2范文 英语（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：英语

大学英语作文范文

1.成功的四个步骤

Four Steps to a Succeful

The first time in life? Then grasp your chance with your perfect performance on the dating night, by learning the following principle in heart.

Dre properly.While everyone wants to give an impreive debut on the first date, you should avoid wearing something too bizarre to be accepted.If you are still in school, a sportswear can fulfill your purpose.For busineman or grownups, casual clothes are recommended.Never put up your working uniforms,no matter how well you like that Armani suit.It is no work.A few acceories such as a pair of sunglaes or silver loops on the wrist can add up to the romance sphere.

Take a bath before dating.And if you like, spray a little perfume, but unle you＇re sure that he or she likes the smell,don＇t use ones that are too strong.

Watch your manner.You＇re no prince of the Scotland nor Cinderella in the legend.Proper manners will ensure a lasting relationship while bad ones scare away your sweetheart.And do make sure you do not boast about your fortune, for, not everyone are green addicts.And your way of smiling, or your greatestoath, should neither be \"coy\" nor \"by St.Loy!\" after the nun in Chaucer.

Be a little sensitive than merely innocent.Do make sure you do not intrude his or her privacy on the first date.For there maybe something deeply concealed within the inner core of every heart, of which the owner doesn＇t share often with anyone but his intimacy.

Finally, wish you good luck.May you get your hearts combined and start a new journey in the miracle of life and love.Stay tuned till a borderline is reached, and keep on through out the whole way.

3.大学英语的学习Learning English at College

Learning English at college is different from learning English at middle school.In middle school, we learn English mainly for the entrance examination for college, while the purpose of learning English at college is quite different.We study foreign languages now to improve our ability to work in the future and especially to communicate with foreigners.

How can we learn English well at college? Firstly, you should try your best to enlarge your vocabulary.Only in this way can you read more smoothly and understand others well.Secondly, you should pay more attention to the listening and speaking ability in learning English.While talking with foreigners, if you can＇t understand them, and do not know how to expre yourself, the talking will be very difficult.And the last point is that you should improve your English whenever and wherever you can.

Obviously, there is still a long way for us to go to learn English well.As a proverb says,

Never too old to learn.＇ There are so many methods to learn English.So long as you keep on studying, your English will surely be improved.

4.电脑能代替纸笔吗?

People often say we have entered the electronic age.Computers have become the center of life.No one can live and work without computers.In the future, everyone can work and study at home before a PC.There won＇t be piles of files.Instead, a disc is OK enough.

With the appearance of printers, the pen becomes le useful than before.And since the computer was created, paper is also gradually giving way to the screen, which can show lively moving things from different sides in the same picture.It is true that with the development of science, such products as computers and printers will be the major tools in our future life and work.But the traditional tools will also exist for a long time to supplement the function of the modern ones.At least, we still need pens to sign with and paper to sign on.[

5.幸福是什么What Is Happine?

Happine means different things to different people.For example, some people believe that if they have lots of money, they will be happy.They believe that if they are wealthy, they will be able to do anything they want, which means happine.On the other hand, some people believe that holding a high position

in the government is happine.In this way, you have not onlymoney, but also many other things which can＇t be bought by money.

However, other people believe that having lots of money is not happine nor is holding a high position in the government.These people value their beliefs, or their intelligence, or their health.They think these can make them happy.

For me, happine is closely tied to my studies, my work and my family.When I made great progre in my studies, when I made contributions to the society through my work, when all the members in my family live in harmony, sharing good and sad times, I was happy.Although the definition of happine depends on each individual my \"wealth\" of happine is in my studies, my work, and my family.

6.经济发展与环境保护Economic Development and Environment.

Some people believe that economic development should never be at the cost of the environment.They think the present serious environmental problems are largely caused by rapideconomic development.For example, land resources are shrinking because of the industrial development and the expansion of cities.Deserts are spreading because of over grazing, poor fanning, tree cutting, and strip mining.Our air and water supplies are being polluted by poisonous gaes and waste products.It is important, therefore, that we should take another look at the way in which our industries and cities are developing.

However, other people think it unneceary to consider environmental problems now and our first priority should always be given to economic development.They believe that environmental problems are inevitable and unavoidable in the proce of economic development.They are only the by products of economic development, which can be dealt with later when we have the time and money.

I think the second idea is completely wrong.Our ultimate aim in economic development is to provide a comfortable and happy life for our people.What is the point of economic development if we achieve it at the cost of our environment? There has been much evidence to prove that a balance between the two helps more rapid and continuous development.

7.树立目标的重要性The Importance of Goal

Why is goal-setting important? Because goals can help you do and experience every meaningful thing you hope for in life.Instead of letting life happen to you, goals allow you to

make your life happen.

Succeful people have visions of what their life should be and they set lots of goals, both short-term and long-range, to help them realize the visions.By setting goals you are taking control of your life.It is like having a map to show where you want to go.A driver with an aim arrives at the destination without any waste of time or wrong turns.On the contrary, a driver with no aim drives aimlely around, never getting anywhere and just using up gas and oil.Winners in life set goals and follow through on them.They decide what they want and then get there by making plans and setting goals.Goals are not difficult to set and they are not difficult to reach.It is up to you to find out what your goals, ideals and visions really are.With a clear direction, and with certain plans, you will straightly get what you want.

Without a goal, you have to live a paive life.You do not know where to go, what you want and why you are listle.Then your life be comes dull and meaningle just like the dead water in a muddy lake.

10.城市化利弊谈Advantages and Disadvantages of Urbanization.

Urbanization has been a subject of heated discuion for a long time.Some people are in favor, while others are opposed.In my opinion, urbanization has both advantages and disadvantages.

Generally, the advantages of urbanization can be listed as follows.First,urbanization can quicken our pace to catch up with the developed countries.We all know that the developed countries are all highly urbanized.Second, urbanization will help to solve the problem of unemployment.It will create more job opportunities for the unemployed.In addition, urbanization will free a great number of farmers from the fields, thus realizing the dream of agricultural mechanization in our country.Finally, urbanization can improve the standards of living of the migrants who move to the urban area.

However the disadvantages of urbanization are also obvious.To begin with,administration of the increasing population in urban area might be a great challenge to the government.Moreover, more problems, such as increasing crime rate, over crowding, might increase, since more people are concentrated in a relatively smaller place.

It is evident that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.Therefore, I am in favor of urbanization.

彩票的负面影响

Spare the Lottery

Lottery, booming all of a sudden all over the world, attracts all kinds of people.

Nearly everybody, old or young, rich or poor, is right now trying his luck in lottery or is thinking of doing so.Despite many disputes that lottery is receiving, I still aume, personally, that lottery does mere good than harm.

The worst effect caused by lottery, as many socialists indicate, is that it produces in people an idea of \"gain without pain＇.But at the same time, they neglect one point--it is human nature that people all expect to obtain most while offer least.

The thought of \"gain without pain\" is buried in everyone＇s heart and is not bred by lottery.

Consequently, lottery is innocent in this way.But there still remain a large group of people against lottery, among whom are some lottery addicts.Such people are fond of lottery but

unfortunately luck is never fond of them.Finally, they end up in complaining about lottery, declaring the great harm, both psychologically and economically lottery has done to them.In this case,the problem lies in the attitude of people, not lottery.

Since the major two sorts of harm are not lottery＇s fault let＇s have an objective look on lottery.For the society, lottery is the most practical way to accumulate funds.For those who happen to win a large fortune, I think they can＇t ki their lottery enough.Also for those who have not a single chance to be lucky dogs, lottery can mutely tell them the truth of \"no pains, no gains.\"Spare the lottery! It, in itself can do more good than harm.

讨论对外开放政策On Open Policy

The open policy means that our country is open to investment, trade and technical and economic cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.The purpose of open policy is to acquire advanced technology, management skills to serve our socialist construction so as to promote the realization of the four modernizations.We must adhere to the open policy.Because economic relations between states today have become increasingly close, and no country can poibly advance behind close doors.Only in this way, can we gradually close the gap between our country and the developed countries.

Through the implementation of policy, we can learn advanced technology and managerial expertise from abroad; make full use of the foreign capitals to set up great enterprises; absorb useful and healthy ideas and new knowledge of the modern civilization; and broaden our views and raise our level of competence.

推荐第2篇：英语

践行升本，打造高校英语课堂 各位领导、伙伴们，大家下午好！

现在，我站在这个台上，我有太多的激动和忐忑。即令我兴奋又令我不安。兴奋的是，因为这次机会和缘分，我又一次品味了我的从教生活，其中许多的美好的片段勾起了我的回忆，触发了我的思考，更让我有了新的发现：虽然我没有在这些年变得积极富足，但一路走来，我和学生们一起开心的学习生活过。只有体会过才知道，教师的生活也可以很美好！拥有是幸福的，分享更快乐！感谢你们给我这次分享幸福的机会，我相信，在做的一定有很多同伴比我更优秀。由于知识有限，今天我主要介绍一下在升本教育这个大环境下我的英语课堂的做法。

一、选择升本

课改的大旗可以说是五彩缤纷，无论是山东杜郎口的砸掉讲台、挂满黑板，还是即墨二十八中的师友互助，再或者我们河南本土的西峡三疑三探教学模式，课堂教学改革的必然趋势犹如春风吹拂大地，让我们应接不暇。而自从我们接触到郭思乐教授的生本教育理念，通过研读郭思乐教授的升本理论、聆听报告，在升本的道路上跌跌撞撞，反反复复中，我们才逐渐识得庐山真面目，咬定青山不放松。学习是讲究方法的，就如齐白石老先生曾告诫他的学生和后人：“学我者生，似我者死”。意思是学习他的风格的人会比较有前途，但是一味地完全模仿他的画风的人只能失去自己。所以，学习升本，我们要用心去学，学其神而非形，更要联系自身的实际努力从而形成自己的教学风格，以学生为本，为激扬生命而教育的理念根植于心灵深处，以此为“一”，并坚信“一生二，二生三，三生万物”。所有一切必须我们身体力行，脚踏实地，践行升本之路，追随教育的本源和生命的成长，不仅是学校对我们的要求，更是教育对我们的要求，也是我们自己内心的渴求。

郭思乐教授在《天纵之教——生本教育随笔》中曾这样说：“术”有万千，“道”最重要。“理念”在升本教育中占有非常重要的地位，几乎可以说，升本教育的理念就是方法，就是该放手时就放手的意蕴。升本教育的行动如果不畅，大体上都不是因为方法不对，而是因为理念不到位。

我们对升本教育只有真相信，真实践，才有真成绩，才能真正体会道做老师的幸福。半信半疑不行，真做不累，有的老师平时不做，公开课才做，平时没有练习，到时倒成了四不像，怎么上怎么觉得别扭，而且觉得：“你们怎么这么笨，都告诉你们怎么做了还是不会。”学生累，老师更累。

二、践行升本

下面是我在英语课堂上的一些做法，仅供参考

1、课前展示丰富多采

课前展示无论从内容道形式，都要丰富多采，从而点燃学生的热情，比如坚持每天课前留出一个三分钟小舞台，在这个舞台上同学们可以自由发挥，展示自己，可以唱英文歌、跳舞、讲个英文小故事或者英文小笑话（这个我们平时用的报纸上都有，只要学生用心，不难找到）、来段演讲、读一篇优美的英文短文等等。我们鼓励学生们表演任何一个他会的和英语有关的且人文健康有意义的节目，表演的同学全班同学一个一个的轮流，轮到的同学必须参与，当然他也可以邀请其他同学与他合作表演，我们要用我们的评价机制，给予真诚的评价。

2、前置作业的设置

前置任务是升本课堂的一个重要表现形式，而龚雄飞校长学本式教学模式中的三大特点之一就是自学。无论是生本教育的前置任务，还是学本式课堂的自学，其本质都是让学生在课前完成一定的学习任务，只不过自学更侧重于学生预习还未进行的新课。 1） 建立预习笔记本

在七年级刚开始接班的时候就把预习要求写在黑板上，让学生把要求抄在预习笔记本的第一页，然后在每节课之前，让学生课前在家自学，将自己在家自学的情况进行整理记录，使不同层次的学生能自主的安排学习时间，，基础薄弱的学生可多投入时间解决基本的学习问题，比如对课文中单词的读音、句子的翻译、简单语法点的整理；基础好的学生可自主进行更深层次、更广范围的探索，比如整理出课文中的比较难的语法点，并试着用课文中新语法进行造句等，这样使不同层次的学生在自己的基础上都有所得。同时要求教师课要及时掌握学情，以学定教。这个课前坚持预习情况是比较重要的。从检查中可以看出这个学生是否认真预习，对即将学的知识掌握的有多少，从而达到以学定教。我的每一节课前必须是学生先预习，然后再反馈预习情况，在学生有所了解的基础上上课和一无所知的上课效果是完全不一样的，而且预习后，一部分简单的内容没必要在浪费实践处理，节省时间。 2） 掌握学情，以学定教

我们应该在了解学生学习情况的基础上，再决定“教什么”和“怎么教”。那些大部分学生已经掌握的知识。不再需要教师反复地讲，而是可以放在小组合作学习时，在小组内互学互教，这就是我们所说的“不教而教”。教学真正的难点和重点，应该放在大部分学生自学、预习时觉得困难的地方。而不是教师备课时自己认为困难的地方。

所以“以学定教”的另一个要求是：教师要更关注课堂教学中的动态生成，而不是课前的预设。毕竟，学生是活生生的人，我们可以设计一间房子，可以设计一件衣服，但我们无法设计有思想有生命的人。

那么课前自学的学情如何把握呢？难道每次都是我们亲力亲为的一个个检查？即使我们老师愿意，也没有那么多的时间，这时我们就可以发挥小组长和英语课代表的力量。如果是第一节课和第二节课，时间很紧，一是充分发挥小组长的作用，小组长课前初步检查、评价，向英语课代表汇报，然后英语课代表再汇报给老师；二是上课前让学生将自己的预习本翻开放在挨走道边的桌角，老师利用课前时间在班级初步浏览检查评价（包括书写的工整程度、双色笔的使用、课文标题是否写清晰，以激励为主）。如果是第三节课，教师就可以进行收交查阅，检查学生的掌握情况。

另外，教师要指导学生对自学笔记本定期进行整理和反思，通过随机抽查，检查学生对自己自学记本上所记内容是否已经掌握。每月检查学生笔记本 的使用情况，及时评价，并在师生中开展学生自学笔记观摩、评比活动，使大家相互学习借鉴。我通常是在两个班各自评比后再互相交换，取长补短。对学生课前在家进行自学活动进行有效的管理和指导，培养了学生自主学习的习惯及能力，同时也较好的实施了分层教学，促进了不同学生的自我发展。

3、互学互展 1）小组的建立

互学也就是我们平常所说的小组活动。小组合作是升本课堂必不可少的环节，没有小组，就没有升本。但我们的小组合作不能流于形式，成为少数优秀学生展示的舞台。所以，我们的小组建立既要合理安排好组员，还要培训小组长学会分工合作，组织组员有效讨论。要通过一定的制度与实践让学生明白小组任务的完成有赖于小组每个成员之间的相互合作。小组与小组之间要引入一定的机制，不仅激发了学生的竞争意识，还逐渐培养了学生的团队合作精神与小组荣誉感。小组学习的活动形式表面上看，课堂秩序并不好看，但是很实在，课堂上每个学生都在参与教学活动，几乎每个学生的脸上都洋溢着笑容，学生在实践活动中不仅增长了才敢，还发挥了潜能，这不正是尊重学生、以生为本的最好体现吗？

根据我所带的两个班的基本情况，根据本班学生学习的基础、能力、性格、性别等因素，按照“组内异质、组间同质，互补互助、协调发展”的原则分组，具体做法如下：

（1） 两人师友互助。同桌两人形成一个自然的互助学习小组，成绩好的是师傅，成绩弱的是徒弟。这种方式使活动迅速覆盖倒每一个学生，让每个学生都获得学习和练习的机会。 （2） 前后四人合作小组，即两位师父，两位学友。每组有一个成绩优等生，两个中等生和一个潜能生。优等生带中等生，中等生带潜能生。这种小组活动是我开展英语课堂活动的载体。

（3）大组竞争。前后左右相邻的四个小组形成一个大组，我根据学生的英语成绩确定出每个组的大组长和小组长，这个大组长的人选尤为重要，他们不仅要有一点组织管理能力，而且英语成绩必须在班上占中上等，这样以来他们才能在小组中树立威信，才有能力辅导各小组长，小组长再辅导本小组成员，便于课堂上小组活动的开展，从而与其他大组形成竞争。 （4）自由组合式。由学生根据自己的意愿自由组合。这样组成的小组，组内的成员大多兴趣爱好相投，感情相融，有利于激发学生的学习兴趣和培养学生的个性。我经常让学生们在课外利用这种方式来互学、互教、互演；或者在课堂上，利用每个unit的最后一个课时，让学生们在相对固定的四人小组表演完了之后，再自由组合，进行交换角色表演或拓展表演。 其次,要合理分配小组成员，让每个组员明确各自职责。由于每个学生各司其职;少了盲目性与争吵，小组合作变得快乐而有效果。同时，合作学习的评价观与传统教学评价也有很大的不同。将个人间的学习竞争变为小组间的学习竞争，以小组总成绩作为奖励或认可的依据，形成“组内合作，组间竞争”的格局。 2)小组活动的开展

在老师的帮助下，让学生逐步习惯“课前先学、课上小组讨论（互学）、班级交流”的教学三部曲；确定每次活动做什么，不但要把学习还给学生，更要让学生懂得自己学习；因人设岗，明确组员职责，组长负责小组的全面工作，在熟悉组员的情况下进行分工，组织全组人员有序的开展讨论交流、动手操作和探究活动等。这样以来，让小组的四个成员人人有事做，学生既有参与兴趣又有成就感，有利于下一步小组合作学习的成功开展。教师应定期集中组长进行座谈，及时了解各组内的合作情况，并随时对个别学生进行学习和心理上的辅导，令他们在老师的关爱下积极投入到升本学习中；教师还应做一个参与者，每次全程参与一个小组的活动，让学生有章可循，学会合作。

4、在游戏中学英语。

学生在经过感知及表演课本剧，对单词的学习是经过从“整体——局部——整体”的过程，这也是“（教材）整体输出（单词）——（学生）整体输入（单词）”的过程。课本剧有故事情节，能帮助学生理解单词。在教学过程中，教师也可加插一些有趣的游戏，使学生更加有兴趣去学，去记单词。游戏形式多种多样，学生更有兴趣学，学得更快更好，真是在“乐中学，学中乐”。

升本课堂少不了对学生的评价，而这一方面是我很欠缺的地方，在这里我就不在多说了，留着给我们的伙伴以后探讨。

生本教育观念与新课标教育理念是一致的，都是强调多维度的审视学生。我相信，只要我们坚持以学生为本，充分相信学生，大胆依靠学生，充分调动学生的主动性、积极性，将会在构建高效的英语课堂上有新的突破，有效促进英语教学质量的提高

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推荐第3篇：英语

大学英语演讲训练

第五章 即兴演讲Impromptu Speech 演讲者能不能和听众之间建立和谐的关系，是决定演讲成功与否的关键。如果没有这种和谐的关系，真正的沟通就不可能实现。 要想成功的发表即席演讲，事先进行一定的练习大有必要。如果这种练习越多，那么当你临时上台演讲时，就越能轻车熟路的应对可能出现的任何情况。 向一大群人发表即席演讲，其实就像在自己的客厅里和朋友聊天一样，只不过谈话的对象和范围有所扩大而已。你所需要做的，就是对自己谈论的话题充满信心。 ---------卡耐基

第一节、即兴演讲的理论内涵（Theory）

一、即兴演讲的含义（Concept）

即兴演讲（impromptu speech），又称即席演讲，是指在事先没有准备或准备时间极短的情况下就某一话题进行一定时间的演讲。这是各种英语演讲比赛、口语测试、竞赛中常见的一种方式，它不仅能考查演讲者和应试者的英语语言基础、语言驾驭能力、思维反应速度，而且要求他们举止得体，具有一定的表演艺术。因此即兴演讲学生甚至求职人员基本综合素质的有效途径之一。

二、即兴演讲的性质（Eence）

要在很短的时间内就某一观点或话题组织自己的看法，并且流畅的表达出来，听起来好像是一件很难的事情。其实，即兴演讲并非高不可攀，我们每个人在日常生活中都在或有意或无意的进行即兴演讲，例如在课堂上回答老师的问题，就某一热点话题与舍友们探讨，或是邀请一位漂亮的女孩共进晚餐，诸如此类，都可以算作即兴演讲的范畴，唯一不同的，只有场合，或严肃，或轻松；或正式，或随意。

相比较于命题演讲，即兴演讲对于参赛选手的语言驾驭能力和思维应变能力等方面都有着较高的要求：

1、一定的知识广度。只有学识丰富，才能在短暂的准备时间内从脑海中找到生动的例证和恰当的词汇，使即兴演讲增添魅力。这就要求演讲者具备一定自己所从事的专业知识，并能了解日常生活知识，如风土人情、地理环境等。

2、一定的思想深度。这是指即兴演讲者对事物纵向的分析认识能力。演讲者对内容应能宏观地把握，通过表层迅速深入到事物本质上去认识，形成一条有深度的主线，围绕着它丰富资料，连贯成文，以免事例繁杂、游离主题。

3、较强的综合材料的能力。即兴演讲要求演讲者在很短的时间里把符合主题的材料组合、凝练在一起，这就使演讲者应具备较强的综合能力，有效地发挥出其知识的广度和思想的深度。

4、较高的现场表达技巧。即兴演讲没有事先精心写就的演讲辞，临场发挥是特别重要的。演讲者在构思初具轮廓后，应注意观察场所和听众，摄取那些与演讲主题有关的人物或景物，因地设喻即景生情。

5、较强的应变能力。即兴演讲由于演讲前无充分准备，在临场时就容易出现意外，如怯场、忘词等等现象。遇到这种情况，只有沉着冷静，巧妙应变，才能扭转被动局面，反败为胜。

三、即兴演讲的特点（Features）

即兴演讲是一种临场而发的演讲，不允许做充分地准备，即事先无法拟好讲稿，更不允许反复修改、试讲与排练，完全是一种“突然袭击式”的演讲，因此与命题演讲相比，即兴演讲具有以下特点：

1、时间上的紧迫性 urgency

2、情境上的被动性 paivity

3、内容上的多样性 diversity

4、表达上的即时性 instantaneity

四、即兴演讲的种类（Categories）

依据演讲的目的，即兴演讲可分为告知性演讲、劝诱性演讲以及特殊场合下的演讲。

1、告知性演讲（informative speeches）

告知性演讲是指给观众提供某个主题的相关信息的演讲。其目的在于使观众对题目有所了解、认识和理解，重在“说明”而非“说服”。此类演讲可用于说明事物、程序、事情、概念以及问题等。

2、劝诱性演讲（persuasive speeches）

劝诱性演讲是通过语言是他人思维、感受从而使其认同演讲者的观点的演讲。这是所有演讲形式中最重要也是最具有挑战性的，同时也是演讲比赛中最常见的类型。

3、特殊场合下的演讲 (special occasion speeches) 特殊场合下的演讲与告知性演讲和劝诱性演讲有许多相似之处，前两种演讲中涉及到的基本概念、方法等都使用。但既然是特殊场合下的演讲，必然有其特别的因素和特点。特殊场合演讲的目的多为娱乐、庆祝、纪念和激励等„„

五、即兴演讲的评分标准 （Grading）

一般说来，即兴演讲的评分标准与命题演讲的评分标准大致相同，在此不作赘述。 练习题：

1、即兴演讲的成功要素有什么？

2、即兴演讲可分为告知性演讲、劝诱性演讲以及特殊场合下的演讲三种，请分别找到一篇演讲，分析其特点。

第二节、即兴演讲的实战经验（Practice）

一、如何准备即兴演讲（Preparation）

正如上节所提到的，即兴演讲并非高不可攀，只要充分准备，任何人都可以成为一个优秀的即兴演讲者。即兴演讲的准备工作可以分为日常积累和临场准备两个阶段。

1、日常积累

日常积累又可以分为经验的积累和素材的积累。 1.1、经验的积累

要想成为一个优秀的即兴演讲者，反复的操练自是不可缺少。随便一个话题，都可以成为我们练习的题目。我们可以一个人对着一间空屋子大大声的练习，也可以和自己的好友结成对子或三五成群，一起练习。练习的时候，镜子和录音机都是你最好的帮手。可以对着镜子练习，观察自己的面部表情和肢体语言；也可以把自己的声音录下来，方便自己纠正发音、及时总结优缺点。通过这样反复不停的操练，我们的材料组织能力和语言表达能力都会得到有效的提高，从而为真正的即兴演讲铺平道路。 1.2、素材的积累

演讲技巧的有效发挥，必须要以充足的素材为基础，否则，演讲就会变成空谈，因此，我们在平时的学习、生活中，可以有意识的去积累一些名言警句、新闻时事、哲理故事、调查数据，随时关注社会上流行的一些重要观点或热点话题，并经常思考或与他人讨论这些问题；当然另一方面很重要的，是一些经典的句型句式，甚至段落。这样在你拿到演讲的题目时，才不会感到没有话说。

2、临场准备

2.1、破题

正确理解题目意图，是准备即兴演讲的第一步，也是最重要的一步。正确理解题目意图，关键是要找到题眼，以2005年CCTV杯英语演讲大赛中的一个题目“The greatest invention in my eyes”为例，在这一题目中，题眼应该是单词“invention”，即make or design ( something that did not exist before), created by thought，因此，那些自古就有的事物就不能列入发明之列了，例如，我们可以发明电灯，却不可以发明电；此外，诸如ancient culture, education, water等，都不在这个题目的要求范围之内。确定题眼之后，接下来要注意的就是题眼的修饰词。仍以这个题目为例，invention的修饰词是greatest，这就意味着，演讲内容的唯一性，即不能出现两个或多个invention。

破题的另一个关键是要明确思路。如果你拿到的题目是一个问题，那么首先你要做出回答，例如，如果遇到这样一个题目：“Should the historical buildings in Beijing be replaced by modern sky scriptures?”你首先要明确自己的观点，要，还是不要；如果你拿到的题目是一句话或是一个观点，那么首先你要明确，自己对这句话或是这个观点是支持还是反对，例如，如果遇到这样一个题目：“marriage on campus?”你要首先确定你是支持还是反对这一做法。 ２.２、搜集素材

正确理解题目，确定个人观点之后，就要从脑海中积累的素材库中搜索相应的内容，即brainstorming。具体做法就是迅速在纸上列出所有你能想到的与你的观点有关的内容，可能是一件事、一句话、一个数字，甚至一个词，例如，如果见到这样一个题目：My View on the Internet，那么映入脑海的会有什么呢？information, amusement, convenient, QQ, e-mail, on-line games, 等等。这一过程大概需要一到两分钟。 2.3、选择素材

在纸上罗列出所有想到的素材之后，很重要的一步就是要从中做出选择，内容相近的可 3

以合并。仍以上述题目为例，在列出所有观点之后，可以进一步进行整理：其中的QQ, e-mail可以归为“communication”，而information, amusement和communication又可归为“convenience”,而on-line games和一些false information又可归为“disadvantages”。即兴演讲中最常见的问题就是把演讲弄成“流水账”，即把演讲做成事例或观点的罗列。要避免这一问题，就要在罗列的素材中做出取舍，选择两到三个比较典型的观点展开，即“贵精不贵多”。 2.4、谋篇

要在短时间内构思出一篇演讲稿，看似困难，实则不然。如果可以在平时积累一些框架模式，到时候只要把有关的内容填充进去即可。即兴演讲和写文章一样，在谋篇布局上是有一定的规律可循的。从大的方面看，英语演讲词实际上是属于一种特殊的说明文或议论文，其基本组成部分是：

1)开始时对听众的称呼语

最常用的是 Ladies and gentlemen，也可根据不同情况，选用 Fellow students, Distinguished guests, Mr.，Chairman, Honorable Judges(评委)等等。

2)提出论题（开头）

由于演讲的时间限制，必须开门见山，提出论题。提出论题的方法有各种各样，但最生动，最能引起注意的是用举例法。比如：你要呼吁大家关心贫穷地区的孩子，你可以用亲眼看到的或者收集到的那些贫穷孩子多么需要帮助的实例开始。另外，用具体的统计数据也是一个有效的引出论题的方法，比如：你要谈遵守交通规则的话题，你可以从举一系列有关车辆、车祸等的数据开始。

3)论证

对提出的论题，不可主观地妄下结论，而要进行客观的论证。这是演讲中最需要下功夫的部分。关键是要把道理讲清楚。常见的论证方法有举例法、因果法、对比法等等，可参见英语议论文的有关章节。

4)结论

结论要简明扼要，以给听众留下深刻印象。

5)结尾

结尾要简洁，不要拉拉扯扯，说个没完。特别是不要受汉语影响，说些类似“准备不足，请谅解”，“请批评指正”这样的废话。最普通的结尾就是：Thank you very much for your attention.

一般说来， 称呼和结尾这两部分都大同小异，而第

二、

三、四部分是演讲的主要内容，是我们要根据不同题目进行构思的。这种三段式的框架模式，即开头或引子，论证和结论，可以广泛的运用到各类演讲中去。 例一：My View on the Internet.1) 引子 （introduction）

(1) 因特网已将越来越普及了； （2）提出问题：因特网的利弊。 2）论证（supporting evidence） （1）因特网的作用。

①一种方便快捷的交流工具； ②方便获取各类最新消息； ③提供多种娱乐。 （2）因特网的弊端。 ①虚假、恶意消息；

②许多青少年沉迷于网络游戏； ③人们缺少面对面的沟通。 3）结论（conclusion） （1）我对因特网的看法；

（2）提出使因特网更好的为人们生活服务的建议。 例二：Marriage on Campus 1) 引子 （introduction）

(1) 描述现状或事例：一些在校大学生走进婚姻的殿堂； （2）亮明观点，大学生最好不要结婚。 2）论证（supporting evidence）

（1）大学生应珍惜宝贵的学习机会，不断提高自己； （2）不成熟的爱情难以经受毕业的考验；

（3）婚后的生育问题: 不能把大学校园变成托儿所。 3）结论（conclusion） （1）重申我的观点；

（2）奉劝有此想法的大学生三思而后行。 例二：Don’t Hesitate to Say “No” 1) 引子 （introduction）

(1) 描述现状或事例：中国人不喜欢说“不”； （2）亮明观点，要学会拒绝。 2）论证（supporting evidence）

（1）人情层面----勉强答应会伤害彼此间的感情；

（2）道德层面----对于那些违反道德的请求要勇于拒绝； （3）法律层面----对于那些违反法律的请求必须拒绝。 3）结论（conclusion） （1）重申我的观点；

（2）号召大家勇敢的拒绝。

以上三个例子都采用了“三段式”的框架模式，其中，第二部分为主要部分，但是第一部分和第三部分也是不可缺少的。因为没有引子，会使演讲显得太突然，难以调整和抓住听众的注意力；而没有结尾或结论，就难以深化主题，加深听众的印象，从而影响演讲的效果。

练习题：

从本章附录中选择2到3个题目，依照本节2.1 到2.4中所提方法列出提纲，注意将时间控制在三分钟左右。

二、论证部分的构思

这一部分是整个演讲的重心部分，它的成败直接影响到整个演讲的成败。论证部分的构思，要遵照“由点到线，再到面”的原则。这里的“点”指关键词，“线”指主题句，“面”指展开的段落，也就是说，拿到演讲题目，首先按照上一节中提到的办法搜集并选择素材，从而确定关键词，然后把每个关键词用一句话表达出来，再以这几句话作为段落的主题句，层层展开，从而完成一篇演讲。

1、由点到线

仍以上节中的例一为例：My View on the Internet 关键词

主题句

Communication Internet is a new way of communication, which is cheaper and faster.Information We can get the latest information all over the world through the internet.Amusement Internet provides us with various kinds of entertainment.On-line games many youngsters are addicted to the on-line games.演讲者若能再拿到题目后迅速想到两三点进行阐述的话，演讲的成功就获得了最基本的保证，否则，势必会导致演讲时层次不清，说话颠三倒四。

2、由线到面----段落的展开

一篇演讲光凭几个关键词和主题句，无论是从内容还是时间上来说都是远远不够的，还需要对各主题句进行适当的扩展，即段落的展开。展开段落的方法有很多，常用的有：时间顺序法、空间顺序法、列举法、举例法、对比法、定义法、因果法、分类法、综合法等。 2.1、时间法

在叙述一个故事或者一系列事件时，通常按事件发生的先后顺序排列句子。在说明文中叙述一件事应该遵循的程序或步骤时，也常用时间顺序法。遇到：A Day to Remember, My Plan for Vocation, A Wonderful Trip, The First Time I„这类的话题，经常可以用到这种展开方式。看下面的例子：

A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。

After lunch, while the other girls were sunbathing, Pat and I returned to the water.Soon cramps spread from my stomach to my legs.Immobilized by pain and fear, I yelled for help.My friend thought I was joking: so she ignored me.However, Sister Theresa came to my rescue when she noticed my plight.She pulled me out of the water and administered resuscitation.When regaining consciousne, I realized how close I had come to death.My experience with near death reminds me every day how close we all are to death in our daily lives.在这个段落里，作者用了after lunch, while..., soon, when...等时间连接语按时间的先后顺序记叙了一件发生在午饭后的事。

There are four separate stages in making bread.The first stage begins by mixing yeast with warm water.This mixture is then added to half the amount of flour.The resultant batter mixture is then left for an hour.At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture, along with salt and oil.The main step in the second stage is a thorough kneading of the dough, after which it is left to rise.The third stage involves shaping the dough into loaves; the shaped loaves are then put into bread tins and left to ‘prove’(rise).In the final stage the bread is cooked in a hot oven.The whole proce of bread-making finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and left to cool on wire racks.这个段落采用时间顺序法描述了做面包的的过程。作者用了The first stage begins by..., At the next stage..., The third stage involves...和In the final stage...等连贯性词语详细地按照先后顺序介绍了四个步骤。 2.2、空间法

依据空间的次序进行论述应是有序地由远至近或由近至远，由上至下或由下至上对事物进行描写。这种方法经常用于场景的描写，如下面的例子描写了一幅美丽宁静的夜景。作者先描写空中的月亮，再随洒向大地的月光写到湖四周随风摇曳的树枝，又由青蛙的叫声把读者引到了湖的中央，最后结尾讲：这是一个多么迷人的夜晚。这个段落文字简洁流畅，有序地按空间顺序由上写到下，由外写到里。

It is a beautiful and quiet night.the moon is like a disc hanging on the dark sky，which casts its light on everything.Around the lake are some trees，their slender leaves billowing in the gentle wind.There must be some frogs in the middle of the lake，whose endle singing can be heard clearly.What an attractive night 2.3、列举法

列举法是通过列举具体的细节来进一步说明主题句所表达的主导思想，展开段落。列举法如果使用得当，能增强文章的说服力，使文章显得条理清楚。用列举法发展段落时，主题句常包含表示数量的词，如：several, many, some, four 等。列举细节时，可以根据各种内容的相对重要性，按一定的逻辑顺序排列。请看下面的例子：

Social activities benefit us in many ways.To begin with, these activities can widen our knowledge, because we can learn what we can’t from our books.Second, these activities can serve as a bridge between theory and practice, because we can learn how to put our book knowledge into practice.Lastly, these activities can enrich our experience, in that we can get to know the society well so that we can adapt to it easily when we graduate.本段的第一句是段落主题句，in many ways在这里为下面的列举作好了铺垫。之后用了to begin with, second和lastly作为连接语，条理清楚地列举了社会活动有益的三个方面。 2.4、举例法

举例法是一种常见的展开段落的方法，它是用典型、具体而生动的事例来证明、阐述一个观点，支持主题句，使段落主题句的抽象意思具体化，使文章通俗易懂并具有说服力。但是，在实际运用的时候，必须精选例子，要作到恰如其分、准确地说明问题。请看下面的例子：

Many old buildings in cities are still being found useful.In several cities, old buildings that were no longer being used have been converted to a variety of useful structures.For example, one school building was changed into ninety-nine rental units for elderly and low-income residents.In Baltimore, Maryland, six schools were converted into 132 units with the help of a four million dollar city bond financing arrangement.“School House 77” in Boston utilizes three recycled elementary schools and an abandoned instrument factory.All these examples show how cities are using unneeded schools, police stations, libraries, and boarded up factories that are structurally sound and even architecturally interesting buildings.本段的第一句是段落主题句，指出在城市里有许多旧楼还在发挥着作用。这里的“作用”是比较抽象的，不容易说得很充分。但是作者用一些实例（如将旧校舍改建成住房提供给低收入人群等）来加以说明，主题思想就较为容易和直观地表达出来了。

It is very difficult to evaluate another person’s performance objectively.For example, Linda recently wrote irresponsible remarks about her instructor because she was failing the course.Her friend Jack wrote a marvelous description of the same instructor because he was receiving an A in the course.Both Linda and Jack were not fairly evaluating the instructor.They were influenced by the grades they were earning and were biased in their judgment.这个段落的第一句是主题句，说明人们很难做到客观地评价另一个人的作为。接着用Linda和Jack两个例子来支持这一观点，展开段落。例子使用贴切典型，恰如其分。 2.5、对比法

对比法是指通过叙述或描述两种或两种以上的相关事物之间的相同（相似）的地方或不同之处来表达主题。采用对比法展开段落主要通过两种途径：一是先叙述对比双方的一个方 7

面的全部细节，然后再叙述另一个方面的全部细节；另一个途径是对逐个问题进行双方面的比较。请看下面各例：

Why do so many graduates gravitate into busine instead of into teaching? Part of the reason is the ever-widening pay gap between these two profeions.A secretary, an office clerk or a bank employee can earn monthly income as high as RMB 2，000, and when one is promoted to the position of a busine executive or manager, the salary is even higher.But a college graduate with a master’ s degree can only get a salary of RMB 1，000 per month for his teaching job.No wonder, college graduates are attracted into more lucrative（赚钱的，有利润的）fields.本段的主题是为什么那么多的大学毕业生从商，而不从事教学工作。作者运用对比法，说明由于两种职业之间存在着越来越大的收入差异，所以有好多学生毕业后选择从商，而不选择从教。

There are striking similarities between two of the most popular U.S.presidents, Abraham Lincoln and John F.Kennedy.Both men had their elections legally challenged.Lincoln and Kennedy are both remembered for their sense of humor, as well as for their interest in civil rights.Lincoln’s secretary was Mrs.Kennedy; Kennedy’s secretary was Mrs.Lincoln.Neither man took the advice of his secretary not to make a public appearance on the day on which he was aainated.Lincoln and Kennedy were both killed on Friday in the presence of their wives.And finally, the same caion（弹药车） carried the bodies of both men in their funeral proceions.本段采用对比法通过第一种途径展开段落。这里，作者将美国历史上两位伟大的总统林肯与肯尼迪从六个方面作了比较，描述他们的相似之处。 2.6、分类法

分类法是按一定标准对事物进行归类的一种段落发展方法。通过分类，可以使文章脉络一目了然。例如：

There are two kinds of sports: “amateur” and “profeional”.Amateur athletes do not receive money for competing in sports.Olympic athletes, for example, are amateurs.They do not receive money.Profeional athletes, on the other hand, do earn money.Some profeional athletes earn a million dollars or more a year.They need this money to support themselves and they can save some for their future.本段的主题句也在段落开头，指出运动有两种形式：业余的和专业的。然后，作者采用分类法发展段落，分门别类地对业余类（amateur athletes）和专业类（profeional athletes）进行解释说明，使段落主题更明确地展示在读者面前，段落层次清楚，中心思想统一明了。

Examinations fall into three kinds.One is the machine scored “objective” type.In an objective test, the students answer questions by deciding on best choice among a number of alternatives given.Another is the “completion” type.This kind of examination requires the students to add a word or phrase to complete a sentence.And the third type is the eay examination, in which the students are asked to write a composition on a given topic.All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned in any particular course.本段采用分类法来展开段落。主题句在段落开头，指出“考试可分三种类型”。然后，作者运用One is the machine scored “objective type”, Another is the “completion type”“,And the third type is the eay examination” 来清楚地将考试分类阐述，段落脉络一目了然，层次十分分明。 2.7、定义法

定义法是通过简单易懂而且准确的语言阐明某事物的性质和特征来发展段落，使读者对 8

某事物比较抽象的或是难以把握的一些特征有一个较清晰的认识。定义法常用于说明、描写和论证，以提供更多的具体解释来说明某一概念或术语。请看下面的例子：

Love is a very general term.It refers to a strong feeling of fondne for another person.It can happen between people of the opposite sex or between members of a family.No matter where it happens, love can always bring happine to people.这也是采用定义法发展段落的好例子。段落一开始，作者先指出，爱是一个常见的字眼，意义很泛。紧接着用It refers to ...来对爱(love)进行定义解释，清楚简单，意思明白。

Is Formal Examination the Best Aement of Ability? Examination refers to a test of a student’s knowledge or skill in a particular subject, which results in a qualification if the student is succeful.Here the “knowledge or skill in a particular subject” can be understood as “ability”, and a formal examination is an examination from authority, which can surely be the best aement of ability.本段首先通过下定义的方法说明什么是“Examination”和“Formal Examination”，然后将定义中的“knowledge or skill in a particular subject”与题目中的“ability”等同起来，从而引出自己的观点。 2.8、因果法

因果法常用在说明文或议论文中,说明事态发展的原因和结果之间联系的。可以先讲原因，后给结果，也可以先给结果，后讲原因。这要视实际需要而定。也有一些段落结果是显而易见的，就集中说明原因；有的段落正好相反，就集中说明结果，因为原因不言自明。请看下面的实例：

Homes that are improperly insulated may cause problems for their habitants.First of all, it will cost more to heat such a house than one that is well insulated.Second, it will waste energy.Third, it will make the house uncomfortable to live in because drafts or cold air is able penetrate the poorly insulated walls.Also, the poorly insulated walls could cause the inhabitants to have more colds, a health problem that results in higher expenses for doctors and medicine.本段第一句是主题句，指出导致problem for their habitants的是homes that are improperly insulated。然后集中阐明结果，在这里即problems。

So why do manufacturers keep on designing and producing VCRs that are awkward to use if the problems are so obvious? First, the problems we notice are not obvious to technically minded designers with years of experience and trained to understand how appliances work.Secondly, designers tend to add one or two features at a time to each model, whereas you and I face all of a machine’s features at once.Thirdly, although finding problems in a finished product is easy, it is too late by then to do anything about the design.Finally, if manufacturers can get away with selling products that are difficult to use, it is not worth the effort of any one of them to make improvements.段落以问句开始——为什么生产厂家继续设计和生产那些难用的录像机？问句之后，作者列出了四个原因。 2.9、综合法

综合法是指根据行文的需要采用两种或两种以上的方法来展开段落的写作方法。综合法需要具体情况具体分析地使用，千万不可“眉毛胡子一把抓”，或者信笔胡写，一定要注意围绕主题句，以说明段落中心思想为前提，保持段落意思的一致性和连贯性。

3、恰当使用过度性词语

过渡词在文章中发挥着连接上下文的作用，恰当的使用过度性词语不仅能使演讲内容层 9

次分明，富有表现力，而且能使整个演讲连贯、流畅，还能为演讲者赢得十分短暂但却又十分宝贵的思考时间。

常用的过渡词语有：

3.1、常用于文章开始的过渡词语和句子 (1)To begin with首先

例：To begin with, smoking should be banned in public areas.首先，公共场所禁止吸烟。 (2)Generally speaking一般地说，总体上说

例：Generally speaking, it is the best policy to spend more money on libraries.总的说来，加大图书馆的投资是良策。 (3)First of all第一，首先

例：First of all, many people in remote areas still live in poverty.第一，居住在边远地区的许多人仍生活在贫困之中。

(4)With (the development/progre/growth) of(economy/society)„随着(经济、社会)的(发展、进步、增长)„

例： With the development of society, women’s role has become more important than ever before in daily life.随着社会的发展，妇女在社会生活中比以往发挥着更加重要的作用。 (5)Recently近来

例：Recently，the problem (conflict, production) of grain shortage has become the world focus.近来粮食短缺问题已成为全球关注的焦点。 3.2、常用于文章结尾的过渡词和句子 (1)In conclusion最后，在结束时

例：In conclusion, the international agreement should be made to prevent the world from war.最后，应达成国际协定使世界避免战争。 (2)In brief简言之

例：In brief, family planning is of vital importance in China.简言之，计划生育对中国具有重要意义。

(3)In a word总之

例：In a word, without mutual understanding, true friendship does not exist.总之，没有相互理解，真正的友谊是不存在的。 (4)It is high time that„到„时候了

例：It is high time that the iue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development.为了促进经济发展到该解决问题的时候了。 (5)It is only when„that„只有当„才„

例：It is only when people become the masters of the country that science can serve the people.只有当人民成为国家的主人，科学才能为人民服务。 3.3、常用于表示先后次序的过渡词语及句子 (1)first, second, third„第一，第二，第三

例：First, she had studied chemistry during her sophomore and junior years.Second, she never mied a cla.Third, she performed every required experiment in all her chemistry courses.Fourth, she always worked hard.Her clamates were sure that she would win top award in Chemistry during her senior year at the university.首先，她在一二年级时就选修了化学课程。其次，她从不误课。再有，她认真完成每一次化学试验。还有，她学习非常刻苦。因而同学们 确信她在高年级时会获得学校化学大奖。

(2)To begin with„,moreover„,finally„，首先„，此外„，最后„

例：There are a few reasons for his decision of studying law.To begin with, he is very interested in social affairs and it seems the best way to enable him to engage in these activities.Moreover, his father is a lawyer.He has always encouraged him to do something similar.Finally, he is sure he can get a job after graduation.他决定学法律有几方面的原因：首先，他对社会事物感兴趣，学习法律有助于他参与这些活动。此外，他父亲是个律师，一直鼓励他从事 同样的职业。最后，他确信毕业后能找到工作。 (3)Meanwhile同时

例：Meanwhile, the better skills and knowledge children poe, the more opportunities they will be ensured.

同时，孩子们的技艺与知识掌握得越好，今后的机会就越多。 (4)since then自此之后

例：Since then, the Olympics turned out to be an instrument of peace and freedom for small nations.自此之后，奥林匹克运动成为小国争取和平和自由的工具。 3.4、常用于表示因果关系及分析原因的过渡词语与句子 (1)As a result由于„结果

例：Her performance in college was excellent.As a result, she has got a satisfactory job.由于她在大学成绩优异，她找到一份令人满意的工作。 (2)Due to由于

例：My trip to Guangdong and Shenzhen has to be cancelled due to the financial problem.由于财务问题，我去广州和深圳的旅行取消了。 (3)consequently结果，因此

例：The government was unwilling to risk a conflict with that neighboring country, and consequently, promised to sign the treaty.该国政府不愿冒险与邻国发生冲突，因此答应签署条约。

(4)One may criticize„„for„„，but the real cause of„lies deeper人们可以因为„批评„，但是„的真正原因在更深层次

例：One may criticize the school authorities for the fire accident, but the real reason of the accident lies deeper.人们可以就火灾事故批评校领导，但事故还有更深的原因。 (5)Therefore因而

例：Therefore, if this is included in good education that parents are seeking now, their children will be definitely ensured a bright future.因而，如果父母们在其为孩子们寻求的良好教育中加入这一点，他们的子女肯定会有一个光辉灿烂的未来。

(6)Among„reasons, one should be emphasized that„在众多的原因中，其中一点给予强调„

例：Among the most important reasons, one reason should be emphasized that large pieces of cultivated land have been occupied, which results in the grain shortage.在许多重要的原因中，其中一点应强调的是造成粮食减产是因为大量的可耕地被占用。 3.5、常用于比较和对比的过渡词 (1)unlike„与„不同

例：Unlike oral English, written English is comparatively formal.与口头英语不同，笔头英语比较正规。

(2)In contrast„与之相比

例：In contrast with Tom, Mario seldom studies harder.与汤姆比，玛里奥很少努力学习。 (3)On the other hand„另一方面

例：The life expectancy in developing countries has increased during the past thirty years.On 11

the other hand, the infant mortality has decreased from twenty percent to ten percent in the same period.发展中国家的期望寿命在过去的30年间都增长了。另一方面婴儿死亡率同期由20%下降到10%。 (4)Likewise同样

例：Plenty of food must be packed for the journey；likewise, warm clothes will also be needed.要带上旅行中吃的食品，同样也需要带上御寒保暖的衣服。 (5)similarly同样

例：If only one can make his audience understood, it seems insignificant if one makes some mistakes in his oral English; similarly, as to the audience, they are only interested in grasping the meaning, not actually mind or even hardly notice the speakers mistakes.只要能使听众听明白，在口头英语中出一些错误是无关紧要的，同样作为听众也只对讲话者的意思感兴趣，根本不介意或几乎注意不到讲话者 所犯的口语错误。

4、常用于展开各种段落的句型

4.1、对某种现象发表评论 （1）.今昔对照

①While „ was only known to a small number of people, „ has been widely accepted. ②While „ used to be a luxury, „ has become a household name.

③Contrary to the traditional idea that „ is always „ , now an increasing number of „ believe that „.

（2）.数字引用

①According to a recent opinion poll, „ quite a number of ②Statistics show that „ double every 6 months.

③According to a recent survey, 3 „ out of 10 „.

④As a recent investigation indicates, the percentage of „ is surprisingly high.

（3）.反面论述

①It’s hard to imagine what the world would be like if „.

②Without „

③It’s hard to find „ who „.

（4）.现象引述

①It’s indeed the case that „ have witneed „.

②„ is gaining increasing popularity with „.

③Recent years have seen a boom in the number of „.

④People take it for granted that „.

⑤Many a person admires(the policy)that „.

（5）.论点引述

①„ is one of the controversial iues of our times among „.

②There is always some controversy over whether „.

③A much debated iue these days is whether „ or not. ④There has sprung up a heated discuion as to whether „.

⑤Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern that „.

⑥A hot topic discued today is whether or not „.

4.2、强调重要性

⑴„ plays a key/vital role in „.

⑵„ is of vital importance to „.

⑶There’s no denying the fact that „ is indispensable to „ in various ways.

⑷„，as in the case of many iues, has both positive and negative aspects.

⑸The importance of „ cannot be overstated.

⑹„ has a profound influence on „.

⑺„ has found wide application in various fields.

⑻Now great importance has been attached to „.

⑼The merit of „ lies in many ways.

(10)金字塔型：①First/In the first place/Fist of all/To begin with

②Besides/Moreover/Furthermore/In addition/What’s more

③Most important of all (11)倒金字塔型：①Above all

②Moreover/Furthermore

③Last but not least

(12)平行法∶①For one thing „ .For another „.

②On the one hand „, one the other hand „.

4.3、强调危害性

⑴„ poses a tremendous threat to „.

⑵„ the disadvantages „ cannot be ignored.

⑶„ may create a sequence of problems to „.

⑷„ may cause some side-effects.

⑸Every coin has 2 sides, so does the matter of „.Its negative sides/aspects cannot be overlooked.

⑹The negative aspects of „ are also obvious.

⑺One major disadvantage of „ is that „.Another disadvantage is „. A further disadvantage is „.

4.4、阐述他人观点

⑴When it comes to „/Faced with „, quite a few people claim/argue that „，but other people view it differently.

⑵As far as „ is concerned, opinions vary widely.

⑶People’s attitudes toward „ vary from individual to individual.Some maintain that „.They aume that „.However, others think of „ as „.They criticize„.

⑷Some people believe „.Others claim „.Still others argue„.

⑸Quite a few people, who strongly advocate „ argue „.On the other hand, an increasing number of people, who believe „ maintain „.

⑹Those who object to it claim „.But those who support it argue „.

⑺Quite a few people claim „.More and more people, however, come to realize that „. 4.5、解释原因

⑴The phenomenon is due to a couple of factors. One major factor is „.A further fact is„.

⑵Two main factors contribute to the „.On one hand „.On the other hand „.

⑶A number of factors, both individual and social, can account for/explain result in the phenomenon.For one thing, „.For another „.A third contributing factor is „.

⑷There are many reasons for „ but generally they can come down to 3.One reason for this is „.Another reason is „.One strong reason for my argument is „.

⑸One major reason is „.The fact that „ can be another reason.A further reason is that

⑹„ is frequently connected to „.„ may also have led to „.It’s generally true to say that „.

⑺Reasons for „ are numerous.The chief reason is that „.A second good reason is that „.Still another reason is that „.

⑻One may attribute/ascribe/owe to „.

⑼One may trace the phenomenon back to „.

4.6、比较 ⑴Like „

⑵Similarly/Likewise/In the same way „

⑶Just as „

⑷Compared with „

⑸„ differs from „ in several ways.

⑹The advantages of „ outweigh those of „.

⑺It’s hard to say whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages or vice versa.

⑻Another important difference is „ while „.

⑼„ outshine „

4.7、举例

⑴History/Life is filled with examples.A good case in point is „.Another good illustration is „.

⑵Take „ as an example.

⑶To take a random example, „.

⑷Just suppose what would be like/happen if „. ⑸A case in point is „.Another case in point is „.

⑹A good case in point is „.It\'s the same case with „.This is also true of „.

4.8、引用

⑴There is an old saying/proverb, „ , which suggest/indicates that „.

⑵As a famous saying/philosopher once put it, “ „ ”，it’s clear that „.

4.9、驳斥

⑴At first sight, „ appears to be entirely positive/beneficial.However, further analysis reveals drawbacks to the way of thinking.

⑵It’s true that „ , but it doesn’t mean/follow/say that „.On the contrary, we should „.

⑶It’s understandable that „.However, this is not to say „.

⑷The main problem with the view is „.

⑸Admittedly „ but this is not to say „.

⑹There is no denying/doubt/question that „ but it doesn’t follow „.

4.10、采取的措施

⑴Measures/Actions should be taken to cope with the problem.To begin with „.Next „.Last but not least „.

⑵One suggestion to this problem is to „.Another suggestion „.A further suggestion is that „.

⑶One major solution to „ is to „.The fact that „ can be another solution.Still another solution is that „.

⑷Now it’s high time something was done to cope with „.On the one/other hand „.Only in this way shall we „.

⑸Several poible solutions have been put forward.One is „.Another is „.Undoubtedly there’s a long way before „. 4.

11、个人观点 ⑴.观点：

①I quite agree with the statement that „.

②Personally, I’m in favor of the former/the latter „.

③To my mind, I’m on the side of „.

④For my part, I side with „ as the result of the following considerations.

⑤As I see it, „.

⑥In my opinion/view，

⑦It seems to me that „.

⑧As far as I am concerned，„

⑵.预测：

①It can be safety predicted that „.

②It’s clear that/It goes without saying that „.

③It is anticipated that this upward/downward trend will continue/persist.

练习题：

依照本节提到的展开方式对上节练习所列提纲中的论证部分进行展开，注意连接词和句型的使用，时间控制在8分钟左右。

三、即兴演讲的开头和结尾

1、即兴演讲的开头方式

好的开头是成功的一半。好的开头能立即抓住听众的注意力，并为进入演讲的主要部分开辟道路。一些演讲者在开头不久后就会觉得无话可说，是演讲难以进行下去，其主要原因就是没有把头开好，只是以后内容难以展开。

由于时间较短，演讲者当然应使听众尽早进入主题，对开头的要求便是既要开门见山、一针见血，又要有逻辑上的悬念和起伏。美国演讲专家理查德总结了一个即兴演讲的“四步曲”，其中对于第一步的概括是“喂，喂!”便是呼唤起听众的兴趣。理查德以《保障行人生命安全，减少交通事故》这一主题的即兴演讲的两种构思方式比较为例，认为不要平铺直叙地开始演讲：“今天，我要讲的内容是保障行人生命安全，减少交通事故。”而应该用耸人听闻的悬念做开头，引起听众的注意：“上星期四，特地购买的450具晶莹闪亮的棺材已运到了我们的城市⋯⋯ 。”理查德设计的这一开头，虽然不符合我们中国人的忌讳心理，但它无疑具有一种先声夺人的气势，它能激起听众质疑，使他们很想弄清事情的究竟。他接下去讲到：“不讲交通安全，那订购的450具棺材也许在等待着我，等待着你，等待着我们的亲人。”

例如当题目为：“Carelene and Carefulne(细心与粗心)”时，如果以一件事故的发生谈起，说到“It was a breezy spring night，everything was at rest.Suddenly a terrible noise broke this peace(那是一个微风习习的春天的夜晚，一切都在沉睡之中，突然一个可怕的声音打破了寂静)”，配合以不同的语速和面部表情，无疑先声夺人，能激起听众的兴趣。又如在“My Favorite Hobby (我最大的嗜好)” 中，为了介绍集邮这一嗜好，有位学生这样开头：“Can you imagine that I can have 2000 friends and talk to them at the same time? Maybe you do not believe it， but this is really true, because I consider stamps as my friends and collecting stamps is my

favorite hobby.(你们能想象我拥有两千位朋友并同时与他们进行交流吗?有的人也许不相信，然而这可是事实，因为我的这么多朋友都是邮票，而我最大的嗜好便是集邮。)” 幽默而不乏新意，当然能吸引人们注意。

开头的方式多种多样，主要包含以下几种：

1）To tell a story (about yourself)；讲个（自己的）故事；

2）To acknowledge the occasion of the gathering；对大家能够聚在一起表示感谢；

3）To pay the listeners a compliment；称赞一下听众；

4）To quote；引用名人名言；

5）To use unusual statistics；使用一些不平常的数据；

6）To ask the audience a challenging question；问观众一个挑战性的问题；

2、即兴演讲的结尾

俗话说，“编筐编篓，贵在收口”，一个好的结尾往往会起到加深听众印象、深化主题的作用，同时也能反映演讲者的综合素质，包括对演讲时间的掌握情况，如果以各种生动手段开始演讲，在全场听众的注意力中平铺直叙地结尾，总是给人意犹未尽甚至不知所云的感觉。理查德总结的第四步称为“怎么办”，就是在演讲最后点出应对办法，配以或幽默或激昂的表达方式，与开头相呼应，效果会很好。理查德要求演讲者在这一步一定要告诉听众，你谈了老半天是想让人家做些什么，最好能讲得生动一点、具体一点、实际一点。从根本上说，“怎么办”是演讲者的目的所在。如果演讲者忘记了这一步，或者这一步处理不好，就会给听众留下无的放矢或不知所云的感觉。演讲者应当明确告诉听众：“下面我想告诉大家，当⋯⋯时，应当⋯⋯ ；当⋯⋯时，应当⋯ ⋯ ；当⋯⋯ ，应当⋯⋯。”，如在“Science：A Bleing or a Curse(科学究竟是福还是祸)”中，结尾时可说：“Do you want to go back to the primitive age? Do you like to live in a stone hut and go everywhere on foot? If not，remember that science benefits us all!”“(你想回到原始社会生活吗?你想住在石头小屋里，想去哪里都依靠步行吗?如果你不愿意，那么请记住，科学造福了我们所有人!)”。在题目为“Pollution (污染)” 时，有的学生以Michael Jackson的一首歌曲结尾： “Heal the world，make it a better place for you and for me (拯救这个世界，让它成为一个更好的地方，为你，为我)”亦能达到极富感召力的效果。

演讲的结尾主要有以下几种方式

1）To repeat your opening；重复你的开头；

2）To summarize your presentation；概括你的演讲；

3）To close with an anecdote；以趣事结尾；

4）To end with a call to action；以号召行动结尾； 5）To ask a rhetorical question；以反问结尾； 6）To make a statement；以一个陈述句结尾；

练习题：

根据本节内容，结合命题演讲章节的相关内容，为前两节练习中的演讲稿补充开头和结尾，时间控制在3分钟左右。

四、即兴演讲的典型方略

1、即兴演讲的语言特征

（1）、多用实词，多用短句，少用结构复杂的长句

在英语演讲中，and, but, so, then 等虚词要尽量少用，that, which等词引导的定语从句也只会使句子结构变得复杂，而使听众难以跟上演讲者的思路，从而影响演讲的效果。相反，多使用实词，短句，可使得演讲内容更清晰，气势更磅礴。

（2）、演讲要注意使用各种修辞手法，增加演讲的感染力和气势。

英语演讲中常用的修辞手法有：渐进(climax)、对照(antithesis)、排比(parallelism)、警句(epigram)等等，例如：

That government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.(排比) 这个民有、民治、民享的国家将不会从地球上消失。

United, there is little we can not do; divided, there is little we can do.(对照) 团结，我们便将无所不能；分裂，我们则会一事无成。

Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to aure the survival and the succe of liberty. (对照和渐进) 让世界各国都知道，无论对我们怀有好感与敌意，我们将付出任何代价，肩负任何重任，面对任何艰辛，支持任何朋友，反对任何敌人，以确保自由的生存与成功。

What we should fear most is the fear itself.(警句) 我们最应恐惧的是恐惧本身。

Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.(对照) 不要问你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为你们的国家做些什么。 设想一下，假如在我们的演讲中能融入上述这样运用得当的修辞手段，那我们的演讲将会变得多么有力与动人。

（3）、演讲的总体措词

演讲的总体措词是严肃一些还是活泼一些，是有较明显的说教口气还是用平等的口吻，等等，都要根据听众对象而定。如果场下听众是同龄的学生，那么演讲的内容只要风趣一些往往就能引起共鸣。但另一方面，如果听众大多是上了年纪的教师，太多的笑料反而会被认为“不严肃”，“不尊重”，而引起反感。

用英语演讲，不要用太多I feel, I think，老是用I，显得十分主观，狭隘。如果通篇全是I feel, I think 的内容，会给人觉得缺乏说服力。另外，perhaps, maybe这样的词语，虽然有“客气，谦虚”的成分，但太多会让人觉得你演讲的内容有不可靠之处。还有，在演讲中，要少用you，多用we。用you等于把自己与听众对立起来，而用we则拉近了与听众的距离。比如：You should not smoke.听上去像教训人，而Let\'s not smoke听起来是一个不错的建议。

练习题：

1、将前面完成的演讲稿进行修饰。

2、另选1到2个题目，在十五分钟之内准备三分钟的演讲。

2、“演”的技巧

（1）、How to dre 如何穿着得体

1）Dark colored suits or drees；穿深色西装或

2）Plain white shirt or blouse；朴素的白衬衫或上衣； 3）Red ties or scarves；戴红色的领带或丝巾；

4）Black shoes, freshly polished；穿刚刚擦亮的黑色鞋子；

5）Very little jewelry -worn discreetly；尽量不戴首饰，要戴的话要非常小心；

6）Calm, slow gestures and slow movements；沉稳的举止；

7）Shoulders back, chin up；挺胸抬头。

（2）、How to use gestures 如何使用手势

1）Make sure all your gestures are smooth and natural；所有的动作都应该流畅自然； 2）Don\'t put your hands in your pockets；不要把手插在口袋里；

3）Let your hands and arms drop naturally to your side ,gently fold both index fingers together, without wringing or gripping your hands in any way；将手和手臂自然地在身体两侧下垂，轻微屈起食指，不要扭在一起或紧握拳头； 4）Let your hands do what they want to do as long as they don\'t go back into your pockets or make obscene gestures；手想要怎样就让它怎样，直到它不再回到你的口袋或在听众面前做一些惹人讨厌的手势。

5）Point at imaginary objects and don\'t point at others with your index finger；手可以指点着假想的物体，不要用食指指着别人；

6）Size or quantity can also easily be shown by expanding or contracting the hands；尺寸的大小和数量的多少也可以通过两手的扩张和收缩来演示； 7）Gracefully show your audience the appropriate number of fingers by holding your hands at a 45 degree angle from your head；手抬起并与头成四十五度角，优雅地用手势表示出数字；

8）To emphasize physical size such as length, width, hold your hands out in front you widely apart to move them up and down；如果想要强调长度尺寸的大小，将两手伸向前方，尽量分开，并上下移动。

（3）、Eye contact 眼神交流

1）Move your eyes slowly from person to person, and pause two or three seconds with each listener；眼睛慢慢地从一个移动到另一个人，在每一个人身上停留两到三秒钟时间；

2）Look at people straight or look at the bridge of their noses or chins；眼睛直视听众，或看着他们的鼻梁或下巴

3）Look for the friendlier faces and smile at them one by one, then move on to the more skeptical members and smile at them one by one also；找到那些看起来比较友善的听众，逐次朝他们微笑；然后目标转向那些有些怀疑的听众，也逐渐朝他们微笑；

4）Imagine the audience in bathrobes in case you are nervous；如果你感到紧张，不妨想象听众都穿着浴衣的样子。

练习题：

选择1到2个题目，与同伴一起或面对镜子，练习即兴演讲，注意“演”的技巧。

3、常见问题及对策

成功的将军是由失败和失误的经验造就出来的，同理，成熟的演讲者在被人们肯定之前，也要经历许多失败和失误。已经造成的失败是没有办法挽回的，但是汲取教训之后可以避免 18

下一次再出错，或出错之后知道怎么临时补救。

（1）、演讲过程中忘词、出错

演讲，特别是即兴演讲的过程中，经常会出现这样的情况：第

一、突然忘词或是卡在一句话上，想不起来自己原本想要如何表达了；第

二、讲的内容跟预想的内容不一致，遗漏的某些内容，或内容的顺序安排被打乱了；第

三、原本计划将几个问题，可是当讲完其中一个时，却想不起来下一个应该是什么了，等等。

要避免这些发生，就要注意准备一下两点：

一、准备时切忌逐句写稿，因为这样一旦讲的过程中一环出错，很容易造成不知所措的结果；

二、在准备演讲时还要尽量避免使用自己不熟悉的词汇或句型，以免遗忘。

另外，演讲时一旦出错，掩饰的艺术也很重要。只需要微微一笑，继续下一部分的内容，不要可以企图掩饰，例如重复、吐舌头或者说“sorry”,因为这样有可能正好提醒评委和听众：“我说错了！”或许你会遗漏一部分内容，但是没有人会注意到这一点。听众只会责怪自己没有跟上你的思路。下面是一些常见的应变技巧，可以帮助避免或消除因语言出错而可能造成的消极影响：

1）化错为正， 自圆其说 由于太过紧张，演讲者甚至可能在下午走上讲台，然后说道：“Good morning，ladies and gentlemen(女士们，先生们，上午好)”全场哗然哄笑之中，演讲者立即意识到便可说道：“I mean，I know it is in the afternoon，but I hope everyone of you can have a clear mind to listen to my speech just like in the early morning.(我的意思是，我知道这是下午，但我希望大家像在上午的时候一样、头脑清醒地听我的演讲)。”听众们听了他入情人理的言辞，也不会责怪他语言上的差错了。

2）续错成正。随机应变

有时候演讲者会说出一句错话，随后马上就意识到了，这时采用调整语意或改换语气等续接方式予以补救，只要反应敏捷，应变及时，就可以收到不露痕迹的效果。如在“Is Man C1everer Than Woman? (男人比女人更聪明吗?)”中，学生分析了男、女智力水平相当，只是思维方式有所区别之后得出结论：“Now we come to realize that man is cleverer than woman.Is that really the case? Do you really agree to it? I believe that the answer is definite in your mind：No!(现在我们可以得出结论了：男人比女人更聪明，这是正确的吗?大家真的同意这一观点吗?我想在座各位都会斩钉截铁地说不!)”虽然说出了相反的结论，但补上这样的反问句不仅不露破绽，甚至可增强演讲的启发性和感召力。 3）以正改错。巧作辨析

由于紧张或激动而造成一时的口误，最好的办法是按正确的讲法再讲一遍，也就是把错误改正过来，如能有针对性地对照正误，巧作辨析，给听众的印象可能反而更深刻。许多英语演讲者经常在各种场合下用过去时时态，如“There are only three people in my family.My father was a worker.(我家一共有三口人。我父亲是原来的工人。)”这个句子说出来不免让听众有错误的反应，认为他父亲已经谢世，这种反应可能让演讲者马上发现自己的错误，然后改正到：“No，I should say，my father is a worker.He was the best worker in his factory and he retired last year.But I think he still thinks of himself as a worker.(不，我应该说我父亲原来是工人，他曾是他们工厂最优秀的工人，去年退休了，但我相信他还把自己看成一位工人。)”经过巧妙的辨析之后，语言失误的尴尬也避免了。由于英语是学生的第二语言，在即兴演讲中大学生可能犯一些语法错误。例如漏掉三人称单数动词后该加的“s”或“es”，以及误用人称代词等，如果试图在每次错误后都马上停下来去研究语法问题，势必影响演讲的继续，而由于这些失误都属于形成系统后的语言错误，学生既能解释又能自行改正，因此只需找更多的语境多加练习便可养成正确的语言习惯从而避免这类错误，这一点属于口语范畴，在讨 19

论演讲技巧中就无需太过研究了。

（2）、正确对待紧张情绪

演讲者经常会在演讲，特别是即兴演讲之前感觉到紧张不安，其实这是一个很正常的现象，适度的紧张，可以使你用更加严谨的态度来面对演讲。因此，我们要学会控制自己的紧张感，让紧张感成为我们的动力，而不是障碍。不要一味放任自己刻意去想：“观众会怎样看我？”“他们会不会嘲笑我？”“我的领带打得怎么样？”“我的裙子皱了吗？”等等，这样只会让你愈加的紧张，从而影响你的思维，最终导致演讲的失误。  Typical signals of nervousne；紧张的典型特征

 Hands in pockets；手放在口袋里

 Increased blinking of the eyes；眨眼次数过多；

 Failure to make eye contact；害怕眼神的接触；  Licking and biting of the lips；舔嘴唇和咬嘴唇；  Finger tapping；敲叩手指；

 Fast, jerky gestures；手势又急又快；  Cracking voices；粗哑的声音

 Increased rate of speech；讲话速度加快；  Clearing of the throat；清嗓子；

 Buttocks clamped tightly together；臀部崩得紧紧的；

想要克服演讲过程中的紧张情绪，首先要把自己的精力全部集中在你手头的话题上，其他的一切都暂时地抛在脑后。然后就是要建立自信。你不可能对你手上的话题一无所知，那么你要做的就是，抓紧时间，联系一切可以联系的内容，确定最有利的观点，将其展开。最后，调匀呼吸，深吸气，慢呼出，做几个深呼吸，对自己微笑一下，说一些积极的话，你就可以带着最好的状态上台了。

（3）、没有深度，平淡无奇

有的演讲者在演讲过程中，只讲一些大道理，或是空泛的谈一些概念，再或一味解释题目含义等等，难免给人一种言之无物的感觉。一篇好的演讲，要能够围绕话题，结合实际，层层展开，既要有理论，又要有事例；既要有道理，又要有经验；既要有概念，又要有自己的观点。

另外，即兴演讲和写文章一样，讲究“文似看山不喜平”。一篇没有高潮的演讲，往往缺乏激励和震撼，难以吸引听众的注意力。高潮应在典型、新颖、感人的材料基础上构筑，平淡无奇也学就是因为没有找到高质量的材料；高潮来自有高度、有深度的议论和升华，扬不起波涛，很可能缺乏思想的开掘力；高潮来自强烈而真挚的感情，卷不起风浪，或许是没有足够的情感酝酿；高潮只有在充分的铺垫和蓄势之后，才能真正发挥效果。

（4）、感情把握不当

演讲类型中只有知识性的演讲和辩论性的研究比较注重也应当注重道理的展述，但是即使是这种类型的演讲也要尽量融入打动人的情感内容。可是有些演讲者，登台即讲大道理，理论一套一套的，一句俏皮的话也没有，一个生动的比喻也不运用，通篇也没有经验性的事例。他们板着面孔，不苟言笑，十分严肃正经。这种演讲很难让人接受。没有情感释放的纯理论性阐述，再加上一副冷冰冰的面孔，这样一种拒人千里的态度，怎么能够让听众用心去倾听呢？其实，许多演讲都是要说“理”的，但直接送“理”未必会被听众所接受，因此，演讲者要学会以情送理，以趣运理。

另有一些演讲者的演讲并不缺乏感情，抒情色彩不可谓不浓，也不能说不真，但就是打动不了听众。他们或者通篇抒情，或者抒情不讲究方法，造成抒情不到位或是太过夸张。因此，演讲的过程中要做到适时抒情，另外，与构建高潮一样，情感在表出之前，也需要蓄势，水到渠成，方能打动人心。

（5）、时间把握不当

演讲者对于时间的把握也很重要，太短，不能充分表情达意；太长，又会使人感觉乏味，抓不住重点。特别是有时间限制的演讲，不能够有效的利用时间，经常会直接导致演讲的失败。以“CCTV”杯全国英语演讲大赛复赛为例，即兴演讲的要求是准备15分钟，然后进行3分钟的演讲，演讲的时间误差为正负10秒，超出这个范围将被扣除0.5分，而一般选手正常演讲的得分差异不过零点零几分，0.5分足以将一名优秀的选手拒之门外。

有效的利用时间，关键在于演讲前的准备。仍以“CCTV”杯全国英语演讲大赛复赛为例，15分钟的准备时间，可以这样分配：用1分钟来“破题”，找准题眼； 2分钟做“brainstorming”，收集素材；再用1分钟决定取舍，确定从哪几方面论述；然后用8到10分钟按前几节提供的方法展开段落，准备好开头和结尾，这时应注意内容详略的分配，一般演讲的语速为每分钟100到130个单词，三分钟就是300到400个单词，按每句话10到15个词计算，三分钟一般需要35句话左右，这35句话，应该合理的分配在演讲的各个部分；最后，也是最重要的一步，要在准备时间结束的至少前2分钟停止构思，这时你要做的是整理一下自己的思维，再一次确定已经准备好的内容。演讲的过程中，要注意时间的提示，如果规定的时间快到了还没有讲完，那么马上转到结尾。

（6）、演讲十忌

1）Talking too rapidly；语速太快;

2）Speaking in a monotone；声音单调；

3）Using too high a vocal pitch；声音尖细；

4）Talking down to the audience；对观众采取一种居高临下的姿态; 5）Using too many \"big\" words；夸张的词语使用得太多；

6）Using abstractions without giving concrete examples；使用抽象概念而不给出事例加以说明；

7）Using unfamiliar technical jargon；使用别人不熟悉的技术术语； 8）Using slang or profanity；使用俚语或粗俗语；

9）Disorganized and rambling performance；演讲无组织，散乱无序；

10）Indirect communication i.e.beating around the bush；说话绕弯子，不切中主题；

练习题：

选择1到2个题目，练习即兴演讲，注意演讲过程中出现的问题并妥善加以处理。

4、经典演讲套路

第一标准步骤 Opening Remarks

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning! (女士们，先生们，上午好) Hello everyone and welcome.（各位，你们好，欢迎你们）

21

It’s my great honor to be here.（我来到这里，倍感荣幸）

It’s very happy to see you all.（我很高兴见到大家） Thank you for being here.（感谢大家光临） 【提示】：千万别小看上面的这些句子，就算是美国的专业主持人在演讲开始前，都要到洗手间反复操练。

第二标准步骤 Preparing the Audience What I am going to talking about today is„ （我今天要谈论的是„）

First I’d like to talk about „ (首先，我想谈一谈„)（开门见山，观点明确） My topic today is very interesting.（我今天谈论的话题很有趣）

I hope I can share my experiences with you.（我希望能和大家分享我的经历）

I’ll start with„and then move on to „Finally, I’m going to „/I’ll begin by describing„then go on to „and I’ll end with„.(我将以„„开始，然后转向„„最后，以„„作为结束)（先总后分，条理清晰）

I think, if you don’t mind, we’ll leave questions to the end./If you have any questions I’ll be glad to answer them.(我想如果你们不介意的话，我们将把问题留到最后来解决。/如果你们有问题，我很高兴为大家解答。)（主次分明 以“礼”服人。）

Please hold/save any questions until the end.（请把所有的问题留到最后） Remember this important point.（请记住这个重点）

第三标准步骤 Delivering the Meage Firstly„.Secondly„/First of all„Next„.(首先„„其次„„.) This Brings me to my next point „/Feel free to interrupt if you have any questions.(这正引出了我下面要讲的一个„„./如果你们有问题请尽管打断我。) I must emphasize/stre /make clear/I’d like to turn to/I’d like to stre„.（我必须强调/重点指明/我要转向/强调„„.）

At this point we must consider„/At this point we have to bear in mind„ （在这一点上我们必须考虑„„.）

Now, to digre for a moment„/Now to change the subject for a moment„ （现在，我们暂时撇开这个话题/现在我们临时换一个话题„„.）

To go back to my earlier point„/To return to the point I made earlier„ （还回到我先前的话题„）

Finally„/In conclusion„(最后„) （最后„）

第四标准步骤 Winding-up Before finishing/closing I’d like to summarize the main points again/ Before I finish, I’d like to run through the main points again.(在结束之前我要将我的要点再总结一下) That’s all I’d like to run through the main points again./That’s all I have to say for the moment/now/today./ That brings me to the end of my presentation.（这些就是今天/刚才要讲的一切）

Thank you for listening/coming/being here/Thank you for your attention.（谢谢大家前来听我的演讲）

Now if there are any questions.I’ll be happy to answer them./I’ll be glad to take any questions./If you have any questions, I’d be glad to answer them.（如果有任何问题，我将非常乐意为大家解答/我很高兴为大家解答。）

Finally I’d like to summarize the mail point.（最后我想总结一下要点） I hope you all enjoy yourself today.（我希望大家过得很开心）

22

Thank you for listening.（感谢你们前来听讲） Thank you for your time.（感谢你们的光临） Thank you very much.（非常感谢）

经典演讲示范

American High School Students 1.

Ladies and gentlemen, good morning.It’s my great honor to be here and I am very happy to see you all.Thank you for what I am going to talk about today is American education.2.

Firstly, I’d like to talk about American high school students.My topic today is very interesting because American high school students are very different from Chinese high school students.I was a teacher in an American high school and I hope I can share my experiences with you.3.

Remember this important point, American students care about their social activities and activities outside school more than anything else.Chinese students care about their schoolwork and exams more than anything else.American students are very independent.They drive their own cars, work at part time jobs and often have their own money.American high school students are often involved in relationships with boyfriends or girlfriends.Students in America must learn how to schedule their time among work, school, friends, sports and of course, fun! This type of responsibility is challenging for young people and often their education suffers.This is just a brief introduction to one of the many aspects of American education.Thank you all for listening and I hope you all enjoy yourselves today.

1、女士们，先生们、早上好！我很荣幸来到这里、并且很高兴见到大家。谢谢你们的光临。我今天要谈论的话题是美国教育。

2、首先，我想谈谈美国的高中生。我今天的话题很有趣，因为美国的高中生与中国的高中生有很大的不同。我是一位来自美国的中学教师，我希望我能和你们一起分享我的经历。

3、请记住一点，美国的高中生把学校之外的社会实践活动看得比任何东西都重要。而中国的学生却把学校表现和考试成绩看得比什么都重要。美国学生很独立。他们拥有自己的车，他们能兼职工作，他们用自己赚的钱去购买电话、电视机、音响和游戏机等。美国的高中生通常还有女朋友或男朋友。美国学生必须学会规划好自己的时间，去应付工作、学习、交友、运动，当然还有娱乐等。这种情况对年轻人来说是一种挑战，通常他们的教育都会受到影响。这只是美国教育这面多棱镜的一角。

练习题：

选择1到2个题目，试着按照上述套路练习即兴演讲。

附：

1、2006年河北省世纪之星演讲大赛即兴演讲题目

1.2.3.4.

Happine My favorite color Practice makes perfect.On the use of humor

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5.The negative effect on keeping pets.6.I am proud of being Chinese 7.My view on e-marriage 8.Noise pollution in big cities 9.Failure is the mother of succe.10.How to solve housing problems? 11.Showing respect to elders 12.On the Chinese marriage ritual 13.A good medicine tastes bitter.14.Don\'t hesitate to say “No”.15.How to make our college life meaningful? 16.How to fight against disasters/ 17.A friend is easier lost than found.18.How to behave in applying for a job? 19.Money can’t buy everything.20.On animal rights 21.On spitting in public 22.To be punctual

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推荐第4篇：英语

爱得起 - 郑融+钟嘉欣

唯一的你（超好听） -- hotcha

男人信什么（超好听）--卫兰vs J .W

眼红馆（超好听） -- BOY~Z

再见不是朋友 -- 邓丽欣

恋爱令人心痛（超好听）--钟嘉欣vs韦雄

没有童话（超好听）--叶文辉

花吃了这女孩 -- 傅颖

吸血新世纪--羽翘

如果可以待你好 -- 麦浚龙

接吻鱼的伤悲-- 林颐

感激遇到你 （超好听）-- 胡杏儿+黄宗泽

你瞒我瞒 （超好听）--陈柏宇

I Will Be Loving You （超好听）-- 陈柏宇

三位一体--方力申+吴雨霏+廖梦乐

钟无艳 （超好听）-- *

陈某 -- 周柏豪

get out -- 卫诗

Where Did You Go（超好听） -- 邓紫棋gem

玩玩具-（超好听） -- e-kids

恋爱自由式--陈文媛+萧正楠

浮夸 -- 陈奕迅

眼睛不能没眼泪（超好听）-- 古巨基

今天终于知道错 -- 陈伟霆

我不要被你记住（超好听）--周柏豪

All About U -- 邓紫棋

kong--侧田

幸运水晶 -- 陈苑淇

爱不疚 -- 林峰

内疚 （超好听）-- EO2

等 -- 卫兰

红绿灯 -- 郑融

苦情人 （超好听）-- 邓颖芝

永久保存（超好听）-- 陈柏宇

谁明浪子心 -- 王杰+赵学而

喜帖街 （超好听）--*

耿耿于怀 （超好听）-- 麦浚龙

别怪他 -- 吴卓羲

一事无成 （超好听）-- 郑融vs周柏豪

直觉（超好听） -- 郑欣宜

七夕 -- 邓丽欣

被遗弃的公主 （超好听）-- 邓丽欣

两生关 --*

无心恋唱 -- 泳儿

少女的祈祷 （超好听）-- 杨千嬅

必杀技 -- 古巨基

今季拍拍拖 -- Square

Today -- 梁咏琪

嫌弃 -- 梁咏琪

分手要狠 -- 吴雨霏

萨拉热窝的罗密欧与茱丽叶 -- 蒋雅文+李逸朗

发誓 -- 钟嘉欣

直觉 （超好听）-- 郑欣宜

凶手（超好听） -- 戴辛尉

一疋布 -- 陈奕迅/小苦妹

阿四 -- 邓健泓

时光机 -- 徐智勇

下学期 -- e-kids

奇洛李维斯回信 -- 薛凯琪

开始恋爱 -- E-kids

南瓜车 -- 薛凯琪

绝 -- 傅佩嘉

逸后 -- 陈柏宇

I Mi You -- 陈柏宇

年度之歌 -- *

十分爱 -- 方力申+邓丽欣

single （超好听）-- 杨千嬅

我的天 -- 张敬轩

单恋高校 -- 陈冠希

手掌印 （超好听）-- 江若琳

旁观者伤 -- 江若琳

情永落 （超好听）-- justin

敏感 -- 邓颖芝

我们的纪念册 -- Twins

初哥--E-kids

天梯 粤语女声 -- 周丽淇

残忍 -- 黄伊汶

以你为荣 -- 古巨基

第二次初恋 -- 周吉佩

视而不见（超好听）--林嘉欣

第几天 -- 黄宗泽

苦口良药 （超好听）--许志安+陈慧珊

单车 -- 陈奕迅

有时寂寞 -- 陈慧琳

等半天--（超好听）

差一分钟 -- 关心妍

话别(piano'05) -- 邓丽欣

临走前吻我 -- 陈慧琳

戏中有气 -- 官恩娜

Table For Two -- 方皓玟

街角祝福2 -- 奔奔

灰 -- 吴日言

问号先生--周丽淇

锡自己 （超好听）-- 梁洛施

眼泪的好戏（超好听）-- 梁洛施

再生花 -- 陈慧琳

如果想我哭 -- 方皓玟

你知道我在等你们分手吗 （超好听）-- 卫兰

落地开花 -- 卢巧音

超合金曲 （超好听）--蒋雅文+李逸朗

墨尔本的翡翠 -- 林颐

眼泪无用 （超好听）--江若琳

爱是不保留 -- 关心研

分手勿语--李彩桦

透明人间 -- 麦家瑜

听到的神话 -- 麦家瑜

花奴-- 卢巧音

可惜我是水瓶座 -- 杨千桦

明知你的他没有 -- 蔡卓妍

杀死我的温柔（超好听） -- 麦家瑜

有过去的女人 -- 杨千桦

失常 （超好听）-- 官恩娜

新人 （超好听）--My Girls

他约我去迪斯尼（合唱版） -- 陈晓琪+陈慧琳

自欺欺人-- 方力申 傅颖

亲朋勿友 -- Cookies

千帆 -- 官恩娜

距离 （超好听）-- 吴雨霏

时候尚早 -- 蓝奕邦

发誓 -- 钟嘉欣

处处吻 -- 杨千嬅

两生关-- *

酷爱 （超好听）-- 张敬轩

真命天子 -- 杨千嬅

你的眼神 -- 卫兰

原来过得很快乐 -- 杨千嬅

男左女右(超好听) --关淑怡

樱花树下（超好听）-- 张敬轩

目前 -- 洪卓立

浪漫世纪-- 胡杏儿

幸而 -- 胡杏儿

心淡 -- 容祖儿

十个分手的理由（超好听）

玩得 -- 麦浚龙

六月 -- 蓝奕邦

all about love -- 杨千嬅

友共情 -- 古巨基

恍如隔世 -- 邓健泓

安分守己--陈慧琳

如果…阳光--冯曦妤

座右铭.-- 吴雨霏

爱得太迟 -- 古巨基

爱与诚 -- 古巨基

朋友的爱--twins

下次下次--薛凯琪

心有不甘 -- 卫兰

孖公仔 -- 杨千嬅

-- 萧正楠

你幸福吗 -- 杨千嬅

只眼闭-- 冯曦妤

我在桥上看风景 -- 李彩桦

待你差只想你怕 -- 羽翘

两汤一面 （超好听）-- 余文乐

还你门匙（超好听） -- 余文乐

分手不要太悲哀--关智斌

放得低 -- 蔡卓妍

生还者 -- 蔡卓妍

赶 -- 薛凯琪

于心有愧 -- 陈奕迅

会过去的 -- 许志安+车婉婉

借 -- 郑融

玩泥沙--关智斌

宁愿你永不知道 -- 卫诗

记得忘记 -- 林峰

明天以后(粤语) -- 林峰 泳儿

傻女 -- 卫诗

话太普通 -- 季欣霈+农夫

阴天假期 -- 卫兰

方寸大乱-- 小雪+叶文辉

不要离我太远 -- 邓丽欣

够钟 -- 周柏豪

MORNING -- 卫兰

永和号 -- 张继聪

其实我介意-- 小雪+汉洋

匆匆 -- 方力申

无顾虑的亲密 -- 周国贤

赤城千叶 -- 周国贤

无罪释放 -- 关心妍

乜野系恋爱 -- 张茵

无人完美-- 郑欣宜

红茶易冷 -- 钟舒漫

My Cookie Can （超好听） -- 卫兰

K歌之王 -- 陈奕迅

两男一女-- 方力申+陈晓东+李彩桦

分手的礼貌 -- 邓丽欣

可爱不可爱 -- 方力申

无赖 -- 郑中基

16号爱人--容祖儿

Shall we talk -- 陈奕迅

临别拥抱（超好听）-- Timmy

明年今日--陈奕迅

Mad U So -- 张继聪

受够 -- 郑融

赐我一死 -- 陈诗慧

咖啡走糖 -- Virgo

画纸上的戒指（超好听）--傅颖vs小肥

在你遥远的附近-- 方力申

黑白照 -- 邓丽欣

他不准我哭 -- 邓丽欣

失重 (粤语) -- 贾立怡

我歌…故我在 -- *

眼红红 -- Twins

无双谱 -- 方力申

习惯失恋 -- 容祖儿

木纹(粤语) -- 何韵诗

当玫瑰遇上真爱 -- 郑希怡

罪与罚 -- 郑秀文

假天真 -- 陈慧琳

怎会如此 -- 张智霖

痛由自取-- 郑希怡

心碎 -- 易欣

亲密关系 -- 郑秀文

我有今日 -- justin

默契 -- 郑秀文

末世纪的呼声 -- 谢霆锋

七友 -- 梁汉文

对不起不是你 -- 陈慧琳

爱情万岁 -- 郑秀文

你未讲过 -- 彭羚

十指紧扣.-- 张智霖

别来无恙--陈慧琳

替身 -- 柯有伦

固执 -- 陈柏宇

多得他(feat.方大同) -- 郑秀文

接受现实--关心妍

缠绵游戏-- 彭羚

不能爱恋只能暗恋 -- 应昌佑

有鬼--梁洛施

红眼睛--陈慧琳

爱一个人 -- 李克勤&陈慧琳

二十世纪少年 -- ping pung

花火 -- 粱咏琪

相爱无梦

-- 张智霖

十分爱 -- 方力申+邓丽欣

野种子（一个人生活 粤语版） -- 陈文媛

断绝来往 -- 陈柏宇

坏孩子的天空 -- 陈冠希

不爱也是一种爱（超好听）-hotcha

好心好报 -- 方力申+邓丽欣

真心真意--许志安

寻开心 -- 赵学而

座右铭.-- 吴雨霏

问题少女 -- 郑融

怎么会爱上这么一个人 -- 关心妍

其实我不快乐 -- 钟嘉欣

我不懂你 -- 钟嘉欣

自欺欺人 -- 傅颖+方力申

伤逝 -- 叶倩文

好好恋爱 -- 方力申+邓丽欣

有人--麦浚龙

月半小夜曲 -- 李克勤

当爱变成习惯 -- 张学友

好朋友 -- 梁汉文

私事公办--羽翘

听说你爱我 -- 钟嘉欣

义不容情-- 孙耀威+张敬轩

一拍两散--容祖儿

My Love My Fate--卫兰

宏愿（超好听）--周柏豪

献世 -- 陈小春

拍错拖 -- 卫兰

记得忘记 -- 林峰

两败俱伤（超好听）--2.R

我还在等什麼(CD Version) -- 陈豪

我们的合唱歌 -- 2.R

眼睛不说谎 -- 钟舒漫

ABC君 --方力申

思前恋后 -- 孙耀威 eric

口不对心-- 叶文辉

谁羡慕像我这样强的人 -- 傅颖

留给最爱的说话--张柏芝

触摸心跳 -- 张敬轩

心多 --欧阳靖+钟欣桐

日夜想你 -- 钟嘉欣

戏中有气 -- 官恩娜

感动 -- 侧田

玻璃鞋 -- 郑秀文

命硬 -- 侧田

只想一生跟你走 -- 泳儿

爱不起 -- 王杰

明争暗斗--钟嘉欣

不一样的我 -- 张柏芝

任何天气--张柏芝

私家歌（超好听）--叶文辉

3+1=1 -- Sun Boy's

换个方式爱你 -- 林峰

如果时间来到（超好听）--林峰

无情有爱

-- 钟嘉欣

我的最爱 -- 邓丽欣+方力申

感应 -- 泳儿

幸运儿 -- 冯曦妤

所谓理想（超好听）--林峰

好人--侧田

推荐第5篇：英语

Although the terms merger and acquisition are often used interchangeably, as though they were synonymous, they mean slightly different things.When one company takes over another and clearly establishes itself as the new owner, the purchase is called an acquisition.From a legal point of view, the target company ceases to exist, the buyer \"swallows\" the busine, and the buyer\'s stock continues to be traded.In the pure sense of the term, a merger happens when two firms agree to go forward as a single new company rather than remain separately owned and operated.This kind of action is more precisely referred to as a \"merger of equals\".The firms are often about the same size.Both companies\' stocks are surrendered, and the new company\'s stock is iued in its place.In practice, however, actual mergers of equals don\'t happen very often.Usually, one company will buy another and, as part of the deal\'s terms, simply allow the acquired firm to proclaim that the action is a merger of equals, even if it is technically an acquisition.Being bought out often carries negative implications; by describing the deal euphemistically as a merger, top managers try to make the takeover more palatable.

A purchase deal will also be called a merger when both CEOs agree that joining together is in the best interest of both of their companies.But when the deal is unfriendly—that is, when the target company does not want to be purchased—it is always regarded as an acquisition.Whether a purchase is considered a merger or an acquisition really depends on whether the purchase is friendly or hostile and how it is announced.In other words, the real difference lies in how the purchase is communicated to and received by the target company\'s board of directors, employees, and shareholders.The increasing popularity of social networking sites and mobile phone texting has presented society with problems in how to protect children online.More and more youngsters are becoming victims of Internet bullies.Parents are finding it more difficult to ensure their kids are safe online.Gone are the days when mom and dad could keep an eye on their children\'s surfing on the Internet.Today\'s new mobile and networked world poses new and dangerous threats to online kids.About one-third of all teenagers who use the Internet say they have been targets of a range of annoying and potentially menacing online activities—such as receiving threatening meages; having their private e-mails or text meages forwarded without consent; having an embarraing picture posted without permiion; or having rumors about them spread online.However, the most common complaint from online teens is not direct threats or physical violence, but rather it is about private information being shared.Two recent initiatives aim to teach children about cyber-safety.Internet safety will soon be taught in high schools.In Indiana, parents will attend an Internet Social Networking conference.The school authorities are launching a program aimed at educating students on how to use the Internet safely and avoid suspicious websites.A government official said: \"Advances in instant communication media, including Twitter, Facebook,

and other instant meaging services, are affecting our modern society.Parents, brothers, sisters, teachers, and children alike will need to understand the dangers the connected world presents.\" The Indiana conference will explore topics like cyber-bullying, sexting, and online child exploitation.A local lawyer said: \"The No.1 way to keep children safe is for them to be skeptical.If they do not believe automatically what people tell them, they will be safer.\" In the United States, families turn to nursing homes to give the elderly care and attention, but many nursing homes have been cited for abuse.According to a review of state inspection records requested by Republican Henry Waxman, some 5,283 nursing homes were cited for abuse violations.These homes were cited for nearly 9,000 abuse violations in the past two years.\"We found examples of residents being punched, choked, or kicked by staff members or other residents,\" Waxman said.The story of Helen Smith reported by CBS News last year is a shocking reality for thousands of old Americans.She was attacked by a certified nursing aistant at a nursing home, who was angered because she\'d soiled herself.\"He choked me and broke my wrist,\" said Smith.Helen Smith died two days after her interview.That nurse aistant got a year in the county jail and a CBS News investigation found that three other employees at the same nursing home had been fined for abuse, which should have barred them from nursing home work.The nursing home industry agrees on the need for stiffer background checks, but disagrees abuse is widespread.\"Abuse is not the norm in nursing homes, and many staff members deserve praise,\" said Carol Sellers, vice president of Washington Home, a nearly 200-bed center in the District of Columbia.\"The great majority of long-term care in our nation is excellent.There\'re people every day that are working very hard to provide that care,\" said Charles Roadman, president of the American Health Care Aociation.To deal with nursing home abuse, Bruce Brown, spokesman for the American Aociation of Homes and Services for the Aging said, \"We strongly believe nursing homes that exhibit consistently poor performance should either clean up their act or be put out of busine.\"

I have a meeting with my accountant tomorrow morning.She\'s preparing my income tax return, and I need to go over some of the receipts with her.

Income tax return! Don\'t you think the government just squanders our hard-earned tax money on some unneceary projects?

Sure.Sometimes they do, but we are living pretty well and, to be honest, I don\'t mind paying taxes.If I\'m paying income tax, it means I\'m earning money.I\'d rather be earning money than living on charity.

If the poor would just get jobs, our taxes would be much lower.

Most people would rather work than receive charity, but the situation is complex: Sometimes there are no jobs that they are trained for.

Then they should take the needed training—upgrade their skills and knowledge to become more employable.

Training costs money.Some government tax dollars are directed to programs that help the poor get jobs.

But even when jobs are available, some of the unemployed don\'t want to work.They would rather have a handout.

These people have to be educated to realize how much fuller their life would be if they were not dependent on charity.

I think the government should attack unemployment by reducing the tax rate.That would put more money into people\'s pockets, then they would spend more, and the spending would create more jobs for the poor.

Many people would agree with you.

Did you hear? Next week\'s lottery will be 28 million dollars! You got your ticket yet? I don\'t buy lottery tickets, and I don\'t gamble in other ways, either.Lottery tickets are just another way of taxing the poor.What do you mean by that? Many of the big spenders on lottery tickets are poor.They are spending money they can\'t afford to spend.I just buy lottery tickets for fun.You know...the first prize is a huge amount, and if I won, it would be exciting.

You don\'t need the money to enjoy life, so for you it\'s a game.But when the poor buy lottery tickets, it is often out of desperation.If they can\'t afford it, they shouldn\'t buy the tickets.But the thrill of a win, of something for nothing, is also addictive, and many people are addicted to gambling.You must be right.Casinos are opening everywhere, and many people go on gambling on holidays—you can even take a gambling cruise.Imagine being on an ocean cruise and spending all your time indoors bent over a card table or a roulette wheel.

Maybe there should be some programs to help people overcome their gambling addictions, something similar to Alcoholics Anonymous.

There\'s indeed an online program that can help.But nobody can force gamblers to join it.They must first want to be cured themselves.

I was raised speaking English, but I also spoke Spanish at home.When I went to school for the first time, I was enrolled in ESL claes—claes of English as a second language.I was also put in the Limited English Proficiency Program.In all those claes, I always got the highest grades.I was the best reader and speaker.There was no reason for me to be in any of those claes.When my parents discovered that I was in those claes instead of regular claes with other Englishspeaking students, they went to the school administration to complain about the discrimination.The school had nothing to say.My parents tried to get me out of the ESL claes, but the school fought very hard to keep me there.And then we found out why—for every student the school had in the ESL and Limited English Proficiency Program, they would receive $400.This was pretty devastating.The school\'s only excuse for keeping me there was because I lived in a Spanish-speaking household, and that I was influenced by the way my parents spoke.My parents were outraged, but I remained in the ESL and Limited English Proficiency Program until I was in the fifth grade.Then my parents transferred me to another school where they had friends.The new school gave me an English proficiency test.I aced it.So I didn\'t have to attend those programs for non-native English speakers.I was

finally on the right track and back at the head of the cla.The first school I had attended would have never let me out of those programs or even let me take the test.I was too \"Spanish\" for them.

推荐第6篇：英语

新婚贺词英文版

关键字： 婚礼贺词 婚礼祝词英文 结婚的贺词 结婚贺辞 结婚贺语 新婚贺词 新婚贺词英文 英文婚礼祝福

语英文结婚祝福 英文結婚祝福語 英语婚礼祝福语

英语学习——新婚贺词

Please accept my hearty congratulations upon your marriage.May Peace,Health，Happine and Bright Future attend both your bride and yourself until the end.

值此新婚之际，请接受我的衷心祝贺。愿你和新娘永远和睦、健康、幸福、前程辉煌。

I wish you both the best of luck and, ever-increasing happine as the years go by.

愿你俩福星高照，幸福与日俱增。

I wish you both all the luck and happine life can offer。

祝愿你俩生活美满幸福。

Please accept our most sincere congratulations upon your holy matrimony with...and very best wishes for all the good future in the world.

请接受我对你和……的神圣结合的最诚挚的祝贺，并祝愿你俩幸福无量。

Allow me to join the chorus of congratulations upon your recent marriage.

值你新婚之际，请允许我加入祝福的行列。

My husband joins me in hoping that you have a long and happy and prosperous life together.

我丈夫和我一同祝愿你俩美满幸福，白头偕老。

Wishing you many happy returns of the wedding day.

正值阁下新婚之禧，恭贺幸福无量。

My heart felt congratulations on your coming happy union!

谨向你们即将到来的幸福结合致以衷心的祝贺。

My sincere congratulations on this auspicious event of yours.

值你俩大喜之日，谨致最诚挚的;况贺。

Our best wishes to the two of you for a happy marriage filled with all the good things.

(我们)愿你俩婚姻美满幸福。

Best wishes from one of your old friends on your engagement.

在你们订婚之际，请接受一个老朋友最美好的祝愿。

My very best wishes to you for a lifetime of happine.

向你俩致以最美好的祝愿，祝你们终生幸福。

I take great pleasure in sending here with a little wedding present in celebration Of the happy event.

喜送小小礼品一份，庆贺这一大喜大吉之事。

We send you both our love and best wishes for every happine that life can bring.

我们谨向你俩祝贺，愿你们的婚后生活无上幸福。

Let me wish you and your bride every joy and the best of everything.

祝你和你的新娘幸福欢乐。

I hope you will have nothing but joy and happine in your life together.

我希望你俩的共同生活美满幸福。

May you always have everything you wish for a rich life together.

愿你们事事如愿，美满幸福。

May every happine be yours on this wedding day.Let an old friend of yours send her love and congratulations to you and the groom.

值此婚礼佳日，祝愿幸福无量。请接受一位老朋友对你和新郎的衷心祝贺。

The news of your recent marriage having reached me，I beg to offer my most sincere congratulations.

获悉新婚之喜，请接受我最诚挚的祝贺。

My wife and I are very delighted to hear the news of your marriage.We send you both our love and hope you will have nothing but joy and happine in your life together.

听到你们结婚的消息，我们感到万分高兴。

向你们祝贺，并希望你们的共同生活无比欢乐，无比幸福。

I heartily congratulate you upon your choice of your partner for life since l can\'t think of two people more suited to each other than you two.

I wish you all the happine in the world.

我衷心祝贺你选择了终身的伴侣，因为我不知道有哪一对夫妇能比你俩更相配的了。愿你们尽享人间的欢乐。

My sincere congratulations on your happy marriage and my best wishes to you two for a lifetime of happine.

最诚挚地祝愿你新婚快乐，并向你俩致以最美好的祝愿，祝你们终生幸福。

The best of all good wishes to you both.

祝愿你俩幸福无量。

We wish you both many more anniversaries, each happier than the last.

我们祝你俩今后的周年纪念日一次更比一次幸福。

My heartiest good wishes on the 20th anniversary of your marriage.

May the years to come bring every bleing to you both.

在你俩结婚20周年纪念日之际，致以最衷心的祝意，愿你们年年岁岁称心如意

Heartiest congratulations and best wishes to you both for along life and an ever—lasting happine。

向你们两位表示最衷心的祝贺和最美好的祝愿，愿你们健康长寿，永远幸福。

I send you warm congratulations and hope that there are many more years of happine ahead for both of you.

我向您致以热烈的祝贺，愿你们幸福长寿。

Congratulations to you both and may the years ahead bring you continued joy and contentment.

向你俩祝贺，愿时光老人赐予你们持久的幸福和满足。

Let us wish you both a hundred years of happine.

祝你们百年幸福。

On the occasion of your silver wedding anniversary，I send to you both hearty congratulations and best wishes for health，a long life and happine.

推荐第7篇：英语

构建有效英语课堂之我见

房县门古中学

高明磊

【关键词】构建有效课堂

随着新课程改革的不断深入，初中英语教学已经进入到“构建有效课堂”的新阶段，并取得了一定的成效。与此同时，也还仍然存在着有待解决的问题：不少英语教师正在为究竟如何提高英语课堂效率犯愁。为此，笔者在这里就如何提高英语课堂效率谈几点个人的见解供大家思考，不足之处请广大英语教师及专家们批评指正。

要落实“课堂高效率”工程，真正提高课堂效率，英语教师除了具备必备的综合素质以外，还必须从以下几方面做起：

一、在认真钻研教纲教材、活学活用教师用书并结合学生实际钻研教法的基础上搞好教学设计。

“工欲善其事，必先利其器。”英语教师要想真正提高自己的课堂效率，首先必须在课前搞好教学设计。而深钻英语教学大纲和教材，灵活使用教师用书，了解学生当前的知识现状又是搞好英语教学设计的前提。英语教师只有通过钻透教纲教材，才能全面准确地领会教学大纲要求及教材编排意图，才能站在一定的高度上把握教材的知识体系，才能胜任英语教学工作。在进行具体的英语教学设计时英语教师必须明确这一点：教材只是教学内容的载体，而不是教学内容的全部。因此，教师在进行教学设计及授课时要做到用教材但又不拘泥于教材内容本身，要将教材内容与教学对象有机地联系起来，适当地增减教学内容；在进行单元整体教学设计时应依据该单元教材的内容的多少和难易程度科学地确定课时、教学目标、重难点、教学步骤和教学方法。

二、依据教学内容，采用行之有效的课堂教学策略。

课堂是英语教学的主阵地。如果将构建有效课堂比作是建高楼大厦的话，那么教学设计过程就是设计图纸的过程，教学实施过程则是建造高楼的过程，而建造所采用的方法则是教学策略。不采用科学的施工方法是很难建造出理想的高楼大厦的。同样，如果不采用科学的教学策略，也同样不能构建有效的英语课堂。笔者认为，在英语课堂上采用以下几种课堂策略有助于英语教师提高英语课堂效率：

1.巧妙地创设情境导入新课，营造和谐愉悦的课堂氛围。

良好的开端等于成功的一半。一堂课的导入与课的教学效果有着密切的联系。在英语教学中，新课的导入是很重要的一个环节，它是师生间情感共鸣的第一个音符，是师生心灵沟通的第一座桥梁。新目标英语教材中每一个单元的话题不一样，英语教师要根据授课内容的特点巧妙地创设一定的语境为导入新课服务。

创设情境导入新课的方法很多，例如有游戏法、利用直观教具导入新课、魔术展示法、利用学生感兴趣的话题引入新课等等，但无论采用哪一种方法导入新课，都必须考虑到该种方法能否能激发学生的学习兴趣和学习欲望，能否营造一种和谐愉悦的课堂气氛，能否为后面的课堂教学的顺利开展服务。那种教师一走进教室就听写单词或叫学生背书的方法是万万不可取的。因为这样的教学开端会造成一种紧张的课堂气氛，极不利于课堂教学的顺利开展。英语教师应结合授课内容特点及学生的认知情况灵活多变的创设教学情景，选择能吸引学生眼球的东西或能激发学生学习欲望的话题来导入新课。

1 2.教学思路清晰，课堂结构完整。

英语教师在实施课堂教学过程中要做到目标明确，思路清晰，各环节衔接自然，课堂结构完整。一般情况下，一节结构完整的英语课堂主要包含以下几个环节：热身活动（Warming-up）、复习检查(Checking)——新课导入(Leading-in)——呈现(Presentation)——操练(Practice)——巩固(Consolidation)——小结(Summary)——作业(Homework)。大多数情况下，这只是基本的课堂结构，并不是一成不变的模式，有的环节可以取舍，完善，增补或相互循环，穿插进行，这些就要视教学内容而灵活调整，但必须注意在教学过程中各环节要衔接自然，教学思路要清晰明了。

3.把握最佳教学时域，优化教学过程。

英语教师可根据教学大纲、课程内容、课型、学生能力基础及已有的知识准备，合理分配时间，把握课堂的最佳时域。据心理学家研究，一节课学生思维最佳时刻是上课后的第5分钟到20分钟，这一时间段可以说是课堂教学的最佳时域。教师如果不能很好的把握这一时域，就很难提高课堂效率。事实上，一些英语教师就是因为没有合理的分配时间和把握好最佳时域而导致教学效率不高。其主要原因有二：一是教师未能很好地分析理解教材、确立主次，把握宗旨，从而偏离教学目标，20分钟过去了却还没有切入主题或搞清重点内容；二是教学思想和方法陈旧，学生情感得不到激发，浪费时间精力。因此，要提高英语课堂的时间效率，就必须在最佳时域内完成主要任务、解决关键性问题，并辅之以精心设计的教学方法，使教学过程一直沿着预定的目标进行，学生也会一直处在积极专注的状态之中。

4.针对教学内容，灵活应用恰当的教学方法。

英语课自身的特点决定了英语课课型的多样性。常见的英语课型有：新授课、巩固课、语法课、对话课、阅读课、复习课等。英语教师要针对教学内容特点来确定授课的课型，一旦确立好授课的课型，就应该在进行教学设计时思考采用什么样的教学方法实施于英语课堂。同一教学内容采用不同的教学方法教学效果不同。例如，七年级英语（新目标）下册Unit1 Where’s your pen pal from？ Section A，1a 这一节要求学生认知并掌握Canada，France，Japan，the United States，Australia，Singapore，the United Kingdom，China 这八个英语单词。教师在呈现新单词时如果采用直接法就显得很不科学，学生很难理解掌握这些单词；但如果采用多媒体教学，将这些表示国家的单词与对应国家的地图和国旗联系起来通过屏幕展现在学生眼前，学生就可以非常直观地理解并掌握这些单词，而且还避免了汉语式的教学。可见，形之有效的教学方法在英语课堂上占着不可忽视的地位。当然，英语课堂教学方法有很多，由于篇幅所限，笔者在此就不一一赘述。要强调的是，无论教师在实施教学的具体环节上采用哪一种教学方法，都必须从教学内容、学生状况及是否有利于提高课堂效率出发。

5.搞好激励机制，充分调动学生的积极性。

英语教学是一种多层次多功能综合应用各种感官的活动，是教与学双向作用复杂而又细致的过程。在这个过程中如何激发学生的学习动机，调动学生的积极性，是英语教师应该考虑也必须考虑的问题。英语教师在课堂教学中要对学生在教学中取得的进步给与肯定，适当地采用表扬的艺术，让学生分享成功的喜悦，充分调动学生学习的积极性。

6.控制好课堂容量，搞好课堂小结与检测，科学灵活地布置课后任务。

在英语教学中，我们提倡“大容量，快节奏，高效率”的英语课堂。但是如果教学容量过大，节奏过快，就会造成学生对所学知识掌握不牢，对重要语言点训练不到位，师生不能互动等不良后果。其结果不是提高课堂效率，而是大大降低了课

2 堂效率。因此，教师在英语教学中应根据授课内容和学生的实际状况，控制好课堂节奏和容量，力求做到恰到好处。

三、课后及时进行教学反思。

一节课总会有它的优点与不足。我们在上完一堂课后要及时地对所教授的课进行反思，找出优点与不足，并分析产生不足之处的根源以寻求更好的解决方案，以有利于今后的教学。只有坚持这样做，我们才能真正最大限度地提高英语课堂效率。

总之，提高英语课堂效率应该成为我们全体英语教师长抓不放的一项工程，要构建有效课堂，英语教师必须在课前、课中、课后这三个时间段里认真做好相应的工作，并这样坚持下去，我们的英语课堂高效率工程才会像春起之苗那样茁壮成长。

2013年8月

【参考文献】

1.施方良，崔允淳：《课堂教学原理，策略与研究》，华东师范大学出版社，1999年版。

2.李玉平：《怎样上好一堂课关键要素总论》，光明日报出版社，2006。

3.郭跃进：《新课程教学法》，东北师范大学出版社，2004.5.

4.马秀山：《构建英语有效课堂，着力提高教学质量》（房县教研室英语培训材料）

附：

作者姓名：高明磊

工作单位：湖北省房县门古中学

邮编：442108 电话：15571987168

推荐第8篇：英语

征笔友

Dear Helen :

I am writing this letter in response to your advertisement.// I am a girl of the same age with you.And I come from a happy and warm family,which in cludes my father.my mother and I.I love my family and they love me too.I am working in a factory far away from my hometown.but I didn’t reget for my own choice,for the life here is very colorful and challeng.I am in terested in stamp collection and I have already collected more than 3000 stamps.I also like swimming,playing tennis and some other sports.// I wish that one day.we could be good friends.WANG LIN 污染问题：

Pollution has become a serious problem about which we worry.where ever we turn.we find pollution: polluted air ,polluted water,polluted food and polluted environment.And this is threatening the survival of the humar race.//The real problem with pollution is people.It is people that throw millions of tons of water into rivers.lakes and seas.It is also people that destroy biologic of nature.Ironically.It is the people their selves that must breathe, eat and drink their own pollutants.//We must do sth to solver our enviromental problems, First of all, we must let eveyone see the importance of keeping our enriroment clean.Then we make more strict laws to protect our surroundings from being spoiled.Only when everyone makes a joint-effort to eliminate pollution.can this problem be solved.

看图：两个家长的教育方式

It’s very important to teach how to trent the elolerly.Because the way way the child learns now is the way he/she will treat mothers give the wrong idea to their children.The picture on the left, shows the selfishne of ther mother completely as she tells her son to eat the apple without giving any to his grandma.On the contrary,many mothers treach their children in a proper qay The picture on the right describes a nice mother who asks her son to give the bigger apple to his grandma.//Basically,mothers in our country can be divided into the two sorts as described in the 2 pictures.It’s clear who should be criticized to treat the elderly well is our duty.Do not follow the example of the mother in the left picture.

投诉信：

Dear sir/Madam:

I write this letter of complaint to you because I really can’t stand those pigeons in my corridor any more.My neighbor uncle Li raises many pigeons in the corridor that he shares with us and it’s very noisy with those pigeons flying in and out nowend then.Moreover,it’s always so dirty and smelly with the dropping.eveywhere in the corridor that it’s a suffering to pa by the corridor.//I’ve communicated with uncle Li but he refused to move away his pigeons.so I’d like you to ask him to reconsider it.Because his pigeons have interfered with the life of the whole neighbourhood.

( 再者、此外、而且)moreover /what’s more（而且、此外）/besides(除此之外 )/in addition （另外、加之、除此之外/ again /too// First of all ,second, last but not least(最后但不是唯一)// suchas,for example , for instance .(例如)// To illustrate it（为了阐明它）, I want to take,…for example(我要拿 …举例)// mearwhile(与此同时), otherwise（其他方面、否则）, however.On one hand（一方面）, on the other hand（另一方面）,although（虽然，尽管）// in conclusion（最后，总之）, therefore（因此，所以）, thus tosumup（总之）, consequently（因此）

祝贺朋友

Dear David:

Congratulations on getting a ph.Dinlaw.I know you’re worked so hard in the past three years to get degree,but where theie is a will there is a way , you finally got what you want.I really feel happy for you.I believe your parents must be very proud of you me too.//Do you still remember our talk before you started working on your ph:D?You said you would be great lawyer one day.and now you’re approaching the succe keep working and year dream will come true in the future,I believe it won’t take too long.//By the way,I’m going to washting for a meeting next month,can you show me around the city then?Congratnlations again and please give my regards to your parents.

Yours sincerely 申请兼职

Dear sir:

Inanswer to you advertisement.I wish to apply for a post（公布） as a part-time laboratry（实验室） aistant Nextyear .I will receive a Master’ degree（学位） in biology（生物学）, and this job would give me the experience（经验） I would need for my future career in this field.//As a graduate I have taken many courses in biology, I have developed a great deal of practical experience,and can perform most laboratory procedures（步骤） with little or no difficulty.I like my subject very much I feel awred that I can carry out any aignments（任务） you would give me.//I am enclosing a Resume（继续） and a card addreed to myself,in the hope that you that you will useit to tell me when to come for an inteniew.Note:

June 26th

Dear Jane:

I’m sorry that I can’t meet you a 5 p.m today.Becaust just now I received a note that our Compary will held a meeting at 4 p.m today.And I must at tend.I’m afraid we must make another appoiment in some day.//I know that you must have been disappointed I also feel worried and an xious in my heart.The fact is that my manager at the last moment asked me to prepare a urgent plan while I could not get to a phone to call you.//However,I would like to ask you out this weekend to make up for it.My home and I will cook for you If you have other ideas.Please tellm.Wang Lin

1、表原因：There are three reasons for is.// Thereasons for this are as follows.// The reason for

this is obvions.

2、表好处：It has the following advantages.// It benefits us quite a lot // It is beneficial to us.//

It is of great benefit to us.

3、坏处劣势：It has more disadvantages than advantages.// It does us much harm.// It is

harmful to us.

4、表重要、必要困难、方便、可能：It is important(重要)/neceary（必要）/difficult（困难

的）/convenient（方便）/poible（可能的）for sb.to do sth.

We think it neceary to do sth.// It plays an important role in our life.

5、表采取措施：

We should take some effective(采取) measures(方法).// We should try our best (尽我们最

大努力) to overcome conquer the difficulties.// We should do our utmost in doing sth.// We should solve the problem that we are confronted(faced) with.

6、阐述变化：

Some changes have taken place in the past five years.// The computer has brought many changes ( in education ).// A great change will certainly be produced in…

7、表比较：

Compared A with B ,…// I prefer to do rather than do …(喜欢什么胜过什么) //There is a striking contrast between them(A and B)

8、表看法：

People have /take/adopt/aume/different.attitndes(态度).towards sth.//people have different opinions onthis problem.//people take different views/ on the questionSome people believe that…,Others,argue that…

9、表结论：

In short(简单来说),it can be said that…(能被说成)//From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that…// It may be briefly summed up as follows.

10.套语：

（众所周知）It’s well know to us that… / As is know to us,…// This is a topic that is being widely talked about.// （从上表格）From the graph / table / chart listed above, it can seen that… As proverb says,…//where there is a will, there is a way.(有志者事尽成)。

随着社会的不断发展，其中之一便是……

Along with the advance of the society.more and more problems are brought to our attention.on of which is that…

你说的那件事至于是好的或坏的，人们都有不同的态度。

As to whether it is a bleing or a curse,however,people take different attitudes.

随着社会的发展人们更多的关注…

As society develops,people are attching much importance to…

对良种观点比较后我认同…When conside opinions of both sides,I am inclined to …

如果我在A and B 选择的话，我宁愿选…

If it is up to me to make a choice between A and B , I would rather choose …over.

在我看来：In my opinion…//for my part // In my mind

书信开头：

I am very much delighted to inform you that…// I with in hurry to tell you that…// I have the pleasure to tell you that…// I have the honor to addre you that…// Words can’t expre my delight on finding/receining your letter.

信件结尾：

Hoping you will excuse me for…// Hoping to hear from you soon…//with kind regards to your parents/family //wishing you a pleasanttrip// wishing you every bleing.(祝你好运)

推荐第9篇：英语

参评论文

小学英语绘本教学初探

在信息化、科技化日趋发达的今天，图文并茂，语言精炼的绘本故事在小学英语教学中盛行已久。但是每每说起小学英语绘本教学，初出茅庐的我常常会抱怨找不到合适的绘本来展开教学，找到了也觉得利用绘本展开教学有一定难度。

偶然的一次机会，我在英语学习网站上发现了这样一个英语绘本动画“Bear and Wolf”，绘本的梗概如下: Bear and wolf are good friends.In spring, they fly kites together, roll together.In summer, they swim and climb trees together.But in fall, bear becomes busy.He looks for a hole and gets a lot of food.Wolf is sad and talks to his mom.Mom says“winter will coming, many animals are busy for the cold winter right now.Bear will sleep a long time in winter.When spring comes , you can play together again.” Wolf waits and waits.Spring is coming.Wolf and bear play together again.Wolf is very happy.It’s spring.当时看完这个动画绘本之后，觉得这么有意义的绘本用来教学我们PEP教材五年级上册Unit2 《My Favourite Season 》多好啊。

初试

于是我在教学这课时让学生观看了这个动画视频，小学生对于英语动画很感兴趣，但是观看之后从学生的反馈来看，感觉学生仅仅是在观看动画，大致了解了故事的内容，但是故事中的英语语言他们并不是特别清楚，更不会运用语言，尤其是还有个别陌生的单词参杂其中，更加增加了难度。怎么办呢？我着实觉得这是一个非常好的绘本资源，如何处理这个绘本，展开教学活动，帮助学生更好地理解和运用语言呢？

再试

我凭借着初生牛犊不怕虎的劲头，尝试着将视频截取，并进行适当改编如下：

In spring, they fly kites and roll together.In summer, they swim and climb trees together.

In fall, bear looks for a hole.Bear looks for some food.Wolf is sad.

Oh, my kid, many animals are busy„„

Spring is coming.Bear and wolf play together again.原本的动画故事更为复杂，狼对熊产生了种种误会，如熊自顾在吃东西，熊和蛇在谈话，没有理睬狼„„这些内容都进行了删减，使得绘本故事教学简单易学，语言精炼，每一幅图画都配有较为简单的句子，再配上声音与背景音乐，将五下第2单元第一课时的spring winter summer fall四个新单词融入到了故事中去，随着时间的变化，故事发生了变化，并在教学尾声自然而然引出了what’s your favourite season ,wolf/bear?的句型，让学生假装wolf 或是bear来回答，学生会根据故事内容来猜想wolf 或是bear所喜欢的季节并作出相应的回答。

三试

上完之后，觉得我这个绘本纯粹是为教学单词而找出来读给学生看看，教学效果不好，没有点燃学生思维的火花，主导这个故事发生的是我，他们只是个旁观者。而且我认为好的英语绘本不仅仅在讲述一个故事，更在演绎着经久不衰的主题，蕴藏着深刻的内涵，往往会给学生较为深刻的情感体验。于是我继续潜下心来琢磨，为了让学生参与进来，为了最后能给学生深刻印象，为了增加故事的趣味性，我将这个绘本改成了与图相配套的一个个小对话

W: It’s spring.We can fly kites.B: We can roll, too.W: Yes, it’s so nice.B: (climb trees) it’s hot.It’s summer.W: Yes, let’s swim.B: Good idea.W: Bear, bear, what are you doing? B: Not much.W : Bear, bear, what are you doing? B: Not much.W: Wuuuuuu, I am sad.bear don’t play with me.W:Mom, bear don’t play with me.M: Oh, because it’s fall.Bear is busy.W: Why? M:Bear will sleep a long time in winter.W: Really? I wait wolf.B: Oh, it’s spring.B: Wolf ,wolf ,I mi you .W: I mi you, too.B: let’s play.W: OK.

以上只是故事的内容，在教学这个绘本时，我设计好几个让学生发挥想象的空间，让学生参与到故事的发生中来，为了减轻学生的任务难度，也会适时提供一些支架来帮助学生更好地完成任务。其中最后一个环节春天来了，bear 和wolf又在一起玩了，他们会玩什么？play sports, plant trees, swim ,fly kites, climb mountains, have a picnic等等，让学生猜测，不仅为之后B部分的教学作了铺垫，而且学生脑海想象着他们一起玩的场景时也是他们开始感受friend 的时候，我想每个学生从这个故事中会对朋友的定义会有不同看法，我最后没有用The real friend is forever! Friendship is forever! 等揭示主题的句子，我想他们自会有个健康积极的认识。最后拓展巩固部分让学生填写了缺少summer fall winter spring的文本，并让他们选择其中一段或全部表演。

分享

初步进行英语绘本教学虽然不是很成功，有很多地方不成熟，但是对于英语绘本教学的兴趣浓烈，收集了不少英语绘本教学故事，我想仅凭一人之力是有限的，我们应该做到资源共享，共同探讨，最终让学生获益，现将他分享如下：

1、The scarecrow and the storm 梗概：在稻田里有一个稻草人，许多动物和昆虫都对他充满了好奇，“这个奇怪的东西是什么呢？”当晴天的时候稻草人能把啄食的鸟儿们吓跑，当太阳猛烈时，许多动物可以到他下面乘凉，当起风下雨了，动物们都避雨去了，稻草人孤孤单单地还在原地淋雨，动物们开始想办法帮助他，用一些垃圾袋，牛奶盒等给做了雨帽、雨衣、雨靴等等，稻草人与朋友们都很开心。

用于教学PEP四下It’s warm today 第一课时，并可拓展I like ____days.I can_________.2、The Broken Vase

Dan, What can we do? We can paly the ball.Oh,no.Oh ,on.we broke mom’s favourite vase.What can we do? Mom will be really mad.We can hide them somewhere.

We can hide in the kitchen.But mom often open the door in the kitchen.What can we do？

We can hide in the bedroom.

We can hide in the bathroom.But mom often wash the clothes in the bathroom.What can we do? We can go back to the living room and tell mom the truth.

We are sorry, we broken your favourite the vase.It’s OK, I am very happy.Because you are honest.适合在五年级进行教学，巩固旧知同时，学习新句型What can we do? We can „„

3、贪吃的小猫

梗概：两只猫，一只比较细心，一只很顽皮，他们饿了，去厨房找吃的，发现了奶油蛋糕，细心的猫要洗手再吃，顽皮的猫立马抓起就吃，wow, it’s sweet.之后他们又在冰箱里找到了柠檬，细心的猫要用刀切开吃，顽皮的猫一口咬下去，oh, it’s sour.接着他们又发现了咸肉，鱼，胡萝卜等，依次出现了It’s salty.It’s tasty.It’s fresh.等句型。用于教学五年级上册P31的教学内容。

总结：

经过三次尝试与琢磨，自然是一次比一次好，但是还是相当不成熟，始终感觉自己在进行英语绘本教学创作时，一直找不到一个思维的井喷点，此次绘本教学的魅力并没有展露无疑，除了硬件条件有限之外，软件条件方面告诉我我还要继续潜心研究，多弯下腰与孩子聊天，了解他们的小世界，多寻找国外的绘本故事，或是其他的绘本故事，为原本就缺少英语语言环境的孩子们提供更多原汁原味的语言，让他们感受到英语语言的魅力。这是一条艰难，漫长的路，需要我们去不断地摸索前行。

推荐第10篇：英语

大学英语学习心得体会

这半年的英语学习生涯，让我感慨颇多!回想起，那个时候上课的情况，一切是那么的清晰，仿佛就像是发生在昨天一样。 通过这半年的英语学习，我对于目前的英语教学方面有以下的看法：虽然在教学内容较单一的情况下，但在英语教学方式方面相对来说，教学形式还是较丰富多彩的，具体地说： 在大学英语课堂教学中，老师采用了有趣生动的教学内容呈现形式，如：游戏化地教学活动、小组讨论、课堂辩论、学生上讲台、看音像资料等来传授教学内容。 对这种形式的教学，我觉得很不错! 与我们高中枯燥的英语课堂相比，这种利用各种喜闻乐见的活动教学方式，让教学内容的呈现方式更乐意被我们接受，提高了我们对教学内容的接受程度。 当然，采用何种教学形式，取决于学生的年龄、性格特征、班级规模、班风等实际因素。显然采用了合适的教学形式能较大地激发学生学习。 另外，另一种值得一提的教学安排就是英语PPT展示。 对于英语的PPT展示的教学安排，很多人不支持，觉得没意义，不如不用上课更好。 但我个人觉得，它是利远大于弊的。 因为这种教学安排给了我们很多的学习空间，让教学的互动性与学生的自主学习的激情给充分调动起来，同时也是一个很好的考验个人的自我约束的意识。 只是，在这转变过程当中，老师等要学会引导这些学生，这样这种教学方式将会真正达到提高学生的自主学习能力的目的。 就我个人的情况来说，通过每一次的英语PPT，我也接触到了更加丰富的英语学习资源，开阔了视野，掌握了利用个人展示这一强大的平台来锻炼我们，同时也增强了自主学习的意识。 总的来说，这目前大学的英语教学安排还是不错的，当然，还需进一步的发展完善.

第11篇：英语

说课模板

各位老师，大家好：

我是小学英语组x号考生，我今天说课的内容是人教版小学英语五年级上册Unit 2 My days of the week Part A Let’s learn。我将从以下六个方面进行说课：

一、说教材，

二、说学生，

三、说教法学法，

四、说教学设计，

五、说板书设计，

六、说课程资源开发。

一、说教材

本课选自人教版小学英语五年级上册第二单元第一部分，本课的主要内容是_______,为本单元以后的学习奠定了基础。该部分内容与生活联系密切，能激发学生的学习兴趣。

根据本节课的教学内容和新课标的要求制定三维教学目标：

知识目标：

能够听说读写以下单词：Monday，Tuesday，Wednesday，Thursday，Friday 能够听懂问句：What day is it today? What do we have on Mondays? 并能做出正确回答。 能力目标：

在提高学生听说读写能力的基础上，学生能灵活运用所学内容描述星期及课程表，并进行简单交流。 情感目标：

通过学习，引导学生乐于助人，珍惜时间，好好学习；并培养学生用英语交流的意识和合作精神。 本课的重点和难点是：

五个四会单词：Monday，Tuesday，Wednesday，Thursday，Friday 尤其是这五个单词的读写，由于音节较多，难以上口，是教学中的重难点。

二、说学生

小学五年级的学生在学习了两年的英语之后有一定的英语基础，学生已经掌握了______，但是对_____还很陌生。此阶段的学生与三年级的学生相比，对英语的好奇心和学习兴趣有所下降，这就要求教师在英语教学中要把激发学生的学习兴趣放在一个重要位置。

三、说教法学法

教学有法，教无定法，贵在得法。根据新课标的要求，我将采用情境教学法，任务型教学法的方法进行教学。

通过创设情景，让学生在一定的情境背景下进行交流，灵活的学习和掌握知识，激发学习英语的兴趣；

给学生布置任务，让学生通过交流合作，在教师的指导下完成任务，并展示任务成果。

授人以鱼不如授人以渔，教师要指导学生形成合作学习，探究学习，主动学习的意识，并不断实践练习。此年龄阶段的学生，开始出现竞争学习的倾向，教师要加以正确引导，让学生进行适度竞争学习。

四、说教学设计

教学设计主要坚持词不离句，句不离篇的原则，在整体的语言环境中进行语言教学。教学设计有以下五个环节：1.热身导入，2.新课呈现，3.操练体验，4.拓展运用，5.巩固提高。

热身导入 这部分用5分钟

利用图片呈现不同的课程类型，并提问Which cla do you like? 以此复习不同课程的表达法。

根据教学内容，我编写了一个chant，并制作成音频呈现，chant的内容是what time is it？what time is it？It’s 9 o’clock, It’s 9 o’clock, It’s time for English cla.以此创设轻松地英语环境。接着，我开始编故事，设情境：We will have a new clamate, John.We will show the time schedule to John.How can we help him? 在创设英语情境，激发学生兴趣的同时，引导学生形成乐于助人的良好品质。 新课呈现 这部分10分钟

利用活动挂图呈现故事，图先展现的是John和我们学生的场景，然后再呈现我们班的课表。播放我提前录制好的音频，听故事，回答问题：what day is it today？故事的内容是：John：what day is it today? Students : it’s Monday.John: what do we have on Mondays? Students : let me see.We have …听后回答问题。顺势提问学生：do we have a math cla/Chinese cla on Mondays? 深入提问what do we have on Mondays? 此处要强调复数形式以及on的用法。讲完Monday之后，出示一张7月份的日历图片，引导学生从日历上识读Monday，Tuesday，Wednesday，Thursday，Friday，这几个单词发音较难，需通过强化阅读，划分音节,寻找规律的方式让学生记忆。之后借助教育云，跟读录音，规范学生发音。

操练体验 这部分用15分钟

同桌合作，分别扮演John 的角色，运用刚学过的句型为John 介绍周二到周五的课程，并上台展示。让学生通过情景故事续写，角色扮演，能够理解新知识，并进行简单交流。

根据Let’s play部分，改进转盘游戏。小组合作游戏，一名学生写下Monday 到 Friday 的一个单词，并问 what day is it？其他三人猜，猜对者再回答出题人的问题：what do we have on。。。一局过后转换角色，练习一轮后，找一小组上台展示。通过趣味操练，熟练掌握重点句型问答。

先听再跟唱let’s chant，巩固新知识，为下面的拓展做准备。根据学生的生理特点，此时我设计了一个相对轻松的学习任务，让学生稍作调整。

拓展运用 这部分用5分钟

给学生布置任务，制作我心目中的理想课表。同桌合作，一人用we have。。。on Mondays的句型描述自己心目中的课表，同伴根据描述写出课表。并交换练习。之后将我的理想课表展示给大家看。对于书写规范的课表，用实物投影进行展示。这一任务有利于锻炼学生的听说能力，促进语言的综合运用，上台展示还有利于锻炼学生的心理素质。

巩固提高 这部分5分钟

为了响应高效课堂的号召，让学生尽可能的做到当堂清，我设计了做练习的环节，由于单词较难，练习是填字母补单词的形式，如Friday，让学生填ri，使学生学会听音能写。

最后，通过齐读板书，总结本节内容。

作业，让学生听Let’s learn 的录音，再读给父母听。

五、说板书设计

本着层次分明，重点突出的原则，我做出如下板书设计，中间上方是单元题目，左侧是重点短语，右侧是重点句型。

六、说评价

要坚持以形成性评价为主，评价形式多样的原则。我除了运用鼓励性的语言外，还用实物投影展示学生制作的课表，发放赏识星，课下让学生以小组为单位进行自评互评。

七、说课程资源开发

我的课程资源开发主要涉及以下三方面： 教材方面我利用了Let’s chant，let’s learn录音；

师生方面我创设了为John介绍课表的情景，让学生自制课表； 现代教学手段方面我制作了精美的PPT，利用白板、实物投影，开发利用了教育云。

我的说课到此结束，谢谢大家。

第12篇：英语

On this season I have but one thing to say: I love you.

值此佳节，我只有一句话要告诉你：我爱你

You\'re the best present I ever received.

你是我所收到的最好的礼物。

I only want you for New year!

我只要你作为我的新年礼物！

I give all my love to you this New year.

值此佳节，献上我对你所有的爱。

Even though we are apart, you are in my heart this season.

千山万水，隔不断我在佳节对你的思念。

I want you stuffed in my stocking.

我只要你塞在我的袜子里。

I want to be in your arms this New Year.

我要在你的怀抱里度过今年的春节。

My heart is my New Year present to you.

我的心就是我奉献给你的新年礼物。

You are the one for me this New Year and for many New Years to come.

在此新年和未来的每个新年里，你都是我唯一的爱！

I will be yours forever!

我永远属于你！

Let\'s never spend our New Year apart.

让我们永不独享新年。

My arms are wide open for you this New Year.

我张开双臂，盼与你共度新春佳节。

Here\'s a tender New Year ki from you know who.

你的心上人献给你一个温柔的新年之吻。

I\'m only thinking of you this New Year.

在此佳节，唯有你在心中。

I hope all of our New Year are this bright!

愿所有的春诞节都如此欢快明亮！

给朋友的祝福语_新年祝福语(英文版)

难忘的是你我纯洁的友情，可贵的是永远不变的真情，高兴的是今生与你有缘.花开花谢，此消彼长，云卷云舒，又是一年。愿时间更替带给你美丽心情，飘送着我的祝福，萦绕在您的身边。祝你新春快乐！快乐每一天！

Happy new year, my best friend.

祝我的挚友新年快乐。

A New Year greeting to cheer you, my good friend.

希望新年祝福给你带来欢乐，我的好朋友。

We will be having New Year Party at Wang Ping\'s this year.You are welcome to join us!

今年我们要在王平家开新年晚会，欢迎你也来！

Take your paion and make it come true.

发挥你的热情，让理想变为现实。

I hope we can spend the holidays together.

希望我们能一起过春节。

To Hong from your good friends at Peking U.

送给红——北大的一群好友。

Best of luck in the year to come.

愿你在未来的一年里，吉星高照。

Wish all the best wishes for you.

献上最美好的祝愿。

Wish many good wishes for the holidays and the coming year.

新的一年，向你献上最诚挚的祝福。

Wishing you all the bleings of a beautiful season.

愿你拥有美丽的新年所有的祝福。

May its bleings lead into a wonderful year for you and all whom you hold dear.

祝福你及你所爱的人新的一年中万事如意。

To wish you special joy at the holidays and all year.

祝你在节日和新的一年中享有无限的快乐。

新年祝福语(英文版)_给教师的祝福语

您是春蚕，无怨无悔地吐丝，只为结出造福天下的茧；你是雨伞，义无返顾地被雨打湿，只为保护千万被您悉心呵护的桃李；你是船桨，心甘情愿地辅佐驾船人，只为带领船客通往美好的远方……老师，我不知如何感谢您，可内心的激动却始终难以平静。

Much joy to you in the upcoming year.

愿您在新的一年充满快乐。

Thank you for all you have done for us.

感谢您为我们所做的一切。

We\'ll be here after the New Year.

新年过后，我们会再回来。

We won\'t forget you this holiday season.

假期里，我们不会忘记您的。

Thank you for your hard work and patience on this holiday season.

值此佳节，谨对您的辛勤栽培表示感谢。

Thank you for not as signing homework this holiday season.

感谢您没有留假期作业。

I look forward to your cla after the new year.

我期待着新年过后，再上您的课。

Wishing you and your family a very happy new year.

祝福您及全家圣诞快乐。

A happy new year from all of your students.

祝您新年快乐，您的全体学生敬上。

New year is a time for gladne and rejoicing …because there is no cla.

新年是喜庆的日子——因为不用上课。

May happine follow you everywhere …just like we do.

愿快乐随时与您同在——如同我们与您寸步不离。

It\'s really a shame we can\'t be together at that moment.

我们不能在一起过春节真是太遗憾了。

Best wishes for you and your family.

祝福您及您的家人。

We offer New year bleings to you.On this season I have but one thing to say: I love you.值此佳节，我只有一句话要告诉你：我爱你

You’re the best present I ever received.你是我所收到的最好的礼物。

I only want you for New year!我只要你作为我的新年礼物！

I give all my love to you this New year.值此佳节，献上我对你所有的爱。

Even though we are apart, you are in my heart this season.千山万水，隔不断我在佳节对你的思念。

I want you stuffed in my stocking.我只要你塞在我的袜子里。

I want to be in your arms this New Year.我要在你的怀抱里度过今年的春节。

My heart is my New Year present to you.我的心就是我奉献给你的新年礼物。

You are the one for me this New Year and for many New Years to come.在此新年和未来的每个新年里，你都是我唯一的爱！

I will be yours forever!我永远属于你！

Let’s never spend our New Year apart.让我们永不独享新年。

My arms are wide open for you this New Year.我张开双臂，盼与你共度新春佳节。

Here’s a tender New Year ki from you know who.你的心上人献给你一个温柔的新年之吻。

I’m only thinking of you this New Year.在此佳节，唯有你在心中。

I hope all of our New Year are this bright!愿所有的春诞节都如此欢快明亮！

On this season I have but one thing to say: I love you.值此佳节，我只有一句话要告诉你：我爱你 You\'re the best present I ever received.你是我所收到的最好的礼物。 I only want you for New year! 我只要你作为我的新年礼物！

I give all my love to you this New year.值此佳节，献上我对你所有的爱。

Even though we are apart, you are in my heart this season.千山万水，隔不断我在佳节对你的思念。 I want you stuffed in my stocking.我只要你塞在我的袜子里。

I want to be in your arms this New Year.我要在你的怀抱里度过今年的春节。

My heart is my New Year present to you.我的心就是我奉献给你的新年礼物。

You are the one for me this New Year and for many New Years to come.在此新年和未来的每个新年里，你都是我唯一的爱！ I will be yours forever! 我永远属于你！

Let\'s never spend our New Year apart.让我们永不独享新年。

My arms are wide open for you this New Year.我张开双臂，盼与你共度新春佳节。

Here\'s a tender New Year ki from you know who.你的心上人献给你一个温柔的新年之吻。 I\'m only thinking of you this New Year.在此佳节，唯有你在心中。

I hope all of our New Year are this bright! 愿所有的春诞节都如此欢快明亮!

第13篇：英语

英文写作模板

小作文常用模板

信函

1． 邀请函

Dear_____,

I am writing this letter to invite you to ______________________.I think it would be a great idea if you could participate in____________.

Please accept my invitation and let me know at your convenience as soon as poible.I would be looking forward to your coming with great pleasure.

Yours Sincerely,

_________

2． 申请函

模板：

Dear_____,

I am writing this letter to try to apply for ______________________.I think it would be a great honor for me if you can grant this opportunity for me.

I will be really appreciated if you can give me this chance.I would be looking forward to your reply with great pleasure.

Yours Sincerely,

_________

3.投诉信

模板

Dear_____,

I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______.

(I am writing this letter in purpose of making a complaint about______________.)The reason for my diatisfaction is _________________.

I will be really appreciated if you can do something to change this situation.I would be looking forward to your reply and thank you for your consideration.

Yours Sincerely,

_________

4． 感谢信

模板：

Dear_____,

I am writing this letter in purpose of expreing my heartfelt gratitude for ______________.It is really kind of you that _________________.

Words are beyond me to expre my thanks to your kindne.Thank you again.

Yours Sincerely,

_________

5． 道歉信

模板

Dear_____,

I am writing this letter in purpose of expreing my apology that ______________.

I feel terribly sorry about this.

Once again, I am very sorry for any inconvenience caused.I will be really appreciated if you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.

Yours Sincerely,

_________

6． 祝贺信

Dear_____,

I am writing this letter in purpose of expreing my congratulations that ______________.You may not imagine how excited I was when I got the news.I am just as proud as you are and send my hearty congratulations.

Please accept my warmest congratulations.I wish you a great succe and fulfillment in the year ahead.

Yours Sincerely,

_________

7． 建议信

Dear_____,

I am writing this letter in purpose of providing some conductive suggestions.In my opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions._______________________

I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discu this matter with you to further details.

Yours Sincerely,

8.辞职信

Dear _______,

I am writing this letter in the purpose of resigning from my current job.I am very sorry to tell you that____ weeks from today, exactly on_______, I will be leaving your company.I loved being part of the team and working for this company.I also enjoyed my colleagues as well as working on projects while I stay here.However, I found a position that allows me to have a more flexible time.It was a great honor for me working here at this company.I will surely mi the friendship that I felt among the company’s work groups.Thank you for your cooperation and understanding.

Yours Sincerely,

大作文常用模板

议论文

(一) 问题解决型：

模板一

The market economy has brought China both benefits and headaches, one of which is the problem of _____主题__________.There is no denying that serious social problems will arise unle this problem is properly solved.As a result, it is eential for us to explore ways to cope with it.

The negative aspects caused by this phenomenon can be briefly illustrated as follows.缺点一，二，三.(First of all, besides, at last)

As a matter of fact, there are many ways that can contribute to solving this serious problem, but I think the following ones may be most effective.Every one should make a special effort to avoid the bad effect.The government ought to spare no efforts to set up some policies and laws to achieve the goal.Although it can not be eliminated in a short period of time, there is no doubt that attention must be paid and it is clear that task demands great efforts.As long as we combine our efforts together, there is greater poibilities that we can manage to solve the problems.(186words)

（二）积极有利型：

As the society becomes more and more advanced and complicated， （主题 ）plays a more and more important role in the life of individual members of the society and in the development of the society itself.It is universally acknowledged that (主题) arouse more public attentions.

有利处一，二，三 (initially, what’s more, the last but not the least)

From what has been clearly discued above, I can definitely come to the conclusion that (主题) is something that we cannot develop without, especially in our fast-developing hi-tech society, because it can not historic and realistic significance.It is, therefore, high time that we took action to get full use of (173words)

（三） 利弊分析型：

模板一

Nowadays，It is universally acknowledged that (the improvement of the living standard of people but also in the development of the society.However，when it comes to (题)， while others are against such choice.

Those who are in favor of (优点一，二，三， （To begin with, in addition, lastly）

Like everything else, we are all aware that ( 主题) has both favorable and unfavorable aspects.But I believe that the positive aspects carry more weight than the negative ones.There must be some measures taken to hold back the disadvantages.Therefore ,if we make all our efforts to avoid the disadvantages and make full use of the advantage, surely, we will benefit from （主题）(199 words)

模板二

When it comes to _____主题______, different people have different attitudes towards it.Some people believe that _____主题_______ will bring us a lot of opportunities, while others argue that it will imply many challenges to us as well.There is probably some truth in both statements.

__________.What’s more, _______优点二_______ And most important of all,_优点三______________.

However, just as everything has two sides, it undoubtedly brings about some challenges along with opportunities.To begin with, _______缺点一____________In addition, ______缺点二____________.

Based on what has been discued above, I may reasonably conclude that __主题_____ is like a double-edged sword, which presents us challenges as well as opportunities.Therefore, we should try our efforts to make full use of the opportunities of ______主题_____, and at the same time strive to make ourselves well prepared in every aspect to meet the challenges.(153 words)

(四) A or B型

第一段：

Nowadays，there is a widespread concern over 主题一and 主题二.When asked about which is more important , different people often offer different answers， it is inevitable to make choices between them.An overwhelming majority of people would like to give first priority to 主题一，while other people hold different ideas.

第二段：

As a matter of fact, 主题一优点，主题一缺点

On the other hand, 主题二优点，缺点。

第三段：

From what illustrated above, It is not difficult to find out that ( 你认为重要的主题) carry more weight than （另一主题），because 继续说优点.Which one is more beneficial, A or B? The answer will not be exactly the same.It depends on people’s own preference.Everyone should make a suitable choice according to his own idea.

图表作文模板：

As can be clearly seen from this graph, great changes have taken place in the number of _____________.__________has been increased/decreased from________in _______to ______in ________.As a matter of fact, this phenomenon is very prevalent in our society, which shouldn’t be ignored by us.

When it comes to the reasons for the changes, different people give different explanations.Here I shall just give a few.

图画作文模板：

As can be clearly seen from this cartoon, a thought-provoking phenomenon is depicted in a vivid manner.What we see in this picture is that______________________.In fact, it goes with saying that we should attach more importance to it.

第14篇：英语

汇川区教育局

2011年春季学期期末工作会通知事宜

一、局办公室

1.我局与日报、晚报联办的专栏已刊发了航天小学等5期宣传报道，7-8月将安排4期，请相关学校根据局办公室安排及时组稿并确保质量。

2.2011年上半年党员发展和转正工作已完成，请各校及时将新党员纳入支部开展组织生活；教师招考工作结束后，请各校通知新录用教师中的党员尽快转入组织关系。

二、人事教育股

1.2010年新进事业单位人员培训、转正定级工作，“三爱”集中学习总结、自查自评阶段学习要求，班主任复赛工作，2010—2011年支教工作的考核和2011—2012年支教审批工作，教师节评优表彰工作，已下发文件通知各单位，请各单位在规定时间内完成。

2.上半年绩效工资的测算审批工作已完成，请各单位抓紧时间办理，同时认真做好考核发放工作，并将发放情况上报局人事教育股。

3.8月底将举行班主任决赛，市教育局还将组织2010年新进中学教师的岗位培训，请各校密切关注通知，按时组织相关人员参加。

4.人事部门尚未出台今年的职称评审文件，

25、30年教龄的上报工作亦未接到上级通知，请各单位关注通知。

三、计财基建股

1.根据省教育厅、省财政厅关于“优美教室工程”建设相关文件精神（详见汇川教育网滚动通知栏相关转发文件），决定在全区农村义务教育阶段学校实施“优美教室工程”，为加快推进此项工作，作四点要求：

①各农村中小学要加强组织领导，立即安排布置开展工作，严格按照《农村普通中小学校建设标准》、《关于在全省农村义务教育阶段学校建立课桌椅及教学设备维修更新机制的通知》等规范要求，对学校所有教室的设施（课桌椅、讲桌、黑板、门窗、灯具、地面、墙面等）进行全面清查，同时要结合清查实情，切实制定学校“优美教室

工程”总体规划和分年度建设、采购计划，并于7月15日前将计划上报局计财基建股。

②各农村中小学所差课桌椅的采购计划已上报局计财基建股统一进行政府采购，其余建设、采购计划由学校按相关程序实施，实施情况须在每月25日前上报局计财基建股。

③各农村中小学要预算好“优美教室工程”建设资金，要将2010年农村中小学公用经费提标资金按不低于40%的比例，集中预算用于维修和更新课桌椅等教室设施，其他资金来源严格按相关文件执行。

④各校要确保秋季学期开学前优美教室工程建设初见成效。局计财基建股将在8月中旬对工程实施情况进行督查，对实施不力的学校将通报批评并限期整改。

2.为进一步规范学校收费行为，区教育局、区财政局联合下发了《关于开展中小学教育收费银行代收试点工作的通知》（汇教计[2011]7号），拟从2012年起，在城区学校开展中小学教育收费银行代收工作。为开展好此项工作，要求如下：

①今年秋季学期遵义十六中、同济小学、育才小学三所学校作为试点，三校要严格按文件精神开展好相关工作。

②其余城区学校要在2012年4月前完成学生信息录入工作，并收集学生户口本复印件，于2012年4月20日前将相关资料报局计财基建股何权英老师处。

3.为确保我区教育系统今年9月起正式实施“校财局管”工作，请各校利用暑假全面清理学校会计账务，将清理完毕的2011年会计凭证、账册、报表、银行对账单等资料，在8月中旬移交区教育系统会计核算中心（实行会计电算化的学校打印会计账册上交）。

4.各学校要加强暑期校园安全保卫工作，切实利用好校园安全保卫专项补助资金，安全保卫专项补助资金预算安排表于7月15日前报局计财基建股，在7月30前完成安保、防火设施设备的采购工作并及时将工作开展情况上报局计财基建股，对逾期未按规定完成工作的学校将通报批评并限期整改。

5.暑假期间有工程建设的学校，要安排现场代表负责项目管理，积极配合施工单位搞好工程建设，要加强建设安全防范工作，确保项

目质量监管和施工进度。各学校要利用暑期积极搞好校园设施维护维修工作，必须保证在秋季学期开学前将新学期所需的各种教学物资准备到位。

四、基础教育股

1.7月12日进行绘画、摄影作品评比，抓紧将作品交到湘江小学。2.7月23-25日全市首届车模航模比赛，请已报名学校认真组织参赛，未报名学校安排人员观摩比赛。

3.暑期将按市教育局安排组织全区武术健身操培训，请各校组织人员参培。

4.开学前做好秋季入学入托查验接种工作安排。5.开学进行学校食品卫生和宿舍管理专项督查。

6.学生科技创新项目资助金近期将下拨到校，各校应按要求用好资助金，建立相关工作档案，为参与全市科技创新大赛做好准备。

7.做好9-10月迎接教育部体卫艺专项督查准备工作。

8.开学将在五中举行学校红十字会授牌仪式和急救知识培训，现有遵义五中和航天高级中学报送申请，请其他学校及时报送成立红十字会申请到基础教育股。

9.9月下旬举行全区中小学生田径运动会，运动会由同济小学协办，请各校按时报名，组织训练。

10.下学期要加强和规范食堂、小饭桌管理。

11.各小学8月22-24日到基教股领学生初中入学通知书，8月28日前发放到学生手中。

12.《按照省教育厅关于在全省普通高中开设选修课程的通知》（黔教基发[2011]230号）要求，各高中学校要开设《贵州省普通高中学生职业生涯规划》和《贵州省民族民间美术》两个选修课程，请学校7月15日前将征订数报基础教育科刘文静处。具体要求咨询刘文静。

五、法规安全股

1.各学校制定和发放学生暑期安全工作告家长书。

2.各学校（园）要在学生离校后，安排一次校园安全隐患的全面排查，并利用假期及时整治。

3.各学校（园）加强防盗工作安排，完善学校办公室、多媒体教

室、实验室和器材保管室等重点部位的防盗设施和设备，强化假期值班人员和安保人员的防盗意识，加强假期学校重要资产的保管。

4.各校（园）要在暑期（汛期）建立健全轮流值班制度，每班要有一名行政领导带班。保持信息畅通，一旦发生险情或事故，要及时组织力量进行抢险和妥善处置，并按程序及时、如实上报。

5.各学校幼儿园要按国家规范落实教育设施的防雷措施，加强检查，及时整改，加强防雷科普知识及雷电灾害基本防御方法，提高中小学生避险、自救能力。

六、纪检监察室

请各校严格遵守纪律，杜绝利用子女高考等办酒席、收受礼金等违纪活动。

七、教研室

1.高中13个学科的新课程教材培训和九年级英语新教材培训，具体培训安排见遵教基[2011]25号文（区教研室6.16日转发），要求各单位按25号文所附的参训人员名单，派遣教师参训，并做好考勤记录。

2.涉及奥克兰大学中学英语骨干教师、农村中小学英语骨干教师培训的相关单位，务必按培训通知的有关精神，安排相关教师按时参培。

3.暑假期间初中教师业务考试定于7月30日举行，各校务必于7月12日前，将参考人员名单上报区教研室莫华红老师处。

4.已经上报参加遵义市中小学骨干教师暑期培训的教师（还包括农村小学、初中英语骨干教师培训），推荐单位不得更换人员。同时，各单位要通知参培教师准时参加，不得浪费指标，因为这是评市级骨干首要条件。

八、远教站

请各校组织好7月15日的远教培训。现尚有部分学校未报参训人员名单，请务必尽快上报。通知参训人员按时到会，中途不得随意缺席，如有特殊情况需向远教办请假。

（招考办、学资中心无通知事宜）

2011年7月8日

第15篇：英语

图画作文

一、考研大作文框架结构：

3段，12句左右，160-250词，5-7个关联词，5-7个从句（多多益善）

1、Introduction：第一段，3句左右

1）图画/表作文：图画/表描述

（1）General description：总体描述（人物+动作+环境或数据变化规律），1句

 As is subtly portrayed in the cartoon: …  As is vividly depicted in the photo above…  With a quote from XXX （2）Details 1, 2, 3：细节描述（挖掘细节词，串联成句），1句

shamefully and regrettably, Unfortunately, ironically, But different form the … （3）Caption/Symbolic meaning：文字说明或象征寓意，1句

 As seen below the drawing, there is a topic which says:+某个具体成分

 The caption indicates that+完整句子

 Undoubtedly, the… serves as a symbol of… 2）提纲/情景作文：现状说明

（1）Background information：背景交代，1句

（2）General talk of the topic：引出主题，1句

（3）Thesis: state specifically what your opinion is：确立论点，1句

2、Body： 第二段，意义阐释，5句左右

1）Topic sentence：Symbolic meaning，主题句，象征寓意，1句

 Through the artistic presentation of the metaphorical and impreive picture, we can be easily reminded of a popular phenomenon in today’s society, that is,… On the one hand… on the other hand. The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to…

 Undoubtedly, the metaphorical and impreive portrayal has subtly reflected the social phenomenon which is not uncommon in China now.2）Argument：论证，3句左右，考研写作四大论证手段

（1） Cause and Effect：因果论证

 Apparently, it sounds reasonable to some extent.But when weighing in the mind, we find there is an apparent tendency underlying this phenomenon/picture:  As economic globalization develops much more rapidly than ever, …, which always goes hand in hand with economy, is experiencing globalization to some extent. If we let this situation go as it is, we do not know where fish will be in the near future.By that time, our environment will suffer a great destruction.

 However, as the society grows more benefit-oriented,…  A disconnect between… and … results in…

cast a gray pall over; take a terrible toll on sb/sth

（2） Exemplification：举例论证

 I can think of no better illustration than the following one(s).  Many much-told stories reiterate…, like the example of…

 … provide a whole pack of vivid and convincing experiences, both of succees and failures, in that consideration.（3） 联系现实：以小见大，把握象征寓意，个体想为群体，具体想为抽象

represent代表，symbolize象征， epitomize是···的缩影，be naturally aociated with自然与···联系起来

（4）正反论证：

 On the one hand… Neverthele, these are not concerns that we can shrug off lightly.On another hand…  … the duality of the relationship between… and….For one thing… for another.The positive aspect is… but there is an obvious dark side. … is a double-edged sword which/that helps to… but also endanger…

 Voices come from many quarters insisting that … but this is a dangerous game: by the time …, it may be too late.3）Summary：小结，概括论证，总结本段，1句

3、Conclusion：第三段，归纳结论/建议措施，4句左右

1）Concluding sentence：结论句，呼应象征寓意，1句

 Apparently, this trend goes quite against our genuine and original purpose of pursuit of wealth and welfare, that is,…

 Concerning the future consequences of present actions, it is imperative for us to get moving to fashion drastic measures. In view of these facts, it is our immediate and urgent priority/ precedence to… 2）Suggestions

1、2：两句结论或两点建议（针对双方提建议），2句

 Extensive publicity should be generated to promote/cultivate… in the whole society.

 An honesty evaluation system and a mechanism of punishment and reward should be created in universities and the society to regularize students’ behavior.

 For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to….For another, we should cultivate the awarene of the public that…

3）包装结尾、展望未来：1句，考研写作三大优秀句型

 Big ships take a while to turn and this is just Step One.With joint efforts of everyone, a brighter future will be just at the next corner.

 We young people who are the master of the future should sever as the pioneer. Every one of us should live up to + noun

 On the whole, I believe that we humans can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a brighter future.（1）倒装句：

 Only in this way can we curb the current evil phenomenon revealed in the picture. 只有这样我们才能解决这个问题。

（2）强调句：It is persistent work that is conducive to your grasping a considerable vocabulary.只有长期学习才有助于你掌握大的词汇量。

（3）虚拟语气：It is high time that we improved the present situation. 我们早就该改进现状了。

下面是我当时准备的一些例子

考研写作六大必考话题： （1）健康： （2）两代关系： （3）环境：

 Li Jiang, Qing Emperor Mausoleum, Beijing Historic Districts are threatened by piles of rubbish.（4）爱心：

When the devastating earthquake hit Sichuan Province severely, people acro the country made united efforts to reconstruct the stricken area and rebuild lives of people suffering the disaster.(爱心、合作) （5）文化：

文化交流：

 Kong Fu panda, a succeful American film in 2008, is based on a Chinese-themed story and combines Chinese traditional wisdoms an American mainstream thoughts. With the extensive spread of Chinese culture, I find that more and more foreigners like wearing Tang Suit, eating Chinese food, and learning Chinese. Another case in point is that traditional Chinese philosophy, Confucianism, has been introduced, accepted and applied into practical use in the western world to boost the effectivene of management; besides, the Enlightenment from the West help Chinese to break the bonds of feudalism and supply the thought basis for China’s great social changes in the end of 20th century.

流行文化：

 A national survey showed 25% of frequent Internet users admitted that they lost courage and skills for interpersonal communication and were reluctant to expre their thoughts and feeling s face to face.（网络）  Right from news acro the corner of the world, wealth of knowledge to shopping, purchasing the tickets of your favorite movie—everything is at your fingertips.（网络） （6）青年面对社会：

 It can be vividly illustrated by the beautiful dance Kwan-yin of 1,000 Hands performed by 20 disabled girls during the CCTV Spring Festival Gala.With the perfect cooperation, these deaf-mute girls change disadvantages into advantages, the impoible into reality.(合作)  Likewise, the romantic rendezvous and succeful docking between “the Shenzhou Eight” and “Heaven-1”

should be attributed to the Chinese scientists’ joint efforts instead of individual accomplishment. For instance, there is a fierce competition in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools.It is not uncommon to find students with positive altitude often excel in the exam eventually.（乐观心态、自信等正面例子）

 Another case in point is Deng Yaping, the internationally famous athlete who is short but becomes a legend in world table-tennis field.Her perseverance, strong will and confidence enable her to win not only 18 major world champions but also respects from all over the world.(万能例子，随便往里面加)  Jack welch, former Chairman and CEO of General Electric, has been highly regarded as one of the World’s Greatest Busine Leaders.In his childhood, he had serious stammer which made him a laughingstock.However, his mother encouraged him, “Your brain is so clever that no tongue in the world could catch up with it.” This inspires little Jack’s confidence and the firm self-belief makes him a legend in busine circles. It is an obvious fact that the development of a person is similar to the growth of a flower.A child under the complete protection of parents can never learn to face the challenge on his own. This is particularly true of children born after the 1990s，who grew up in a time of fast economic growth and in increasingly wealthy families.Being the only child in the family and the focus of the parents and grandparents, the so-called little emperor or empre has not the least idea of what hardship and harshne means.As soon as he grows up and walks out of the protection, he will have difficulty coping with life, and what’s more, will be at a lo when making his own decisions.What concerns us beyond individual growth is that sooner or later our country will be paed to the hands of the younger generation.(生于忧患，死于安乐。面对挫折困难等。)  Another example that occurs to me is the（神舟天宫对接） , which marks the triumphant end of the launch and at the same time, begins a new era for China\'s space exploration.A third example is relevant to ourselves.Four years\' college life is now approaching an end and each of us is standing at a new starting point, either pursuing further study or starting a career.Only when we are well-prepared for this change, can we face the challenge in the future and be the winner of the next stage.(终点又是起点)

第16篇：英语

中国物价

当今国家经济情况下，物价成为了老百姓最关注的情况。近几年来，中国市场经济持续发展，人们的生活水平也在不断提高。

物价在“十二五” 开局之年， 民生问题及老百姓幸福感成为了两会期间讨论的热点。建立幸福感的必要途径是要解决民生大计。何为民生？民生就是让百姓能居有所屋，病

有所医，学有所教，食有所保。但是物价的普遍上涨却使得百姓的生活遭遇了一定的困难和压力。 而根据中国目前的经济发展状况来说，

物价上涨是经济水平不断提高过程

中的一种必然现象。首先，从马克思经济理论方面分析，生产决定消费，消费反作用于生产； 物质资料生产要消费生产资料；而人口自身生产要消费生活资料。所以，随着生产力的提高， 人们的消费水平也随之提高，于是就进一步加速了货币的流通，影响了国家的宏观调控政策。

其次，根据价格机制的相关原理，价值决定价格，价格是价值的货币表现，物价上涨可能导致以下几种情况：

1价值真正增加，就是说生产一件商品的平均劳动时间增加，那么生产商品中所含的劳动价值就会增加；2商品供应少于需求，在供小于求的情况下，物以稀为贵，价格自然上涨。当然也存在一些特殊情况，比如商家一起哄抬物价，造成供小于求的假象，使顾客认为商品中所含的价值量增加，从而使价格升高。 在日常生活中，我们的交换、分配甚至是消费都有不均衡和不公平现象，单从市场来说就意味着我们生产关系的链条出了问题。从我们的社会生产来看，是商家故意形成垄断，哄抬物价。而通货膨胀的实质是社会总需求大于社会总供给。

因此从目前社会总供给和社会总 需求的状况看，中国宏观经济在快速的运行。而快速运行的背后是物价和更多的不公平现象。尽管价值规律是市场经济的基本规律，价值决定价格，价格受供求影响制约围绕价值上下波动。所以物价上涨可能是通货膨胀的表现也可能是供求影响下的价格波动，不能一概而论。08年经济危机时，美元贬值，中国成为最大的债券国，虽然中国也受到周边地区的影响，但国家的宏观调控还是使我们的经济很快的恢复，所以就目前中国的形势来看， 是处于经济飞速发展的阶段， 我们必须也应该控制好节奏， 但是不是进入通货膨胀的局面还是很有争议的。目前可以看做是通货膨胀初期，我们的生产成本增加，消费需求却依然很高，这种矛盾已经通过价格明显表现出来，我们总是进口很多，但出口额却很少，虽然突出的领域很多，可并没有给我们带来巨大的利润。 若从马克思主义哲学唯物辩证法角度来说，物价上涨的原因还有很多方面。第一，世界经济的强劲增长，加大了全球通胀压力。以美国为首的资本主义国家想成为世界霸主，垄断全球经济，而在唯物辩证法中，事物是普遍联系的。

因此全球的通胀压力势必会对中国经济及货币政策产生影响。 在全球经济持续强劲增长的情况下，供应限制因素增强，通胀风险增大。第二，城乡居民收入出现了快速增长态势，百姓的生活水平提高，消费需求增长。辩证法中，

事物是不断发展的，发展是前进的上升的，运动的实质是新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡。

因而随着人们经济收入的增多， 消费能力也在一定程度上得到提高。因此国家应重视大力发展科学教育，实现创新精神，更快更好的发展经济。第三，以股市、房地产为代表的资产价格，食品价格上涨有蔓延之势 。 因为不同的联系构成事物内部和事物之间的

存在状态和发展趋势。所以像食品，住房等生活必需品价格的上涨更是给物价的上涨助了 一臂之力。 物价水平的连续上涨，其原因固然是多方面的，调整物价水平的连续上涨是

一个系统工程，既要抓住重点，又要进行综合治理，既要有长期持久的措施，又

要采取应急措施。国家和我们要以长远的远光看待，贯彻落实科学发展观，牢记习总书记的教导。而这也是马克思主义哲学的两点论与重点论相统一的原理。 主要矛盾与矛盾的主次方面相互联系的原理要求我们坚持两点论与重点论相统一， 看问题， 做事情， 既要全面，又要善于抓住重点和主流。而且，在马克思主义哲学中，意识具有能动性，它具有指导实践改造客观世界的作用。所以，要充分发挥意识的能动作用，采取一定的措施来控制物价上涨。但是， 要坚持一切从实际出发、在实践中坚持和发展真理的原则立足于中国国情， 制定适合中国经济发展的措施.根据中国国情，

要控制物价上涨，可以适当采取以下措施：

1.货币政策手段，中央调节货币供求，稳定物价上涨， 根据国内宏观经济形势的发展状况灵活调整货币政策，稳定市场。虽然我国目前的货币仍然是宽松的，采用紧缩性货币政策手段， 优化财政投资结构和规模扩大消费需求。从制度和机制上增强居民消费能力。

要加强收入分配改革，实现公平分配， 提高城乡居民可支配收入的增长，建立扩大消费需求的长效机制。4.进一步优化投资结构，优先安排，严格控制新项目。继续实行结构性减税，促进产业结构升级和服务业大力发展。发挥财税政策稳定物价的作用，大力支持基本生活必需品生产，。满足人民日常生活需求。在今年的两会期间, 党和政府将加快推进以改善民生作为社 会建设的重点。针对物价上涨过快的情况， 国家会陆续推出各项措施来稳定物价、打击价格违法行为、防止经济增长由偏快转为过热。物价的波动不过是经济生活的正常现象通过国家的宏观调控，迟早会回到合理的本位上来。

，

。

第17篇：英语

【五官并用法】

英语是一种语言，语言运用的最高境界就是四会——听说读写，因此相应的，要耳到口到眼到手到。很多同学在学英语的时候往往只是用了眼睛、或者用了手、用了嘴、用了耳，用了某一个器官，而没有想到在一个单位时间里面，其实可以五官并用，这样的话可以提高自己学习英语的效率。

那么具体是怎么做的呢？拿到一个有声文本，我一般会进行五遍听音。第一遍进行听音不看文本，第二遍，把自己听到的东西写下来，进行听写。第三遍一边放录音，一边对照文本，看自己所听写的内容和原文本有什么差距，尤其是要注意自己写错的和没有听出来的地方。第四遍一边听文本，一边进行跟读，即看文本、听录音，跟读。第五遍不看文本，听录音，进行跟读。

【英语翻查词典法】

我在课余时间就经常阅读一些原汁原味的英文文章，锻练自己的阅读和理解能力，手边常备词典，不懂的单词勤查勤记，而且不局限于平日读书看报时遇到的生词，广告牌、包装袋上的生词，我也会加以留心。很多词其实都是我们日常碰到的，只是看你在平时有没有注意，手要勤一些，把这些生词记在本上，有空时翻一翻，自然就记住了。日积月累，词汇量逐渐丰富，阅读能力也就水涨船高。值得一提的是，英语考试分为听力、单项选择、完形填空、阅读、改错和作文6个相对稳定的部分，复习中一定要有针对性，只是一套套地做卷子既花时间又难以突出重点。我建议同学们最好分专题，找弱项，进行强化练习，完形填空不好就专门训练完形填空，阅读不好就专门训练阅读。在复习阶段，我就是按照这样的思路进行的。当然对于强项的练习也要有所保证，以防手生。这样的方法往往能够立竿见影，收到奇效。

【大声朗读法】我觉得朗读是非常重要的，因为在读的过程中既训练了听力，又提高了阅读水平，更重要的是培养了对英语的语感。语感是在面对英语试题时一种非常重要的能力，有时它是说不清楚的，但往往就是这种能力使我们在考试中能够解决一些棘手的问题。再者，英语的学习应该在平常的生活中见缝插针。仅仅利用在课堂上的时间是远远不够的，我们需要在课后投入大量的时间以巩固和完善。另外就是我们的朗读材料，不仅仅局限于课文，可以读很多的东西，比如说一些英文杂志、英文报纸。而且这些杂志报纸上文章的内容和课文不同，经常会遇到一些生词，是平常的课堂上可能遇不到的，但是在高考中可能会遇到，所以我们在面对生词的时候，就可以搜索以前的一些积累。

【单词时间标记记忆法】 当学习一个新单词时，先按照音标把这个单词准确地读出来，并对照着写出这个单词，记住它的意思，然后在这个单词边写下当天的日期，以后根据日期每隔两天复习一遍，直到自己能熟练地读出、写出为止。

一、“心到”。在课堂上应聚精会神，一刻也不能懈怠，大脑要始终处于积极状态，思维要活跃、思路要开阔，心随老师走，听懂每一句话，抓住每一个环节，理解每一个知识点，多联想、多思考，做到心领神会。

二、“手到”。学英语，一定要做课堂笔记。因为人的记忆力是有限的，人不可能都过目不忘，记忆本身就是不断与遗忘作斗争的过程。常言说，“好脑筋不如烂笔头”。老师讲的知识可能在课堂上记住了，可是过了一段时间，就会忘记，所以，做好笔记很有必要。英语知识也是一点点积累起来的，学到的每一个单词、词组以及句型结构，都记在笔记本上，甚至是书的空白处或字里行间，这对以后的复习巩固都是非常方便的。

三、“耳到”。在课堂上，认真听讲是十分必要的，不但要专心听老师对知识的讲解，而且要认真听老师说英语的语音、语调、重音、连读、失去爆破、断句等发音要领，以便培养自己纯正地道的英语口语。听见听懂老师传授的每一个知识点，在头脑里形成反馈以帮助记忆；理解领会老师提出的问题，以便迅速作答，对比同学对问题的回答，以加深对问题的理解而取别人之长补自己之短。

四、“眼到”。在认真听讲的同时，还要双眼紧随老师观察老师的动作、口形、表情、板书、绘图、教具展示等。大脑里形成的视觉信息和听觉信息相结合，印象就会更加深刻。

五、“口到”。学习语言，不张嘴不动口是学不好的，同学们最大的毛病是读书不出声，害羞不敢张嘴。尤其是早读课，同学们只是用眼看或默读，这样就只有视觉信息，而没有听觉信息在大脑里的反馈，当然记忆也不会太深刻，口部肌肉也得不到锻炼，也就很难练就一口纯正的英语。所以，要充分利用早晨头脑清醒的时间，大声朗读；课堂上要勇跃回答老师提问、积极参与同学间讨论和辩论，课下对不清楚的问题及时提出，要克服害羞心理，不耻下问。对学过的课文要多读、勤读、苦读，可以跟录音机读，竭力模仿其语音语调以纠正发音，要读得抑扬顿挫朗朗上口，一些精典文章最好能背得滚爪烂熟。利用一切可能的机会，练习英语口语，比如，与外教交流、参加“英语角”活动、与同学进行对话、讲英语故事、唱英文歌曲、演英语短剧、进行诗歌朗诵等。除了对课本中的范文要细读精读之外，还要多看些适合我们中学生的课外读物，既可增长知识，又开阔了我们的视野，也提高了我们的阅读水平。

一是持之以恒：每天坚持记忆一定量的词汇，过几天再回头复习一次，这样周期循环，反复记忆，经常使用，就会变短时记忆为长时记忆并牢固掌握。需要注意的是，一旦开始，就要坚持下来，千万不能半途而废，切不可三天打鱼，两天晒网。

二是良好的记忆方法：记忆单词的方法很多，学无定法，但学有良法。我认为，张思中的“集中识词，分类记忆”不失为一种适合中学生的好方法。把中学生应掌握的3500个单词集中汇总，分门别类，先过单词关，然后再学教材，在课本中使用和巩固它们的用法。分类的方法有多种，同一元音或元音字母组合发音相同的单词归为一类；根据词形词性、同义词反义词等集中记忆；把相同词根、前缀、后缀、合成、转化、派生等构词法相同的单词或词组列在一起集中识记印象比较深刻，记忆效果也比较明显。这样每天记40－80个单词，坚持不懈，多联想，多思考，多使用，词汇问题不就解决了吗？在学习的过程中多注视单词的用法和词组的搭配，牢记老师讲过的单词惯用法和句型，这样不仅有助于我们解题，而且在写作时也会信手拈来，运用自如。

把单词记住，了解词性、词义，掌握其固定搭配与习惯用法，背会时态、从句的各种用法，工作只是完成了一半，我们还得将它们应用到实践中去。就像学游泳，光学理论，不下水应用，不等于掌握了这门技术。不必要搞题海战术，但一定量的典型练习来巩固所学知识是必不可少的。先重视基础练习，如课后习题，单元同步练习，这些是针对课堂知识的巩固性练习，不能好高骛远，光想着一口吃个胖子。基础知识掌握后，有的放失地做一些语法方面的专项练习和考试题型的专题练习。特别提倡同学们准备一本“错题集”，把平时做错的具有代表性的试题或语言点记录下来，以备将来查漏补缺，这样对知识的掌握可以达到事半功倍的效果。

英语是一种语言，不是记住了单词、词组、句型和语法项目就是把它学好了，关键在于使用语言，所以在学习英语时一定要注意听、说、读、写、译全面发展。英语学习首先是一个记忆过程，然后才是实践过程。学习英语，无论如何，勤奋是不可少的，它是一个日积月累的渐进过程，是没有任何捷径可走的，也没有所谓“速成”的灵丹妙方，急于求成，不做踏实工作，是学不好英语的。任何成功的获得都要靠自己的努力，要踏踏实实、勤勤恳恳、兢兢业业、一步一个脚印地学习，端正态度，认真对待学习中的挫折和失败。失败并不可怕，可怕的是对自己丧失信心而一蹶不振。对考试的失败，冷静分析，认真思考，只要对胜利充满信心，善于总结经验教训，不断努力，不断追求，胜利一定是属于你们的。

第18篇：英语

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Long Holidays.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.长假给大学生带来的好处

2.长假可能给大学生带来的问题

3.我应当怎样利用好长假

【范文】

Long Holidays

Generally speaking, long holidays are good for us college students.On the one hand, we have a lot of time to study by ourselves and thus improve weaknees and further develop strengths.On the other hand, we can take part-time jobs, which can make us realize responsibility and make ourselves better prepared for social life.

But every coin has two sides.Some students fail to make good use of their time and they are addicted to various computer games.I am afraid that they are likely to ruin themselves in this way.As far as I am concerned, I will try to make the best use of my precious time.I will spend most of my holidays studying English for that I am very poor at it.In addition, I will take a part-time job as private teacher.By this means, I can earn some money and put my knowledge into practice as well.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Social Practice.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.大学生越来越重视参与社会实践

2.社会实践对大学生学习和生活的影响

3.如何正确看待社会实践

【范文】

Social Practice

Social practice is a bridge between their theory and reality.So, in recent years, more and more college students choose to take part-time jobs in or outside school.

In the social practice, students are sure to learn more than their textbooks.Their participation in social practice might strengthen their sense of social responsibility.Their close contact with the working people might help them to apply their knowledge to the solution to the practical problem.But many teachers complain that there are fewer and fewer students who pay attention to their study.

In my view, it’s an undenied fact that students break the balance between their jobs and studies, especially when they fall into conflict.But I think students should spend their spare time taking part-time jobs.Timely participation in social practice will benefit them all through their life.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Intelligence- Nature or Nurture? You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:

1.有人认为智力是天生的

2.也有人认为智力是环境决定的

3.如何更好地发展智力

【范文】

Intelligence-Nature or Nurture?

Nowadays, there is no agreement among people concerning intelligence.Some people

contend that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with.And the closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence.

However, others maintain that environment plays a crucial role in our intelligence.For

instance, if we put two identical twins in different environments, we might send one to university and the other to a factory where the job is boring, we would find differences in their intelligence several years later.

Just as every coin has two sides, our intelligence is partly born and partly developed.The sure way to develop our intelligence is intelligent parents as well as a good environment.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay on the topic Do We Need “Never give up”? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.“永不言弃”一直被认为是一种积极的生活态度，是个人成功的关键因素

2.但是，也有人认为适当的放弃才是明智的选择

3.你对此的看法及理由

【范文】

Do We Need “Never give up”?

It is widely accepted that “Never give up”, a strong and positive life attitude, is the key for individual succe on the grounds that permanent persistence may boost our confidence,

strengthen our will, and provide us a second chance for succe when we are in hardship.However, others argue that sensible abandonment is more precious than blind persistence because the wise one should choose the most suitable area for himself/herself.

In my opinion, we need to learn to give up timely.The most immediate reason is that we should adjust our aim carefully in order to go ahead continuously.Sometimes, to give up those unrealistic targets is eential for succe.Besides, the attitude “Never give up” exhausts us both mentally and physically.Only through learning to give up can we lead a pleasant and relaxing life.Finally, the temporary comprise means a new start, a beginning bringing new hopes, expectations and opportunities for us.

Paive as giving up sounds alike, it represents a more mature and realistic mentality.If those opposing this attitude can take into consideration of its benefits, then this may seem acceptable in our lives.

1.随着社会和经济发展，网络成为了每个人必不可少的获取信息的工具

2.但是，在网络上也出现了一些不和谐的因素，如垃圾信息，黄色网站，虚假新闻，网络炒作等

3.如何采取措施制止和消除这些现象

【范文】

Internet Harmony

The advent of the Internet ushered in a new era of interpersonal communications and

busine operations.Undoubtedly, the Net are revolutionizing the daily lives of the people who have an acce to it.The primary reason behind the Internet boom roots in its multifunction.

A range of problems lurking behind the frenzy of Internet impreively stand out.A vast majority of Internet users’ mail boxes are saturated with junk mails, an iue which sparks strong criticism and generates the lo of corporate productivity.Porn websites lure a growing number of young people’s visits.False news via the e-mail, BBS and chat room increasingly poses a threat to the social prosperity and stability.

To crack down them, we should push for a more effectively tough law.We should join our forces to launch a nation-wide campaign, including imposing stiff penalties on spammers, shutting down or blocking the lewd sites and introducing a real-name registration system to curb fraudulent meages.We can fully believe that our combined efforts will reap rewards.A clean cyberspace will paint our lives more colorfully.

My View on Job-Hopping

1.有些人始终从事一项工作

2.有人却频繁跳槽

3.我对跳槽的看法

【范文】

My View on Job-Hopping

Some people tend to stick to their positions all the time, as they think the longer one works in a particular field, the more skillful one will be at it.Some have been teachers all their lives.Some devote their life energy to scientific research.Such people love their work and turn out to be specialists in their own field.They are usually high achievers.

Some are different.They are in the habit of job-hopping, for they always pursue what is new and stimulating.They never seem content with their present situation.Some like to meet more people, make more money and new acquaintances, so they hop from job to job.

As far as I am concerned, I want to be profeionally strong.I am not in favor of frequent job hopping, as the saying goes \"Jack of all trades, master of none\".But I want to have opportunities for advancement and as many colleagues as poible to cooperate and communicate with so as to be more creative and le partial

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic

Information Security.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.信息安全问题日益重要

2.信息安全事故可能导致的危害

3.如何做到信息安全

【范文】

Information Security

The human beings are stepping into the information society.The information industry develops increasingly, so do the hackers, trick-playing teens, exploring children, fraudsters, and serious white-collar criminals.Thus, information security becomes an impending important iue.In case of information breach, the victims — a government department, an organization or an institution, or a company, will inevitably suffer great or small lo.Government may be threatened with national security.Companies may lose opportunities to develop new projects.And the public’s and users confidence will be damaged.

Then how to deal with this iue? Technology is only a partial solution to information security.What’s more important is that organizations and companies should promote the

awarene on information security to its staff.However, since no system can ever be 100 percent secure, a prevention-only approach to information security management is not enough.Companies and organizations should adopt a dual approach to information security management by combining prevention and detection techniques.

第19篇：英语

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Long Holidays.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.长假给大学生带来的好处

2.长假可能给大学生带来的问题

3.我应当怎样利用好长假

【范文】一

Long Holidays

Generally speaking, long holidays are good for us college students.On the one hand, we have a lot of time to study by ourselves and thus improve weaknees and further develop strengths.On the other hand, we can take part-time jobs, which can make us realize responsibility and make ourselves better prepared for social life.

But every coin has two sides.Some students fail to make good use of their time and they are addicted to various computer games.I am afraid that they are likely to ruin themselves in this way.

As far as I am concerned, I will try to make the best use of my precious time.I will spend most of my holidays studying English for that I am very poor at it.In addition, I will take a part-time job as private teacher.By this means, I can earn some money and put my knowledge into practice as well.

Directions: For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On a Harmonious Dormitory Life.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese：

1.宿舍生活有时会出现不和谐的情况

2.一个和谐宿舍生活的必要性

3.如何创造和谐的宿舍生活

【范文】

On a Harmonious Dormitory Life

Dormitory life is an indispensable part of college life.But sometimes the harmony in the dormitory will be disturbed in one way or another.

As is known to all, a harmonious dormitory life is important to college students and benefits all the members.On the one hand, we can have a good rest and put our heart into study.On the other hand, we will have a good mood and enjoy being together.

There are several ways to create and maintain a harmonious dormitory life.Firstly, you have to evaluate your life style and try to get rid of your dirty habits, if there are any.Secondly, when an annoying situation arises, you’ll just have to learn to tolerate each other and co-exist.Thirdly, you’ll have to share with each other and make good friends.In conclusion, we should try our best to build a harmonious dormitory life for the sake of good study and good life.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Silence Is Not Always Gold.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.在现代社会中，“沉默是金”不一定是好事

2.请举例说明

3.总结全文

【范文】

Silence Is Not Always Gold

“Silence is gold” is a popular saying in which many people have belief.To these people speaking too much is not a merit.However, if you always keep silent, you will probably mi many golden opportunities instead of obtaining the gold of silence.

Last week I read an article written by an office lady.The company where she worked had two kinds of offices: cubicle office and window office.As a new employee she worked in a cubicle office together with twenty colleagues.Two years later she still worked there but some colleagues who came later than her had moved into the window office.She felt confused.One day one colleague told her that window office wasn’t obtained without request.But believing that she certainly gained one if she did a good job the woman had never asked for it.

From the woman’s experience we learn that silence is not always gold.In the modern society one needs to speak his mind and speak for his own interests.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Renew Knowledge.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese：

1.更新知识的重要性

2.怎样更新知识

3.你自己的感受

【范文】

Trying to Renew Knowledge

Today’s society is of knowledge economy age, in which new knowledge emerges much faster than ever before.Moreover, knowledge plays an important part in the whole economy.Therefore, everyone finds it neceary to renew his (or her) knowledge, otherwise he (or her) will be left behind the society.

There are some ways to update knowledge.On the one hand, one can attend different courses at all types of schools, either part-time or full-time.On the other hand, self-study is, in a sense, a more convenient and practical method by which one can effectively renew his (or her) knowledge.

In my view, I have primarily depended on self-taught method in the recent years.Although I am busy doing daily work, I still insist on teaching myself at night.In this way, I can not only keep up with the swift development of society but also apply new knowledge to my practical work, which benefits me a lot.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Social Practice.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.大学生越来越重视参与社会实践

2.社会实践对大学生学习和生活的影响

3.如何正确看待社会实践

【范文】

Social Practice

Social practice is a bridge between their theory and reality.So, in recent years, more and more college students choose to take part-time jobs in or outside school.

In the social practice, students are sure to learn more than their textbooks.Their participation in social practice might strengthen their sense of social responsibility.Their close contact with the working people might help them to apply their knowledge to the solution to the practical problem.But many teachers complain that there are fewer and fewer students who pay attention to their study.

In my view, it’s an undenied fact that students break the balance between their jobs and studies, especially when they fall into conflict.But I think students should spend their spare time taking part-time jobs.Timely participation in social practice will benefit them all through their life.

1.选修课程在大学很普遍

2.解释其中的原因

3.你的看法

【范文】

Selecting Courses

Recently, people in growing numbers show their concern about selecting courses.In some colleges, students are permitted to pick out their course’s profeors freely.The reasons are listed as follows:

In the first place, students can choose the teacher according to their interests, which will be helpful for their future careers.Besides, selecting courses can reduce the rate of students’ absence indirectly for students usually choose their favorite teachers.

As far as I am concerned, every coin has two sides.On the one hand, students may learn the course better, because they may choose the profeor they liked.On the other hand, if the profeor who is very popular and a great number of students would like to attend his/her course, the claroom must be overcrowded.It will have a bad impact on the cla.

假设你是Tony，是英语一班二年级学生，因有事不能上外教Ms.Riddle的课，给她写一张请假条，说明你不能来上课的原因。

【范文】

October 8, 2007

Dear Ms.Riddle,

I would like to know if I could ask for a casual leave of absence from your Oral English cla this Thursday morning.

Yesterday afternoon I got a phone call from my cousin, who is now operating a small company in suburbs of this city.He needs an interpreter for two days but cannot find the most trustworthy person, so he wants me to make an attempt.It seems to me that this is a golden opportunity to put what I have learned in your cla into practice, but I need your permiion of absence.If you think I may go and help him overcome the difficulty, I am confident that I’ll do a

good job and both of us will be thankful.

Earnestly yours,

Tony

第20篇：英语

I.说明：假设你是某公司的员工Susan Waters，根据下列内容给公司人事部

经理Ms.Bush写一封辞职信。

写信日期：2010年12月19日

内容：1.表示要辞职；

2.解释辞职的原因（自拟）；

3.告知离职的时间（一个月后）；

4.对于在工作期间所得到的指导和帮助表示感谢。

Words for reference: 辞职：resignv./ resignation n.

Sample:

Dec.19th, 2010

Dear Ms.Bush,

I’m writing to resign my job in this company.It’s a pity that I have to leave the company, but I have accepted a position that is more suitable to my career objective in another company.

I plan to leave the company one month later, so please make my resignation effective before Jan.20th, 2011.And I will turn over my job to my colleagues this month.

I do appreciate the guidance and help that I have gained in this company.The working experience and good relationships with my colleagues here will be a valued part of my life.

Best wishes to you and the company.

Sincerely yours,

Susan Waters

II.说明：假设你是一个医疗设备的经理。你收到一家代理公司的经理Peter Smith

先生的信。他想了解你公司的情况，你写信向他介绍并表示希望他能作为你公司的代理。

公司名称：广安医疗设备有限公司; 成立年份：1980年; 公司总部地址：中国神州市; 主要产品：医疗测试设备; 雇员人数：1000名，其中120人从事研究与开发; 销售市场：大部分产品销往东南亚和南美

Words for reference: 医疗测试设备：medical testing equipment

总部：headquarters; 从事：engage in; 东南亚：Southeast Asia; 代理：agent

Sample:

Jun.20th, 2010

Dear Mr.Smith,

Thank you very much for your interest in our company and products.Our company, Guang’an Medical Equipment Corporation by name, was established in 1980.Its headquarter is located in Shenzhou, China, which mainly produces medical testing equipment.Now, the company has 1000 employees, 120 of whom are engaged in the research and development of the products.And most of our products are exported to Southeast Asia and South America.

I am looking forward to having you as our agent, and if poible, we will stick together to seek common development.Sincerely yours,Bill Johnson

III.说明：根据下面中文信息写一封咨询信。 发信人：Mark Zhang;收信人：Mr.Smith 发信日期：2009年12月22日

内容：1.Mark在最近的广交会上认识了Smith先生；

2.Mark 对Smith先生所在公司展出的新款手机很感兴趣； 3.询问产品的详细信息，包括产品的规格、颜色、价格和功能等； 4.说明该款手机市场销售前景看好； 5.希望和对方建立长远的商务关系。

Words for reference: 广交会：Guangzhou Trade Fair

Sample:

Dec.22nd, 2009

Dear Mr.Smith,

I am Mark Zhang and we met each other at Guangzhou Trade Fair.To be frank, I am very interested in the new mobile phones displayed by your company.

I am writing to ask for some specific information about your mobile phones.Would you please let me know something about the specifications, colors, prices and of course the functions? I believe your mobile phones will make its way in the mobile phone market.

If poible, I’d like to build a long-term busine relationship with your company.I am looking forward to getting your reply.Sincerely yours, Mark Zhang

IV.说明：假设你是某公司人事部职员王林，为安排一次职工的假期旅行，向某旅

行社写信咨询有关事宜。

内容：1.询问旅游信息（如：线路、价格、折扣等）；

2.告诉对方参加旅游的人数和时间安排；3.索要相关的资料，特别是行程安排； 4.告知联系方式。

Words for reference: 旅行社：Travel Agency

Sample:

Jun.22nd, 2009

Dear sir/madam,

I am Wang Lin from the personnel department of XXX Company.I know from a friend that your travel agency provides good service and enjoys a high reputation.

I am writing to ask for some traveling information, including the traveling routes, the prices for them, and the discount you may offer.Our company will arrange 50 workers to travel in mid-July, so please send us some related materials, especially the traveling schedule.If you have any questions, please call 138 x x x, or send an email to Wanglin@126.com.

Best wishes!

Sincerely yours, Wang Lin

V.说明：请以王华的名义向商店经理写一封投诉信。内容如下： 投诉人：王华

投诉对象：第一百货公司 投诉商品：SQ200手机

投诉原因：不能拍照，不能收发短信，......等等 投诉要求：退货或更换 提出希望：及早回复

写信日期：2008年12月21日

Sample:

Dec.21st, 2008

Dear Manager,

I am writing this letter to complain about the SQ200 mobile phone that I bought in No.1 Department Store a few days ago.After I bought the mobile phone home, I found I couldn\'t take photos with it.And what\'s worse, I couldn\'t use it to send or receive any short meages, which brought me many troubles because I mied much important information from my friends.I would be grateful if you could take it back or exchange with a high quality one for me as soon as poible.

Any early response will be appreciated.

Sincerely yours,

Wang Hua

VI.说明：假定你是辛蒂服装公司(Cindy Garment Co.)销售经理丁志文，根据下

列内容给客户(Mr.John Smith)写一封信函。

写信日期：2008年6月22日

内容：1.告知因原材料(raw material)价格上涨，产品价格上涨；

2.原订货物仍维持原价；3.希望今后继续向本公司订货； 4.随函寄去调整后的价目单(price list)；5.表示歉意，敬请谅解。 注意书信格式！

Sample:Sales Department of Cindy Garment Co.

June, 22nd, 2008

Dear Mr.John Smith,

Sorry to inform you that since the prices of raw materials have increased crazily during the past days, we have no choice but to adjust the prices slightly in order to cover our least costs.

To expre our sincerity, the new price will be adopted from the following new orders and as for the old orders, the prices will be kept unchanged.

We sincerely hope that with our joint efforts, we are able to develop wonderful busine together in the coming future.

Besides, our new price list has been enclosed in the letter for your reference.We are extremely sorry again for the trouble brought to you!

Best wishes!

6

Sincerely yours, Ding Zhiwen Sales Manager

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