余 surplus 外交关系diplomatic tie 经济复苏economic recovery 选举election

少数民族ethnic groups 证据evidence 驱逐，放逐expel 世界经济global economy 有罪的guilty 劫机hijack 人质hostage 独立independence 通货膨胀inflation 投资invest 共同的joint 伊拉克战争Iraq War 多数majority 行动，步骤move 相互的mutual 核武器nuclear weapon 开枪，开火open fire 推翻，颠覆overthrow 国会parliament (Britain); congre (US) 维和部队peace-keeping force (美)五角大楼(美国国防部办公楼) Pentagon 方针，政策policy 投票，民意测验 poll 总统，主席 president 提议，提案proposal 抗议protest 经济萧条receion 区域的regional 收入revenue

暴动和抢劫rioting and looting 安全 security 间谍spy 战略strategy 自杀suicide

高峰会议summit meeting 生还者survivor 恐怖主义terrorism 恐怖分子terrorist 被困的 trapped 台风 typhoon 协议 treaty 动荡 unrest 受害者victim 暴力violence

安全理事会Security Council

联合国大会UN General Aembly

联合国教育科学文化组织United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO

世界卫生组织World Health Organization (WHO) 世界贸易组织World Trade Organization (WTO) 自由贸易协定Free Trade Agreement (FTA) fgA中国英语学习网

发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系to develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability

发展民族经济to develop the national economy

贩卖军火to peddle munitions

国家不分大小，应该一律平等All countries, big or small, should be equal

建立正常的国家关系to establish normal state relations

求得公平合理的解决to seek a fair and reasonable solution

取长补短to make up for each other’s deficiencies

通过外交途径进行谈判to negotiate through diplomatic channels

维护国家独立和主权完整to safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty

用和平手段解决争端to solve disputes by peaceful means

维护世界和平to safeguard world peace

推荐第2篇：简爱eay(英语学术写作)

Alien0926210817

Jane Eyre

This book was written by Charlotte Bronte in 1847.It describes a story of an orphan\'s whose name is Jane Eyre.Jane Eyre is living under the preure of traditional society.But she still pursues her independence and fair treatment.She is ordinary, but she has a sincere and brave heart.The unfair treatments of her aunt’s family made her resists and wanted to get away from that home.But after she came to school, she found the school was quiet different as she thought.

Jane Eyre was treated unfair in her aunt’s home.She had been taken by her uncle when she was a parentle infant.But since her uncle died, Jane Eyre has been treated quiet unfairly.Her aunt never treated her as her own child.She suffered from lots of insults and humiliates.No one understood and helped her.It made her lived a difficult childhood.“And you ought not to think yourself on an equality with the Mies Reed and Master Reed, because Miis kindly allows you to be brought up with them.”(6) The people of that home were looking down of Jane Eyre.They gave her a hard time because she was poor and humble.They thought that Mrs.Reed was kind enough to bring Jane Eyre up and she must be obedient.“No.you are le than a servant, for you do nothing for your keep”.(6) They never treated Jane Eyre as their family member.Even thought she was le than a servant and must do all the things as others’ wishes.And she has no rights and status in this family.“Why I was

always suffering, always criticized, always accused, forever condemned.” Facing those unfair treatments, she felt helple and sorrowful.All the people in this family were indifferent and partial.Those things also made her revolt and rebel.

The unfair and cruel life in her aunt’s family made Jane Eyre revolt and escape.The lonely and unhappy childhood made Jane Eyre built up a resistant and rebellious character.She began to accuse those unfair treatments.She didn’t want to stay in Mrs.Reed’s family anymore.She wanted to go to school and change her life completely.“Wicked and cruel boy! I said.You are like a murderer”.(3) Facing to her cruel and unreasonably cousin, Jane Eyre didn’t afraid anymore and rebuked him bravely.“People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!”(19) When Jane said out those words to Mrs.Reed, she showed her anger and determination.“School would be a complete change: it implied a long journey, an entire separation from Gateshead life.”(13)Jane Eyre’s independent character made her didn’t want to depend on her aunt for a living.She thought that if she go to school, she would meet a new life.

When Jane Eyre came to Lowood- a charity school, she found the life in this school was quiet different as she hope.The dharma of Lowood were tough, the life in school were hard, Mr.Brocklehurst, the president of Lowood, is a ruthle hypocrite.In this school, Jane continued suffered spiritual and physical destructions.No matter the food and clothing of school were very bad.Because of poor living and medical conditions, many children died of the disease.“None of this girls around me seemed happy with the food in front of them.Soon, I too found the taste

disgusting.” (23)Many students are not satisfied in this school.The food even can not take away their hunger, let alone the quality.“You must avoid this girl’s company, exclude her from your sports ,and shut her out from your converse…for this girl is liar!” (32)Mr.Brocklehurst defamed Jane Eyre in every poible way in front of all the teachers and students.Many student didn’t believe her and afraid of be with her.But fortunately, her friend Helen and her kind teacher – Mi Temple, still trusted and liked her.But happy days did not last long.A disease break rules of the school.“Many students, already ill, went home only to die.Some died at the school, and were buried quietly and quickly, the nature of the disease forbidding delay.”(40)Helen also died of this disease.Jane Eyre lost her only good friend in this school.She felt great sorrowful and regretful,

Jane Eyre is a poor and homely girl, but she is independent and has a strong self-esteem.Because of the unfair treatment in her aunt’s home, she required to go to school to find a new life.Even thought her school was not like what she wanted.She desires to get equal and happy life through her efforts.

推荐第3篇：英语学术演讲与写作Summary

Summary of ‘scientists shouldn’t be surprised by the popularity of intelligent design’

In his article ’’ which addrees many scientists , grumps over the persistence of ID(intelligent design), scott Lilienfeld postulates that many Americans, approval of ID cannot be blamed on their lack of common sense but rather their dependence on their common sense or intuition in making judgments which turns them awayfrom the theory of natural selection.According to Lilienfeld ,the difficulty in intuiting how marvelous creatures and organisms have resulted from natural selection has prevented many Americans from accepting Darwinian Theory while the same common sense has made ID rather tempting to them.As is indicated by a multitude of examples of wrong beliefs based on common sense, intuition does not provide a reliable means of understanding the world.Unfortunately, scientists and science educators have failed to teach research methods and academic skills that can help debunk misconceptions compatible with people,s common sense.Finally , Lilienfeld concludes that a radical shift in science education has to be initiated so that scientists would not face a fiasco when confronting erroneous claims refuged by people,s common sense.Summary of ‘Empowerment and Restraint in Scientific Communication’ In his article “”, Philip Campbell highlights a dire likely consequence of biologists” increased ability to obtain and distribute scientific information that such information may be exploited by people with heinous intentions.Scientific communication, according to Campbell, has seen significant development due to the invention of powerful software and hardware that facilitate scientists” acquisition of information and reduce the trouble they may otherwise have to take in order to publicize their research.However, the resulting plethora of biological information spawns a hazard that the information may be used to build biological weapons, and this hazard has come to peoples attention with synthetic biologys recent development.Campbell points out that it is relatively easy to abuse biological knowledge while biological studies often bring about unexpected results.People using biological information for malicious purpose may be whoever have learnt to exploit simple biological technologies and are not necearily committed to terrorist agendas.Campbell believes that the decisions made by funding agencies and scientific journals who are the gatekeepers of biological research will be crucial in reducing the risks of information abuse and what proactive measure should be taken has to be considered by all related parties. Summary of ‘ethical, legal and social implications of autonomous systems’ In his article“”Austin Modine highlights that robot driver will control the vehicles which raises problems in different social levels.Autonomous robots will deprive people of their control.For Modines aume that human interaction is neceary,but human will make mistakes because of their wrong decision.Autonomous systems also have a tendency to make mistake.And there is a problem that who will be responsible for the failure.A concern that autonomous systems are held back until they dont make mistakes any more.The reaction to failures between autonomous systems and manned systems should be chosen if it make le mistakes than human-operators and technical systems.Finally,Austine Modine conclude that many questions should be solved in order to make autonomous systems accept legally and socially.Summary of ‘why do things become more complex’

In his article “Why Do Things Become More Complex” Carrington highlights a phenomenon that simplicity becomes more complex, and people are interested in the complexity.In the history, the turbojet engine invented by Frank Whittle just use a simple compreor-turbine combination as the motivation.After many years, the jet engine changed more complicated as the preure of commercial and military interests, usually by adding a subsystem.Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subaemblyes.The jet engines work like a cheetah both in the outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly.In the proce of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucratic offices and departments.The complexity brings a ma of problems to keep the performance like maintenance repairs, et.al..And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances and adapting to the complex world.The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly after the growing complication.Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should be checked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance.And also need to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity.

推荐第4篇：学术英语写作总结分析解析

专业英语写作考点总结

Part І

Academic English Writing

（专业英语写作）

Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing

1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation.

（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲

或宣读）。

2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分

(1) description of a situation

（描述情况） (2) Identification of a problem

（甄别问题） (3) Description of a solution

（描述解决方法） (4) Evaluation of the solution

（评估解决方法）

3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）

(1) Generally avoid contractions

（一般来讲避免使用略缩词）

例：won’t改为will not (2) Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定

形式）

例：not...any改为no

not...much改为little

not...many改为few (3) Limit the use of “run-on” expreions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用

多个词连用的表达法）

例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。 (4) Avoid addreing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a

textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”）

例：You can see the results in Table 1.

改为：The results can be seen in Table 1.(5) Be careful about using direct questions.In some fields they are common, while in

others they are not.（使用直接引语时需谨慎）

例：What can be done to lower costs?

改为： It is neceary to consider how costs may be lowered.

或者

We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.(6) Place adverb within the verb.

（将副词放于动词词组内）

例：This model was developed by Krugman originally.

改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.

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(7) Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）

例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.(8) Aim for an efficient use of words.

（目的是为了有效地使用词汇）

例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the

proce of tiue engineering that have been shown to be very promising.

改为：Some inorganic materials used in tiue engineering have shown great

promise.习题：

（1）You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.错误：使用了you。

改为：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.（2）OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of

poibilities.错误：使用了口语OK；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词There’re。 改为：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.（3）You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing

underground subway stations clearly.错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。

改为：The difference between these two approaches to designing underground

subway station can clearly be seen.

（4）Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection

during a fall to the ground.错误：将副词commonly放在了动词之后。

改为：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection

during a fall to the ground.（5）So far, there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of

smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.错误：使用了So far；使用了there be 结构；使用了not...any结构；使用了非正式的looking into。

改为：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining

the initial trust of individual.（6）There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by

builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.错误：使用了there be 结构；副词widely 位置放错。

改为：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used

2

than it is now as a construction material.

（7）These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc.错误：使用了etc。

改为：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois,

Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.（8）There isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate

in the production of concrete.错误：使用了there be 结构；使用了not...very much。

改为：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in

the production of concrete. 3

Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing

（专业写作的两个基本结构）

1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（专业写作的两个基本结构）

(1) general-specific structure

（泛论-特指(GS)结构） (2) problem-proce-solution structure

（问题-过程-解决方法）

2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following: （GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始）

(1) A short or extended definition

（简短或拓展定义） (2) A contrastive or comparative definition （对比或比较定义） (3) A generalization or purpose statement

（一般化或目标性陈述） (4) A statement of fact.

（事实陈述）

3、Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, proce, device, and system.

（超级坐标词）

4、Deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词

A. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语

B. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息

C. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息 例题：p23 (1).metal that is often used —>metal often used (2).device that is capable of —>device capable of (3).roof which is on top of —>roof on top of

(4).precipitation which results from —>precipitation resulting from (5).This sentence cannot be reduced.

(6).flute that is pitched an octave higher --->flute pitched an octave

higher

(7).a proce that involves the selective transport—>a proce

involving the selective transport (8).a celestial body which has approximately the same ma —>a

celestial body with approximately the same ma

5、考题类型：句子排序

例题：P27

6、Comparative Definitions（对比性定义） （1）比较定义基本上有两类：

1) 呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化 的这样一种史实陈述。

2) 呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概 念所做的一个全面性的评述。

4

7、Participle（分词） 例题：P39 （1）The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.（2）After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.（3）First, the gla is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any

imperfections.It is then heated to over 600oC and cooled in a step known as quenching.

8、词和词型的变换

P23-P25

5

Chapter 3 Data Commentary（数据信息解读）

1、In many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other

kind of non-verbal illustration.（在许多学科中，数据信息都是以图表、图形、

数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。）

2、Structure of Data Commentary（数据信息解读的基本结构）

A、Location elements and/or summary statements.（定位要素和/或总结陈述） B、Highlighting statements.（强调陈述内容）

C、Discuions of implications, problems, exceptions, recommendations, etc.（对

内涵含义,问题,例外情况,推荐等的讨论）

3、Location elements and summaries.（定位要素和总结）

A、Starting a Data Commentary.（开始数据解读）

B、Paives in Starting a Data Commentary.（用在开始数据解读中的被动式） C、Verbs in Indicative and Informatives Summaries.（用在陈述性和信息性总结

中的动词）

D、Language Focus:Linking as-Clause.（语言聚焦：连接词As引出的从句）

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Chapter 4 Summary and Abstract Writing（总结与摘要写作）

1、Principle Requirements for a good Summary（一份良好的任务总结具备四个主

要需求）

(1) It should be focused on the relevant aspects of the source text or texts and present

a comprehensive view of all the main points of the original.（ 它应聚焦于来源文

本的相关方面并能呈现对全部原始要点的综合性观点）

(2) It should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion.（它应以

精确、客观的形式呈现来源材料）

(3) It should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writer’s

own words and avoid terminology.（ 它应凝缩来源材料并以总结写作者自己的

文字呈现出来,而且要避免用专业术语）

(4) Provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control.（提

供完全独立的参阅性总结，并能控制其文章长度）

2、写作总结的基本步骤

(1)快速略读文本，脑中注意小标题。若无小标题，试将文本分成几部分。

(2)考虑清楚为什么给了你这个文本。确定你在处理哪种类型的文本,即:来

源文本类型

(3)读文本，标示重要的信息或者作笔记

(4)用你自己的词汇写下每一部分的要点。每一部分尽量写出一个一句话

的总结。

(5)对每一个主要题目，写下关键的佐证点，但必要时也要包括小的细节。

(6)再次仔细检查这个过程，做些适当的变动。

3、Basic Structure of Abstract Writing（摘要写作的基本结构）

（1）Topic sentence（主题句） （2）Supporting Sentences（佐证句） （3）Concluding Sentence（结论句）

4、P70-P72的例句，写作时会用得上。

5、Summary and Abstract 两个词要会写，以及知道两者的区别，其中summary

要分三段来写，abstract不分段。

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Part II Basal English Writing

（基础英语写作）

Chapter 1 Punctuation（标点符号）

1、The comma（逗号）

2、The period（句号）

3、The semicolon（分号）

4、The colon（冒号）

5、The question mark（问号）

6、The quotation mark（引号）

7、The exclamation mark（感叹号）

8、The dash（破折号）

9、Italics and underlining（斜体字和下划线）

10、练习题：P96-97

11、本节所有的例句都要仔细看 ※ 8

Chapter 2 Vocabulary（词汇）

1、Levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract（抽象） and concrete（具体）, and

general（笼统） and specific（特指）.It also includes how to appreciate the

connotative（引申含义） as well as denotative（字面含义，本义） meanings of

words.

2、English words can be categorized as（分为） formal, informal and colloquial（口

语的）.

3、练习题：1/P102

4、练习题：P109-P113 9

Chapter 3 English Sentence Writing（英语句子写作）

1、Types of sentences（句子的类型）

P114 （1）According to structure （根据结构）

① simple sentences（简单句）

② compound sentences（并列句：a、逗号加并列连词

b、分号，没有并列

连词 c、分号，连接副词及其后加逗号） ③ complex sentences（复合句：一个主句，一个或多个从句） ④ compound-complex sentences（并列复合句） （2）According to use（根据功能）

① declarative sentences （陈述句） ② interrogative sentences （疑问句） ③ imperative sentences （祈使句） ④ exclamatory sentences （感叹句） （3）According to rhetoric （根据修辞）

① loose sentences （松散句，主体部分放在前面）

② periodic sentences （掉尾句，主体部分放在最后） ※

③ balanced sentences （平行句） ④ long and short sentences （长、短句）

2、练习题

（P121）

（1）He thought the painting was of little value.He let me have it for only ten

pounds.(Compound)

改为：He thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only

ten pounds.（或者He thought the painting was of little value and he let

me have it for only ten pounds.）

（2）I always take my raincoat whenever I go out these days.(Periodic)

改为：Whenever I go out these days, I always take my raincoat.（3）They were on holiday.Their house was broken into.Some valuable paintings

were stolen.(Compound-complex)

改为：When they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some

valuable paintings were stolen.（4）The firemen fought for three hours.They finally managed to put out the

fire.(Complex)

改为：After the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out

the fire.（5）Nobody in this world is quite perfect.We all have some faults.(Compound)

10

改为：Nobody in this world is quite perfect; we all have some faults.（或者

Nobody in this world is quite perfect, for we all have some faults.） （6）The train is going to Dalian.The train leaves at 20:15.(Simple)

改为：The train to Dalian leaves at 20:15.（7）In spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the

cla was over.(Loose)

改为：He was able to finish all his exercises before the cla was over in spite

of the interruption.（8）Many people choose travel by air.It is fast.It offers convenience.It is not very

expensive.(Parallel Structure)

改为：Many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not

very expensive.

3、练习题 P121 （1）履历通常包括个人信息、教育背景、工作经历和过去的成就。

译：A resume generally consists of personal information, educational

background, employment history and past achievements.（2）戴安娜在南京医科大学主修中医学。

译：Diana is majoring in Chinese traditional medicine in Nanjing Medical

University.（3）请代我向你父母致以问候。

译：Please send my best regards to your parents.（4）现代高等教育应该具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社会需求。

译：Modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the

immediate needs of the society.（5）这种细菌是引起现在流行病的原因吗？

译：Is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic? （6）经常回顾昨天，你就会珍惜今天，向往明天。

译：Take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will value

your today and look forward to your tomorrow.（7）中国传统知识分子认为：穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。

译：Traditional Chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal

virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in succe.（8）就算我追求爱情，我也肯定不会只顾沉浸在爱河里而荒废学业。

译：If I did hunt for love, I certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love

all the time, neglecting my studies. 11

（9）学校倡导大学生改变就业观念，并鼓励他们把自己的才华和天赋投入到西

部大开发中去。

译：Universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the

graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the Western

Exploration.

4、Sentence Expansion （句子拓展）

（各个位置的例句都要看）※

句子拓展的三种方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法），

subordination（从属法）。

重点题型，要会判断句子正误

（1）增添法：常见的修饰词有形容词、副词、数词、名词、名词性词组、

代词等（adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns）。修

饰词通常在句中作定语或状语。

① 添加形容词

（addiong adjectives）

单个形容词做定语一般放在被修饰词之前，但修饰由any ,every, no

somebody, one 或thing构成的不定代词时，放在其后。 ② 添加副词（adding adverbs）

如果句子里同时带有几个副词做修饰语时，其位置应按一下顺序排列： 程度副词-----方式副词------地点副词--------时间副词。 ③ 添加短语（Adding phrases）

短语有8种：名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、非限定性短语（分词短 语、动名词短语、不定式短语）、同位短语、限定性短语。 （noun, verb, prepositional;

three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive), appositive and absolute）

（2）并列法：包含三种方法

① Coordinating pronouns （并列连词） ② Conjunctive adverbs （使用连接副词） ③ Semicolon

（运用分号连接）

（3）从属法：

从句主要包括名词性从句（noun clause），状语从句（adverbial clause）和定语从句（attributive clause）。

名词性从句又分为主语从句（subject clause）、表语从句（predicative clause）、宾语从句（object clause）和同位语从句（appositive clause）。

① 常见的状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步等。

12

5、几种短语拓展法：

（1）介词短语进行拓展（expanding with prepositional phrases）

介词短语在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。作定语时置于所修

饰词之后，做状语时位置比较灵活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，

有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分隔开。

（2）不定式短语进行拓展（expanding with infinitive phrases）

不定式短语做名词时，可做主语、表语、宾语；做形容词时，在句中作定语； 做副词时，可以表示目的、原因、结果、状语等。 （3）动名词短语进行拓展（expanding with gerund phrases）

动名词为动词-ing形式，名词性可做主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。动 词性可以带宾语和状语。

（4）分词短语进行拓展（expanding with participial phrases）

分词短语有现在分词短语和过去分词短语两种形式。

6、effective sentences（有效句）

（1） Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities :

unity（一致性）,

coherence（连贯性）,

concisene（简洁性）, emphasis（强调性）,

variety（多样性）.

（2）此节中的每个例子都要认真看。※

7、练习题： P142 （1）This composition is quite good as far as the use of language is concerned, but

its content is poor. 改为：This composition is good in language but poor in content.（The language of

this composition is quite good but its content is rather poor.） （2）The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker. 改为：The young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.（The young

worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.）//平行意思多种表达形式不连贯

（3）Dufu was one of the best-known poets. 改为：Dufu was one of the best-known poets in Tang Dynasty.（4）A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. 改为：A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.（A man is

13

judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.）//同类意思同种表达方式

（5）We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman. 改为：We thought she was charming, intelligent and capable.

（6）To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. 改为：To get ready for the trip, she put all the things he needed into a suitcase.

// 连贯性 主语不一致

悬垂修饰语导致

dangling modifiers （7）Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet

of paper. 改为：Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their names on this

sheet of paper. //避免造成人和数目的不一致或改变 （8）When one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything. 改为：When one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything.//同上

（9）For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it. 改为：For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it.（10）When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because

I studied very hard. 改为：When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because

I had studied very hard.（11）If I were rich and she was single, I would marry her. 改为：If I were rich and she were single, I would marry her.（12）They insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in return.

此句正确。

8、练习题

P142 （1）Tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of October.

改为：Tom and his sweetheart married in early October.//wordy （2）In 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers.

改为：In 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike.（3）The cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.

改为：The flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.（4）There are a number of students from our institute who are planning to join the

expedition.

改为：A number of students are planning to join the expedition.（5）What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man.

改为：In my opinion he is a very honest man.

14

（6）I came to this institute because of many factors, but most of all of the fact that I

want to be an interpreter.

改为：I came to this institute because I want to be an interpreter.（7）These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste.

改为： These watermelons are large and sweet.

（8）At the present time I am taking the course of World History and in addition a

course in Geography too.

改为：At present I am taking World History and Geography.（9）We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.

改为：We planned to meet before sunrise.（10）His attitude was of a puzzling nature.

改为：His attitude was puzzling.

9、练习题：

P143 （1）He was selfle, hardworking and modest; that’s why he became a great

Scientist.

改为：He became a great scientist because he was modest, selfle, and

Hardworking.（2）As a clerk, John was honest, efficient and well-dreed.

改为：John was a well-dreed, honest, and efficient clerk.（3）Jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room.

改为：As she left the room, Jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life.（4）China has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy during the past 14 years.

改为：As a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 1`4 years,

China has changed a great deal.（5）Huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors.

改为：Huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer.（6）Social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer

interesting to him after he went bankrupt.

改为： After he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life

itself were no longer interesting to him.

10、常见的语法错误：

P143

书中每个正确的句子都要看 ※ （1）Misused parts of speech（用错词性）； （2）Sentence fragments（残缺句）； （3）Run-on sentences（流水句）；

（4）Misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers（误置修饰与悬虚结构）；

15

（5）Problem in agreement and reference（一致与指代问题）。

11、练习题

P146

修改残缺句

（1）After returning from the beach.The children were exhausted.

改为：After returning from the beach, the children were exhausted.（2）John neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research.

改为：John neglected his duties and spent time on independent research.

（3）Karen dropped calculus.Which she had dropped severall times before.

改为：Karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before.（4）Working together to save our environment.We can leave the world a better

place than wo found it.

改为：Working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a

better place than wo found it.（5）Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man.Proving that she is an honest person.

改为：Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an

honest person.（6）Some errors in writing are serious.For example, sentence fragments, and

Run-on sentences.

改为：Some errors in writing are serious, for example, sentence fragments, and

Run-on sentences.

12、练习题

P147

修改流水句

（1）Some people say they care for the environment while they litter cigarette buts

or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.

改为：Some people say they care for the environment, yet they litter cigarette

buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.（2）Lili is not worried about paying for her college education, she has just received

a full scholarship.

改为：Lili is not worried about paying for her college education because she has

just received a full scholarship.（3）We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening then we went home.

改为：We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening and then we went

home.（4）At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door, I could not take

my usual nap.

改为：At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door; I could not

take my usual nap. 16

13、练习题

P147

改正句子

（1）The robber was a six-foot-man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds.

改为：The robber weighing 150 pounds was a six-foot-man with a mustache. （2）He sold the old car to the man with leather seats.

改为：He sold the old car with leather seats to the man.（3）Tom bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmiion.

改为：Tom bought an old car with a faulty transmiion from a crooked dealer.（4）Unconcerned about his own life, the little girl drowning in the icy river was

saved by a paer-by.

改为：Unconcerned about his own life, a paer-by saved the little girl drowning

in the icy river.（5）The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to her owner.

改为：The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to his

owner.（6）I was shocked to see a T-shirt in that fancy dre store which had a price tag of $2000.

改为：I was shocked to see in that fancy dre store a T-shirt which had a price tag of $2000.（7）She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open thier

hearts completely to her.

改为：She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open

his heart completely to her.（8）One of the computers placed in the center of the office have internet acce.

改为：One of the computers placed in the center of the office has internet

acce.（9）The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, are

enthusiastic about my proposal.

改为：The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, is

enthusiastic about my proposal.（10）The applicant’s list of credentials are rather long.

改为：The applicant’s list of credentials is rather long. 17

Chapter 4 English Paragraph Writing（英语段落写作）

1、Paragraph Structure （段落结构）

（1）主题句（the topic sentence）具有三个重要功能：

P149 ① 通过明确陈述讨论中的一个要点进一步证明全文中心思想。 ② 显示段落内容。

③ 控制该段落内容。某一段中全部讨论——举例、细节列举以及解释都必

须与主题句直接相关并能进一步证明主题句。

（2）练习题：

1 / P151

2、Composing Effective Paragraphs（写作精彩段落）

精彩的正文段落应该围绕一个主题句展开：段落应该展开充分、前后统一而且衔接自然。具体地讲，一个很有说服力的正文段落必须满足四个要求。首先，该段落必须只讨论一个主体，即段中陈述和说明只能表现一个主题或内容的统一，主题思想通常用一个主题句表达；第二，它必须详细完整地写出有关一个论题读者需要了解的所有内容，即该段落语义必须完整；第三，段中句子排列必须表现出一定条理；第四，段中句子必须表现出连贯性：前后衔接自然，使读者能够轻易了解作者写作思路，而不是感到文中所阐述的观点相去甚远互不相关。

3、There are five important means of achieving coherence in your paragraphs:（写作连贯的段落有下列五种重要方法：）

P160 （1）A natural or easily recognized order.（合理排序所有信息） （2）Parallelism.（使用排比结构）

（3）Repetiton of key words and phrases , restatement and variation.（重复重述关键

词和词组以及词的同义及词型转换）

（4）Substitution of pronouns for key nouns.（用代词替换主要名词） （5）Transition words and phrases.（使用过渡词和词组）

4、合理排序

P161

（P161-P167例子全看）

（1）general-to-specific order---deductive order

（从一般到具体——演绎法） （2）Specific-to-general order---inductive order

（从具体到一般——归纳法） （3）Emphatic order---order of importance

（按照重要性排序） （4）Spatial order---order of space

（空间顺序） （5）Chronological order---order of time

（时间顺序）

考点：五种排序法的英文要会；要会进行排序

5、练习题：1/P180

3/P182（7-8-2-6-4-1-3-5） 18

Chapter 5 English Eay Writing（文章写作）

1、Structure of english eays （文章结构）

一篇文章是具有完美连贯性、联系紧密的有机整体。文章中的所有内容都是为中心思想服务的。主题句出现在引言或开头段（introductory paragraph）；然后是正文或主体段（body paragraph）；最后是结尾段（concluding paragraph），重述文章主题和中心，首尾呼应，总结全文。

2、列提纲（outline）

※ 考点

P199

（1）There are two types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.

提纲分为两种形式：主题式提纲和句子式提纲。

（2）主题式提纲简洁明了，通常由名词及其修饰语组成，或由动名词短语、动

词不定式短语组成；句子式提纲提供的是对文章较为详细的提要。 （3）下面以文章标题“骑自行车的乐趣”为例，列举两种不同的提纲：

① Topic outline: Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure Introduction: The commonne of tiding a bicycle I.Relatively inexpensive A.To buy B.To operate

II.Healthy A.A lot of exercise B.No pollution III.Personally satisfying A.To enjoy the scenery B.To become part of nature

IV.Conclusion:very pleasurable and helpful ② Sentence outline: Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure Introduction: Nowadays, it is very common for people to ride a bicycle.I.Riding a bicycle is relatively inexpensive

A.It is relatively inexpensive to buy a bicycle.

B.It is relatively inexpensive to operate a bicycle.

II.Riding a bicycle is healthy.

19

A.Riding a bicycle can make us do a lot of exercise B.Riding a bicycle causes no pollution.III.Riding a bicycle is personally satisfying.

A.Riding a bicycle can help us enjoy the scenery.

B.Riding a bicycle can make us become part of nature.

IV.Conclusion: Riding a bicycle is very pleasurable and helpful.

3、There are four types of English eays:

narration（记叙文），description（描写文），

expositon（说明文）and argumentation（议论文）。

推荐第5篇：学术英语

《学术英语》课程阶段性作业：文献综述

学生姓名：学号：专业班级：完成日期：分数：

The influence of the earthquake disaster and earthquake disaster mitigation measures analysis

There are three main reasons for the earthquake hypothesis , namely \" elastic rebound \", \"the magma shock to say\" \' said phase change .\"These three hypotheses have some reasonable, but what causes earthquakes, pending further study

The Characteristics of earthquake disasteriudden and strong, destructive big , serious secondary disasters , far-reaching social , defense difficult.Sudden strong make it difficult to predict and the effect of prevention becomes weak .His devastating is to see, such as the Tangshan earthquake which caused 24.2 million deaths , injuries 16.4 million.The Secondary disasters such as fires , floods , tsunamis , landslides , mudslides , gas leaks, pandemics, radioactive contamination is also very scary .2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which has razed to the ground in several cities .Due to sudden strong earthquake , suffered heavy casualties, huge economic loes , tend to produce a chain reaction , causing a huge impact on a region or even a social life and the country \'s economic activity , resulting in a profound impact on society.Compared with floods, droughts, typhoons and other weather disasters , earthquake prediction is much more difficult .At the same time , improve the seismic performance of buildings , requires a lot of capital investment , this is not a short period of time can do.

Although it is difficult to predict the devastating earthquake , but there is a history of China succefully predicted miracle.At 19:36 on February 4, 1975 occurred in Liaoning Haicheng earthquake prediction is accurate , which makes more than 100 million people in southern Liaoning Province promptly evacuated their homes and workplaces .This succe is due to the abnormal situation in a timely manner to collect a large number of earthquake precursors , and timely induction, analyze, summarize the results , thanks to good policies of prevention group prevention and measured .Haicheng earthquake prediction can be succeful, profeional workers contributed to the earthquake, but it was the implementation of \"ma monitoring and prevention\" approach, also played a crucial role.Generally speaking, profeional workers in the earthquake, earthquake forecasting long, medium, and have a good chance, but the short-term forecasting, grasp not so big.The earthquake disaster prevention, the short-term forecasting truly decisive.

References:

1, The cause of the earthquake

2, The characteristics of earthquake disasters

3, NOVA: Wave That Shook The World—Site and special report shot within days of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.

4,changmengfei,Shockproof ,Please reference the historical experience[N].Procuratorate Daily, 2008-05-14.

参考文献：

1, 地震灾害的成因

2,地震灾害的特点

3,新星：波浪摇动了世界——直击近日2004年的印度洋海啸的现场特别报道 4, 常梦飞，防震.请借鉴历史经验[N].检察日报, 2008-05-14.

推荐第6篇：学术英语

1.词汇替换（这题全部出自课文后的formal words练习）

2.术语（20个的范围准备，考试考10个。学生必须自己熟悉术语的含义，考试的时候

要求考生根据描述写出术语。）

Iceberg Theory

2.Eay

3.Collective unconscious

4.Artistic merit

5.Literary theory

6.Gender studies

7.Figure of speech

8.Literary criticism

9.Genealogy

10.historical data

11.national identity

12.the pastne of the past

13.the Mandate of Heaven

14.historical consciousne

15.historiography

16.historian/historiographer

17.Paradox

18.epistemology

19.Metaphysics

20.formal developments 1.

3.释义（ 给学生8句的范围准备 ，考试考2句）

1).The nature of artistic merit is le easy to define than to recognize.The writer need

not even pursue it to attain it.

2).The test in individual cases would seem to be one of enduring satisfaction and, ofcourse, truth.

3).By embracing literary theory, we learn about literature, but importantly, we are also

taught tolerance for other people’s beliefs.

4).Although each reader’s theory and methodology for arriving at a text’sinterpretation differs, sooner or later groups of readers and critics declare allegiance

to a similar core of beliefs and band together, thereby founding schools of criticism.

5).“History teaching by example” is one phrase that describes this use of a study of the past — a

study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who succefully

worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more ordinary people who provide leons in

courage, diligence, or constructive protest.

6.The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.

The method of conceptual analysis might sometimes seem picky, but unclarity or imprecision in our concepts is often what leads us into paradoxes and incoherence in our world views.

Every claim, no matter where it comes from, is subject to scrutiny.Even common sense is not taken for granted, which leads

philosophers to put forward some very weird views.7.8.

翻译来自第六单元的A课文

推荐第7篇：英语学术演讲与写作 SUMMART小抄

In his article 00 design to build biological which addrees many weapons, and this hazard ,scientistsgrumps over the has come to people”s persistenceof ID(intelligent attention with synthetic design), scott Lilienfeld biology”s recent postulates ,that many development.④Campbell Americans approval of ID points out that it is cannot be blamed on their relatively easy to abuse lack of common sense but biological knowledge while rather their dependence biological studies often on their common sense or bring about unexpected intuition in making results.⑤ People using judgements which turns biological information for them away from the malicious purpose may be theory of natural whoever have learnt to selection.2 According to exploit simple biological Lilienfeld ,the difficulty in technologies and are not intuiting how marvelous necearily committed to creatures and organisms terrorist agendas.⑥ have resulted from natural Campbell believes that the selection has prevented decisions made by funding many Americans from agencies and scientific accepting Darwinian journals who are the Theory while the same gatekeepers of biological common sense has made research will be crucial in ID rather tempting to them.reducing the risks of ③As is indicated by a information abuse and multitude of examples of what proactive measure wrong beliefs based on should be taken has to be common sense, intuition considered by all related does not provide a reliable parties.3In his meansof understanding article”00”,Austin Modine theworld.④highlights that robot driver Unfortunately ,scientists will control the vehicles and science educators which raises problems in have failed tou teach different social llevels.research methods and Autonomous robots will academic skills that can deprive people of their help debunk control.For Modine’s misconceptions aume that human ,compatible with peoples interaction is neceary,but common sense.⑤Finally , human will make mistakes Lilienfeld concludes that a because of their wrong radical shift in science decision.Autonomous education has to be systerms also have a initiated so that scientists tendency to make would not face a fiasco mistake.And there is a when confronting problem that who will be erroneous claims refuged responsible for the ,by peoples common failure.A concern that sense.2①In his article autonomous systems are “00”, Philip Campbell held back until they don’t highlights a dire likely make mistakes any consequence of biologists” more.The reaction to increased ability to obtain failures between and distribute scientific autonomous systems and information that such manned systems should be information may be chosen if it make le exploited by people with mistakes than heinous intentions.human-operators and 2.Scientific communication, technical according to Campbell, has systems.Finally,Austine seen significant Modine conclude that development due to the many questions should be invention of powerful solved in order to make software and hardware autonomous systems that facilitate scientists” accept legally and acquisition of information socially.4In his article “00” and reduce the trouble Carrington highlights a they may otherwise have phenomenon that to take in order to simplicity becomes more publicize their research.complex, and people are ③However, the resulting interested in the plethora of biological complexity.In the history, information spawns a the turbojet engine hazard that the invented by Frank Whittle information may be used just use a simple compreor-turbine combination as the motivation.After many years, the jet engine changed more complicated as the preure of commercial and military interests, usually by adding a subsystem.Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subaemblyes.The jet engines work like a cheetah both in the outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly.In the proce of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucratic offices and departments.The complexity brings a ma of problems to keep the performance like maintenance repairs, et.al..And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances and adapting to the complex world.The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly after the growing complication.Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should be checked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance.And also need to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity..

推荐第8篇：学术写作考试要点

复习要点：我觉得你们的复习应该根据考试题型结合每个unit后面相应的练习有重点的复习。比如说前面几个单元语言基础知识的练习比较多，有formal 和informal words 的区别，动词的名词化在学术英语写作中的应用，有翻译练习，有体现如何正确应用表示因果关系的填空题等。后面几个单元有语言知识外，介绍了如何写summary 和paraphrase以及他们的区别。在论文结构的写作上，结合我上课讲的重点，除了应掌握每部分所包括的要素外，conclusion 和abstract 的写作技能很重要。要掌握它们所包括的要素或内容和正确的写法。unit 9 的reference 主要通过书上练习答案了解和掌握science style 和MLA style 在文献引用特别是文献参考目录中格式上或写法上的不同。unit 10 主要是要学会怎么写投稿信（cover letter), 掌握它的格式和所包括的内容，通过书上cover letter （p122) 这个sample 来掌握。

另外，unit 5 reporting results 这个单元中根据图表进行描写来总结汇报结果，这种写作技巧也很重要。如果选一篇合适的Sample抽掉词让你们选择填空，也会有可 能噢。

推荐第9篇：学术英语摘要

Text 4

Security Benefits of Cloud Computing

Abstract: Today, we can easily notice how the nature of the internet is changing from a place used to read web pages to an environment that allows the users to run software applications.Nowadays, with the development of web page ,the newest web page has up to web pages 3.0,also called the intelligent web ,which is the next stage of the internet evolution.the cloud means the internet .the term is derived from the way in which the internet is often represented into the network diagrams .the current cloud computing

architecture involves the existence of the data centers that are able to provide services to the clients located al overthe world.the main advantages of the cloud computing are the following :there is no need to download or install a specific software and update the local system, users or clients don’t afraid to the computing crashing, because everything is stored into cloud .the cost is low or even free ,like mobile phone or PDAs.the cloud

computing can be used .but everything has its short leg ,there are some disadvantages as well, like :it is hard to integrate with the existing in-house infrastructure .there are not

enough major suppliers in this field and so on.Some major Security benefits for individuals or companies, like the following: centralizing data storage ,increasing uncertainty,

virtualization allows a rapid replacement of compromised server located into the cloud without major costs or damages .Today ,the information infrastructure is moving faster to a simple but very innovative concept called cloud computing.the cloud computing is potentially able to offer major security benefits.

Key words :security ,cloud computing, advantages, benefits

云计算的安全优势

摘要：今天，我们可以很容易发现如何在互联网的本质是从用于读取网页到一个环境，使用户能够运行应用软件的地方改变。

如今，随着网页的发展，最新的网页有多达网页3.0 ，也称为智能网，它是互联网演进的下一阶段。云是指互联网。这个词是从在互联网上通常表示成网络图的方式获得。目前的云计算架构涉及到能够给客户提供服务的数据中心的存在，位于人在世界。云计算的主要优势有以下几点：无需下载或安装一个特定的软件和更新本地系统，用户或客户端不害怕的计算崩溃，因为一切都被存储到云计算的成本低甚至免费，如移动电话或PDA。 ，云计算可以使用，但任何事物都有它的腿短，也有一些缺点，如：它是很难与现有的内部基础设施的整合没有足够的主要供应商在这一领域等。

为个人或公司，如以下一些主要的安全优势：数据集中存储，不确定性增加，虚拟化技术允许快速更换定位成云无重大费用或损失被攻陷服务器的今天，信息基础设施正在快速地简单，但。非常创新的概念，叫做云计算。云计算是潜在的能够提供重大的安全利益。 关键词：安全，云计算，优点，好处

Text 8

How Nanotechnology Works

Abstract:

At the begin of this article,it states that there are unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small that we can’t see it—even with a light microscope and tells us the important of nanotechnology.Then in order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology ,we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved.The long of one nanometer is so small.When we measure the atomic scale,we can find that it’s still small compare to the nannmeter.But in a lecture called “Small Wonders:The World of Nanoscience”,Nobel Prize winner Dr.Horst Stormer said that the nanoscale is more interstesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can aemble something—it’s not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful.Then the article states that some predictions of nanotechnology such as the use of the rule of quantum mechanics,nanorobot.It

nanotechnology in future.

Key words: nanotechnologyvalueapplication in future

Text 10

states that there great value in

Global Warming and Its Effects

Abstract:Global warming has been a global iue for many years now.However, the most prominent effect of global warming exists in the climate change over the past years.It causes the oceans warmer, the intensity of hurricanes amplifies in power and devastation.Another area affected by global warming is the animal kingdom and nature.The number of animals has been decreasing and the various disease has spread to new regions acro the globe.A third type of evidence of global warming can be found in plants.The leading cause of global warming is the ongoing burning of foil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.Although carbon dioxide largely harms the environment, the other greenhouse gases have a large impact in the atmosphere.Throughout the world, various nations have been joining to help prevent or slow the proce of global warming.The iue of global warming affects nature, people, and the economy.Scientists directly link disease to global warming.When people are trying to get others involved in the cause, a common problem that arises is the lack of motivation.In conclusion, the world needs to put forth a stronger effort to prevent global warming.And the mitigation of global warming, we should do from ourselves, from the little things around.

Key words: global warming ，climate change ，effect

全球变暖以及它的影响

摘要：现在全球变暖已经成为多年来的全球问题，然而，过去几年来全球变暖最突出的影响体现在气候变化上，它导致海洋变得更暖、飓

风的强度和力量更强、冰川融化等等。全球变暖影响的另一个领域是动物王国和自然，它导致动物的数量急剧减少、疾病的传播更加广。全球变暖的第三类证据可以在植物中找到。全球变暖的主要原因是不断地燃烧化石燃料，这种燃烧会向大气中释放二氧化碳。不仅仅是二氧化碳，其它的温室气体也对大气有很大影响。在全世界，不同国家一直在努力防止或减缓全球变暖的过程。这个问题影响到自然、人和经济。科学家们直接把疾病和全球变暖联系起来，当人们努力让其他人参与到这项事业中，出现的一个共同问题是缺乏动力。总之，世界需要付出更大的努力以防止全球变暖。减缓全球变暖，我们应该从自己做起，从身边的小事做起。

关键字：全球变暖，气候变化，影响

Text 11

Risks of Nuclear Power Abstract：

The principal risks aociated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation.The radiation mainly comes form the radioactive material.They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer.If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.But the rate of the latter is far le than the former.Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear power.But the nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potential effects is “defence in depth”, so they happen

probability is exceedingly small.If they all fails,very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact with people for very long time periods.The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care.At other radiation problems，for example, exploitation of materials and transport of radioactive materials also produce radiation.The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.

Key words：radiation，risks，reactor accidents，radioactive waste核电的风险 摘要： 核电的风险主要来自辐射对健康的危害，这些辐射主要来自于放射性材料。他们可以穿透人体深处,破坏生物细胞,从而引发癌症；如果他们破坏生殖细胞,可能导致遗传疾病。但是后者发生的概率远小于前者。核反应堆事故也是核电的风险之一，由于具有纵深防御的策略，它们发生的几率非常小。但是一旦发生，非常高的辐射剂量可以摧毁身体功能和在60天内导致死亡。核工业的放射性废物必须与人隔离很长时间，放射性的大部分包含在乏燃料，而且体积小，因此非常容易处理。在其它辐射问题上，如在核材料的开采和放射性物质的运输处理时也会产生辐射。但放射性物质从核电站释放的对人类健康的影响在某种程度上取决于它的处理方式。

关键词：辐射、风险、核反应堆事故、放射性废品。

Text 15

Genetically Modified Foods---Feed the World?

Abstract: In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives.Although there are clearly some very real iues that need to be resolved.However, in developing countries which desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations, the iue is simpler: do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? There are nearly 800 million people around the world are undernourished.Biotech can also improve farming productivity in food shortages places.Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries as much as 25%.But in developing countries, poverty plays the largest role.Nor can biotech overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries.big companies are reluctant to share technology, people may not afford to buy the food too.More and more biotech research is being carried out in developing countries, and delivers biotech solutions for farmers in developing countries.Biotech is not a panacea, but it does promise to transform agriculture in many developing countries.If that promise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be their people.

Key words :Biotech, agriculture, developing countries.

转基因食品----养活全世界的人？

文章摘要：事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。尽管还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。但在迫切想要养活其迅速增长的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢?世界上有近8亿人口营养不良，而生物技术可以帮助提高因作物减产而出现食物匮乏的地区的农业生产率。许多科学家认为，生物技术能够把发展中国家的农业总产量提高25％。然而在发展中国家，贫穷才是罪魁祸首。生物技术也无法克服在发展中国家分配粮食的难题，大公司不愿分享技术，人民也不一定买得起这些食物。发展中国家正在进行越来越多的生物技术研究，以帮助农民寻求生物技术方面的解决办法。生物技术虽不是万灵药，但它确实有希望改造许多发展中国家的农业。如果这种希望不能实现，真正的受害者将是这些国家的人民。

关键词：生物技术，农业，发展中国家。

推荐第10篇：学术英语interview

INTERVIEW

Company: Hu Dong Shipyard Position: Design Apartment A: Respond for Interviewer

(Cui Bingbing) B: Respond for Interviewee

(Bu Yinglei)

B: Hello Mr.Cui,nice to meet you.A: Hello Mr.Bu,nice to meet you too.Please sit down.B: Thank you, what a beautiful and quiet environment.A: Oh,thanks.

A: OK, please tell me about yourself? B: My name is Bu Yinglei, I’m 24 years old, I graduated from Harbin Engineering University and majored in Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure.I obtained university scholarship many times and published some papers in magazines, you will learn more about it in my resume.

A: Yes, I have read your resume and it makes a very strong impreion on me.B: Oh,thank you.

A: You are welcome.Well, I know about you have some exercitation experiences in your resume, please tell me about them? B: OK, I have exercitations at Da Lian shipyard and Cheng Xi shipyard for about half a month, besides I have an exercitation just in your company last winter.

A: Oh, really.I think you must have learnt a lot from them. B: Oh,yes.

A: OK,next question, what make you choose our company? B: In my job search, I have investigated a number of companies.Yours is one of the few that interests me.I think your company attracts me for these reasons.Firstly, your company is one of the most important shipyards in china.Secondly, I have some clamates who are just working at your company; they recommend me to choose your company and I also think that your company is just for me.

A: OK,thank you.There are many staffs in our company who just graduate from your university and they all make grate contribution to our company.it’s the reason why I come here again.Then,what kind of personality do you think you have and what are your personal weaknees？

B: I prefer fixing attention on one thing a time, I don’t like to give up halfway.Well, talking about my personal weaknees, I’m afraid I’m a poor talker.I’m not comfortable talking with the people whom I have just met for the first time, but I

1 have trying my best to overcome this personal weakne.

A: Oh, I appreciate your personality very much.As to your personal weakne, there are many people in our company who just like you are poor talkers, but it doesn’t forbid them to be grate succe. B: Oh ,thank you.

A: OK, what kinds of people do you like work with? B: Overall I am an easy-going and sincerity person, I think I can work with any kinds of person and get well along with them.

A: Well, the sense of teamwork is important in our company, I think the person like you will work with other people harmonious.Then, what do you look for in a job? B: I want improve my skills and abilities in this job, learn more knowledge on shipbuilding and the make contribution to your company and our country’s shipbuilding industry, earn enough money to live a good life at the same time.

A: OK,your reasons are common and how long would you stay with us? B: As long as I feel that I’m contributing, and that my contribution is recognized, I want to make a long term commitment.

A: Your answer is smart, then the last question, what are your long-range goals? B: I want to become a supervisor through my hard work, to grow and develop profeionally, to help others develop, to build a team and to share what I have learned.

A: OK,you have a great ambition.Don’t you have any questions to ask? B: Oh,yes.What are the specific requires in this position? A: You will have a lot of projects to take part in and play an important role in this position.From my point of view, the specific requires in this position are senses of teamwork and responsibility.

B: Oh, yes.Then what is the most difficulty in this position? A: From my point of view, the most difficulty in this position is will always deal with problem under preure.Well, our company will give you a fair salary based on the job responsibilities, your experience and skills.

B: Yes I know, I have learned it from my clamates who just work at design apartment.Thank you give me the chance to introduce myself, and thank you for your answers.A: You are welcome, Mr.Bu.Thank you for your interest in our company.Goodbye B: Thank you for your time, Mr.Cui.Goodbye 2

第11篇：学术英语译文

第一单元

人生的两条真理

抓紧，放开：明白了 这对矛盾，你就踏进了智慧的大门 (美国犹太人联合会主席)亚历山大 ·M· 辛德勒

人生的艺术就是要懂得适时地收与放．而人生其实就是这样的一个矛盾：尽管到头来注定一切都不能长久，它还是令我们依恋于它所赋予的各种恩赐。正如前辈们所言：人出生时双拳紧握而来，过世时却是松手而去。

我们当然要抓紧这神奇而美妙的生命，它的美孕育在我们这片神圣土地的每个角落。我们其实都懂得这个道理，可是我们却常常在回顾往昔时才突然觉醒意识到其中之美，可为时已晚，一切都时过境迁。

我们深深铭记的是褪色的美，消逝的爱。但是这种记忆中却饱含了苦涩，我们痛惜没有在美丽绽放的时候注意到它，没有在爱情到来的时候给出回应。

最近自己的一个经历又令我悟出了这其中的道理。我因为严重的心脏病发作而住进了加护病房。那地方可不是好呆的。

一天上午时分，我要接受几项辅助检查。因为检查的器械在医院对面的一幢建筑中，所以我就要穿过庭院，躺在轮床上被推到那里。

就在从病房出来的一瞬，迎面的阳光一下子洒在我的身上。我所感受的就只有这阳光，它是如此美丽，如此温暖，如此璀璨和辉煌！

我看看周围是否有人也沉醉在这金色的阳光中，而事实是大家都来去匆匆，大都目不斜视，双眼只顾盯着地面。继而我就想到我平常也太过于沉湎于日常的琐碎俗物中，而对身边的美景漠然甚至视而不见。

从这次的经历中我所洞悉的实际就像这个经历本身一样并无什么奇特之处：生活的恩赐是珍贵的——只有我们对此留心甚少。

那么人生给予我们的第一个矛盾的真理就是：不要太过于忙碌而错过了人生的美好和庄严。虔诚地迎接每个黎明的到来。把握每个小时，抓住宝贵的每分每秒。

紧紧地把握人生，但是又不能抓得过死，松不开手。这正是人生的另外一面，也就是矛盾的另外一面：我们要接受失去的一切，懂得如何放手。

这个其实并不是容易做到的，尤其当我们尚年轻时，自以为世界在我们的掌控之中，而不论什么，只要是心想就会事成，而且一定能事成！但是现实往往事与愿违，然后渐渐地这第二条真理必然显现在我们面前。

在人生的每个阶段我们都会承受失去——也因而成长起来。当我们出生时失去母体的保护，从那一刻我们开始了独立的生命。而后我们上学了，一级一级地升上去，离开了父母和儿时的家庭。我们结婚生子然后又只能看着他们离去。我们遭遇父母及爱人的离逝。我们也要面临自己逐渐或者突然的衰老。而最终，就像握手和松手的比喻那样，我们必须面对自己不可避免的死亡。就这样我们失去了一切，其中包括我们自己人生已经所有的以及尚未实现的。

但是我们为什么要服从于这种人生中矛盾的要求呢？为什么明知美是短暂的还要去创造美好？为何明知自己所爱的人会最终离我们而去却还要全心全意去爱？

要解开这个矛盾我们就必须把眼光放开，像透过可以通向永恒的窗户那样来审视我们的生活。一旦这样做，我们就会知道我们的生命虽然有限，可我们在地球上的作为却在造就永恒。

人生不仅仅是静止的一生而已。它是在不断变幻的，是一股不屈不挠的奔流。我们的父母通过我们得到生命的延续，然后我们通过我们的子女得到生命的延续。而我们也随之长存，我们所崇尚的美不会因为我们的死亡就失去颜色。我们的身体会腐朽，我们的双手会枯萎，但是我们所创造的美、善和真是永存而不朽的。

不要浪费你的生命去聚敛财物，他们只会变为尘埃，化为虚无。追求理想而不是物质的东西，因为只有理想赋予生命意义，也只有理想才会有恒久的价值。

房子有了爱便成为了家。城市有了道义就成为社会。红砖有了真理就成了学堂。陋室有了宗教就成了圣殿。人类全方面的努力有了正义就成为了文明。把这一切全放在一处，完善他们，使之精益求精。而这一切有了在人类获得救赎后那永远无欲无求的远景，便成就了一个充满希望的绚烂未来。

(注:本文是美国犹太人联合会主席辛德勒于1987年5月在南卡罗来纳大学毕业典礼上致辞的节选。要做到无欲无求的境界对于我们而言还太遥远，但适时地收与放，却是我们的生活的真理，抚慰那些在城市欲望中挣扎的生命。)

假如给我三天光明

海伦·凯勒

我们大家都读过一些令人激动的故事，这些故事里的主人公仅仅活在有限并且特定的时间内，有时长达一年，有时短到２４小时。但我们总是有兴趣发现，那命中注定要死的是那些有选择自由的人，而不是那些活动范围被严格限定了的判了刑的犯人。

这样的故事让我们思考，在相似的情况下，我们该怎么办，作为终有一死的人，在那最终的几个小时内安排什么事件，什么经历，什么交往？在回顾往事时，我们该找到什么快乐？什么悔恨？ 有时我想到，过好每一天是个非常好的习惯，似乎我们明天就会死去。这种态度鲜明地强调了生命的价值。我们应该以优雅、精力充沛、善知乐趣的方式过好每一天。而当岁月推移，在经常瞻观未来之时日、未来之年月中，这些又常常失去。当然，也有人愿按伊壁鸠鲁的信条“吃、喝和欢乐”去生活。（译注：伊壁鸠鲁是古希腊哲学家，他认为生活的主题目的是享乐，而最高的享受唯通过合理的生活，如自我控制才能得到。因为生活享受的目的被过分强调，而达此目的之手段被忽视，所以伊壁鸠鲁的信徒现今变为追求享乐的人。他们的信条是：“让我们吃喝，因为明天我们就死亡”），但绝大多数人还是被即将面临死亡的必然性所折磨。

在故事里，注定要死的主人公往往在最后一刻由某种命运的突变而得救，但几乎总是他的价值观被改变了。他们对生活的意义和它永恒的精神价值变得更具欣赏力了。常常看到那些生活或已生活在死亡的阴影之中的人们都赋予他们所做的每件事以芳醇甜美。

但是，我们大多数人把生活认为是理所当然的。我们知道，某一天我们一定会死，但通常我们把那天想象在遥远的将来。当我们心宽体健时，死亡几乎是不可想象的，我们很少想到它。时日在无穷的展望中延展着，于是我们干着琐碎的事情，几乎意识不到我们对生活的倦怠态度。

恐怕，同倦的懒散也成为利用我们所有的本能和感觉的特点。只有聋子才珍惜听力，唯有瞎子才体会到能看见事物的种种幸福，这种结论特别适合于那些在成年阶段失去视力和听力的人们，而那些从没有遭受视觉或听觉损伤之苦的人却很少充分利用这些天赐的官能。他们模模糊糊地眼观八方，耳听各音，毫无重点，不会鉴赏，还是那相同的老话，对我们所有的官能不知珍惜，直至失去它，对我们的健康意识不到，直至生病时。

我常常想，如果每个人在他成年的早期有一段时间致瞎致聋，那会是一种幸事，黑暗会使他更珍惜视力，寂静会教导他享受声音。

我不时地询问过我的能看见东西的朋友们，以了解他们看到什么。最近，我的一个很好的朋友来看我，她刚从一片森林里散步许久回来，我问她看到了什么，她答道：“没什么特别的。”如果我不是习惯了听到这种回答，我都可能不相信，因为很久以来我已确信这个情况：能看得见的人却看不到什么。

我独自一人，在林子里散步一小时之久而没有看到任何值得注意的东西，那怎么可能呢？我自己，一个不能看见东西的人，仅仅通过触觉，都发现许许多多令我有兴趣的东西。我感触到一片树叶的完美的对称性。我用手喜爱地抚摸过一株白桦那光潮的树皮，或一棵松树的粗糙树皮。春天，我摸着树干的枝条满怀希望地搜索着嫩芽，那是严冬的沉睡后，大自然苏醒的第一个迹象。我抚摸过花朵那令人愉快的天鹅绒般的质地，感觉到它那奇妙的卷绕，一些大自然奇迹向我展现了。有时，如果我很幸运，我把手轻轻地放在一棵小树上，还能感受到一只高声歌唱的小鸟的愉快颤抖，我十分快乐地让小溪涧的凉水穿过我张开的手指流淌过去。对我来说，一片茂密的地毯式的松针叶或松软而富弹性的草地比最豪华的波斯地毯更受欢迎。对我来说四季的壮观而华丽的展示是一部令人激动的、无穷尽的戏剧。这部戏剧的表演，通过我的手指尖端涌淌出来。

有时，由于渴望能看到这一切东西，我的内心在哭泣。如果说仅凭我的触觉我就能感受到这么多的愉快，那么凭视觉该有多少美丽的东西显露出来。然而，那些能看见的人明显地看得很少，充满世间的色彩和动作的景象被当成理所当然，或许，这是人性共有的特点；对我们具有的不怎么欣赏，而对我们不具有的却渴望得到。然而，这是一个极大的遗憾，在光明的世界里，视力的天赋仅仅作为一种方便之用，而没有作为增添生活美满的手段。

如果我是一所大学的校长，我就要开设一门强制的必修课“如何应用你的眼睛”。这门课的教授应该试图给他的学生显示怎样能以看见那些在他们面前一现而过的东西来增添他们生活的乐趣，这位教授应该试图唤醒他们沉睡和懒散的天赋。

或许，如果让我来应用我的眼睛，比方说，仅仅用３天吧，我能以我想象的最喜欢看见的东西来很好地说清楚这个问题。而且，当我想象的时候，设想你也在思考这个问题。如果你也只有３天多点的时间看东西，你该如何应用你自己的眼睛。如果面对即将到来的第三个夜晚的黑暗，你又知道，太阳对你来说，永不再升起了，那么你该怎样度过这插进来的宝贵的３天呢？你最想要注视的东西是什么呢？

当然，我会最想看到我多年的黑暗中对我变得珍贵的事情，你也会想让你们的目光停留在那些对你已经变得珍贵的事情上。这样，你就能随着你进入那逼近在你面前的长夜而永远记住它们。

如果由某种奇迹，我获得了能看见东西的３天，随后又沉陷于一片黑暗之中，我该将这段时间分为３个部分。

(注:19世纪有两个奇人：一个是拿破仑，一个是海伦·凯勒。---马克·吐温

人类精神的美一旦被识破，我们就永远不会忘记，在她的生活和生活乐趣中， 凯勒小姐给我们这些没有那么多困难需要克服的人们上了永远不能遗忘的一课---我们都希望这部书有越来越多的读者，让她的精神在越来越广的范围内传播。---罗斯福夫人） 第二单元 Paage A

圣诞节

圣诞节是庆祝耶稣基督诞生的基督教节日。圣诞节的名称源于古英语“基督的弥撒”，目前的拼法大约是从16世纪起开始使用的。

几乎所有的基督教会都在12月25日庆祝耶稣基督的诞生。这一日期在西方直到大约4世纪中期才被确定下来，而在东方的确立则又迟了大约1个世纪。

几乎从一开始，大多数基督徒就已经把圣诞节看作了圣日和假期。由于基督的诞生为世间带来了新的欢乐气息，从耶稣基督诞生的第一个故事的出现开始，人们就以文字、艺术、歌曲、舞蹈以及戏剧等多种形式不断为圣诞节增添变化，人们甚至还创造了具有特别象征意义的节日食品。几个世纪以来，随着各地习俗的融入，今天的圣诞节已成为世界上最大的民间节日。

为了适应圣诞节的需要，英国人对许多老的民间节日进行了调整。中世纪英国的圣诞节充满了乐趣、洋溢着欢乐的气氛，盛大的宴会也在此时举行。

为了纪念一年中最短的一天——冬至，古斯堪的纳维亚人在这一天将巨大的篝火点燃，英国习俗燃烧圣诞柴就衍生于此。在圣诞期间使用常绿植物的想法则是来源于基督教之前的北欧人的信仰。凯尔特和日耳曼人的部落在冬至节到来时向常绿植物表达敬意，因为他们认为这些植物象征永恒的生命。常绿的冬青树作为太阳回归的吉兆受到崇拜，也有人说基督的荆棘冠冕（被钉死在十字架上时所戴）是由冬青树制成的。传说中冬青树结的浆果曾是白色的，但当冬青树做成的荆棘冠冕压在耶稣的额头上时，滴滴鲜血将浆果染成了鲜红色。因此，有人认为圣诞花环起源于这个传说。

其它的一些著名的圣诞习俗来自于不同的国家。关于圣诞树的起源有多种说法。受到普遍认可的说法是马丁·路德在德国开启了这一习俗。据说平安夜里的常青树、群星闪烁的天空给马丁·路德留下了深刻的印象，于是他将一颗用燃烧的蜡烛点缀的类似的树木放在了自己家中。有些学者认为，对于非基督教徒而言常青树是生命的象征，常青树成为了救世主的象征，于是也就成为了他出生庆典的组成部分。

胖胖的、快活的、长着胡须的深受人们喜爱的圣诞老人形象来源于圣·尼古拉斯，这位生活在四世纪的小亚细亚的基督教主教以其善举而闻名。将这位圣徒与圣诞老人联系起来的想法从小亚细亚蔓延到了欧洲，并由早期的荷兰移民带到了美国。美国作家华盛顿·欧文将圣·尼古拉斯作为令人发笑的节日人物加以介绍。但是，最终使人浮想联翩的身着毛绒绒礼服的圣诞老人形象是由美国漫画家托马斯·纳斯特在1863年刻画的。

圣诞节也不总是伴随着幸福与欢乐而被人们记住的。1642年，由奥利弗·克伦威尔领导的英国清教徒上台执政，带有反宗教色彩的圣诞节庆祝活动被禁止。庆祝圣诞节的人将被送往监狱，受到惩罚。清教徒的传统又被带到了新英格兰，直到1856年，在新英格兰，圣诞节才成为法定假日。不过，在美国的其它地区，从家乡带来各自节日传统的移民们欢快地庆祝圣诞。如今，几乎在世界的每个角落， 正是这种“为世间带来欢乐”的传统已成为圣诞精神的标志。 Paage B [参考译文]

感恩节

（11月份第四个星期四）

如果一位国际游客能够从迈阿密沿岸到夏威夷的热带海岸进行一次感恩节之旅，并且在沿途的每个家庭稍作停留，他可能会惊讶地发现各地的节日景象竟如此一致：无论是大家庭、小家庭，还是中等家庭；无论是在城市、乡村还是郊外；无论远近，家人们都会聚集在一起参加一年一度的家庭聚会。当他观看盛宴的准备时，他会听到一些愉快的交谈。谈话中包含家人的消息，对天气的评论，政治观点、对迷人的餐桌装饰的赞美等。

他会发现餐桌延长到了最大限度，亮纸做的火鸡为所有成年人标出了位置。孩子们无需得到正式通知，看到女主人从厨房出来、摘下围裙，他们就会在邻屋的小桌旁找到自己的位置。这位国际游客还会看到当指定的长者对本年度的收获表示感谢并虔诚地请求上帝继续赐福时，所有参加宴会的人都会保持安静。

感恩节是美国国定假日中最地道、最美国式的节日，普利茅斯殖民地的英国移民在1621年第一次庆祝了这一节日。他们给这一节日赋予的精神和习俗一直保留了下来。

早期的定居者是群清教徒，他们离开的了自己的家乡——英国，在那里他们无权从已建立的教会中分离出来、用自己的方式进行礼拜。起初，他们逃到了荷兰；1620年，他们乘坐“五月花”号船前往美国寻求能够拥有宗教自由的地方。在海上颠簸折腾了两个月之后，他们终于在酷寒的十一月在现在的马萨诸塞州的普里茅斯登陆。

在第一个冬天，来到这个“崭新世界”的半数以上的移民都死于了饥饿和疾病，但剩余的人仍心存希望。到了第二年春天，每个家庭都有了自己的家，都种上了自己带来的以及友好的印第安人送给他们的谷物。印第安人教他们怎样狩猎、捕鱼，这样他们就吃上了鱼和野味。为了对即将到来的第一次大丰收表示感激，早期的定居者们决定设定一个专门的日子感谢上帝和印第安人。

虽然第一个感恩节已经过去很多年了，但是感恩节的庆祝形式却未发生太大变化。正如感恩节是第一个朝圣者的节日，它也是家人团聚的日子——感谢上帝一年的保佑，享受丰收的果实，与那些不幸的人分享所有。 丰盛的家宴总是最重要的庆祝活动，数月前就开始着手准备。一些家庭可能得乘飞机旅行；其它一些家庭则把孩子们塞进私家车里，开车长途跋涉。上大学的儿女们会利用4天的假期回家，员工们利用工作之外的时间踏上旅程。晚餐菜单基本上仍与早期一致：这是传统当中的一部分。人们喝红莓苔汁，吃填料的烤火鸡，还有小红莓酱，甜土豆，奶油洋葱，鲜果汁，南瓜饼，葡萄干布丁和碎肉馅饼。人人都赞成感恩节大餐必需以烤火鸡为主菜，火鸡在烘烤时要以面包作填料以吸收从中流出来的美味汁液。餐桌的装饰也同样遵循传统的模式——要有收获的鲜艳葫芦，玉米穗，苹果，桔子，栗子，胡桃，干树叶以及秋天丰收时积存的紫葡萄。

在真正的感恩精神中，家庭圈子常常被扩大：独居的朋友，国外游客，或远离家乡的军人都被包括进来。孤儿、老人、无家可归者以及公职人员都不会被遗忘。他们也有传统的感恩节火鸡晚餐，这些晚餐是由一些慈善人士、民间或教会团体提供的。

那么，这位国际游客会看到，感恩节是美国家庭重申对拥有自由的生活、自由的宗教信仰、上帝丰厚的赐予的感激之情并通过慷慨分享获得满足的日子。

Part one text study 2.3.4.5.6.7.8.What is the characteristic of education method in Japan and other eastern countries? Why such an education method is implemented in Japan? What features the method of education in Canada and many western societies? Analyze the reason for the education system in the western countries.The advantages of education method in the East.The disadvantages of education method in the East.The advantages of education method in the West.The disadvantages of education method in the West.

9.Your understanding of the eence of education.(not neceary) 第三单元 Paage A [参考译文]

教育之道：东方和西方

1. 一位来自加拿大的老师最近参观了一所日本的小学。在一堂课上，她观看了60个小孩子在学习画猫。任课老师在黑板上画了一个大圆圈，60个孩子就模仿着画在纸上。老师在第一个圆圈上面画了一个小些的圆圈，然后又在小圆圈上面画了两个三角形；孩子们也以完全相同的方式继续画着他们的猫。这堂课就这么继续着，直到教室里有了61只一模一样的猫。

2.这节课让那位加拿大老师大为吃惊。这类教学方法--以及它们的效果--同她自己国家的迥然不同。 加拿大学校里的一节美术课会产生满满一屋子独一无二的图画，而不是一张又一张完全相同的猫。为什么呢? 是什么造成了这种教学方法上的不同呢? 3.在任何国家的任何一个教室里，老师教的都不仅仅是艺术、历史或语言。课堂活动的一部分--有意识或无意识地--是在传授文化：社会的观念、价值观和信仰。每一种教育制度都不可避免地是一面反映其所在社会的文化的镜子。

4.在像美国或加拿大这样由许多不同的民族、宗教团体和文化取向构成的西方社会中，个性和独立思考受到高度重视。这些价值观通过这些国家的教育制度反映出来。老师们强调那些使每个学生都与众不同的品质。他们很少要求学生熟记信息；却鼓励他们独立思考，独自寻找答案，并提出各自的解决方法。学生们从小就学着形成自己的意见和看法，并在课堂讨论中各抒己见。

5.在日本则截然不同，绝大多数人有着同样的语言、历史和文化。也许是由于这个缘故，那儿的教育制度反映了一种对集体目标和传统而不是对个性的信念。日本的学童经常在一起学习，做作业时相互帮助。在教室里，教师是主要的知识来源：教师讲，学生听。没有很多的讨论；学生们却要背诵他们已经记住的规则或信息。

6.日本教育制度的优点是那儿的学生能学到合作的社交技能。另一个优点是他们学的数学和自然科学比大多数美国学生多得多。 他们每天学习的时数和每年学习的天数也比北美的学生多。 这种制度要求高，但它却使孩子们能为进入一个重视纪律和自制的社会作好准备。然而，它也有缺点。首先，很多学生说考试之后，他们就会忘记许多曾经记熟的信息。其次，这个要求极高的制度给学生们带来巨大的心理压力，并被认为是日本学龄儿童自杀率高的一个主要因素。

7. 另一方面，北美教育制度的优点是，学生们学习独立思考。他们学习采取主动--做决定和采取行动都无须别人告诉他们做什么。这种制度使他们能为进入一个重视创造性的思想和个人责任的社会作好准备。不过，它也有弊端：除了别的以外，美国高中毕业生学的基本规则和事实就不如其他国家的学生学的多。 而许多社会评论家认为美国的高犯罪率至少部分地应归咎于学校的纪律涣散。 Paage B [参考译文]

坚定、公正、友好

大学的老师，大部分我都很喜欢。他们多半都友好而能干，乐于帮助学生。我喜欢他们，但我不大记得他们。只有一年级时的英语老师琼斯先生是个例外。他热情、敏锐，熟悉课程，而且决心要让我们学好并热爱这门课程。

琼斯先生身材修长，年约四十四五岁，头发花白稀疏。一副眼镜不大稳定地架在鼻子上，显示出一种严肃的样子。但是他眼镜架在鼻子上的时间并不长，因为当他思索着回答学生们的问题时，他总是把它取下来擦一擦，然后又把它放进嘴里。当他走进教师时，他总是带着两三本书，书中夹着一些纸条，标记着他打算朗读的段落。我还记得那些毛线开衫，他一定有十几件这样的毛衣。下雨天，他用一件蓝色雨衣来代替这种毛衣。然而我记得最清楚的是他的微笑。他微笑的时候，整个脸部都容光焕发，眼睛也闪着光芒。他的微笑让人感到舒服，自在，还有点安慰。

然而尽管他对人友好而不拘束，在课堂上却有点一本正经，有时还挺严厉。他从来不称呼我们的小名。他显然很热爱他的工作和学生，但却与学生保持着一段距离。他从来不曾当着全班的面故意用嘲弄的言辞让一个学生受窘，可是他也能恰当地表达他的不快。他会冷静地对犯了错误的学生凝视数秒钟。通常这样做便已经足够了。倘若还不奏效，他会放低了音调向这位学生说点什么。然而，他并不经常这样做。

琼斯有个性，正直、生气勃勃，这一切都使他深受欢迎；但是我最欣赏他的是因为他是一位好老师。不错，他关心学生，但是他更关心他所教的课程。这意味着大量的家庭作业，以及不时进行的突击性测验， 以使学生跟上阅读的进度。 每当我们学到某一新的文学时期时，他偶尔进行讲授，以便提供背景资料。他在略看一眼讲稿之后， 便开始一面讲授， 一面走动——转身走向黑板、窗口， 然后又回到讲台。但是他更喜欢进行讨论， 进行一种苏格拉底式的对话。他常在黑板上写下几个问题，以供第二天进行讨论，他常期待学生们做好讨论这些问题的准备。他指导这种讨论，但并不控制它们，因为他善于倾听，并且保证说，我们大家不论是否愿意都有机会做出回答。如果他赞赏某一回答，就会点头微笑。有时他也会朗读一篇学生的作文，称赞它的优点，然后在把这篇作文发还作者时还向他眨一眨眼。但是他也可能很固执，正如我前面说过的，对学生的作业马虎和漫不经心狠抓不放。当你从他那儿得到一个A时，你确实感到高兴，因为他打起分来可不宽松。我们常常抱怨他的评分标准，但没有效果。但是如果他认为他不公正时，也会改变评分。

我记得，我们曾经有过许多次关于马克·吐温、克兰和德莱塞的有趣讨论。但是他所喜爱的时期却是20世纪20年代。他喜爱那些战后在欧洲生活的作家：安德森、卡明斯、海明威和菲茨杰拉德。他总是带来一些书供我们阅读，但是当他讲到这个时期时，他便成了一个活书库。我想，他一定读过海明威和菲茨杰拉德的所有作品，或是关于他们俩的每一本书，或者是有关20年代巴黎的书。是的，琼斯确实是一位好老师，他熟悉所教课程，并且教得很好。但是更重要的是，他让我们也喜爱这门课程。他使得我们产生自己继续阅读并学好这门课程的愿望。

第五单元 Paage A [参考译文]：A food tour of the United States 美国美食之旅

美国烹饪最有趣的特点之一是它的多样性。乘坐巴士或小汽车穿越美国的旅客会发现，美国食物同风景一样值得关注，──会带给你意想不到的惊喜。对于美国人来说，最好的菜是区域性的。

除了感恩节火鸡，没有任何一道菜在美国得到如此广泛的普及，成为整个国家的象征。每个地区的餐桌上都有不同的特色菜。这些地方特色菜抓住菜式的味道和香味，完美地诠释了每一个地区的地方特色。例如：新奥尔良以什锦菜著称，什锦菜是一种用大米、火腿、虾和西红柿并用香料调味烹制而成的食物。冬天又长又冷的波士顿被称作“豆乡”，因为一种由干豆、咸猪肉、红糖、糖蜜混合做成的烘豆而得名。在铁锅里混合并在低温烘箱里烘烤数小时，这道菜营养丰富。美国人说“它让你饱餐了一顿”。 这些作为区域特色的菜肴均是利用当地的蔬菜、水果、肉类、家禽、海鲜做成的。由于

美国各地情况呈现出很大的差异，作为世界第四大国家，其结果是这个国家的菜单被期待能够列出世界上大部分美食。

在美国与海洋接壤或拥有湖泊和河流系统的地方可以找到各种海鲜。虾、蟹、龙虾以及新鲜的鱼，都是人们进餐时间的最爱。柑橘类的水果──橙子、柚子、柠檬和酸橙── 出产于佛罗里达州和加利福尼亚州。在这些州的水果园供应的冰冻果汁和阳光催熟的水果装饰了整个国家的早餐桌。跨过中西部内陆州是一望无际的玉米和小麦田地。这些谷物被用来制作面包，谷类食品和食用油。该地区被称为“全国粮仓”。至于蔬菜，加州是美国最多产的州。花椰菜、芦笋、蕃茄、胡萝卜、葡萄、莴苣、桃子、梨，以及其他各种食物的生产加州都是第一位的。肉在那里出产呢？当然在德克萨斯州。在那你能看到文烤肉、牛排和排骨。

当然，所有这些食物在各地超市有供应。但是他们被装罐、冷冻或以某种方式包装并由铁路或卡车运送到千里之外。到美食的来源地即烹饪美食原料的开始点去旅行，那岂不是难得的乐事？从海洋或农场收集新鲜农产品，这样的农产品将被当地厨师变成一道适合国王品尝的难忘菜品。

想品尝真正的美国风味烹饪的旅客必须探索整个国家。美国一共有5个不同的区域。每个地区都有自己的特色菜。东北，从缅因州延伸到马里兰州，这里以海鲜而闻名；南部，包括密西西比州，阿拉巴马州，佐治亚州和北、南达科他州、内布拉斯加州，伊利诺伊州和堪萨斯州，专攻面包和糕点；山区包括科罗拉多州，蒙大纳州，怀俄明州和爱达荷州，在那里能找到鹿和野鸡等野味；西南地区的亚利桑那州，新墨西哥州和德克萨斯州，在那里烧烤食物是特产。

这些地区的每个地方难道不值得享受美食的旅客访问吗？

Paage B [参考译文]：Food and Culture饮食与文化

对于什么样的食物好吃，我们都有自己的看法。同样对于什么样的食物不好吃我们也有自已的看法。因此一种文化的人常常会认为另一种文化的人所吃的食物是让人厌恶的或者令人作呕的。例如，在著名的拳击手穆罕默德·阿里访问非洲时，团里的一名成员看到有人抓起一只蝴蝶把它吃下肚去时便恶心得想呕吐。许多人会觉得吃老鼠肉令人恶心，但世界上有42种不同文化的人把鼠肉当做正常的食物。 在非洲，有些人认为非洲白蚁是美味佳肴。对于许多其他人来说，如果非吃（白蚁）不可的话，他们很可能会呕吐。但是，如果拿100克的白蚁和100克制作好的汉堡包相比，前者所含的热量是后者的两倍多，其所含的蛋白质也几乎是后者的两倍。

不过，对食物的好恶似乎并不一定与营养有关。花椰菜在营养最丰富的常见蔬菜中排名第一，但它在美国人最喜欢的蔬菜中仅名列第21位。西红柿在营养最丰富的蔬菜中排名16，但它在美国人最喜欢的蔬菜中却名列榜首。

但不喜欢并不是某些文化（中人们）不吃某种食物的唯一原因。在有些文化中，有些食物是禁忌。“禁忌”一词来源于斐济群岛的语言，用来表示禁止做的事。有些食物在某些宗教中被列为禁忌，但也有一些饮食禁忌与宗教无关。通常我们不去考虑为什么在我们的文化中有些东西会成为禁忌。我们甚至不知道它们为什么会成为禁忌。人类学家试图发现禁忌背后隐藏的真正原因。例如，印度“圣牛”就为人们所熟知。牛可以在印度的大街上随意走动，它们可以吃街上食品摊主所供应的食物中任何它们想吃的东西。结果，牛就成了难题。可是，在印度没人会去宰牛或吃牛肉。宰牛或吃牛肉是禁忌。这种习俗在其他人看起来似乎很奇怪，但人类学家相信这自有其原因。首先，牛是很有价值的，因为农民需要它们帮助犁地。其次，牛粪可当作地里的肥料。在印度，许多农民买不起肥料。还有，可以把牛粪晒干，用作做饭用的燃料。因此，宰牛食肉的农民很快发现他们无法犁地，无法给庄稼施肥，或者无燃料做饭。

另一个例子是美国人不吃狗肉，尽管其他一些文化背景的人视狗肉为佳肴。在美国，狗作为宠物对人们极为重要。它们通常被视为家庭的一部分，有些人甚至还把狗当作自己的孩子。此外，狗的价值还在于防范罪犯。盗贼一般不进入有狗的住宅，因为狗会吠叫，而且可能会袭击试图进入屋子的陌生人。显而易见，狗在社会中作为伙伴及防范罪犯的卫士的角色使吃狗肉成为禁忌。

不止一种文化忌食猪肉。有迹象表明一些古埃及人不吃猪肉。古代以色列人也视猪肉为禁忌。对忌食猪肉的一种解释是，未熟透的猪肉可能会传播一种疾病──旋毛虫病。但大多数人不再认为这能很好地解释禁食猪肉的原因。另一种解释是以色列人原属游牧民族──他们总是不断迁移。而要养猪，人们就得在某地定居下来。以色列人不愿在一个地方定居，因为他们不想改变自己的文化。于是，他们就不再吃猪肉。

人类学家相信，对食物的好恶大多是不同人不同生活方式的结果。有些人生活在既有大型动物又有许多昆虫的地区。他们杀死大型动物有困难，需要花很大力气。对他们来说，以昆虫为食要容易些。因为捕捉昆虫既不困难也不需花很大的力气。四处流动、过游牧生活的人不愿意为吃肉而养猪。人们不愿意吃狗这样的宠物。美国人吃大量的牛肉，因为美国的很多土地可以用来养牛，而且牛肉可以通过铁路以低廉的价格进行长途运输。 第六单元 Paage A 译文

课外活动

诚然，学校生活颇为有趣。但机遇也来自你在校外所致力于的活动。那可能是在体育队中活动，在乐队中表演，做志愿工作或者兼职工作。这些会给你带来什么呢？你会同志趣相投的人共同探索自己在体育、创造力、社会、政治以及事业方面的兴趣。你会找到朋友，通过尝试不同的事情你会交往到与你并不相识却志趣相投的人。

学校关注你课堂内外的生活，这真的是一个好消息。是的，学业排在首位，但你的活动展示了你更多的部分。除了展示你的兴趣之外，通过课外活动，还能看出你能否1）为某事做出有意义的贡献；2）长期致力于一项活动；3）管理自己的时间，安排优先要做的事情。学校并不一定支持什么活动都参加的学生。“我们关注学生对学业外的一项活动专心致志，迸发激情，我们关注深度，而不是广度。”大学社团主任南希·特希尔解释说。学校没有必须从事的课外活动的一览表，他们希望看到你独立的一面和一贯的专注及责任感。

在学校找到活动很容易。能弄清楚参加多少活动才是挑战。这里有几个窍门：1）当你找到喜欢的事情，坚持去做。2）不要担心成为俱乐部主席或队长。关键是你是否做了有意义的事情，台前或幕后。很多学校，社区和宗教组织都会给你发现自己兴趣和天赋的机会。你有很多机会去尝试不同的事情。如果你兴趣广泛，时间充裕，那就在多个领域尝试活动。例如，为校报写文章的同时在动物保护组织做志愿者。

你可以加入俱乐部，例如拉美俱乐部或犹太俱乐部，从拥有共同背景的学生那里获得支持。俱乐部或小组也能让你遇到与自己不同的人。很多青年活动把不同的人们聚在一起，消除人与人之间的隔阂。马克，住在华盛顿特区的大四学生，对于这一点有深刻的体会。他通过参加志愿者小组，用棒球帮助了接受特殊教育的孩子和伤残儿童与正常孩子一起活动。

加入俱乐部或团队最基本的理由就是让你有事可做，不必总是盯着墙壁，四处游荡，整个下午都在睡觉。参加活动的人不容易染上吸烟和喝酒等坏习惯。

参加课外活动也在其他方面对你有益。当你申请学校和工作时，参加课外活动可以向学校负责人和雇主显示你爱好广泛，富有责任心。特殊的活动有特殊的目的。如果你想教授语言或从事双语工作，成为西班牙语俱乐部的主席是对你能力的很好的证明。通过教小学生或在当地医院工作这类志愿者活动，你可以学到技能，获取经验。一些学校甚至为志愿者工作提供学分。无论是带薪的还是志愿的，全年的或只是夏天的，工作经验都能帮助你确定事业兴趣和目标，学会技能，将课堂知识应用于现实世界。同时，也是赚学费的好方法。

Paage B [参考译文]

谁无聊？

当暑假终于来临时，睡懒觉，可以随时做任何事情的兴奋开始强烈得几乎难以抑制。

机遇之门早已敞开，你准备在一生中最美好的夏季开始探险吧。 你现在在哪儿呢？

我敢打赌，你们中的75%是一边呆在家里看电视，一边发牢骚：“真无聊。” 好吧，朋友们，现在让我来终结你们的无聊吧。

这儿有10条最佳建议，让你不再无聊，不再粘在沙发上。 看电影

我知道这不过是从沙发换到了椅子上，但会促使你交往到更多的人。 运动

你不必非得成为健身房会员来燃烧掉那些讨厌的脂肪。提供免费设施的公园就能做到。

游泳

这儿是佛罗里达，近来阳光也一直很毒辣。如果没有泳池，就试试这儿的喷泉吧。木星喷泉有游泳池，彩虹喷泉有滑水管道。

学习

别皱眉。几个月不上学不等于不用脑。图书馆欢迎你。 看表演

市民剧院常有演出。挑一个。我最近在那儿看了场音乐剧，很棒。 打保龄球

和朋友打球最好不过了。一些保龄球场还有午夜场。当然一定还要有音乐。 读本书

我很清楚我们很多人都想暑假读书，利用余下的空闲时间读些消遣类图书，比如悬疑小说或者言情小说吧。

打高尔夫

要是你也和我一样分不清开球杆和推杆，那就去试试“安乐街”。别害怕又回到了小时候。好好玩一把电子游戏吧。

探险

用这段时间了解自己的城镇。如果你有车，就认识几条新街道或者看看橱窗。如果不得不呆在家里，看看附近是否住着同龄人，或是认识一下对街的人。

当志愿者

这是度过暑假的好方法。你能了解自己的社区，还可以积累社区服务时间。四处稍微转转，就会发现很多地方需要志愿者。

第12篇：zhaiyao学术英语

Abstract: Graphite-filled poly-vinyl alcohol (CG-PVA) membranes were prepared by the solution blending method and characterized with FTIR, SEM and XRD methods.The results showed that graphite was uniformly distributed in the membrane matrix, there was stronger interaction between PVA and graphite particle, the crystallinity of the membranes decreased after the incorporation of graphite.The swelling and sorption properties of CG-PVA membranes in benzene/cyclohexane mixtures were investigated.The free volume properties of CG-PVA membrane were analyzed by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and apparent fractional free volume was calculated, which showed the same tendency of charge as permeation flux.Finally, the effect of graphite content and particle size on pervaporation properties were investigated.The pervaporation results indicated that the CG-PVA membranes exhibited good separation properties for benzene/cyclohexane mixtures, and the benzene flux and separation factor could reach 90.7 g·m-2·h-1 and 100.1, respectively, for benzene/cyclohexane [50/50,% (ma)] mixtures.

摘要:采用液相共混法制备了石墨填充聚乙烯醇膜,采用FTIR, SEM, XRD等对石墨填充聚乙烯醇膜的物理和化学结构进行了分析表征,结果表明石墨与聚乙烯醇存在较强的氢键作用,石墨在聚乙烯醇中分散均匀,且具有一定的取向性.考察了石墨填充聚乙烯醇膜在苯和环己烷溶液中的溶胀和吸附行为.采用正电子湮没寿命谱仪表征了石墨聚乙烯醇膜的自由体积特性,计算得到石墨聚乙烯醇膜的表观自由体积分数,并且与渗透通量进行关联性对比.最后,研究了石墨含量和粒径对渗透蒸发分离性能的影响,结果表明,石墨的引入有利于苯的优先透过,石墨填充聚乙烯醇膜对苯和环己烷混合物具有良好的分离效果,苯的渗透通量和分离因子分别可达90.7 g·m-2·h-1和100.1.

第13篇：学术英语作业

Text 6

Abstract

Game theory

Game theory is the science of strategy and was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John Von Neumann.In the early years the emphasis was on games of pure conflict.Other games were considered in a cooperative form.Games are different from decisions made in a neutral environment.The eence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.There are two distinct types of strategic interdependence:sequential and simultaneous.The logical circle is squared using a concept of equilibrium developed by the Princeton mathematician John Nash.Nash’s notion of equilibrium remains an incomplete solution to the problem of circular reasoning in simultaneous-move games.Some games have many such equilibrium while others have none.And this notion has some flaws.In spite of it,the concept has proved extremely useful in analyzing many strategic interactions.There are some examples of strategic interaction illustrate some of the fundamentals of game theory:the prisoners’dilemma,mixing moves and strategic moves.Recent advances in game theory have succeeded in describing and prescribing appropriate strategies in several situations of conflict and cooperation.But the theory is far away from complete,and in many ways the design of succeful strategy remains an art.

Key words: game theory,sequential,simultaneous,equilibrium

博弈论是战略的科学性和首创了由普林斯顿数学家约翰·冯·诺伊曼。在最初几年的重点是纯冲突的游戏。其他比赛被认为是一种合作形式。游戏不同于在一个中立的环境中做出的决定。游戏的本质是玩家策略的相互依存。有两种不同类型的战略相互依存的：顺序和同步。逻辑循环是利用均衡的概念是由普林斯顿数学家约翰·纳什开发的平方。纳什均衡的概念对于同时进行的循环论证问题仍然是一个不完整的解决方案。有些游戏有很多这样的均衡，而另一些则没有。而且这个概念有一些缺陷。尽管它的概念已被证明在分析许多战略互动非常有用。有战略互动的一些例子说明了一些博弈论的基本原理：囚徒困境，混合动作和战略举措。在博弈论的最新进展已经成功地描述和规定适当的策略在冲突与合作的几种情况。但理论是远未完成的，而且在成功策略很多方面的设计仍然是一门艺术。

第14篇：summary学术英语

A summary of Text 12

Title:How Radiation Threatens Health

Author:Nina Bai

Source:Scientific American, 15 March, 2010

Summary:

The radiation leaks at Fukushima makes people feel worried, and it’s neceary to know that the health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on its level, type and duration.Every person is exposed some background radiation from natural but only beyond this level people can get radiation sickne.At the same time, the radiation which takes different forms is produced by different heavy isotopes.On the other hand, the exposure time is so important that high single dose of radiation can do much more harm to human than the same dosage accumulate overtime.Last but not least, the government should remember the Chernobyl’s leons but we’d better not do too many extra measures to make people feel scared.(124 words)

第15篇：学术英语摘要

Vocabulary:

Toboggan: a fast sled used for sliding down snowy or icy hills.

RV:(recdreational vehicle)large motor vehicle equipped with living space ,such as a toilet,kitchen,sleeping space,etc.

Manifest destiny:American philosophy from the 19th century;belief that Americans have a destiny or fate to explore new areas and take over new lands.Hitchhike:

Cinco de mayo:it was a festival of Mexican,today it means freedom and independent

Grafitti:

Dive: a very cheap,often sketchy restaurant or bar

Cuckooa: man who is a stupid,incompetent fool

Pit stop: a break to get food or gra or use the bathroom.

Idioms/Slang:

The gra is always greener on the other side of the fence: people tend to want whatever they don’t have.

Have itchy feet:

Yellow fever:refer to westen men who like to date Asian women ,for example:John only dates Chinese girls,he denifite have yellow fever.

Backseat driver: a paenger who gives unneceary or annoying directions to the diriver.

Dog days of summer: hot and humid weather,usually in late July.

Digging a hole to China:1)to dig a hole .2)to have unrealistic goals or expectatry.If she thinks she can pa her drivers exam,she’s just digging a hole to

China.

Get lobstered: get a very bad sunburn,turn bright red.

Black gold: the oil

To shanghai: to kidnap, trick, or force someone to do something unwillingly.for example :I didn’t want to go to the movies last night, but my friend she

shanghai to me.

Don’t eat yellow snow: don’t do things that obvious that is stupid or damage.

Concepts:

1.Americans’ perception of Chinas

2.Road trip

3.Great Wall graffiti zone

4.Advice

5.new years resolutions

第16篇：学术英语interview

INTERVIEW

Company: Hu Dong Shipyard

Position: Design Apartment

A: Respond for Interviewer(Cui Bingbing)

B: Respond for Interviewee(Bu Yinglei)

B: Hello Mr.Cui,nice to meet you.

A: Hello Mr.Bu,nice to meet you too.Please sit down.

B: Thank you, what a beautiful and quiet environment.

A: Oh,thanks.

A: OK, please tell me about yourself?

B: My name is Bu Yinglei, I’m 24 years old, I graduated from Harbin Engineering

University and majored in Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure.I obtained university scholarship many times and published some papers in magazines, you will learn more about it in my resume.

A: Yes, I have read your resume and it makes a very strong impreion on me.B: Oh,thank you.

A: You are welcome.Well, I know about you have some exercitation experiences in your resume, please tell me about them?

B: OK, I have exercitations at Da Lian shipyard and Cheng Xi shipyard for about half

a month, besides I have an exercitation just in your company last winter.

A: Oh, really.I think you must have learnt a lot from them.

B: Oh,yes.

A: OK,next question, what make you choose our company?

B: In my job search, I have investigated a number of companies.Yours is one of the few that interests me.I think your company attracts me for these reasons.Firstly, your company is one of the most important shipyards in china.Secondly, I have some clamates who are just working at your company; they recommend me to choose your company and I also think that your company is just for me.

A: OK,thank you.There are many staffs in our company who just graduate from your university and they all make grate contribution to our company.it’s the reason why I come here again.Then,what kind of personality do you think you have and what are your personal weaknees？

B: I prefer fixing attention on one thing a time, I don’t like to give up halfway.Well, talking about my personal weaknees, I’m afraid I’m a poor talker.I’m not comfortable talking with the people whom I have just met for the first time, but I1

have trying my best to overcome this personal weakne.

A: Oh, I appreciate your personality very much.As to your personal weakne, there are many people in our company who just like you are poor talkers, but it doesn’t forbid them to be grate succe.

B: Oh ,thank you.

A: OK, what kinds of people do you like work with?

B: Overall I am an easy-going and sincerity person, I think I can work with any kinds of person and get well along with them.

A: Well, the sense of teamwork is important in our company, I think the person like you will work with other people harmonious.Then, what do you look for in a job? B: I want improve my skills and abilities in this job, learn more knowledge on shipbuilding and the make contribution to your company and our country’s shipbuilding industry, earn enough money to live a good life at the same time.

A: OK,your reasons are common and how long would you stay with us?

B: As long as I feel that I’m contributing, and that my contribution is recognized, I want to make a long term commitment.

A: Your answer is smart, then the last question, what are your long-range goals?

B: I want to become a supervisor through my hard work, to grow and develop profeionally, to help others develop, to build a team and to share what I have learned.

A: OK,you have a great ambition.Don’t you have any questions to ask?

B: Oh,yes.What are the specific requires in this position?

A: You will have a lot of projects to take part in and play an important role in this position.From my point of view, the specific requires in this position are senses of teamwork and responsibility.

B: Oh, yes.Then what is the most difficulty in this position?

A: From my point of view, the most difficulty in this position is will always deal with problem under preure.Well, our company will give you a fair salary based on the job responsibilities, your experience and skills.

B: Yes I know, I have learned it from my clamates who just work at design apartment.Thank you give me the chance to introduce myself, and thank you for your answers.

A: You are welcome, Mr.Bu.Thank you for your interest in our company.Goodbye

B: Thank you for your time, Mr.Cui.Goodbye

第17篇：英语学术演讲稿

Good morning everyone.Welcome to my presentation.My name is …My major is mechanical engineering.The research direction of my team is the robot, so I’ll talk something about applications of the teleoperator robot in our life with two examples.The main contents of my speech are the medical robot and the cooking robot.

First of all, we should know what teleoperator robot is.Teleoperator

robots are mainly used for various operations of non-industrial production, for example, the medical robot, the cooking robot and the cleaning robot.Let’s first see the medical robot.The main characteristics ofthe medical robot is remote control.The remote control lets people stride acro the space-time barrier.It means that the doctor and the patient can be in different places, as is shown in the pictures.The patient is in Strasbourg while the surgeon is in New York.The display screen

provides surgery scene to the surgeon.By operating the main operation terminal and inputting commands, doctors can control the robot to have surgery.

Robots can also serve our daily life.Most of us may already know that the robot cooks in the university cafeteria of Beijing Jiaotong University.We all think that it’s very interesting.These pictures show us the proce of the robot cooking.First, the chef puts raw materials into the robot, then choses the dish to cook in the display screen.Next, the robot starts to

cook.In the cooking proce, the chef follows the robot’s voice prompts to add spices.Just three minutes later, the robot pours the cooked dish into the prepared basin.The robot cooking not only takes le time but also uses le gas.It can save fifty percent of gas.

As the above examples allude, teleoperator robots provide service for mankind and make our life more convenient.Meanwhile they save us a lot of time and sources of energy.I believe in the future teleoperator robots will be more widely used and provide better service to our life.That’s all.Thank you.

第18篇：学术英语作文

All the 12 person have their own character.These character turned the result differently No.1 is logical and contact to the court to get physical evidence.No.2 is a office worker, he just feels exciting but do not care about the case.No.3 is a bo of a big company, he hates the boy who was accused of kill father because his son doesn’t listen to him.No.4 is a little more logical than most of others and he is arrogant, he is too self-confident.No.5 who is also comes from the poor area was distrust by No.3.No.6 is not so logical but he is a man full of morality(道德),he helped the old man--- No.9.No.7 is sales person, he wanna see the ball match, he doesn’t need too much, soft weather or a match would satisfied him.No.8 the only one who votes opposite.No.9 is a experienced man, first one who support No.8, he do a lot for the jury to analyse the case, but he

lacks confidence to say his idea out at first.No.10 is a richman who has prejudice on the poor.No.11 is a worker from America.He just praise the regime(制度).No.12 is a advertisement plotter, he never cares his vote, he is find opportunity to sell himself all the time.

This regime is very democracy(民主), but it has its limit——its’ democracy depend on the juries.The jury have too much power, in case it is get by someone with an ulterior motive, it won’t be democracy any more.

第19篇：英语学术演讲稿

Good morning everyone.Welcome to my presentation.My name is …My major is mechanical engineering.The research direction of my team is the robot, so I’ll talk something about applications of the teleoperator robot in our life with two examples.The main contents of my speech are the medical robot and the cooking robot.First of all, we should know what teleoperator robot is.Teleoperator robots are mainly used for various operations of non-industrial production, for example, the medical robot, the cooking robot and the cleaning robot.Let’s first see the medical robot.The main characteristics of the medical robot is remote control.The remote control lets people stride acro the space-time barrier.It means that the doctor and the patient can be in different places, as is shown in the pictures.The patient is in Strasbourg while the surgeon is in New York.The display screen provides surgery scene to the surgeon.By operating the main operation terminal and inputting commands, doctors can control the robot to have surgery.

Robots can also serve our daily life.Most of us may already know that the robot cooks in the university cafeteria of Beijing Jiaotong University.We all think that it’s very interesting.These pictures show us the proce of the robot cooking.First, the chef puts raw materials into the robot, then choses the dish to cook in the display screen.Next, the robot starts to cook.In the cooking proce, the chef follows the robot’s voice prompts to add spices.Just three minutes later, the robot pours the cooked dish into the prepared basin.The robot cooking not only takes le time but also uses le gas.It can save fifty percent of gas.As the above examples allude, teleoperator robots provide service for mankind and make our life more convenient.Meanwhile they save us a lot of time and sources of energy.I believe in the future teleoperator robots will be more widely used and provide better service to our life.That’s all.Thank you.

第20篇：6月英语四级写作备考参考：学术抄袭

http://www.daodoc.com/cet46/ 年6月英语四级写作备考参考范文：学术抄袭

作为英语四级考试四大题型之一的四级作文，除了勤写多练也没有更好的办法，这里文都网校小编为大家整理的2017年6月英语四级写作备考参考范文：学术抄袭，希望为大家提供更多的2017年6月英语四级写作素材。

2017年6月英语四级写作备考参考范文汇总

学术抄袭

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of Academic Plagiarism following the outline given below in Chinese.You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

1.学术抄袭现象日趋严重;

2.分析学术抄袭现象产生的原因;

3.探讨学术抄袭现象带来的问题。

范文：

Academic Plagiarism

Nowadays, the problem of academic plagiarism becomes more and more serious.In order to earn academic titles, some teachers plagiarize others\' academic papers; in order to graduate smoothly, some college students

http://www.daodoc.com/cet46/ plagiarism is no exception.

First, college authorities put too much emphasis on papers while conferring academic titles and graduating students.Second, modern technology makes it unprecedentedly easy to get information and materials.Some plagiarists who are morally corrupt can\'t resist the temptation and decide to take risks.Third, the system of censorship and penalty are far from being strict, encouraging plagiarism to some extent.

Plagiarism causes many bad results.On the one hand, plagiarism infringes original writers\' right and it is unfair for teachers and students who don\'t plagiarize.On the other hand, plagiarism may spread negative thoughts which in the end will ruin colleges\' fame.Therefore, I suggest college authorities should not regard papers as the only criterion for evaluating teachers and students.Besides, much stricter system of censorship and penalty should be applied.

以上就是2017年6月英语四级写作备考参考范文：学术抄袭的全部内容，祝大家2017年6月英语四级考试顺利通关！

2017年6月英语四级写作备考参考范文汇总

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