推荐第1篇：大学写作
1、写作四要素：写作主体、写作客体、写作载体、写作受体
写作客体，广义的，是指客观外在事物以及由此引发的主观感受、思想、情感、意识、愿望、憧憬等等，即“所见、所闻、所想、所感”；狭义的，是指“所见、所闻”。
2、表达方式有：叙述、描写、抒情、议论和说明五种。
叙述，就是对人物的经历是事物的发展过程的述说和交代。
3、叙述人称：第一人称、第二人称、第三人称三种。
第三人称表达的优点与不足：优势在于，不用受“我”的耳闻目睹的约束，能够在广阔的时间和空间范围内反映人物和事件，表现复杂的矛盾和斗争。劣势：不像第一人称那样具有真实感和亲切感，也不及第一人称那样便于直接抒情达意。
4、描述方法：顺叙、插叙、补叙、平（分）叙
平叙：又叫分叙，即叙述同时异地发生的两件货多件事情。
5、“大中取小”构思方法的理解：就是截取人生长河中的一二段。万千思绪中的一二种，宏大事业中的一二隅。从而起到“以点带面”作用的一种构思方法。
大中取小法。有有时表现为欲说大事，先说小事，以小引人，由远及近。
6、散文的特点：(1)选材的生活化与广泛性。(2)情境的个性化与主观性。(3)表达的自由化与灵活性。(4)语言富有情韵。
7、杂文的特点：(1)有较为明确的社会主题。(2)兼重情趣与理趣。(3)更自由灵活。(4)语言鲜活、泼辣、犀利，穿透力强，曾被称为“匕首和投枪”。尤其鲁迅的杂文。
8、叙述与描写的不同：(1)含义不同：叙述是对人物经历和事物发展过程的述说和交代，描写是对人和事物、环境的状态进行具体描写。(2)内容的侧重点不同：描写侧重空间感，是横向发展，形成一个面。叙述侧重时间感，是纵向延伸，形成一条线。
9、公文的特点：(1)鲜明的政治性和政策性。(2)法定的权威性和行政约束力。(3)规范的格式。(4)法定的处理程序。(5)严格的时效性。
10、发文字号：简称文号，是指同一发文机关与同一年度所发公文号，包括机关代字、年份、顺序号三项。如国办{2008}8号，是指这是国务院办公厅于2008年度所发出的第8号公文。
11、两个三个以上印章加盖方法：(1)将各发文机关名称按加盖印章顺序排列在相应位置，并使印章加盖或套印其上。(2)主办机关印章在前，每排最多排三个印章，两端不得超出版心。(3)最后一排加全一个或两个印章，均居中排布。(4)印章互不相交或相切，每排印章中心线对齐。(5)在最后一排印章之下空一行右空2字标识成文时间。
12、什么样的公文需要标注“签发人”：上行文中应注明签发人、会签人姓名，以示负责。怎么标注：其位置位于发文机关标识之下的第三行，对称排列与发文字号右侧。发文字号居左空1字，签发人姓名居右空1字：“签发人”用3号仿宋体字，“签发人”后标全角冒号，冒号后用3号楷体字表示签发人姓名。
13、公文标题几种构成形式：(1)发文机关、发文事由、文种三要素俱全的公文标题。(2)由事由和文种两个要素构成的公文标题。(3)由发文机关名称和“文种”两个要素构成的标题。
(4)只有文种的标题
14、公文语言特点：庄重、准确、朴实、精炼、严谨、规范。
15、选择决定公文文种的依据：一份公文的文种并不是随意确定的,它是根据发文机关的权限、发文机关和收文机关之间的关系以及发文的目的和要求而确定的
18、演讲词的特点：(1)鼓动性；依靠演讲词的思想内容发人深思，其次要紧系生活且通过严密的逻辑充分的说理使人叹服。(2)艺术性；语言表达形象富有感染力，演讲词中有多种问题的巧妙交叉运用。(3)演示性。借助身体语言来表情达意，生动形象的以身感染观众的情绪。
推荐第2篇：大学写作
曹丕《典论论文》
文章经国之大业，不朽之盛事。 韩寒《杯中窥人》
中国人向来品行如刚，所以也偶有洁身自好者，硬是撑到出生后好几十年还清纯的不得了，这些清纯的不得了的人未浸水，不为社会所容纳，“君子固穷”了。 海明威《在诺贝尔文学奖金授奖仪式上的书面发言》
写作，在最成功的时候，是一种孤独的生涯。作者的组织固然可以排遣他们的孤独，但是我怀疑它们未必能够促进作家的创作。一个在稠人广众之中成长起来的作家，自然可以免除孤苦寂寥之虑，但他的作品往往流于平庸。而一个在岑寂中独立工作的作家，假如确实不同凡响，就必须天天面对永恒的东西，或者面对缺乏永恒的状况。 结构的基本内容
段落和层次
过渡和照应
开头和结尾
基本的表达方式有五种：叙述
描写
抒情
议论
说明 《母亲》萧云儒
生命源于母体。精神根植于历史和现实即在的文明成果。每个人都从脚下的土地上起步，经历了青春的翱翔，总有一天要重新降落在土地上。尽管那是另一块土地，尽管那里有另一番风致。
自从剪断脐带，我和母亲的联系由血肉的直接交融转而为语言和文字的传递，为眼的流盼，为心的感应。50多年中，我们日盛一日娴熟地在各种有声和无声的频道中联系。哪怕地隔千里，哪怕分隔于两个世界。一直相依为命。
有时我想，母亲之于我，已经是一种传统，一种标尺，一种基座，一种象征。有了喜悦，走了弯路，面临抉择，很自然地就冥冥中的她对话。那往往是以历史和人生的基座在检视自己
第一章 基础写作概述
《给延安抗大的一封信》毛泽东
如果学生一切功课都学好了，但不能看书作文，那他出校后的发展也是很有限的。如果一切功课学了许多，不算很精，但学会了看书作文，那他出校后的发展就有了一种常常用得着的基础工具了
基础写作包括记叙 议论 说明
第二章
记叙文：是写景,写人，状物，叙事的一种文体，主要表达方式是叙述和描写。 《漫谈读书》梁实秋
我想也许是因为读书等于是尚友古人，而且那些古人著书立说必定是一时才俊，与古人游不知不觉受其熏染，终乃收改变气质之功，境界既高，胸襟既广，脸上自然透露出一股清醇爽朗之气，无已明之，名之曰书卷气。同时再谈谈上也自然高远不俗。反过来说，人不读书，则所为何事？大概是陷身于世网尘劳，困厄于名缰利锁，五烧六蔽，苦恼烦心，自然面目可憎，焉能语言有味。 《雨》郁达夫
我生长在江南，按理应该是不喜欢雨的。但春日暝蒙，花枝枯竭的时候，得几点微雨，又是多么可爱的事情！“小楼一夜听风雨”，“杏花春雨江南”，“天街小雨润如酥”，从前的诗人，早就先跟我说过了。夏天的雨，可以杀暑，可以润禾，它的价值大，更可以不必再说。而秋雨的霏微凄冷，又是别一种境界。昔人所谓“雨到深秋易作霖，萧萧难会此时心”的诗句，就在说秋雨的耐人寻味。至于秋女士的“秋雨秋风愁煞人”的一声长叹，乃别有怀抱着的托 1 辞，人自愁耳，何关雨事。三东的寒雨，爱的人恐怕不多。但“江关雁声来渺渺，灯昏宫漏听沉沉”的妙处，若非身历其境者决领悟不到。
西湖十景：三潭印月
苏堤春晓
平湖秋月
双峰插云
柳浪闻莺
花港观鱼
曲院风荷 断桥残雪
南屏晚钟
雷峰夕照 《西湖漫笔》宗璞
漫步苏堤，两边都是湖水，远水如烟，近水着了微雨，泛起一层银灰的颜色。走着走着，忽见路旁的树十分古怪，一颗颗树身虽然离得较远，却给人一种莽莽苍苍的感觉，似乎是从树梢一直绿到地上。走进看时，原来是树身上布满了绿茸茸的青苔，那样的鲜嫩，那样的可爱，使得绿茸茸的宿敌，更加绿了几份。
记叙文的构成要素：时间地点 人物 事件
原因
结果 记叙文的写作
（一）叙述
1.叙述的人称：第一和第三人称
2.叙述的方式：顺叙 倒叙 插叙
平叙
（二）描写
1.人物描写（肖像
语言行动
心理） 2.环境描写（自然环境 社会环境 ）
（三）抒情 1.直接抒情
2.间接抒情（借事抒情
借景抒情
议论抒情 ）
（四）议论
消息，也叫新闻或称新闻消息。
消息的分类：动态消息
典型消息
评述消息
综合消息 消息的写作
结构有五部分：标题（单行 双行 多行）
导语（第一句话或第一段 写法有概述式 描写式评论式
引用式
）
主体（时间
地点
人物
事物 为什么
结构方式有时间顺序 逻辑顺序 纵横关系）
背景 （历史情况 环境条件
对比性材料 说明性材料 解释性材料） 结尾（小结 杜绝空话套话） 通讯
与消息的区别：从时间上来讲，消息比通讯更快，更急。从篇幅上来讲
推荐第3篇：大学英语六级写作
模版1some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1.but other people take an opposite side.they firmly believe that 观点2.as for me, i agree to the former/latter idea.there are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.first of all, 论据1.more importantly, 论据2.most important of all, 论据3.in summary, 总结观点.as a college student, i am supposed to 表决心.或 from above, we can predict that 预测.模版2people hold different views about x.some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2.as far as i am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.for one thing, 论据1.for another, 论据2.last but not the least, 论据3.to conclude, 总结观点.as a college student, i am supposed to 表决心.或 from above, we can predict that 预测.模版3there is no consensus of opinions among people about x（争论的焦点）。some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。as far as i am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.the reasons are obvious.first of all, 论据1。furthermore, 论据2。among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest.that is, 论据3。a natural conclusion from the above discuion is that总结观点。as a college student, i am supposed to 表决心.或 from above, we can predict that 预测.
1)We should take some effective measures.2)We should try our best to overcome(con quer)the difficulties.3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.
11.表示结论1)In short，it can be said that...2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.3)From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ...
12.套语1)It’s well known to us that ...2)As is known to us，...3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.4)From the graph(table，chart)listed above，it can be seen that ...5)As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way.
)开篇1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ...2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.4) Recently the iue has aroused great concern among ...
5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ...6) Never in our history has the idea that ...been so popular.7) Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ...8) According to a recent survey, ...9) With the rapid development of ..., ...八)结尾1) From what has been discued above, we can draw the conclusion that ...2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...3) It is neceary that steps should be taken to ...4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned iue, more problems will crop up.8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ...10) Taking all these into account, we ...11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...
二、用于描写图表和数据
1.It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998.
2.There is an increase of 20% in total this year.
3.It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995.
4.It would be expected to increase 5 times.
5.The table shows a three times increase over that of last year.
6.It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.
7.The total number was lowered by 10%.8.It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year.
9.Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent.
10.The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.
11.It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…
三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文
1.Everybody knows that…
2.It can be easily proved that…
3.It is true that…
4.No one can deny that
5.One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…
6.The chief reason is that…
7.We must recognize that…
8.There is on doubt that…
9.I am of the opinion that…
10.This can be expreed as follows;
11.To take …for an example…
12.We have reason to believe that
13.Now that we know that…
14.Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned…
15.The change in …largely results from the fact that
16.There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally…
17.A number of factors could account for the development in…
18.Perhaps the primary reason is…
19.It is chiefly responsible of…
20.The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact…
21.Here are several poible reasons, excerpt that…
22.Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that…
23.It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon…
24.Different people observes it in different ways.
四、用于文章的开头
1.As the proverb says…
2.It goes without saying tan…
3.Generally speaking…
4.It is quite clear than because…
5.It is often said that …
6.Many people often ask such question:“…？”
7.More and more people have come to realize…
8.There is no doubt that…
9.Some people believe that…
10.These days we are often told that, but is this really the case?
11.One great man said that…
12.Recently the iue of… has been brought to public attention.
13.In the past several years there has been…
14.Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether…
15.Currently there is a widespread concern that…
16.Now people in growing number are coming to realize that…
17.There is a general discuion today about the iue of …
18.Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently.
五、用于文章的结尾
1.from this point of view…
2.in a word…
3.in conclusion…
4.on account of this we can find that…
5.the result is dependent on…
6.therefore, these findings reveal the following information:
7.thus, this is the reason why we must…
8.to sum up …
9.as far as…be concerned, I believe that…
10.It is obvious that…
11.There is little doubt that…
12.There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be helpful
13.None of the solutions is quite satisfactory.The problem should be examined in a new way.
14.It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on…
15.Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion that…
●过渡性句型：
1) this is true that...
2) This is true, no doubt, but...3) ...also...
4) It is one thing to...; it is another to...
●描写图表和数据的句型
1) ...rank first (both) in...
2) ...in proportion to...
3) A is by far the largest...
4) As many as....
5) The number is ...times as much as that of ...
6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last year.
7) It accounts for 35% of...8) By comparison with ..., it decreased/increased/fell from...to...
9) ...rise rapidly(slowly)10) ...remain level...
11) ...reach ...12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase demand./income./population./prices./production./decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in
13) be on the increase/decrease/rise/decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)
●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：
1) As can be indicated in the table, ...
2) As we could find out later， ...
3) As is revealed in the table，...
4) As the survey results show，...
5) This table provides several important points of comparison
between，...6) The two graphs depict the same thing in ...7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, ...
9) This chart shows that ...
10) As is shown by the graph, ...
推荐第4篇：大学应用文写作
大学应用文写作
第一章
应用文写作总论 第一节
应用文文体常识
一、应用文的特点：
1.文体的实用性：实用性是判断应用文好坏的价值尺度。
2.内容的真实性：写作中要求材料绝对真实，完全排斥虚构和杜撰，不需要经过任何艺术加工。
3.格式的固定性：
4.使用的时效性：
5.对象的定向性：
二、应用文的表达方式：
★应用文的表达方式一般以叙述、议论、说明为主通常不用描写和抒情的表达方式。
第二章
日常应用文 第一节
倡议书
一、倡议书的特点：
1.广泛性；
2.鼓动性；
二、倡议书的分类：
1.从作者角度分：有个人倡议书和集体倡议书两种。
2.从传播角度分有传单式倡议书，张贴式倡议书，广播式倡议书和登载式倡议书等。
三、倡议书的格式和写法：
1.标题：倡议书
2.抬头：受倡议的对象 3.正文：（1）倡议的原因、目的和意义；
（2）倡议的事项，倡议事项关键是写的具体可行。 4.结语：
5.署名和日期：
四、倡议书的写作要求：
1.内容应具有时代感；
2.事项应切实可行；
3.语言要有号召力。
第二节
讲话稿
一、讲话稿的特点： 1.针对性：
2.口语化：讲话稿的写作要求口语话，不要用文言古语，书面语也尽量少用用词要通俗易懂，不用生僻的词多用短句。
二、讲话稿的分类：
按讲话场合分：有各类致辞、报告、讲话、发言。
三、讲话稿的格式和写法： 1.标题：
（1）单标题：有的标明某会议致词，有的直接揭示主题；
（2）双标题：（主题+场合）正标题写明讲话中心或报告类型，副标题写明讲话场合。
2.抬头：称呼得体 3.正文：
（1）开场白：
①开门见山式开头；
②交代背景式开头；
③自然入题式开头；
④提问式开头；
⑤引用式开头 （2）主体： （3）结束语：
①总结式结束语；
②展望式结束语；
③激励式结束语。
四、讲话稿的写作要求：
1.主题突出，选材精当；
2.层次有序，衔接紧凑；
3.语言通俗，精炼有力：讲话稿的语言既要口语话又要形象化，既要幽默风趣又要讲求声调、节奏，同时还要贴切恰当。
第三章
事务文书 第一节
调查报告
一、调查报告的特点：
1.针对性强：针对性是调查报告的灵魂。
2.用事实说话；
3.揭示事物本质。
二、调查的方式：
1.询问法（语言）
2.观察法（视听）
3.实验法（实践）
三、调查的广度：
1.普遍调查（全部）
2.抽样调查（部分）
3.典型调查（个别）
四、调查报告的格式和写法： 1.调查报告的标题：
①文章式标题：
②公文式标题：（最好用这个） 2.调查报告的正文： （1）前言：
①说明调查的基本情况。包括调查的目的、对象、范围、内容、时间、地点、方式、背景；
②简介全文内容要点或揭示主旨；
③交代主要经验和效果以引起读者关注。 （2）主体：事实70％，分析30％ （3）结尾： 3.署名和日期。
五、调查报告的写作要求： 1.深入调查，广泛占有材料；
2.认真分析研究，找出规律性东西；3.用事实说话，做到叙议结合：
叙述中穿插议论，叙述与议论相结合，是调查报告表达上的一个鲜明特点。 4.使用第三人称阐述观点、得出结论：
常用“调查表明”，“调查结果显示”
第四章
党政机关公文 第一节
党政机关公文的概述
一、党政机关公文的概念：
党政机关公文，是党政机关实施领导、履行职能、处理公务的具有特定效力和规范体式的文书。
二、党政机关公文的特点：
1.鲜明的政治性；
2.内容的权威性；
3.明确的实用性；4.严格的程序性：
一般性的党政机关公文，须经机关负责人对其进行全面审核后再心签发。联合制发的党政机关公文，由各联合机关的负责人逐一全部审核后再签发。法规性党政机关公文，一定要经过正式会议审核通过，才能由主管领导签署发布。
5.格式的规范性：
三、党政机关公文的分类：
我国党政机关现行公文的种类共15种，即：决议、决定、命令（令）、公报、公告、通告、意见、通知、通报，报告、请示、批复、议案、函、纪要。
1.按承载职能划分：
（1）指令性公文：决议、决定、命令（令）、批复和纪要等。 （2）知照性公文：公报、公告、通告、通知、通报和函。 （3）报请性公文：报告、请示。 2.按行文方向划分：
（1）上行文：是指下级机关向其所属的上你机关报送带有汇报情况、提出问题、请求解决的公文，如报告、请示等。
（2）下行文：是指上级机关向具有隶属关系的下级机发布的带有指示性、周知性的公文如决议、决定、命令（令）、公告、通告、批复等。
（3）平行文：是指平级机关和不相隶属机关商请工作的公文，如函等。 3.按保密级别划分：绝密（30年）、机密（20年）、秘密（10年）三个等级。 4.按紧急程度划分：特急、加急
四、党政机关公文的格式：
公文格式要素：版头、主体、版记。 1.版头部分：
（1）份号：是指公文印制份数的顺序号，《条例》规定：“涉密公文应当标注份号。”如需标注份号，一般用6位阿拉伯数字顶格编排在版心左上角第一行。
（2）密级和保密期限：即公文的秘密等级和保密的期限。比如，“机密★3年”。
（3）紧急程度：即公文送达和办理的时限要求。 （4）发文机关标志：（必须写）是指发出公文的机关，即公文的作者，由发文机关全称或规范化简称加“文件”二字组成。
联合发文时，如需同时标注联署发文机关名称，一般应当将主办机关名称排列在前；如有“文件”二字，应当置于发文机关名称右侧，以联署发文机关名称为准上下居中排布。
（5）发文字号：（必须写）由发文机关代字、年份、发文字号组成。
①年份、发文顺序号用阿拉伯数字标注；年份应标全称，用六角括号“〔〕”括入；
②发文顺序号不加“第”字，不编虚位（即1不编为01），在阿拉伯数字后加“号”字。
上行文的发文字号居左空一字编排，与最后一个签发人姓名处在同一行。联合行文时，使用主办机关的发文字号。
（6）签发人：（上行文写：报告、请示）是指在上报的公文中批准签发的领导人姓名。
2.主体部分：
（1）标题：完整的公文标题由发文机关、发文事由（表明文件主要内容）文种三部分构成。公文标题也可采用规范的省略形式。而文种在任何情况下均不可省略。公文标题中除法规、规章名称加书名号外，一般不用标点符号。
（2）主送机关： 下级机关向上级机关行文，只能有一个主送机关；上级机关向下级机关行文，可以有若干个主送机关；普发性公文，如命令、公告、通告等，可以不写主送机关。
（3）正文：数字年份不能回行。 （4）附件说明：如有多个附件使用阿拉伯数字标注附件顺序号，附件名称后不加标点符号，名称不加书名号。
（5）发文机关署名：
（6）成文日期：经机关负责人签发的公文，以签发日期为准。联合行文以最后签发的机关负责人签发的日期为准。年份应标全称，月、日不编虚位。
（7）印章：联合上报的公文，可以由主办机关加盖印章，联合下发的公文发文机关都应加盖印章。
（8）附注：是指公文印发传达范围等需要说明的事项。 （9）附件：是指公文正文的说明、补充或者参考资料。 3.版记部分： （1）抄送机关：
（2）印发机关和印发日期：印发机关左空一字，印发日期右空一字，用阿拉伯数字将年、月、日标全，年份应标全称，月、日不编虚位，后加“印发”二字。
五、党政机关公文的行文规则： 1.请求实效：
2.根据隶属关系行文：（逐级行文）一般不得越级行文，特殊情况需要越级行文的，应当同时抄送被越过的机关。
3.根据职权范围行文：
第二节
通知
一、通知的概念和分类：
1.通知，是一种适用于发布、传达要求下级机关执行和有关单位周知或者执行的事项，批转、转发公文的公文。
2.根据通知的适用范围，可将其划分为以下几种类型： （1）指示性通知：
（2）转发性通知：转发上级机关和不相隶属机关的公文批转下级机关的公文时所使用的通知。
（3）任免性通知：
（4）事务性通知：
二、通知的格式和写法： 1.标题：
2.主送机关：
3.正文：通知的正文一般由通知缘由、通知事项、执行要求（可省略）三部分构成。
第三节
通报
一、通报的概念和分类：
1.通报是一种适用于表彰先进、批评错误、传达重要精神和告知重要情况的公文。通报同其他党政机关公文相比，宣传教育意义很强。
2.按内容区分通报，有以下三种：
（1）表彰性通报；
（2）批评性通报；
（3）情况通报。
二、通报的格式和写法： 1.标题：
2.主送机关： 3.正文：
表彰性通报的正文：正文结构模式是——叙述先进事迹（缘由）（详写）+表彰决定（事项），希望要求（结尾）。
三、通报的写作要求：
1.选择事例要典型；
2.叙述事实要准确；
3.要抓准时机。
第五章
学术论文和申论 第一节
学术论文
一、学术论文的概念：（选择） 学术论文，是某一学术课题在实验性、理论性和观察性上具有新的科学研究成果或创新见解和知识的科学记录；或是某种已知原理应用于实际中所获得新进展的科学总结，用以提供学术会议上宣读、交流或讨论；或在学术刊物上发表；或作其他用途的书面文件。
二、学术论文的分类： 1.按研究学科性质分类：
（1）自然科学论文；
（2）社会科学论文。 ★
三、学术论文的特点： 1.学术性：
2.科学性：
3.创新性：是学术论文价值的根本所在，是衡量学术水平高低的重要标志。4.理论性：
四、学术论文的写作过程： 1.学生论文的选题： （1）选题的原则：（选择）
①价值性原则：即选择有价值的课题。研究课题的学术价值主要表现在实用价值和理论价值量方面。
②创新性原则：即选择有新意的课题。所谓有新意的课题，是指所选课题的角度新、观点新、方法新。
③可行性原则：是指根据主客观条件选择难易程度适中的课题。 （2）选题的具体方法：（选择）
①从实践中找问题；
②从定论中看“疏漏”；
③从争鸣中求发展；
④从“通悦”中查谬误；
⑤从现象中发现新领域和新问题。 2.学术论文的资料搜集： （2）搜集资料的方法：
①观察、实验和社会调查：这些都是取得第一手资料的重要途径。 ②文献检索：文献检索是广泛收集第二手资料的途径。 Ⅰ、（理解）根据文献加工程度不同，可将文献分为四类——零次文献、一次文献、二次文献、三次文献。零次文献，是指未曾公开于社会、仅在交谈和会议交流中传播、只为个人或某一团体所用的、尚未发表和出版的文献。如私人笔记、文章草稿、会议记录。一次文献，是指作者根据自己的实践经验和研究成果所撰写的、发表自己的认识和观点的著作和文章。如专著、教材、论文、研究报告。二次文献，是指按照一定规范，对一次文献进行分类、梳理、加工提炼而使之依照一定系统或方式，组织起来所形成的文献。如书目、简介、文摘、综述。三次文献，是指以一次文献和二次文献为基础，对原始文献资料进行广泛、深入分析研究后，综合、浓缩、加工而成的文献。如专题评述、专业年鉴、动态研究。
Ⅱ、文献检索的方法：
a.工具检索法：是文献检索中使用最普遍、最基本的方法。目前最常用的检索工具有书目、索引、文摘、辞书。
b.引文检索法： c.直接检索法：
作文
小作文
一、倡议书格式：
倡议书
为XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX,XXX向XXX提出倡议：
一、内容概括：
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
二、内容概括：
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
三、内容概括：
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
XXX
XXXX年XX月XX日
二、通报格式：
XXX关于表彰XXX的通报
X发〔2015〕X号
XXX各科室、各直属单位：
事迹XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写详写XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。评价XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX略写。
为此，XXX决定给予XXX通报表扬，以资鼓励。
希望全体干部和职工XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX不要有感情XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
XXX
XXXX年XX月XX日
大作文
一、调查报告：
关于XXX的调查报告
前言（调查的基本情况，包括调查的目的、XXXXXXXX对象、XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 范围、XXXXXXXXXXX内容、XXXXXXXXX时间、XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX地点、
XXXXX方式、背景等XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
一、现象——提出问题（是什么）
（一）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
（二）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
（三）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
二、原因——分析问题（为什么）
（一）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
（二）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
（三）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
三、措施——解决问题（怎么办）
（一）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
（二）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
（三）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX。
XXX
XXXX年XX月XX日
推荐第5篇：大学写作调查报告
关于近期社会问题的问卷调查
您好！
我是济南大学的学生，对于时下的国际、国内现状比较关注，为更好的了解社会对现状的看法，制作问卷以便更好的了解人们的看法。此问卷为无记名填写，您尽管填选您的意见。首先感谢您的合作！
1．对于近期的通货膨胀，您觉得物价变动对您的消费会产生影响吗？
A、会B、不会C、没有感觉
2.今年一季度，山东省平均房价接近3500元，倘若您是位购房者，对于这个价格您能接受吗？
A.能B.勉强C.不能
3.关于近期人民币升值消息，您觉得怎么样？
A.认可B.反对C.无所谓
4.您觉得现在的收入水平能赶得上经济发展速度吗？
A．能B.不能C.勉强
5.面对油价的上调，您有何感受？
A．认可B.反对C.无所谓
6．您觉得现在的社会，贫富差距是拉大呢还是缩小呢?
A,拉大B.缩小C.不清楚
7.您觉得自己所居住的环境，社会秩序好吗？
A．可以B.不好C.没感觉
8.您觉得现今的大众传媒发展合理吗？
A.合理B.不合理C.难说
9.对于今年的经济保8，您持什麽态度？
A.乐观B.消极C.观望
10.您觉得自己的生活幸福指数相比以前，有何变化?
A.增加B.减少C.没有察觉
11.对于当前的90后，您抱有什么看法？
A.肯定B.否定C.中立
12.对于类似于《2012》这样的电影、消息，您是否会感到恐慌？
A.会B.不会C.有，但时间不长
再次感谢您的合作，谢谢！
调查者：丁汉诚
推荐第6篇：大学英语写作
（1）模版一There is no consensus among the people as to the view of (主题).Some people hold the idea that (观点A).A case in point is that (支持观点A的例子).
On the other hand, others may have a quite different view.According to them, (观点B).The most typical example is that (支持观点B的例子).
Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter.Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable in saying to some
extent, but the latter is more convincing.2）模版二 (主题) is a common occurrence in our lives.The attitudes toward this iue vary from person to person.Some people tend to ______when they are asked (观点A) because(支持观点A的原因).The most typical example is that (支持观点A的例子).
However, others argue that(观点B).They point out that (重申观点B) for the reason that (支持观点B的原因).
As far as I am concerned, I will choose to (你的观点)because this choice fits my personality and my life-long belief.
2） My View 型 （1）模版一 When asked about (主题), some people hold the idea that 观点A).As far as they are concerned,(展开观点A).But I could not agree with them in several points.In my opinion, (观点B).The reasons for my choice are listed as follows.
In the first place, (支持观点B的理由1).In the second place, (支持观点B的理由2).In the third place, (支持观点B的理由3).
For the reasons mentioned above, I firmly believe(重申观点B).
（2）模版二 Some people believe that (观点A).For instance, they hold the idea that(支持观点A的例子).And it may bring them （A带给他们的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point.For one thing, (我不同意的理由1).For another, (我不同意的理由2).
As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice.For me, I agree to the thought that (重申自己的观点).
3）利弊型 （1）模版一Nowadays many people prefer (主题) because it plays a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.On the one hand, (主题的优点1).On the other hand, (主题的优点2).
But everything can be divided into two.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that (主题的缺点1).To make matters
worse,（主题的缺点2).
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects far outweigh its negative aspects.Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, (主题) itself is
neither good nor bad.It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to our society.
（2）模版二With the development of science and human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality.Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful.The phenomenon of (主题现象) is an example of the former / latter one.
There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.To start with, (原因1).Furthermore,(原因2).
Eventually,(原因3).
Good as (主题现象) is, it has, unfortunately, its disadvantages.The apparent example is that(缺点例子1).In addition, (缺点例子2).
On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of the progre of the modern society.There is still a long way for us to improve / eliminate(主题现象) and make our life more comfortable.
图表式作文 It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes.It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies).At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of …(多少).
What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are … (多少)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table.First of all, …(第一个原因).More
importantly, …(第二个原因).Most important of all, …(第三个原因).
From the above discuions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for
quite a long time (if neceary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).
提纲式作文 1.对立观点式 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing （X）.They point out the fact that 支持（X） 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持（X） 的另一个原因。
However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do （X）.They firmly point out that 反对（X） 的第一个理由。 An eample can give the details of this argument:
There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of （X） overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, （X） also may （X） 的有一个坏处。
2.批驳观点式Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个
例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响)。
There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观
点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。
3.社会问题(现象)式 Nowadays, there exists an increasinglyserious social/economic/ environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common
concern of the public).According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。
There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文写法。
X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.参照辩论式议论文的写法。
A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.同上
Based on the above discuions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will ……..
辩论式议论文模版
模版1Some people believe (argue, recognize, think)that 观点1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that 观点2.As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all, 论据1.More importantly, 论据2.Most important of all, 论据3.In summary, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或:From above, we can predict that 预测.
模版2People hold different views about X.Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2.As far as I am concerned, the
former/latter opinion holds more weight.
For one thing, 论据1.For another, 论据2.
Last but not the least, 论据3.
To conclude, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
模版3There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.
First of all, 论据1。 Furthermore, 论据2。
Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest.That is, 论据3。
A natural conclusion from the above discuion is that总结观点。
As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
(I)说明原因型模块
Currently, XX has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuable than XX
It is clear that (1).If you (2), as a result, your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you (3).
Failure will be following with you.It turns out that all your plan falls through.
No one can deny another fact that (4).You don\'t have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know (5).It will exert a profound influence upon
(6).With reference to my standpoint, I think (7).
注释: 1:XX的第一个优点 2:支持XX的做法 3:不支持XX的做法
4:XX的第二个优点 5:举例证明优点二 6:说明XX优点三的影响第三天我写的相应作文:The importance of self-confidence
Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuable than self-confidence.
It is clear that (self-confidence means trust in one\'s abilities).If you (are full of self-confidence, it will bring your creative power to play, arouse your
enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties), as a result, your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you (have no confidence in yourself, there is little poibility that you would ever achieve anything ).Failure will be following with you。It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that
(self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed).You don\'t have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know (the secret of MMe.Curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular).It will exert a profound influence upon (the achievement of one\'s ambitions).With reference to my standpoint, I think (he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).
(I)说明原因型模块(2)
In recent years, XX has caused a heated debate on (1).
The factors for (2).First of all, (3).Then, there comes a case that (4).Moreover, (5).Especially when (6).Indeed, these unique points can be collected the remind
people that (7).In this way, we should behave just like (8).
The impact of Television
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, 80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV, offering as many as 50 channels.It has
caused a heated debate on (the impact of television on children).Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children.
The factors for (parents\' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it.).First of all, (with so many programs to choose from,
children are not getting as much exercise as they should ).Then, there comes a case that (some studies have show that exceive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school ).
Moreover, (the effect on children\'s minds are more serious than the effect on children\'s bodies).Especially when (the children are too small to judge what
programs are suit to them).Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that (they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children\'s TV viewing).In this way, children will not be influenced too deeply.
Nowadays, there are more and more [某种现象] in [某种场合].It is estimated that [相关数据].Why have there been so many [某种现象]? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is [原因一].Besides, [原因二].The third one is [原因三].To sum up, the main cause of [某种现象] is due to [最主要原因].It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing, [解决办法一].On the other hand, [解决办法二].All these measures will certainly reduce the number of [某种现象].
为便于读者理解，我特意用这个模板，写了一篇关于ghost writer(捉刀代笔的枪手)的示范性小作文，请您观摩一下。
Nowadays, there are more and more [ghost writers / 枪手] in [China\'s examinations / 中国的考场].It is estimated that [5％ examinees are ghost writers / 5％的应试者是枪手].Why have there been so many [ghost writers / 枪手]? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is [hirers\' ignorance / 雇主无知].Besides,
[hirers\' indolence / 雇主懒惰].The third one is [hirers\' obtusity / 雇主迟钝].To sum up, the main cause of [ghost writers / 枪手] is due to [hirers\' low IQ / 雇主智商低].It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing, [flagellation / 鞭打].On the other hand, [decapitation / 斩首].All these measures will certainly reduce the number of [ghost writers / 枪手].
（I）说明原因型
模块
（一） Nowadays ,there are more and more XX in some big cities .It is estimated that ( 1 ).Why have there been so many XX ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.
The first one is that ( 2 ) .Besides,( 3 ) .The third reason is ( 4 ).
To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( 5 ) .
It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing ,( 6 ).
On the other hand ,( 7 ).All these measures will certainly reduce the
number of XX .
Generation gap between parents and children
Nowadays , there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and
children which is so- called generation gap .It is estimated that (75 percentages of parents often complain their children\'s unreasonable behavior while children
usually think their parents too old fashioned).
Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children?
Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows .The first one is that ( the two generations,
having grown up at different times, have different likes and dislikes ,thus the disagreement often rises between them) .Besides(due to having little in common to
talk about , they are not willing to sit face to face ) .The third reason is (with the
pace of modern life becoming faster and faster , both of them are so busy with their work or study that they don\'t spare enough time to exchange ideas ).To sum
up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( lake of communication and understanding each other) .
It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing (children should respect their parents ).On the other hand ,( parents also should show solicitue for
their children).All these measures will certainly bridge the generation gap .
（I）说明原因型 模块（2） In recent years , xx has caused a heated debate on ( 1 ).The factors for ( 2 ) .First of all ,( 3 ).Then , there comes a case that ( 4 ).Moreover , ( 5 ) .Especiallywhen ( 6 ) .Indeed, these unique points can be collected theo remindpeople that ( 7 ).In this way ,we should behave just like ( 8 ).
The impact of Television
In recent years , with the development of science and technology ,80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV , offering as many as 50 channels .It has
caused a heated debate on (the impact of television on children ).Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children.The factors for (parents\' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it .) .First of all ,(with so many programs to choose from , children are not getting as much
exercise as they should ).Then , there comes a case that ( some studies have show that exceive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their
ability to achieve in school ).Moreover , ( the effect on children\'s minds are more serious than the effect on children\'s bodies ) .Especially when ( the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them ) .
Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that ( they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children\'s TV
viewing ).In this way ,children will not be influented too deeply .
（I）说明原因型 模块（3）
Currently,XX has been the order of the day .This does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuable than XX .
It is clear that (1).If you (2), as a result , your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you (3).Failure will be following with you .It turns out that all your
plan falls through .
No one can deny another fact that (4) .You donn\'t have to look very far to find out the truth , in respect that we all know (5).It will exert a profound influence upon
(6).With reference to my standpoint ,I think (7).
注释：
1 ： XX的第一个优点 2： 支持XX的做法 3：不支持XX的做法 4：XX的第二个优点
5：举例证明优点二6：说明XX优点三的影响第三天我写的相应作文：
The importance of self-confidence
Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day .This does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuablethan self-confidence.
It is clear that (self-confidence means trust in one\'s abilities ).
If you ( are full of self-confidence ,it will bring your creative power
to play , arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome
difficulties ), as a result , your dreams willcome true .On the contrary,
if you ( have no confidence in yourself, there is little poibility that
you would ever achieve anything ).Failure will be following with you。
It turns out that all your plan falls through .
No one can deny another fact that (self-confidence gives you light
when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed) .
You donn\'t have to look very far to find out the truth , in respect
that we all know (the secret of MMe.Curie lies in preserverence and
self-confidence, the latter in particular) .It will exert a profound
influence upon ( the achievement of one\'s ambitions ).
With reference to my standpoint ,I think (he that can have
self-confidence can have what he will).
综合运用篇
Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that....
随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是____________。
As to whether it is a bleing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.
然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。(Hold different attitudes 持不同的看;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法)
As society develops, people are attaching much importance to....
随着社会的发展，人们开始关注.....
As to whether it is worthwhile ....., there is a long-running controversial debate.It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it.关于是否值得________的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。
Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that....最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心______________。
展现问题篇
Recently the iue of whether or not ...has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.
近来，是否_______的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。
The iue whether it is good or not to ....has aroused a heated discuion all over the country.______的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。
At present, some people think ....while others claim ...Both sides have their merits.目前，一些人认为_______而另一些人则认为_______。其实，两种观点都其可取之处。
People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial iue.对于这种极具争议的话题，我们很难作出绝对的回答。
People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。
The controversial iue is often brought into public focus.People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the iue.
这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。
When asked ..., some people think.....while some prefer...说到___，有人认为____，而另一些人则认为___。
There is a public controversy nowadays over the iue of ..There who criticize ...argue that ..., they believe that ...,but people who favor .., on the other hand, argue that...目前，___问题争议较大。批判_______的人认为___，他们认为____，不过，另一方面，赞同__的人则认为___。
1、常用与开头的短语、句式
（1） with the （rapidly）growing popularity of （computers/private cars） in China，the quality of our lives has been considerably changed。
（3） With the development of （science and technology/market economy），more and more/an increasing number of people come to realize that …
（4） Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over (illegal publication/drug abuse/negative influence of western cultures).
（5） Nowadays ,a heated debated/discuion about…is under way in China .some people believe that …,whereas others argue that…
（6） There are some reasons for owning (private cars/ personal computers).To begin with,…Next,…Last,…There are, on the other hand, many reasons against it, First,…Second,…Finally,…
（7） There are many advantages and disadvantages in(owning a car).
（8） There are various /at least three ways/poible techniques/problems/methods to do something
（9） Smoking/Alcoholic beverage should be banned from college campuses for toe reasons.The first reason is that …The second reason is that …/On the one hand ,… On the other hand,…
（10） The poible solutions of (the energy crisis/water shortages/these social problems)depend on three factors…
（11） The tow major reasons responsible for(the rapid economic growth /the widespread of fake products )are…
2．常用于结尾的短语、句式
（1） It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to 。。。
（2） To conclude，we can see that （the best way/the poible solution）is。。。
（3） In short，（shortages of water，decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution）are the major problems to be solved to（increase rain production）。
（4） In order to make our world a better place in which to live we should make great efforts to。。。
（5） In a word ，there are three suggestions we must follow ，only in this way can we（achieve a great succe）。
（6） It is time for us to take an active part in。。。
（7） Let us work hand in hand in hand to（solve these social problems）
1．表示原因 1）There are three reasons for this． 2）The reasons for this are as follows． 3）The reason for this is obvious． 4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 5）The reason for this is that．．．
6）We have good reason to believe that．．．
例： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．
2．表示好处1）It has the following advantages．2）It does us a lot of good． 3）It benefits us quite a lot． 4）It is beneficial to us．
5）It is of great benefit to us．
例： Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．
3．表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmfulto us．
例： However，everything dividesinto two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion．
4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important（neceary，difficult，convenient， poible）for sb．to do sth． 2）We think it neceary to do sth． 3）It plays an important role in our life．
例： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in busine．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．
5．表示措施1）We should take some effective measures． 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth． 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．
例： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．
6．表示变化1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．
2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications． 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．
例： Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．
推荐第7篇：大学英语写作
常用写作句型
1现象解释型
模板一
⑴According to the chart/graph/ table/ picture, it is clear that 图表/画内容总概括.⑵The chart/graph/ table/picture shows .⑶Many reasons contribute to 现象概括.
⑷To begin with, 原因一.⑸进一步阐述原因一.⑹Moreover, 原因二.⑺In addition, 原因三.⑻As a result, 段落总结句.
⑼As to me, I think 我的观点/态度/建议.⑽ First of all, 理由一.⑾ Besides, 理由二.⑿To conclude, 模板二
Topic
⑴From the chart/graph/ table/picture, we learn that nowadays, 总述社会现象/事实现象, which has aroused the great /common concern.⑵what imprees me most is .⑶That are many reasons accounting for .
⑷First of all,原因一.⑸进一步阐述原因一.⑹ What is more, 原因二.⑺ For example, 举例说明原因二.⑻ In addition, 原因三.
⑼As far as I am concerned, 我的观点.⑽For one thing/On one hand 理由一.⑾ For another/ On the other hand, .⑿Thus/In brief/Taking above mentioned factors into consideration, I may reasonably conclude that….
常用句型
⑴As is described in the chart/graph/table/picture, in the past few decades, there have arisen sharp increase in…如图中所示， 在过去的几十年中， ……急剧增长。
⑵The chart/graph/table/picture describes that the figure declines/falls smoothly/markedly, it indicates that…
图表显示数字下降平缓/明显， 这表明……
⑶In the chart/graph/table/picture, we can seen that there was a slight/ marked fluctuation.It reveals that…
在图表中，我们可以看到有细微/很明显的波动，这表明…
⑷Recently, the problems of …has become the focus of the public concern.
近来，…问题引起公众极大的关注。
⑸There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/ are responsible for/ explain… …可能是好几个因素造成的结果。
⑹There may be several poible reasons for which will be demonstrated below.可能有几个原因导致了我们下面所要阐述的问题。
⑺It’s no easy /simple task to offer the reasons for this phenomenon which involves more than one complicated factors.
要解释该现象产生的原因并不容易，因为其中涉及到很多复杂的因素。
⑻ Among all the important/convincing reasons for…,one should be emphasized… 在所有重要/有力的原因中， 我们应当重点关注…
2问题解决型
模板一
Topic
⑴It is well-known that 相关背景, but nowadays 总述不良现象或问题.⑵现象具体表现一.⑶现象的具体表现二.
⑷It should be paid attention to that 该现象 is causing great harm/该现象 is caused for many reasons.⑸On one hand, ⑹On the other hand, .⑺Therefore, it is high time that ⑻First of all, 解决方法一.⑼进一步阐述方法一.⑽Secondly/In addition, 解决方法二.⑾Thirdly/Besides/Morever.解决方法三.⑿Only in this way can we解决问题.
模板二
Topic
⑴There has been a discuion recently about 事实现象.⑵ It is obvious that 危害一/作用一.⑶ Additionally, 危害二/作用二.⑷So how to 解决问题is worth paying attention to.
⑸On one hand/ Firstly, 解决方法一.⑹进一步阐述方法二⑺On the other hand/Secondly,解决方法二.⑻For example,支持该方法的例子.⑼In addition/ Thirdly, 解决方法三.
⑽In fact, more than three ways can be adopted.⑾As for me, 我的思考或看法.⑿All in all, 总结全文.
常用句型
⑴It is important that effective actions should be taken to prevent the situation.
⑵There is little doubt that serious attention must be called to…
⑶There is no immediate solution to the problem of…,but …might be helpful/ but the general awarene of the neceity of…might be the first step.
⑷In order to make our world a better place in which we live, we should make great efforts to… ⑸To conclude, we can see the best way is…
⑹Following these methods may not guarantee the succe in solution to…, but the payoff will be worth the effort.
3对比选择型
模板一
Topic
⑴Different people have different views on看法/问题.⑵Somme prefer 一种看法观点.⑶Others tend to .⑷As for me, I agree to the first/ second opinion.
⑸Of course, 我不赞同的观点的合理性.⑹For example, 支持其合理性的例子.⑺But 我不赞同的观点的不足.⑻The following reason can account for your preference.
⑼The main reason is that 支持观点的理由一.⑽ A good example to illustrate is that 支持理由一的例子.⑾In addition/ What’s more,支持观点的理由二.⑿For the foregoing, 重申观点.模板二
Topic
⑴When it comes to事物/问题, different people will offer different opinions.⑵Some people take it for granted that 观点一.⑶In their opinion, 观点一的理由一.⑷Besides, 观点一的理由二.⑸However, others hold that观点二.⑹They maintain that 观点二的理由一.⑺And 观点二的理由二.
⑻Weighing up these two arguments, I am for 观点一/观点二.⑼ On one hand, 理由一.⑽ On the other hand, ⑾ For instance, 举例说明理由二.⑿ Therefore, as stated above, 常用句式
⑴ There is a general discuion nowadays on the problem of …Some argue that …,but others set forth a totally different argument about the iue.
⑵ In response to the problem, some people believe…,in their minds,…Other maintain that…, in their eyes,…
⑶ Personally, I side with the former/ latter opinion.
⑷ In conclusion, it is clear that
4观点论证型
模板一
⑴ It is true that 普遍的观点.⑵ However, 不同的观点/现象.⑶ I think,我的观点.⑷ 理由或其他论据 can be listed as follows.
⑸ Firstly，论据一.⑹ Secondly, 论据二.⑺ For example, 支持论据二的事例.⑻ Thirdly, 论据
三.⑼ A case in point is 支持论据三的事例.
⑽ There is no doubt that 重申观点.⑾ Therefore, 与该观点相符的做法.⑿ In a word, 总结全文.
模板二
Topic
⑴ Many people believe that 社会现象/事实.⑵The truth is deep and profound.⑶ As we all know,具体表现一.⑷ In addition, 具体表现二.
⑸ There are numerous examples supporting this argument.⑹ A case in point is 阐述第一个例子⑺ For another example, 引出并说明第二个例子.⑻ Moreover, 阐述第三个例子.
⑼All mentioned above that tells us that重申观点.⑽ But (One thing we have to notice is that ) 提出个人建议.⑾ In short,总结全文.
常用句式
⑴ It is well known that …plays an important part in…
⑵ It is believed that …
⑶ There are many reasons explaining …
⑷ From what has been mentioned above, we may safely come to the conclusion that …
5应用文
⑴建议信模板
Date
Dear ___________,
⑴ I am delighted to learn that _________.⑵ It____________.⑶ In my opinion, ________.⑷ On one hand,_________.⑸ On the other hand,_________.
⑹ As to ________, I suggest ___________.⑺ If__________.⑻ It is unneceary for you to _____________.⑼ In addition, ________________.⑽ I am sure _______________.
⑾ Please inform me _________________.
⑿ I amlooking forward to __________.
Sincerely yours,
Signature
常用句式
⑴ I would like to suggest that …/ I am writing with my suggestion that…
⑵ You have asked me for my advice with regard to …and I will try to make some conducive suggestions.
⑶ If I were you, I would…
⑷ As you may agree that...
⑸ I hope you will find these suggestions helpful/ practical/ useful.
⑹ I hope you will take my suggestions into consideration.
⑺ I would be happy to see improvements in this regard.
⑻ I would be ready to discu this matter to further details.
⑵倡议书模板
Date
Dear________,
⑴ I am writing this letter to call on ____________to ____________.⑵ As some of you may know,___________.⑶ In fact,___________.
⑷It is neceary for us to___________.⑸ On one hand,__________.⑹ On the other hand, ______________.⑺ However,___________________.⑻So it is high
time_____________________.⑼ Firstly, ________________.⑽Secondly, _______________.
⑾ If you are willing to ____________, please ______________.⑿ Join us in the action and extend ________into a spirit that dares any poible difficulties.
Thank you.
⑶求职信模板
Date
Dear_______,
⑴ I am applying for the position of _________advertised in _________.⑵ I major in
_____.⑶ My training in ________definitely meet your qualifications.⑷ My complete resume is attached.
⑸ I will graduate on____________ from_________.⑹ In addition to the required courses of this program, I have_________.⑺ I also have some experience in ___________.⑻ I believe my training and experience _________________.⑼ You will find me to be ________________⑽ I hope that you will consider me for your position.⑾ May I have a personal interview at your convenience? ⑿ I can be reached by telephone __________.
Sincerely yours,
Signature
常用句式
⑴ I am writing to apply for the post of …advertised in …
⑵ In reply to your advertisement in…, I beg to apply for the post …in your company.⑶ I feel I have the qualifications and experiences needed for the position of …
⑷ I shall bring with me the full details of my testimonials as you request.
⑸ I hope I may be granted an interview when I can explain my qualification more fully.
⑹ It seems that my experience, together with my education, has given me ideal preparation to aume the role of…in your firm.
推荐第8篇：《大学写作》复习提纲
2013年《大学写作》复习提纲
绪论
1、文章的原意是什么？P1 答：本意是错综复杂的色彩或花纹。《周礼·考工记》：“青与赤谓之文，赤与白谓之章。”合起来就是文章。
2、写作的含义是什么？P1 答：人类个体性的创造性精神劳动。写作运用书面语言反映事物，表情达意，交流思想，是重要的书面表达方式。
3、近几年兴起的新的写作形式有哪些？P5 答：伴随着电子科学技术的发生与发展，依托网络的新的写作不断发展，写作变得无处不在，或者说无所不能。网络文学、网络blog、网络聊天、电子邮件、短信写作、短信小说、订机票、买东西、做生意，所有利用网络要做的事情，都离不开文学写作，呈现一种写作的网络化趋势。今天的写作是一个大写作的状态，大写作的意识。
4、写文章有基本的规律可循么？p5
做文章在有法与无法之间，有法是写作有一些基本的规律，老师可以教给你写作知识，无法是只能靠自己去获得和提高写作能力。
5、中国文化与汉语写作有怎样的关系？P8
答：中国文化乃汉语写作之根，如果我们不研究中国文化，不能深刻理解我们的文化渊源，我们就会把人事物态简单化，我们就不会写出具有深厚文化底蕴的文章。我们 1 就不会中西比较，就不会有鉴别才有研究，有鉴别才有个性。我们要继承优良，摒弃糟粕，弘扬壮大我中华民族文化。
6、暨南大学珠海学院的建筑风格是怎样的？
答：中西合璧。总体风格：中式。表现在：（1）中国典型的皇家园林坐落,坐南朝北，依山傍水；（2）封闭式，有围墙；（3）主建筑深藏不露，只有干道延伸。部分风格：西式（如小罗马广场）。但又大众普通化，有浓郁东方韵味。
第一章
材料
1、积累材料的第一步是什么？ 答：第一须观察
2、观察生活应注意哪两个方面？P3 答：观察要全面，观察要精细（观察要抓住特点）。
① 观察要全面---全面观察就是要对事物的全貌，事物发展的全过程，事物构成的各部分，以及这一事物与其他事物之间的关系，观察清楚。观察事物时，必须从头到尾，寻根究底，把它看全。不了解事物的全貌，就不可能进行概括。
② 观察要精细---细就是精细、仔细。观察事物，不宜粗枝大叶，跑马观花。也就是对事物作逼近的仔细的观察，目的是精确把握事物的细部和发现别人没有发现的东西。观察的细，才能写的细。
③ 观察要抓住特点---抓住特点就是要捕捉这一事物与另一事物的不同之处。
3、有意感受与无意感受的区别何在？P7 2 答：无意感受是指主体随意的，既没有自觉目的，也没有意识到本身的努力而获得的一种意外的感受。作者怀着对生活的虔诚，将身心投入生活中，去感受他人他事他物，我们称之为“有意感受”。有意感受是主体自觉的、有预定目的的感受。它受主体意识和动机控制，是主体对客体刺激的集中注意。
4、科学家是否像文学家一样需要感受能力？请举例说明。P9 答：是。同是对于大海的观察和感受，1921年，印度物理学家拉曼乘船途经地中海，为美丽的大海陶醉了，他说：“那时，我对自然界的景象产生了一种奇异的感觉。我被深蓝色的海洋迷住了。”他透过观察到的自然现象，认定那种深蓝色的海水，是由某种光散射引起的，他由此发现了以他的的姓氏命名的“拉曼效应”。而普希金面对蓝色的大海，吟诵的是《致大海》的诗句“别了，自由的元素！/这是最后一次在我面前，你翻滚蓝色的波涛/和闪耀骄傲美丽的容颜”。
5、大学生应该怎样读书？P12
答：有计划地读，有重点地读，联系实际读书。 ① 有计划地读---要根据需要，制定长期的读书计划 ② 有重点的读---围绕喜欢的课程读深读透
③ 联系实际读书---围绕所开的课程去读书。（根据自己水平的高低去读书，由浅入深。读书最好联系自己正在学习的课程，最好是边读边想，边想边读，定能从中受到启发，获得效益。）
6、古人有怎样的苦读故事，请举一二例。
答：①匡衡凿壁偷光。西汉时期，有一个特别有学问的人，叫匡衡，匡衡小的时候家境贫寒，为了读书，他凿通了邻居文不识家的墙，借着偷来一缕烛光读书，终于
3 感动了邻居文不识，在大家的帮助下，小匡衡学有所成。在汉元帝的时候，由大司马、车骑将军史高推荐，匡衡被封郎中，迁博士。②董仲舒三年不窥园。董仲舒专心攻读，孜孜不倦。他的书房后虽然有一个花园，但他专心致志读书学习，三年时间没有进园观赏一眼，董仲舒如此专心致志地钻研学问，使他成为西汉著名的思想家。 （3）萤囊映雪,讲的是车胤。车胤（公元333－401），字武子，东晋时期南平郡离县人（今临澧县柏枝乡）。 晋代车胤家贫，没钱买灯油，而又想晚上读书，便在夏天晚上抓一把萤火虫来当灯读书；映雪是晋代孙康冬天夜里利用雪映出的光亮看书。其囊萤夜读 之精神激励着一代又一代的莘莘学子，鼓舞后辈，永世垂范。他功名仕途一生，为国为民，鞠躬尽瘁，先后曾任：中书侍郎、待中、国子监博学、骠骑长史、太常、护军将军、丹阳尹、吏部尚书，两次进爵后，被朝廷封为关内侯与临湘候。职守功勋，颇极一时之盛。
7、为何多读多写是提高写作能力的有效途径？p10
答：①多读书是拥抱理想的一条捷径，能让人长见识，明是非，坚心志；读书是一种仪式，让人沉醉于书中，心无旁骛；多读书能养性，也是人生经验的壮大，书中呈现了不同时空里的不同经验，能从中不断积累材料和获得启发，进而激发写作的欲望和激情。②多写，把自己所想所看所感写下来，不间断地写，渐到达熟能生巧的境界。单看不写，光凭脑子记，无法让自己对事物产生更深刻的印象，也无法检验自己所想的是否全面，更无法检验到自己文笔的技巧和风格。多写，会不断督促自己不断去创新写作的形式和内容，提高自己的写作水平。
多读，能扩大我们的视野，积累更多的材料，丰富我们的立场观点；多写，能记下我们平时的所想所感，能增加我们的写作经验。这些都能直接提高我们的写作能力。阅 4 读是搜集处理信息、认识世界、发展思维、获得审美体验的重要途径。写作是运用语言文字进行表达和交流的重要方式,是进行创造性表述的过程,是语文素养的综合体现。
一、多读书对写作的益处是多方面的：
（一）多读书可以开阔思维，活跃文思。
（二）多读书还可以丰富写作材料。
（三）多读书是掌握写作规律、学习写作方法的有效途径。
第二章
结构
1、哪些材料该写，哪些不该写；哪些在前，哪些在后；哪些要重点写，哪些一笔带过；这些考虑属于结构么？为什么？
答：属于。这些考虑属于结构的重要环节 剪裁和布局。
2、文章的结构具有怎样的含义？P24
答：结构就是指文章内部的组织和构造，也就是我们通常说的谋篇布局“搭架子”。
3、结构源于哪个行业？P24 答：建筑业。原指建筑物的内部构造，整体布局。
4、结构包含哪三部分？P25 答：开头、主体、结尾。
5、古人把文章结构的各部分分别比做什么？P25 答：凤头、猪肚、豹尾。（开头要短小，精美、引人；中段要丰富，饱满、曲折；结尾要精悍，结实、有力。）
6、文章开头有怎样的要求？P27
5 答：文章开头的要求：一要落笔入题。就是说开头要与文章内容相通，尽快接触文章的本题。二要精彩动人。即开头要优美，精致，有光彩，有气势，先声夺人。
7、文章中段的写作有哪些方法？P30 答：文章中段的写作：
①一线穿珠法---即用一条线索把众多的材料有机地串结在一起。
②有开有合法---即在主干事件的描述中，不时巧妙地穿插一些有关的内容，写得时放时收，有合有开。
③欲擒故纵法---即文章开头之后，并不立即进入主要事件的叙述，而是把笔墨荡开去，酿成“千呼万唤”之势，然后欲写之事“始出来”，大笔浓妆，集中抒写。 ④张弛结合法---时缓时急，时高时低，时冷时热，时强时弱，变化多姿，文章才能波澜曲折，余味无穷。
⑤还有浓淡相间法，正反对照法，突转的艺术，衬托的写法等等
8、文章结尾有哪两个要求？P32 答：①是正文的自然延伸，内容发展的必然结果②如“豹尾”，刚劲有力，或如“撞钟”清音有余。
第三章
语言
1、语言是什么？对于一个民族，语言意味着什么？
6 答：语言是思想的外壳，是人类最重要的写作和交际工具。语言是一个国家民族的根。语言体现着国家民族的文化，语言背后是思维。从历史上的事例看，要灭掉一个国家，就是首先灭掉他的语言。
2、汉语乃母语，请谈谈汉语的三大绝妙之处。
3、语言的运用要求重在哪三个方面？
一语言要一句顶一句；（能贯通，没有闲杂的句子，一句与一句之间的联系应该是逻辑的、有机的联系。）
二语言要精确；（写字要正确无误；用词要精确无误） 三语言要鲜明生动；（语言要有形象感、有趣味感、有音乐感）
2、语言与思维存在着怎样的关系？P51 答：不论是口头语言还是书面语言，都要受思想的领导和制约。思想的深刻决定了语言的深刻，思想的清晰决定语言的明确。思想的新意决定语言的新颖。语言是一种从属于思想的东西；思想是不能脱离语言而存在的。所以，思想和语言是紧密联系，互为依存的。语言的背后是思维，思维是人脑借助语言所实现的对客观事物的间接反映。
3、汉语具备哪五大特色P48 答：（1）汉语言文字是当今世界上历史最悠久的语言文字体系，承载的文化信息极为丰富厚重，堪称一座挖掘不尽的文化宝藏；（2）汉语言文字是当今世界上惟一仍在使用的方块字体系，便于人们的理解和记忆，并且衍生出举世罕有、美轮美奂的书法艺术；（3）汉语的表一功能丰富而严谨，无论是表达细微感情的文艺创作，还是拟定严谨周密的契约文本，汉语均能胜任；（4）汉语汉字精练高效，同其他语种相比，汉语
7 汉字可以用同样的篇幅表达更多的内容，既节省纸张，也节省时间；（5）曾经为人们担忧不已的汉字计算机输入难关已经彻底突破，如今汉字已成为世界上电脑输入速度最快的文字。
4、语言具有哪三种性质、语言的运用要求有哪些、怎样才能使语言鲜明和生动？P53-P62 答：语言是思想的外壳，是写作的工具，是思想的直接现实。语言要一句顶一句；语言要准确（写字要正确无误，用词要精确无误）；语言要鲜明与生动。语言要有形象感，要有趣味感，要有音乐感（整齐美、抑扬美、参差美）。
5、培养语言能力的渠道有哪两条？P63 答：直接从生活里学习语言（多听、口语）；精读已有定评的名著（经淘汰而留下的精华）。
6、你认为当代人使用频率最高的二十个词汇是哪些？
答：创新、改革、温室效应、和谐、效率、环保、人权、可持续发展、房地产、素质教育、压力、全球化、平等、转型、统
一、团结、奉献、合法权益、公德、诚信、就业、考研、留学、海归、经济危机、竞争、实践、社保、小康、环境污染、第三产业、郁闷、杯具
7、你认为经典的现代汉语著作，一般用多少个单字？ 答：常用的三千汉字或再稍多一些。
第四章
主题
1、什么是主题？文章没有主题是否可行？P116
8 答：主题是作者的写作目的和文章的基本精神在文章中的反映。不可行。主题是文章的灵魂，它代表着文章的社会价值和思想深度；是文章的统帅。
2、“主题”出自哪个艺术门类？原本指的是什么？P116 答：主题源于音乐，最初指乐曲的主旋律，乐曲的核心。
3、中国古代把主题称作什么和什么？P116 答：意
4、中国古代把主题比作什么和什么？P116 答：
1、文章的灵魂，他代表文章的社会价值和思想深度。
2、文章的统帅“意犹帅也，无帅之兵，谓之乌合。”
5、主题与问题有何不同？
答：问题是文章揭示的矛盾，也可以说是产生主题的向导，问题的答案往往是作者所要阐明的主题。主题并不等于作者在文章中提出的主要问题，而是作者对文章中提出的问题所持的观点或评价。
6、古人对主题有哪四个方面的要求？
答：易、直、慈，谅。（平易、正直、慈爱、体谅。）
7、怎样理解文章的多元主题？
8、提炼主题的方法有哪几种？P119 答：八种。追根溯源法、对比联系法、见微知著法、体验的方法、基底对比的提炼、旧意翻新曲，四面围攻、无中生有法。
9、在中国文化里，民以食为天，中国的餐饮博大精深，请你说出中国菜的五种意境，并举例谈谈中国餐饮的主题意识。
第五章 创造性思维
1、什么是创造？人类创造的根源是什么？
答：提供新的、首创的、有社会意义的产物就是创造。
2、为何说人类的历史是一部创造史？
创造是人类文明进步的阶梯。人类的发明创造是社会发展的巨大动力。自古以来，人类用自己的聪明
才智，改造自然，创造世界，为社会的前进与发展开辟了广阔的道路。在由 愚昧走向文明的漫长的历史进程中，人类正是靠发明创造实现着一个个美丽 的梦想，由自然王国走向自由王国。
人类发明创造的历程艰难而漫长，人类的发明创造领域极其广阔，人类的发明创造成果极其丰富。例如四大发明在历史上不但极大地推动了我国经济文化的发展，而且对世界的文明进步也做出了难以估量的贡献。小发明推动小进步，大发明推动大进步。瓦特发明蒸汽机、法拉第发明发电机、爱迪生发明电灯等，不都是极大地推动了人类社会的进步吗？因此，从这种意义上来说，创造发明的确可以被誉为“人类社会进步的阶梯”。
3、为何不准克隆人以及人体器官？
4、创造与大自然是否有关系，有着怎样的关系？
5、人类急需解决的十大问题是哪些？
6、电器和电子产品带给人类哪些困惑？
7、一个毕业生不知道应该做教师还是做
律师，请你分轻重缓急列出他（她）需要考虑的十个问题？
8、丹麦的美人鱼与珠海渔女都是城市的象征，都源自爱情故事，请比较二者有着怎样的差异？
9、瓷器、中医中药、白酒、茶叶、丝绸、麻将、武术、京剧、国画、书法等都是 国人的创造，由此被誉为中华民族的国
粹。请你精心挑选一种最熟悉的，谈谈这种国粹体现了国人怎样的文化精神与哲学思想。
3为何不准克隆人以及人体器官？
克隆用于人类将导致一系列伦理，道德和社会问题。伦理上看，这将引起父不将父，母不将母，子不将子，伦理的混乱和颠倒。法律上看，无法论定克隆人和原体之间的继承关系。人的尊严问题上看，人不能被当做自己的实验材料，而且一旦失控，将对人类造成极大的危害。
4创造与大自然是否有关系，有着怎样的关系？有。
①大自然是创造的源泉，自然资源是人类物质性创造活动的物质基础，自然风物是人类精神性创造活动的借鉴元素；
②大自然是创造的归宿，创造出的文明成果丰富了大自然的多样性，创造促进人类与大自然和谐相处。
5人类急需解决的十大问题是哪些？
水资源短缺、食物短缺、人口发展过快、大气污染、强病毒扩散、核设施泄露、
11 水源污染、土地沙化、物种濒危、生态失衡、能源衰竭、绿色屏障锐减、垃圾成灾、温室效应加剧、臭氧层破坏、机器人接管世界、纳米机器人泛滥成灾、核武器战争、生化武器毁灭种族、基因生物工程毁灭人类、粒子实验吞噬地球、超级火山爆发、地震引发世界经济危机、小行星撞击地球、外层空间超行星爆炸等
推荐第9篇：大学基础写作
基 础 写 作
单选10*1分 填空10*1分 简答2*10分
分析发挥（续写结尾“合理出奇”）20分 作文(叙事)40分
第二章 文章构成要素 第一节 材料
材料分为“素材”和“题材”
素材：是指作家、艺术家在创作之前，从社会生活中摄取的、未经选择、提炼加工的原始材料，它具有感性、零碎、分散的特点，是材料积累的第一步，但未经加工不能纳入文章。
题材：则是经过作家、艺术家对素材的选择、提炼加工，写到作品中来，用以表现主题的材料。
材料的选择
一.围绕突出主题材料 二.选择典型材料 三.选择新颖材料 第二节 主题
主题：主题是文章的基本思想，是文章的核心和灵魂。
主题的提炼： 一.深刻 二.创新 三.着眼于时代性
第三节 结构
材料起解决“言之有物”的作用;主题解决“言之有理”;结构则进一步解决“言之有序”。
结构的原则：
一.正确反映事物内在规律 二.服从表现主题的需要 三.适应不同体裁的特点 四.结构要富于变化
段落，是行文最小的意义单位
结尾：
主要表现为“开门见山式”和“导入式”两类。 结尾的几种写法
一.总结性结尾，绾结全文，深化主题，形成清晰、完整的印象； 二.启发式结尾，富于哲理，引人深思； 三.鼓舞性结尾，有着激发热情的鼓动力 四.自然式结尾，文章的道理讲完即自然停止。
结构的要求
一.脉络清晰、线索一贯 二.周密严谨 三.曲折变幻 四.疏密互映
第四节 语言
语言文字运用的基本要求和方法 准确、简洁、生动、朴实
第三章 文章的表达方式 第一节 叙述
叙述是写作中最基本、最常用的表达方式
叙述的人称分为“第一人称叙述”和“第三人称叙述”
其中，“第三人称叙述”是全知视角的叙述，它假托一个无所不知、无所不晓的第三者来说话，叙述者的观点不受任何限制，可以突破时间空间的束缚，能够广泛自地反映客观生活。
叙述的基本方法
从叙述的先后安排分：顺叙、倒叙、插叙、补叙 从叙述的整体和局部关系分：合叙、分叙 从叙述的详略程度分：概叙、细叙
分叙：也叫平叙，是指在同一时间内发生在不同地点的事件进行并列的叙述，俗话“花开两朵，各表一枝”
第二节 描写
描写的方法
依据描写的风格来分：白描和细描
依据描写的角度来分：直接描写（正面描写）和间接描写（侧面描写）
描写的对象 人物： 1.肖像描写 2.行动描写 3.语言描写 4.心理描写：
心里剖析、内心独白、梦境描摹、幻觉描写 第四节 抒情
抒情的方法：
一.直接抒情，就是直叙胸臆 二.间接抒情： 1.通过叙述抒情
2.通过描写抒情（借景抒情，情由景生） 3.通过议论抒情
第二节 小说
中国小说源于古代神话
小说的文体特点
一.情节是小说叙述的中心 二.情节是小说叙述最基本的框架 三.具体充分的场景展示是小说的特长 四.灵活多变，手法多样的叙述方式
第三节 诗歌
诗歌的基本特点 一.凝练性
二.跳跃性：结构上具有跳跃性，意境也具有跳跃性 三.音乐性：声律和谐，节奏鲜明
推荐第10篇：大学英语六级写作
2012年大学英语六级考试作文模板
（1）不同观点列举型（选择型） There is a widespread concern over the iue that __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more _______
（2）利弊型的议论文 ） Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over （the iue that） ___作文题目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___优点一______.And secondly ___优点二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, \"every coin has two sides\", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺点一______.In addition, ____缺点二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3） 答题性议论文 ） Currently, there is a widespread concern over （the iue that） __作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途 径一______.In addition, another way contributing to succe of the solving problem is ___途径 二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题
目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____ 方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文 ） It is well know to us that the proverb: \" ___谚语_______\" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____谚语的含义_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.（also theoretically） A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.样解决（解决方案的优缺点） In recent days, we have to face I problem_____A, which is becoming more and more serious.First, ____________（说明 A 的现状）.Second, _______________（举例进一步说明现状）.Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing, _______________（解决方法一）.For another _____________（解决方法二）.Finally, ______________（解决方法三）.Personally, I believe that _____________（我的解决方法）.Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ______________（带来的好处）.
分析并举例使其更充实。 The good old proverb ________________ （名言或谚语） reminds us that ________________ （释义）.Indeed, we can learn many things form it.First of all,_________________（理由一）.For example, ___________________（举例说 明）.Secondly,________________（理由二）.Another case is that
_______________（举例说 明）.Furthermore , __________________（理由三）.In my opinion, ________________（我的观点）.In short, whatever you do, please remember the say______A.If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necearily benefit a lot from it.图表作文的框架 As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table（graph/picture/pie/chart）, ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease （goesup/increases/drops/decreases）,
significantly/dramatically/steadily/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well_grounded.
第11篇：大学英语写作
1.对立观点式
A．有人认为#是好事，赞成#， 为什么？
B．有人认为# 是坏事， 反对#，为什么？
C．我的看法。
模板:
With the development of our society, # has increasingly become a common concern of the public.(可再加一句情况说明)
Some people are in favor of the idea of doing #.They point out the fact that 支持# 的第一个原因.They also argue that 支持# 的另一个原因.However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do #.They firmly point out that 反对# 的第一个理由.What’s more, 反对# 的第二个理由.
There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of#/doing # 的好处overweigh the disadvantages.Given more correct directions, all of us can benefit more from it.
(结尾一段也可选用这种方式:
Therefore, in my opinion, although there are advantages of #/doing # 的好处, its negative effects should not be ignored.Given more correct directions, all of us can benefit more from it.)
Colleges Have Opened Their Doors Wider With the development of our society, the fact that colleges have opened their doors wider has increasingly become a common concern of the public.
Some people are in favor of the idea of opening the colleges’ doors wider.They point out the fact that it allows more students to pursue higher education.They also argue that it will provide more talents for our society.However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to open the colleges’ doors wider.They firmly point out that it will be much harder for the graduates to find a job.What’s more, it will lead to a social problem.
There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of
opening the colleges’ doors wider overweigh the disadvantages.Given more correct directions, all of us can benefit more from it.
(141 words) (结尾一段也可选用这种方式: Therefore, in my opinion, although there are advantages of opening the colleges’ doors wider, its negative effects should not be ignored.Given more correct directions, all of us can benefit more from it.)(141 words)
2.社会问题(现象)式
A．一个社会问题或者现象
B．产生的原因
C．我的看法。
Work in the Countryside (positive)
1.许多大学毕业生自愿到农村工作
2.出现这种现象的原因
3.我的看法
Work in the Countryside With more and more university graduates in our society, how to find a good job has increasingly become a common concern of the public.It is reported that many university graduates would like to work in the countryside.
There are a number of reasons for this phenomenon.To start with, it is a fact that with more and more university students graduating each year, the job market competition becomes more and more fierce, and many graduates cannot find jobs in the cities.Secondly, most villages that are trying to employ university graduates have developed well.It makes mot much difference whether to work in the countryside or in the city.Last but not least, some university graduates who come from the
countryside are eager to go back home to contribute to the construction of their hometown.Based on the above reasons, I think university graduates should go to work where they are needed most and where they can make full use of their talents.Working in the countryside can be truly an advisable (明智的) choice.
(170 words) Misleading News (negative)
1.当今社会虚假新闻越来越多
2.分析出现这种现象的原因
3.呼吁社会改变这种不智之举
With the development of our society, misleading news has increasingly become a common concern of the public.It is reported that there are more and more misleading news in our society.
There are a number of reasons for this phenomenon.To start with, it is a fact that there are more and more modern communication tools in the world, misleading news can easily spread.Secondly, some journalists would like to draw public attention and increase the sales by publishing misleading news.Last but not least, the public would like to share some interesting news which may be misleading.Based on the above discuions, I think we should take action to prevent misleading news.Think twice before we speak can be truly an advisable choice.
(124 words)
3.应用文
写信:感谢信, 投诉信，道歉信,邀请信,申请(贷款、入学、求职)，请求别人帮忙（写推荐信，搜查资料)
Dear Sir or Madam,(不知是谁的情况下，如果有要求写给谁要写上具体的名称)
I am a student/customer who….I am writing to thank you for/complain about/apologize for/invite you to do/apply for/ask for your help to do sth.
描述过程或原因.When I …, I was really thankful/upset/sorry /honored/interested/upset.
I sincerely hope that ….
If you can…, I will be really….I am looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely,Lily
A Letter to Apply for a Student Loan
1.介绍你的个人情况
2.申请助学贷款的原因、数额及用途
3.如何保证专款专用以及你的还款
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am a sophomore in Peking University who majors in Engineering.I am writing to apply for a student loan of 2,000 yuan.
It is hard for me to make the application, but I have to.Last year both my parents were laid off, and what’s worse, three weeks ago my mother was discovered to have caught a serious disease.Therefore, I could not get support for my study form my family any more.When I knew that I have the opportunity to apply for the student loan, I was really happy and excited.So I immediately write this letter to you to ask for your help.I sincerely hope that I can get the loan.I promise that all the money will go to my tuition and fees for the next year, and I will repay it within four years, that is, one year after my graduation.If you can grant my application, I will be really grateful.I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,Lily
(166 words)
4.图表作文模板
图表作文提示部分包括图表和文字要点提示两部分。图表的类型主要有：圆形（饼型）图（pie chart）、柱形图(直型图)（graph）、曲线图（chart）和数据统计表(表格)（table）。 ① 描述图表 ②分三方面解释原因 ③下结论
1) As can be seen from the in______.During the period from _______to _______, ________rose from ________to _______, while _______ decreased from _______ to _______.
2) We believe that there are a number of reasons for this phenomenon.To begin with,____.Secondly, ____.Last but not least, _____.
3) In conclusion, ______.We can imagine that _____.
范文： Health Gains in Developing Countries
1．以下图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命(1ife expectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infant mortality)的变化情况
2．说明引起变化的各种原因
1960 1990
Health Gains in Developing Countries
life expectancy of developing 40 years nearly 60 years, infant
develops quickly in developing countries during this period, and living quality improves the development of national health care systems.When they become richer and richer, they care more about personal health conditions.medical sciences also develop at a fantastic speed, and it is much safer for mothers to give birth.
the situations in developing countries are changing for the better.
(169 words)
注:还须注意今年的热点问题,如:就业(有关词汇如: graduate, apply for, applicant, candidate等);经济问题(有关词汇如: the financial
crisis/tsunami等);或城市交通问题等.
第12篇：大学写作复习资料
下学期复习资料
一，填空
1、表达方式有五种：( 叙事
)、(
描写
)、( 抒情
)、(
议论 )、( 说明
)。
2、对论点的要求是：一，（
论点必须正确
）；二，（论点要深刻
）；三，（
论点必须针对实际
）。
3、悬念由两部分组成：（
设悬
）、（
解悬
）。
4、立骨是确立文章骨架的一种写作技法，立骨的方式有：（ 一字立骨
）、（
一句立骨
）、（ 一段立骨
）。
5、反讽的方式有：（言语反讽
）、（
情景反讽
）、（
互文反讽
）。
6、从象征在文章使用的范围来看，可分为：（
局部象征
）和（
整体象征
）。
7、通报适用于（ 表彰先进 ），（批评错误 ），传达重要精神或者情况。
8、论据的要求：一，（
论据要真实
）；二，论据（ 要充足有力
）。
9、有的消息是三行标题，第一行称为（引题
），第二行称为（正题
），第三行称为（副题
）。
10、驳斥论敌的方法有：反驳（ 论点
）、反驳（
论证
）和反驳（ 论据
）。
11、说明的基本方法有：（介绍说明
）、（定义说明
）、（ 分类说明
）、（ 举例说明
）、（ 比较说明
）、（比喻说明
）等。
12、函适用于不相隶属机关之间（商洽 ）工作，（ 询问 ）和（ 答复 ）问题；（请求批准 ）和答复审批事项。
13、计划中目标、任务，回答的是（“ 做什么 ” ）的问题；措施、步骤回答的是（“ 怎么做 ” ）的问题。
14、叙述人称是叙述事件经过、人物经历时叙述人在文章中身份，它是以叙述者的立足点来确定的。有（
第一人称
）的表达方式和（ 第三人称
）的表达方式。
15、叙述的方式主要有：（顺序
）、（
倒叙
）、（
插叙
）、（
补叙
）。
16、人物描写包括：（肖像描写
）、（ 语言描写
）、（行动描写
）、（ 心理描写
）。
17、间接抒情的具体方式有：（
寓情于事
）、（
寓情于景
）、（
寓情于物
）、（
寓情于理
）。
18、驳斥论敌的方法有：反驳（
）、反驳（
）和反驳（
）。
19、求职信和应聘信的特点是：求职对象的（ ）；信件内容的（ ）；工作岗位的（ ）。
二、单项选择
1、下列公文标题中书名号使用正确的是（ ） A、XX局关于印发《企业所得税税前扣除办法》的通知 B、XX省政府转发《国务院关于XXXX的意见》的通知
C、XX市关于印发《XXX同志在XXXX会议上的讲话》的通知 D、国务院办公厅转发《农业部关于XXXX的意见》的通知
2、下列既可以向上级行文，又可以向下级行文的是（ ） A、通知 B、通知 C、意见 D、通报
3、向国内外宣布重要事项或者法定事项时使用（ ） A、公告 B、通告 C、通报 D、决定
4、表扬好人好事的通报，正文结构一般是（ ）
A、概括主要事实——号召大家学习——分析精神实质——提出表彰方式 B、概括主要事实——分析精神实质——提出表彰方式——号召大家学习C、提出表彰方式——号召大家学习——概括主要事实——分析精神实质 D、概括主要事实——提出表彰方式——号召大家学习——分析精神实质
5、向上级机关汇报工作，反映情况，答复上级机关询问时用（ ） A、报告 B、决定 C、总结 D、请示
6、下列是一份公文的成文日期，书写规范的是（ ） A、2004年5月10日 B、二零零四年五月十日 C、二00四年5月10日 D、二00四年五月十日
7、下列可以不加盖发文机关印章的是（ ） A、报告 B、通知 C、会议纪要 D、通报
8、受双重领导的机关向上级机关行文，应当这样处理（ ） A、写明主送机关和抄送机关 B、主送一个上级机关
C、报送两个上级机关 D、主送并报送两个上级机关
9、公文的成文时间应当是（ ）
A、负责人签发的日期 B、写公文的日期 C、分发公文的日期 D、印公文的日期
10、“当否，请批复”常用在（ ）的结尾
A、函 B、请示 C、报告 D、议案
11、行政公文如果有附件，应在（ ）标识附件名称
A、正文之后成文日期之前 B、成文日期之后主题词之前 C、主题词之后 D、标题之后正文之前
12、议案的收文机关是（ ）
A、同级人民政府 B、上级人民政府 C、上级人民代表大会或人民代表大会常务委员会 D、同级人民代表大会或人民代表大会常务委员会
13、公文标题中应加书名号的是（ ）
A、规章 B、命令 C、意见 D、决定
14、发文字号应当包括机关代字、（
）和年度发文序号 A、年份
B、简称
C、月份
D、全称
15、任免一般干部，应使用（ ） A.函 B.通知 C.通报 D.意见
16、传达重要精神或情况，应使用（ ） A.函 B.通知 C.通报 D.意见
17、答复上级机关的询问，应使用（ ） A.报告 B.通报 C.意见 D.请示
18、撰写“请示”必须（ ）
A.一文一事 B.与报告合用 C.用于汇报工作情况 D.用于通知事项
19、向无隶属关系机关请求批准事项，应使用（ ） A.请示 B.意见 C.通知 D.函
20、表扬好人好事的通报，正文结构一般是（ ）
A、概括主要事实——号召大家学习——分析精神实质——提出表彰方式 B、概括主要事实——分析精神实质——提出表彰方式——号召大家学习C、提出表彰方式——号召大家学习——概括主要事实——分析精神实质 D、概括主要事实——提出表彰方式——号召大家学习——分析精神实质
21、、向上级机关汇报工作，反映情况，答复上级机关询问时用（ ） A、报告 B、决定 C、总结 D、请示
22、下列是一份公文的成文日期，书写规范的是（ ） A、2004年5月10日 B、二零零四年五月十日 C、二00四年5月10日 D、二00四年五月十日
23、下列可以不加盖发文机关印章的是（ ） A、报告 B、通知 C、会议纪要 D、通报
24、受双重领导的机关向上级机关行文，应当这样处理（ ） A、写明主送机关和抄送机关 B、主送一个上级机关
C、报送两个上级机关 D、主送并报送两个上级机关
25、公文的成文时间应当是（ ）
A、负责人签发的日期 B、写公文的日期 C、分发公文的日期 D、印公文的日期
26、“当否，请批复”常用在（ ）的结尾
A、函 B、请示 C、报告 D、议案
27、行政公文如果有附件，应在（ ）标识附件名称
A、正文之后成文日期之前 B、成文日期之后主题词之前 C、主题词之后 D、标题之后正文之前
28、议案的收文机关是（ ）
A、同级人民政府 B、上级人民政府 C、上级人民代表大会或人民代表大会常务委员会 D、同级人民代表大会或人民代表大会常务委员会
29、公文标题中应加书名号的是（ ）
A、规章 B、命令 C、意见 D、决定 30、发文字号应当包括机关代字、（
）和年度发文序号 A、年份
B、简称
C、月份
D、全称
三、判断
1、我国现行的行政机关公文种类有13种，党内公文种类有14种。（ ）
2、公文附件和正文有同等效力。（ ）
3、任何公文都必须标识“秘密等级和保密期限”。（ ）
4、请示一般可以越级行文。（ ）
5、为了提高办事效率，“报告”中也可以夹带请示事项。（ ）
6、批复必须针对下级机关所请示的问题而复。（ ）
7、机关公文的开头，一般都要求开门见山，落笔入题，不象文学作品那样讲究迂回曲折，渐入佳境。（ ）
8、所有公文都要有主送机关。（ ）
9、计划按表达形式分，有条文式计划、表格式计划、条文兼表格式计划。（ ）
10、求职信不能渲染与求职无关的才能。（ ）
11、“请示”要“一事一请”，不能把几个事情写在一起。（ ）
12、只能是上级批转下级上报的公文，下级不能批转上级的公文，平行机关之间也不能相互批转公文。（ ）
13、通知的结尾，可以发出号召，抒发感情。（ ）
14、通报中的分析、评价都必须依据事实作基础，褒贬得当，分析入理。（ ）
15、向有关主管部门请求批准可以使用“函”。（ ）
16、学校处分违纪学生可以用“公告”。（ ）
17、计划按表达形式分，有条文式计划、表格式计划、条文兼表格式计划。（ ）
18、总结的标题，只有公文式标题。（ ）
19、请示不一定都要写结尾的常用语。（ ）
20、公文标题中除法规、规章名称加书名号外，一般不用标点符号。（ ）
21、批复必须针对下级机关所请示的问题而复。（ ）
22、机关公文的开头，一般都要求开门见山，落笔入题，不象文学作品那样讲究迂回曲折，渐入佳境。（ ）
23、所有公文都要有主送机关。（ ）
24、计划按表达形式分，有条文式计划、表格式计划、条文兼表格式计划。（ ）
25、求职信不能渲染与求职无关的才能。（ ）
26、“请示”要“一事一请”，不能把几个事情写在一起。（ ）
27、只能是上级批转下级上报的公文，下级不能批转上级的公文，平行机关之间也不能相互批转公文。（ ）
28、通知的结尾，可以发出号召，抒发感情。（ ）
29、通报中的分析、评价都必须依据事实作基础，褒贬得当，分析入理。（ ） 30、向有关主管部门请求批准可以使用“函”。（ ）
四、解释概念
1、喻证法
2、对比法
3、归谬法
4、归纳法
5、定义说明
6、象征
7、蒙太奇：
8、那辗
9、反讽
10、黑色幽默
11、悬念
12、诗歌
13、散文：
五、简要回答下列问题
1、什么是第三人称的叙述角度？
2、什么是消息写作的“倒金字塔结构”？
3、请示与报告的区别是什么？
4、什么是第一人称的叙述角度？
5、描写的要求是什么？
6、撰写求职信和应聘信应注意哪些事项？
7、简述说明的要求：
8、如何写好通讯？
9、应用文的特点是什么？
六、写作小练习
1、写一段寄情于理的文字（不少于10句）
2、运用象征手法，写一段散文式的文字（不少于10句）或一首短诗（4句——8句）
3、运用对比论证方法，写一段议论性的文字（不少于10句）。
4、根据下列材料拟写一份公函：
冶金部于1999年12月28日，给XX省人民政府一函，联系商洽的事情是拟请XX省光大进出口分公司派一名精通业务并懂英语的业务员参加。中国光大进出口总公司于2000年2月底派一贸易小组赴德国进行推销和调研活动。如同意，请将给XX省审批的出国人员的批件，于1月底以前寄中国光大进出口总公司。公文顺序号为28号，发文日期：1999年12月28日。
5、根据材料拟写一份通告
XX市老年大学为进一步为老年人服务，打算举办老年自行车比赛，比赛定名为“青松杯”老年自行车比赛，并获得了肯德基店的1200元赞助。将于2003年2月10日上午9时至12时在XX市举行。公安局长支持这一活动。为保证赛事顺利进行，将对东环路、北环路、南环西路、学院路实行交通管制，届时将禁止一切机动车辆通行（当然，警车、救护车、消防车、工程抢险车可以例外）。据此消息，请代该市公安局拟一份通告。
6、根据材料拟写一份通知
XX省高等教育教学改革研讨会决定于2007年7月18日～24日在XX大学召开，于6月20日发出会议通知。会议的内容是研究和探讨当前高校教学改革的有关问题，各学校主管教学的副校长或教务处长均可参加。会期为7天，7月18日报到，报到和开会地点是：南京理工大学招待所。要求各学校半个月内交来相关教改论文一篇。会议费自理。
7、将下面通讯改写为通报
李坚 舍己救人 英勇献身 共青团全国铁道委员会和团委决定
授予“优秀少先队员”光荣称号并追认为共青团员
本报讯：5月28日下午，共青团哈尔滨铁路局委员会在局工会俱乐部召开大会，宣读共青团全国铁路委员会和共青团四川省委的决定，授予为抢救落水同学而英勇献身的李坚同学“优秀少先队员”的光荣称号，并根据他生前要求，追认他为共青团员。
李坚同学生前是阿城铁路中学学生，刚满14周岁，2012年5月2日，李坚和另外四名小朋友在河边玩耍，忽然，张昆同学不慎落入水中，李坚当即跳下水去营救，张昆被救了，而他却献出了年轻的生命。
团委副书记等领导在讲话中分别号召全国铁路系统和省内各地的小朋友向李坚同学学习，做一个有理想、有道德、无私无畏的好孩子。
8、指出下列公文文稿的错误之处，并根据公文写作与处理的要求，改写为一份正确的公文。
×××大学文件
×校发〔2012×〕××号 签发人：×××
关于2012年招生计划的申报 市教育委员会：
教委（×发〔2012〕×号）文件《关于申报2012招生专业计划的通知》已收到，我们对文件的精神进行了认真学习，大家一致表示要落实教委的意见，积极发展高等职业教育，办好社会所需要的各种新型专业。经我校各院系研究，决定2012年申报25个专业，招收本专科学生共3000名。特申报给你们。
附：招生计划表。
×××大学
二○一二×年×月×日
主题词： ×× ×× ×× ×× 抄送市人民政府
七、大作文（待定）
参考答案
一、填空
1、叙述、描写、抒情、议论、说明
2、一，论点必须正确；二，论点要深刻；三，论点必须针对实际。
3、设悬、解悬。
4、一字立骨、一句立骨、一段立骨。
5、言语反讽、情境反讽刺、互文反讽。
6、局部象征、整体象征。
7、表彰先进，批评错误。
8、一，论据要真实；二，要充足有力。
9、引题，正题，副题。
10、论点、论据、论证。
11、介绍说明、定义说明、分类说明、举例说明、比较说明、比喻说明。
12、商洽，询问，答复，请求批准。
13、做什么，怎么做。
14、第一人称、第三人称。
15、顺序、倒叙、插叙、补叙。
16、肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写。
17、寓情于事、寓情于景、寓情于物、寓情于理。
18、论点、论据、论证。
19、针对性、自荐性、竞争性。
二、单项选择
1、A
2、C
3、A
4、B
5、A
6、D
7、C
8、A
9、A
10、B
11、A
12、D
13、A
14、A
15、B
16、C
17、A
18、A
19、D 20、B
21、A
22、D
23、C
24、A
25、A
26、B
27、A
28、D
29、A 30、A
三、判断
1、∨
2、∨
3、×
4、×
5、×
6、∨
7、∨
8、×
9、∨
10、∨
11、∨
12、∨
13、×
14、∨
15、×
16、×
17、∨
18、×
19、× 20、∨
21、∨
22、∨
23、×
24、∨
25、∨
26、∨
27、∨
28、×
29、∨ 30、×
四、解释概念
1、喻证法：是通过打比方，用具体的事物来论证比较抽象、深奥，或人们比较生疏、难以理解的道理。
用来打比方的可以是具体的事实，也可以是寓言、神话或其他虚拟的材料。
2、对比法：把两种对立的事物或道理对举出来，进行比较、对照，来证明论点的论证方法，也叫正反论证。对比论证可以列举对立的一对事物，也可以列举对立的多种事物。
把两种独立的事物或道理，放在一起作比较，孰是孰非，何优何劣，就会一目了然。
3、归谬法：也叫引申法，只用于反驳论敌。它先假定对方的论点是正确的，然后以此为前提进行推理，结果引申出来的结论是荒谬的、错误的，当然也是不能成立的。
4、归纳法：归纳法是从特殊到一般，即综合许多具有内在联系的个别事实的共同特点，归纳出一般原理和结论的一种论证方法。
5、定义说明：用下定义的方法来说明事物、事理，即用简明扼要的文字对事物的本质属性或概念的内涵外延作出确切的说明。
6、象征：是以具体、形象的事物，来寓意或揭示人们对生活的感受和认识，强化或美化人与物之精神品格的一种艺术手段和方法。
7、蒙太奇：本是建筑术语，又转用到电影中，指镜头的剪辑、组合；
在写作中，是指借助某种形式，把不同时空的生活内容巧妙地组接在一起，以表达生活的内容和作者思想感受的一种写作技法。
8、那辗：一种写作技法，那辗，是搓挪和辗开之意，搓挪就是在引出描述的主要对象和问题之后，不立即道明，而是左盘右旋，延缓事情的发展；辗开就是在写到快要接近矛盾的解决时，又故意停顿下来，再远远地宕开去。
9、反讽：一种写作技法，是以超然的态度、戏谑的口吻，表达言外之意的方式。
10、黑色幽默：一种写作技法，是用喜剧形式表现悲剧的内容。
11、悬念：一种写作技法。指作者精心设置疑窦和矛盾，以激活读者阅读兴趣的艺术手段。
12、诗歌：一种用丰富新奇的想象和富有节奏、韵律的语言，高度概括地歌唱生活、抒发感情的文学体裁。
13、散文：一种题材广泛、写法自由、个性鲜明、文情并茂的文学体裁。
五、简要回答下列问题
1、是指叙述者以局外人的口吻，叙述“他”或“他们”的事情；
是一种最自由灵活的叙述角度；很少受时间和空间的限制，可以多角度、多方位地刻画人物。
2、消息写作的结构方式：是把最重要的内容放在消息最前面，把次要的内容放在稍后，依据材料的重要性依次排列，这种结构方式很像倒置的金字塔。
3、文种的性质不同 行文目的不同 行文时间不同 写法不同 结尾的用语不同
4、是以“我”（或“我们”）的视角来观察和感受，并“我”（“我们”）的口吻来叙述其所见所闻所思所感；它是一种单向视角；其中的“我”可以是作者，也可以是文章中的人物
5、目的明确：为表现主题服务；为烘托和刻画人物服务；为渲染环境服务。抓住特点：抓住特点才能给人一鲜明突出的印象。所谓特点，也就是事物之间的差异。神形俱出：形，指事物的外貌、情态；神，指事物的内涵、神韵。描写就要求作到神形俱出。
6、针对性；语言简练， 不宜过长； 措辞诚恳，语言得体。
7、内容的科学性
态度的客观性
阐述的条理性
语言的平易性
8、提炼反映时代精神的主题
选取具有典型意义的材料
灵活运用多种表达方法
9、实用性 针对性 程式性 时效性 简明性
六、写作小练习
1、关于拟请XX省派员参加贸易小组赴德的函
冶金部函[1999]28号
XX省人民政府：
中国光大进出口总公司拟于2000年2月底派一贸易小组赴德国进行推销和调研活动，拟请你省光大进出口分公司派一名精通业务并懂英语的业务员参加。如同意，请将给你省审批的出国人员的批件，于1月底以前寄中国光大进出口总公司。
即请复函。
冶金部
一九九九年十二月二十八日
2、通 告
为支持我市老年大学举办的“青松杯”老年自行车比赛，保证赛事顺利进行，经市政府批准，决定在2003年2月10日上午9时至12时期间，将对东环路、北环路、南环西路、学院路实行交通管制。届时除警车、救护车、消防车、工程抢险车外，将禁止一切机动车辆通行。
特此通告。
XX市公安局 2003年2月9日
3、会议通知 XX大学：
为了研究和探讨当前高校教学改革的有关问题，我厅决定召开高等教育教学改革研讨会议。现将有关事项通知如下：
会议参加人员：主管教学副校长或教育处长会议时间：2007年7月18日～24日，会期7天
报到时间：7月18日
报到和会议地点：南京理工大学招待所
会议要求：
1、请各校在接到通知半月内交教改论文一篇，交高教处；
2、会议费XX元，自理。
XX省教育厅（印章）
二00七年六月二十日)
4、
共青团全国铁道委员会文件
××〔2012〕×号
____________________________________________________________________________
关于表彰李坚同学舍己救人、英勇献身的通报
各所属单位：
李坚同学是阿城铁路中学学生，刚满14周岁。2012年5月2日，星期天，李坚和另外四名小朋友在河边玩耍，忽然张昆同学不慎落入水中，李坚当即跳下水去营救，张昆得救了，而李坚却献出了年轻的生命。
根据李坚的英雄事迹，共青团全国铁路委员会和共青团黑龙江省委决定，授予李坚为“优秀少先队员”，并根据他生前要求，追认他为共青团员，同时号召全国铁路系统和省内各地的小朋友向李坚同学学习，做一个有理想、有道德、无私无畏的好孩子。
（印章）
二0一二年五月二十八日
5、
错误之处有：
(1) 标题文种错误。或写请示，要求上级批给指标。这适宜单独申请。或写报告，报送招生计划表。从文中的意思是显然是后者。
(2) 内容应当符合报送报告的特点。
(3)•引述来文不合乎《办法》的规定。应先引述来文标题，再引来文发文字号。
(4) 文件用语，第一人称，不宜用“我们”，要符合法定作者的身份，改为“我校”。
全文修改如下：
×××大学文件
×校发〔2012×〕××号 签发人：×××
关于2012年招生计划的报告
市教育委员会：
教委《关于申报2012招生专业计划的通知》（×发〔2012〕×号）已收到。我校决定落实文件的精神，积极发展高等职业教育，办好社会所需要的各种新型专业。我校各院系2012年计划办25个专业，招收本专科学生共3000名。现特将《招生计划表》报审，请查收。
附：《招生计划表》
×××大学
二○一二年×月×日
主题词： ×× ×× ×× ××
抄送市人民政府
第13篇：大学英语基础写作
大学英语基础写作
大学英语几种常用文体
1.书信作文：
事务信函（busine letter）和私人信函（personal letter）
2.应用文：
便条（病假条，事假条，邀友来访，借物，订票，留言），请柬，单据，启示，海报，通知 （凌茜p110）
3.图表作文：
常考查的图：餠型图，曲线图，条形图，数据图
图表作文常用的展开模式
图表作文常用的表达方式
图表作文常用的句型
范文分析
(是文涛p91)
4.留学申请写作
个人陈述Personal Statements
推荐信 Letters of Recommendation
简历resumes
与外国大学的联系信及自述信和签证申诉信
5.CET4，CET6写作
写作要求，命题规律及评分标准
主题句
段落展开：列举法，对照法，因果推理法，分类法，举例法，综合法
语篇：结构模式和衔接方法
CET4,CET6作文分类讲解及范文分析：
论说文的结构
论说文的类型
(是文涛p91)
6.学术交流英语
SCI 写作规范
Research report and eay
教学安排
十一周：概况
十二周：书信作文，应用文
十三——十七周：CET4作文，图表作文及练习
十八周：留学申请写作
十九周：学术英语，考试
CET4，CET6写作
一． 语段
1.语段的结构：
Developing Sentence 1(扩展句)
Topic sentence (主题句) ----Developing Sentence 2(扩展句) ---- Terminator(结论句)Developing Sentence 3(扩展句)
2.写好主题句
一个好的主题句必须满足以下基本特征：
高度的概括性
主题思想表达明确
能使读者预测其段落的发展方式
一般应该是一个观点，想法或意见等
分析下列的例子：
1）It is very neceary to be a good university students.(议论主题句)
2）There are several respects of neceities to be a good university student.(说明体
的主题句)
3）What I will do in the future is the following.(描述体的主题句)
根据要求写出主题句
1）Please write about Study Habits
2）Please write about College Life
3）Please write about Your hobby
扩展下列主题句
例如这样的一篇作文：Good Health
a.Importance of good health
b.Ways to keep fit
c.My own practice(是P59)
3.段落展开
主题句是陈述段落的中心思想。因此，段落的展开（paragraph development）也就是主题句的展开。展开的方式有多种，如：列举法，对照法，因果推理法，分类法，举例法，综合法等。
列举法常用词语：first/second/third/last; firstly/secondly/finally; to begin with/to start with/inthefirstplace/then/next/in addition to/besides/also/moreover/furthermore/what’s more
以下有3篇短文的题目，请用顺序排列法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a.Many people now prefer to live in the countryside.The main reasons are… b.Watching TV at home is better than going out to a movie
c.Chatting on line has brought many problems into people’s life
Making a good impreion at an American dinner party is not difficult if you
Follow these instructions.First, you should buy a small gift, such as flowers, candy, or wine for your host or hoste.Second, arrive on time.If the dinner engagement is for 7:00, don’t arrive after 7:00 without telephone.Next, during dinner, be sure to thank your host orhoste on the meal.After you finishing eating, you should not stay more than a few hours.Finally, thank your host or hoste for the dinner when you leave.
比较对照法常用连接词 （transitions for Comparison and Contrast）
Similar to; like; different from; compared with; unlike; more… than…
以下有2篇短文的题目，请用比较对照法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a.Advantages and disavantages of living on your own and living with your family b.Life in the city is quite different from life in the suburbs
因果推理法
表结果的连接词：as a result; thus; hence; accordingly; therefore; consequently; then; so;
表原因的连接词：because; for; as; since ; owing to
以下有2篇短文的题目，请用因果推理法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a.Migrant workers enter big cities
b.Land shortage in China
分类法
常用的分类表达形式有：divide A into… claify A into… group A into… There are…kinds (groups, categories, sorts, types, claes, sections)
请用分类法的发展方式完成下列题目，每篇要求80字左右：
Write about the different kinds of universities and colleges in China.
Suggested words:
Leading university, provincial key university, local college, comprehensive, science and engineering, foreign language, humanities, public, private.
举例法
常用的引出例证的词有：for example, for instance, for another example, one example is … another example is… to illustrate.
以下有2篇短文的题目，请用举例法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a.Give one or two examples to show the conveniences the modern communication
means have brought to us.
b.Give some examples to prove the saying “Haste makes waste” in English language learning.
综合法
综合使用两种或两种以上写扩展句的方法，称为综合法。
以下这段使用了定义，例证，对比和比较等方法。
Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning, For example, the words “stingy” and “frugal” both mean “careful with money.” However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word
frugal has a much more positive connotation.Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggreive but not puy.Therefore, you should careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.
运用综合法将下列主题句发展成80字以上短文：
a.Computer are playing an important role in modern education.
b.People in different cultures can communicate with each other.
c.I don’t think that examination can determine everything.
4.扩展段的承启方式(ling P8)
扩展段是主题句的延伸，是作文的主体部分，必须紧扣作文主题。一段由一个以上的段落组成，即使只有一个段落，也应该比开头和结尾部分长，否则将失去平衡。主体段落分别论述文章中心主题的某个方面，每个段落的主题必须欲文章的主题相呼应，每个段落都必须保持文章的整体性和连贯性。
（1.）以“举例式”展开段落
Laying-off also bring us some advantages.For example, when a company lays off a number of people, it means that the company will get more profits than ever.As another instance, if a laid-off worker wants to get a newjob, he ought to learn some kind of skill for future use.This action will pave the way for succe in another.
（2.）以“因果式”展开段落
There are two major reason for the change in people’s diet.For one thing, with the improvement in the living standard, people can afford to buy much more expensive food with better nutrition.For another, people now pay more attention to the quality of diet, because they know it is of great benefit to their health to diet in a scientific way.Therefore, they try their best to improve the structure their food.
（3.）以“递进式”展开段落
I don’t teach because teaching is not easy for me.Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways.Nor do I teach bebecause I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.In the first place, I teach because I like the pace of the acdemic calendar, which offers an opportunity for reflection, research and writing.Besides, I teach because teaching is a profeion built on change.Moreover, I teach because I can ask questions that students struggle to answer.What’s more, I teach because I can find ways of getting myself and students out of the ivory tower into the real society.
（4.）以“列举式”展开段落
Traveling benefits us in many ways.First, it is instructive.People can learn a lot about the culture and history of the place they visit.Second, it offers fun.Career people are tired of preures brought by the quickening pace of modern life.By seeing the beautiful landscape of our motherland and our countries, we get relaxed.Third, traveling offers challenge and opportunities of cultivating good character, such as independence, courage and strong-mindene.So more and morepeople are going out to visit the world.
（5.）以“比较式”展开段落
（6.）以“对照式”展开段落
（7.）以“时间标志词式”展开段落
The Effects of Exercise on Our Health（分析建议类）
1分析体育锻炼给我们带来的益处。
2.分析体育锻炼给我们带来的坏处。
3.给出如何参加体育锻炼的建议。
1) As is known to all, exercise does bring a lot of benefits to our health.
2) First, it can greatly strengthen our hearts, lungs, bones and muscles,
thereby changing our whole health for the better.3) Besides, it can make
our brains better able to react to what is going on around us.4) And best
of all, it can help us breed optimism about our tough life
5) But all the above does not mean that we can turn a blind eye to the
negative effects exercise brings about.6) If you are normally inactive and then, contrary to your usual habit, start a program of undue exercise, as a succeion of scientific
studies reveals, there are more chances that you have yourself injured.
7) In addition, the more exercise those on a fat-reducing diet take, the more
lo of iron they will suffer and the worse their health will get.8) And
worst of all, continual as well as exceive exercise can result in sudden death.
9) Therefore, a scientific approach must be adopted to the problem of exercise.
10) On the one hand, our physical exercise must be based on both progreivene and regularity.11) On the other, we must go in for physical exercise according to local as well as health conditions of our own.12) In sum, exercise can do us good or harm, all depending on how we make use of it.
With the rapid improvement of people’s living standard, in cities, many people tend to raise pets.Some people claim that pets such as dogs are dirty and dangerous.They say that raising pets should be banned in urban areas.However, personally I think the merits of raising pets outweigh its demerits.
Firstly, pets like dogs can be a guard for us.As we know, dogs have the natural ability to keep the house of its owners safe.They can send out warning to those burglars who attempt to break into the house, and sometimes even fight against them.Dogs are people’s honest friends.Secondly, pets like dogs are good fellows of people.Accompanied by a dog, old people do not feel lonely.Also children are pleased while playing with pets.They can learn how to look after others by raising pets.
To sum up, Pets give us much happine.I would say that the benefits of raising pets carry more weight than the harms of it.I also wish to suggest that the owners should take much care of their pets.
With the rapid improvement of people’s living standard, in cities, many people tend to raise pets.Some people claim that pets such as dogs are dirty and dangerous.
They say that raising pets should be banned in urban areas.However, personally I think the merits of raising pets outweigh its demerits.
Firstly, pets like dogs can be a guard for us.As we know, dogs have the natural ability to keep the house of its owners safe.They can send out warning to those burglars who attempt to break into the house, and sometimes even fight against them.Dogs are people’s honest friends.Secondly, pets like dogs are good fellows of people.Accompanied by a dog, old people do not feel lonely.Moreover,some young women usually keep their favorite pets to show off their wealth.Also children are pleased while playing with pets.They can learn how to look after others by raising pets.
On the other hand, the critics decry that pets like dogs are dangerous to people, especially to children.They point out that many people have the experience of being bitten by dogs.But I believe that it is not the responsibility of dogs.Indeed, it is the duty of their owners who deliberately train their dogs to attack people.As for the dirtine of the dogs, the owners should also take the responsibily, because they are too lazy to give baths to the dogs.
To sum up, Pets give us much happine.I would say that the benefits of raising pets carry more weight than the harms of it.I also wish to suggest that the owners should take much care of their pets.
第14篇：大学英语写作1234
大学英语写作套路及范文
1.我的观点(MY VIEW)
When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions…is no exception.Some people take it for granted that …However, others hold that…
As far as I am concerned, I’m in favor of the second view.The reasons are as follows.
First, there is an element of truth that… but it doesn’t follow that…A case in point is that… Therefore, the first view doesn’t bear much analysis.
In conclusion…
Example:
My View on Adventuring
When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions.Adventuring is no exception.Some people take it for granted that human beings should explore the unknown world by adventuring.However, others hold that it is unneceary and insignificant to be engaged in any adventure in modern times.
As far as I am concerned, I’m in favor of the second view.The reasons are as follows.
Firstly, there is an element of truth that to transform the world human beings should know it first, but it doesn’t follow that people need to go adventuring.It is unneceary for modern people to sail around the world in a small boat single-handed, or pa through
the desert of the jungle on foot alone, etc.The reason is that there are hardly any places in the world that have never been discovered.A case in point is that Yu Chunshun, an adventurer from Shanghai, who went adventuring through many provinces in China, died in the desert in the end.Although his adventure caused a stir in society, I think it was worthle and insignificant because the wen adventuring only out of curiosity and didn’t make any valuable discovery as Columbia did.Therefore, the first view cannot bear much analysis.
In conclusion, in modern times common people need not to adventuring.They can hardly make any new discovery because the world has been explored mostly and is still being explored by scientists.
2.优点和缺点(Advantages and disadvantages)
Nowadays, ...plays an important part in ...Like everything else, ...has both favorable and unfavorable aspects.Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows
Firstly, ...Besides ...Most important of all ...
But every coin has tow sides.The negative aspects are alse apparent.To begin with, ...To make matters worse of all ...
Through above analysis, I believe that the advantages aspects outweigh the disadvantages.Therefore...
Example:
On Computers
Nowadays, computers are very popular around us.Like everything else, computer have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.
First, computers can calculate.They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculation.Besides, people can communicate with each other by E-mail, which costs people le money and le time.Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world.People can communicate with each other by joining Internet.They can make friends all over the world.
But every coin has tow sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.To begin with, since computers can do a lot of work for us, such as calculation, we may rely too much on them and become lazier and lazier.To make matters worse, although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail, the original warm relationship may become cold, for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face.Worst of all, computer will have virus caused by electronic hackers so that a lot of important information will be lost.
Through above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative aspects.Therefore, I believe, computers will have a bright future.
3.怎么办(How to)
Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective.First of all ...Another way to solve the problem of ...is ...Finally...There are not the best and only tow measures we can take.But it should be noted that if we take strong action to ...
Example:
How to solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic
With the booming of the motor industry, there are an increasing number of vehicles on the roads.As a result, traffic jams often occur.
Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective.
First of all, roads should be broadened to lower the degree of congestion and to speed up the flow of heavy traffic.Another way to solve the problem of heavy traffic is to open up more bus routes to reduce bicycles and automobiles.Finally, more underground paages should be developed so that people can commute by metro.
These are not the best and the only three ways we can take.But it should be noted that if the government takes some actions to alleviate the traffic problem, all of us can enjoy more free traffic.
4.选择行动(A or B)
When we ...we will be faced with the choice between A and B.Before making the right choice, we had better make a close comparison and contrast of them.
First of all, A...Also, B...Second, A...likewise, B...Despite their similarities, A and
B are also different in the following aspects.First, A...However, B...Besides, A...on the contrary, B...
Therefore, it depends with ...we should choose.If we…., we should choose A; but if we ...we should turn to B.
Example:
Traveling by Train or by Plane
When we go on a busine trip, we will be faced with choice between traveling by train by plane.Before making the right choice, we had better make a close comparison and contrast of them.
First of all, a train will take us to our target railway station.Also, a plane will take us to the target airport.Second, in a train we can enjoy the beautiful scenery of the countryside.Likewise, in a plane we can command a good view of fields, building, mountains and even clouds below.Despite their similarities, traveling by train and by plane are also different in the following aspects.First, a train ticket is cheap.Most of us can afford it.However, a plane ticket is about twice as expensive as a train ticket.Most of us grudge paying for it.Besides, it is safer to travel by train.If the train gets into some trouble, we may survive by jumping out of it.On the contrary, if we travel by plane, we have to ask God to ble us.Finally, it takes us longer time to travel by train than by plane.Therefore, it depends which transportation tool we should choose.If we just want to save money, we travel by train; but if we want to save time, we will turn to the plane.
第15篇：大学写作复习提纲(修改版)
《大学写作》思考与复习提纲
暨南大学人文学院 王香平
教授
绪
论
1、文章的原意是什么？
①本意是错综复杂的色彩或花纹。 ②《周礼考工记》：“青与赤谓之文，赤与白谓之章。”合起来就是文章。
2、写作的含义是什么？
①人类个体性的创造性精神劳动。
②写作运用语言反映事物、表情达意、交流思想，是重要的书面表达方式。
3、近几年兴起的新的写作形式有哪些？
网络文学、网络blog、电子邮件、短信写作、短信小说等，呈现出写作的网络化趋势。
4、中国文化与汉语写作有怎样的关系？
①中国文化乃汉语写作之根，如果不研究中国文化，不能深刻理解其文化渊源，就会把人事物态简单化，就不会写出具有深厚文化底蕴的文章；就不会中西比较，就不会有鉴别才有研究，有鉴别才有个性。
②我们需要继承优良摒弃糟粕，弘扬壮大我中华民族文化。
5、暨南大学珠海校区的建筑文化风格是怎样的？
第一章
材料
1、积累材料有哪些途径？
观察、感受、勤读、勤写
2、观察生活应注意哪两个方面？
①观察要全面、精细、抓住特点 ②要经常培养
3、有意感受与无意感受的区别何在？
①无意感受是指主体随意的，既没有自觉的目的，也没有意识到本身的努力而获得的一种意外的感受。
②有意感受是主体自觉的、有预定目的的感受，它受主体意识和动机控制，是主体对客体刺激的集中注意。
4、科学家是否像文学家一样需要感受能力？请举例说明。
是。如印度物理学家拉曼乘船经过地中海时，为美丽的大海陶醉了，他透过观察到的自然现象，认定深蓝色的海水是由于某种光散射引起的，由此发现了“拉曼效应”。
5、大学生应该怎样读书？
①联系实际，有计划，有重点②结合专业③根据禀赋爱好兴趣④精读
6、精读指的是怎样的阅读状态与效果？
①精读是按顺序一字不漏地对阅读材料的仔细认读。
②不仅要“学求其训，句索其旨”，透彻理解所读内容，而且要在阅读时加强联想、分析、评价等思维活动，能够体会其情景，判断其真伪优劣。
③不仅要一字不漏地读，并且要将标点符号读进去，从而读出字里行间的语意来。
7、古人有怎样的苦读故事，请举一二例。
①凿壁偷光讲的是匡衡,西汉的著名学者匡衡，出身於农民家庭，生活十分贫困。他从小就很渴望读书，可是父母没有能力供他上学，甚至连书本也买不起，匡衡只好向别人借书来看。
②头悬梁锥刺股讲的是苏秦为了抓紧时间学习，苏秦还想出了一个好办法。他读书时，把头发用绳子扎起来，悬在梁上，如果自己一打盹，头发就把自己揪醒。夜深的时候，如果觉得自己困了，就拿锥子刺自己的大腿，这样就能保持清醒。这就是成语“头悬梁，锥刺股”的由来。
8、读书笔记通常包括哪些内容？
提取的文章要点及自己的心得体会，当然也包括自己喜欢的文句。
9、为何多读多写是提高写作能力的有效径？
①多读，能扩大我们的视野，积累更多的材料，丰富我们的立场
②多写，能记下我们平时的所想所感，能增加我们的写作经验。这些都能直接提高我们的写作能力。
第二章
结构
1、文章的结构具有怎样的含义？
文章内部的组织和构造
2、结构源于哪个行业？
源于建筑业，原指建筑物的内部构造，整体布局。
3、结构包含哪三部分？
开头、主体、结尾。
4、写作的重点和详略问题属于结构范畴么？
属于。茅盾说：“结构指全篇的架子。”而搭好架子的关键问题便是处理好文章部分与部分、部分与整体之间的关系，以求得文章和谐完善的统一，这也就是说结构的重要环节是剪裁和布局，写作的重点和详略问题都必须经过创作者的深思熟虑而进
行周密的剪裁和布局，属于结构范畴。
5、古人把文章结构的各部分分别比做什么？这种比喻的含义何在？
凤头、猪肚、豹尾；开头要短小、精美、引人，中段要丰富、饱满、曲折。结尾要精悍、结实、有力
6、文章开头有怎样的要求？
①要落笔入题②要精彩动人。
7、文章中段的写作有哪些方法？
①一线穿珠法②有开有合法③欲擒故纵法④张弛结合法⑤浓淡相间法。
8、文章结尾有怎样的要求？
①当结而结，如百川归海，飞瀑注谷
②留有余味，言尽意不尽，如敲钟，余音绕梁，不绝于耳 ③不要草草了事、画蛇添足。
第三章
语言
1、语言是什么？对于一个民族，语言意味着什么？
①语言是人类社会特有的现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具，是以语音为物质外壳，以词汇为建筑材料，以语法为结构规律而构成的符号系统。
②语言是国家民族之根之源之本，是一个民族赖以生活和交流的工具，代表着一个民族的思维方式和生活哲学，体现着民族的文化。
2、语言与思维存在着怎样的关系？
①思维和语言是紧密联系，互为依存的。
②语言的背后为思维，语言受思维的领导和制约，语言是一种从属于思维的东西。 ③思维是不能脱离语言而存在的。
3、汉语具备哪五大特色？P48
4、语言具有哪三种性质？语言的运用要求有哪些？怎样才能使语言鲜明与生动？
准确性 鲜明性 生动性
①语言要一句顶一句②语言要准确③语言要鲜明与生动； ①要有形象感②要有趣味感③要有音乐感
5、培养语言能力的渠道有哪两条？
①直接从生活里学习语言②精读已有定评的名著
6、古人为我们树立了学习语言的榜样，请举例说明。
“两句三年得，一吟双泪流”“语不惊人死不休”“吟成五字句，用破一生心”
7、你认为当今社会使用频率最高的二十个词是哪些？
上网，邮箱，手机，电脑，民生，新闻，领导，广告、和谐、幸福、GDP、房价、住房、工资、道德、微博、QQ、农民工、经济危机、物价
8、你认为经典的现代汉语著作，一般用多少个单字？
•
常用3000字
9、熟读《五百里滇池》，写出下联或者上联
五百里滇池/奔来眼底/披襟岸帻/喜茫茫空阔无边/看东骧神骏/西翥灵仪/北走蜿蜒/南翔缟素/高人韵世/何妨选胜登临/趁蟹屿螺洲/梳裹就风鬟云鬓/更萍天苇地/点缀些翠羽丹霞/莫孤负/四围香稻/万顷晴沙/九夏芙蓉/三春杨柳
数千年往事/注到心头/把酒凌虚/叹滚滚英雄谁在/想汉习楼船/唐标铁柱/宋挥玉斧/元跨革囊/伟烈丰功/费尽移山心力/尽珠帘画栋/卷不及暮雨朝云/便断碣残碑/都付与苍烟落照/祗赢得/几杵疏钟/半江渔火/两行秋雁/一枕清霜
第四章
主题
1、什么是主题？
主体写作者的写作目的和文章的基本精神在文章中的反映。
2、“主题”出自哪个艺术门类？原本指的是什么？
“主题”源于音乐，原指乐曲的主旋律，乐曲的核心。
3、中国古代把主题称作什么？
称作：“意”
4、古人是如何比喻文章与主题之间关系的？
①主题是文章的统帅，“意犹帅也，无帅之兵，谓之乌合。” ②主题是文章的灵魂，它代表着文章的社会价值和思想深度
5、从单一主题生发多元主题的渠道有哪些？
①对真实情况的发现
②主题的开掘尽可能使人体谅人生三味
③审时度势——选择正确、准确、纯粹的主题
6、古人对主题有哪四个方面的要求？
古人对主题的要求：“易，直，慈，谅”（平易、正直、慈爱、体谅）
7、提炼主题的方法有哪几种？
①追根溯源法②对比联系法③见微知著法④体验法⑤基底对比的提炼⑥旧意翻新曲⑦无中生有法。
8、文以载道是何意？写文章能不能主题先行？
「文以载道」是唐宋古文八大家等人提出的, 他们说的「道」, 是指道德、义理等有益於人格修养的文字, 指用文章来说明道理，文章本身的文辞并不重要（主要是抨击骈体文的），重要的是文章的思想和内涵。
第五章
创造性思维
1、何为创造？你如何理解创造的含义？
①提供新的，首创的，有社会意义的产物就是创造。 ②创造就是首创前所未有的事物，就是破旧立新 ③创造就是想出新方法，建立新理论，做出新东西
④创造是有目的的活动，活动的结果是发现某种新的早先未知的东西 ⑤创造就是把已知的材料重新组合，产出新的事物或思想。
2、为何说人类的历史就是一部创造史？
人类就是凭借着创造性思维，在不断地认识着世界，利用着世界和改造着世界，可以说，人类所创造的一切成果都是创造性思维的外现或物化
3、创造的本质或者说根源是什么？
人类永不满足的物质欲望和精神欲望。
4、胡适教导弟子成名的方法是哪三种？你如何理解这些方法？
上品爆冷门，中品骂名人，下品捧名人。独创，
5、根据你的理解，列出能够代表我国文化的八大国粹，并对每一种国粹发表自己的见解：它为何是国粹？这种国粹包含着怎样的文化与国民精神？
①瓷器：中国瓷器是世界公认的伟大发明之一，是中国低廉的成本和耐磨不透水，还承载着丰厚的文化积淀
②中医 中医药是国我灿烂文化的重要组成部分，是中华民族四大国粹之一，在国际上有着越来越重大的影响，深受中国人民和世界人民的热爱和欢迎。五十年来中医药在各方面都取得了巨大的成就。
③白酒：几乎渗透到社会生活中的各个领域。首先，中国是一个以农立国的国家，因此一切政治、经济活动都以农业发展为立足点。而中国的酒，绝大多数是以粮食酿造的，酒紧紧依附于农业，成为农业经济的一部分给人民的生活中增添了丰富的色彩。中国古人将酒的作用归纳为三类：酒以治病，酒以养老，酒以成礼。几千年来，酒的作用远不限于此三条，起码还包括：酒以成欢，酒以忘忧，酒以壮胆。
④茶叶：中国是茶的故乡，制茶、饮茶已有几千年历史。茶有健身、治疾之药物疗效，又富欣赏情趣，可陶冶情操。品茶、待客是中国个人高雅的娱乐和社交活动，坐茶馆、茶话会则是中国人社会性群体茶艺活动。中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，很重礼节。凡来了客人，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪是必不可少的。当有客来访，可争求意见，选用最合来客口味和最佳茶具待客。以茶敬客时，对茶叶适当拼配也是必要的。
⑤丝绸是中国古老文化的象征，中国古老的丝绸业为中华民族文化织绣了光辉的篇章，对促进世界人类文明的发展作出了不可磨灭的贡献。中国丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世。
它所带去的，不仅仅是一件件华美的服饰、饰品，更是东方古老灿烂的文明，丝绸从那时起，几乎就成为了东方文明的传播者和象征。中国是礼仪之邦、衣冠古国。孔孟儒家学说对于中国礼仪制度的产生、发展及完善有着深远的影响。中国丝绸的发展在一定程度上也是煌煌礼制的一个缩影。可以说，中国古代的丝绸服饰是\"分尊卑、别贵贱\"的礼仪制度工具之一，是封建宗法制度的物化表现。
⑥麻将：而且具有集益智性、趣味性、博弈性于一体的运动，魅力及内涵丰富、底蕴悠长的东方文化特征，因而成为中国传统文化宝库中的一个重要组成部分。
⑦书法：书法是汉字的书写艺术。汉字在漫长的演变发展的历史长河中，一方面起着思想交流、文化继承等重要的社会作用，另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的造型艺术。
⑧京剧：中国京剧是中国的\"国粹\"，已有200年历史。京剧之名始见于清光绪二年（1876）的《申报》，历史上曾有皮黄、二黄、黄腔、京调、京戏、平剧、国剧等称谓，清朝乾隆五十五年（1790年）四大徽班进京后与北京剧坛的昆曲、汉剧、弋阳、乱弹等剧种经过
五、六十年的融汇，衍变成为京剧，是中国最大戏曲剧种。其剧目之丰富、表演艺术家之多、剧团之多、观众之多、影响之深均为全国之冠。京剧是综合性表演艺术。
6、因独生子女的特殊性，因高考制度造成的强压力，因莘莘学子乃国家栋梁民族希望等诸多因素，近年来在校大学生程度不等的心理疾患引起教育界乃至整个社会的关注。请思量此问题，从社会、学校、个人三方面谈你的看法。
7、我国网络调查表明，最具幸福感的人，也就是幸福指数最高的人群，人均收入在五千元至八千元。请你分析说明或者举例论证收入与幸福感之间存在怎样的关系？为何幸福感不能与金钱成正比？
8、人类的2012年是不平凡的一年，请列出这一年发生的五件大事，并就其中一件事发表自己的看法。
9、你认为人类急需解决哪三个方面的大问题?
10、你认为当代社会怎样才能避免战争？避免战争的最好办法是什么？
控制核弹的发展，提高人类经济，提倡世界和平。提高人民的道德水平和素质。
有可能出现的考试形式
•
1、填空题 •
2、问答题 •
3、论述题 •
4、理解感悟题 •
5、思维拓展题 •
6、背诵与默写题 •
7、作文题
第16篇：大学英语写作题材
1 Job interview is very important in job-hunting.Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic to give some suggestions to the interviewees:
The Most Important Thing in a Job Interview
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
2.It’s time for senior students to think about their jobs.Some students want to work in developed cities, but others prefer west China.Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
Where to Work: Developed Cities or West China? You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
3.Some people hold that intelligence is critical to one’s succe in study, but others believe that diligence is more important than intelligence.What’s your opinion? Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
Intelligence or Diligence: Which One is More Important in Study? You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
4.“Do you play again?” Many children have heard of such complaints from their parents or teachers, who think that playing games is only a waste of time.Do you agree with them? Do you think games are important in a child’s development? Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
Are Games Important in Children’s development?
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
5.Wasting has become a serious problem in the present society.For example, half or more than half of the dishes are left on the hotel tables; water is left leaking all day long.Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
No Wasting
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
6.A hearing (听证会) has been held in Hangzhou recently.It focused on a proposal that the lucky numbers of cars should be auctioned, and the money should be used to public welfare.Some people hold that it will encourage superstition, while others insist that the practice will promote public good.What’s your opinion? Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
Should Lucky Numbers be Auctioned?
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
7.Featured with pictures, TV, the Internet, and various cartoons have influenced our way to get information and entertainment.It is claimed that we have entered a “picture-reading” time.Some others, however, call on to rediscover the enjoyment of reading printed books.How do you comment on this phenomenon? Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:Picture-Reading or Word-Reading?
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
8.Nowadays students tend to look up for a new word in an electronic dictionary more than in a printed dictionary.So some believe that electronic dictionaries will kill printed ones.What is your opinion? Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:Will Electronic Dictionaries Kill Printed Dictionaries?
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
9.The frequent reports about the extinction of animals have aroused serious reflection among us.Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
Animals, Our Friends
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
10.Succe is everyone’s desire.As to the ways to succe, people may have different opinions.What is the most important thing to succe in your eyes? Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:The Most Important Thing to Succe
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
11.A piece of aphorism may encourage us to go forward or influence our life.What’s your favorite aphorism? Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
My Favorite Aphorism:…
You are to write in three parts.
In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.
In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea or describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
第17篇：大学英语六级写作（5）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write acomposition on the topic Buying Lottery Tickets.You should write atleast 150 words and you should base your composition on the outlinegiven below:
1.有些人赞成买彩票
2.有些人反对买彩票
3.你的观点
Buying Lottery Tickets
There is no denying the fact that buying lottery tickets is ahotly debated topic in China today.There is no denying the fact thatbuying lottery tickets is becoming popular in China today.Some peoplebelieve that it is beneficial in many ways.In the first place, ithelps raise money for such groups as the poor and the disabled as wellas for such causes as sports.(Thus, the heavy financial burden on thegovernment will be relieved or even removed.) In the second place,lottery games provide people with a means of entertainment or pastime.(Without lottery games, many people might find nothing interesting todo.Last but not least, by buying lottery tickets, one may make afortune overnight.)
Others, however, hold the opposite view.They say that buyinglottery tickets is actually a kind of gambling.People are encouragedto earn money through gueing instead of down-to-earth labor.As aresult, some people are tempted to commit crimes.A case in point isthe two bank clerks in Heibei who stole millions of money from the bankto buy lottery tickets.
Weighing the arguments of both sides, I am inclined to agree withthe former.Lottery games can serve as a good means to raise funds.Butthe ticket buyers should keep in mind the original purpose of suchgames, that is, to help the underprivileged or to contribute to publicwelfare.If they happen to win the prizes, it’s nothing but a returnfor their kindne.
(Personally, I think that both sides have something right.Actually, lottery games should be viewed as a two-edged sword, whichpresents us with both benefits and troubles.But we should not give upeating for fear of choking.The best policy, as I see it, is tomaximize their advantages and eliminate their unhealthy side-effects.Or in other words, we should further develop lottery games and exertproper supervision over them so that they can benefit us in a betterway.)
第18篇：大学英语六级写作（6）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Keeping Pets.You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline below:
1.有些人赞成养宠物
2.有些人反对养宠物
3.你的观点
Keeping Pets
There is no denying the fact that keeping pets is a hotly debated topic today.Some people claim that keeping pets is a good thing to do.They believe that pets, like cats and dogs, can help relieve the loneline suffered by senior citizens and other social members who are confined to their homes for this reason or that.They also argue that keeping pets helps mankind understand animals’ world and develop positive feelings toward them.
Others, however, hold the opposite view.They regard keeping pets as a usele but harmful thing to do.First, pets can transmit diseases.Secondly, the noises and dung of pets are sources of pollution.Last but not least, as many rare birds and animals are kept as pets, they will surely be hunted on a large scale, which means a threat to the balance of the ecosystem.
Weighing the arguments of both sides, I am inclined to agree with the latter.Anyway, we can leen our loneline and expre our love toward animals in other ways.And it is my belief that only by placing man and other species on an equal basis can we expect to have a lively and colorful world.
第19篇：大学英语A写作题目
大学英语A写作题目
1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below: 1.你的朋友杨英要从另一个城市来看你。
2．你将到机场接她，但由于某种原因，你不能去。 3．写封信给她，解释原因，并告诉她如何到你家。
March 25, 2006 Dear Yang Ying, I am writing to say that I will not be able to meet you at the airport next Monday morning. This morning my bo asked me to go to Shanghai on busine tomorrow.It is something very important for our company and I will have to go.By the way, I will be back within 10 days.When you arrive, please take Bus No.925 and get off at the Yu Garden.The bus station is not far from my house and you will find my house easily.My mother is always at home.I told my mother that you would come already. Looking forward to seeing you. Yours. Li Ming
2.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your friends.You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below: 1． 你即将参加全国网络学院英语考试，现在正在复习。 2． 说明你在哪些方面还有问题。
3． 请对方所说如何针对这些问题搞好复习。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your friends.You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below: 1.告诉对方你将参加英语四级考试 2．询问对方如何做准备 3．请对方建议一些参考书。 March 25, 2006 Dear Mary, I would like to thank you for your nice birthday gift and kindne.It looks very nice and I like them very much. I will attend the English examination that is organized by the National Internet Colleges.I am studying hard and reviewing English.You know, I am very poor in English, especially in listening and writing.I need your help.Could you give some advice on how to review English and how to improve listening and writing. Looking forward to receiving your reply as soon as poible.
Yours
sincerely, Wanglin 3.Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below: 1． 了解对方毕业后的情况。 2． 你的近况
3． 邀请对方方便时来访。 Dear Xiaoping, Hi! How are you getting on? I mi you very much.It is a long time not to contact you since we graduated from our university.I really want to know more about you.After graduation, I attended a big company and I have become a sale manager.I feel very lucky because my bo trusts me very much.If you have free time, please be bound to visit me and we can communicate with each other and show you around our city.Mi you! Yours, Mice March 25,2006
4.Directions: For this part, you are supposed to write an announcement .You should write at least 80 words, based on the following situation.Remember to write it clearly.英语系请著名翻译家李教授为本系学生作一个讲座。请写出一则关于这个讲座的通知，通知内容包括以下几个方面： 1） 讲座的主题和主要内容； 2） 讲座的时间和地点； 3） 参加讲座的对象；
4） 要求学生在讲座之后进行一次讨论。
Notice March 25, 2006 Profeor Li, a famous interpreter, who is invited by our English department, will give a lecture to our students.The topic is how to improve our spoken English.He has rich experience and we believe, we can learn a lot from him.The lecture will be held in Room 201, the Report Hall of the Lab Building at 8:00 pm , Saturday, 26 March.The Freshmen in our department must attend the lecture on time and will be required to have a discuion about it.Be punctual and Welcome all the other students in our college too.
English Department
1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your E-mail on the Chinese outline below: 1.了解对方毕业后的情况。 2.你的近况。
3.邀请对方方便时来访。Dear Sam, It is lovely to write to you.I haven’t seen you since we graduated.I\'m told that you are in New York now.What have you been doing these years? Do you keep in touch with other clamates? I am now working in Shanghai JiaoTong University as a teaching aistant.My main duty is to support my teacher with her everyday teaching.The job requires great patience.But it is always a nice thing to work in a college, especially with those kind teachers and lovely students.I mi you very much.I would be very happy if you come to Shanghai and I’m sure we\'ll have a good time then.Looking forward to hearing from you. Yours, Alex
2.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your E-mail on the Chinese outline below: 1.告诉对方你最近将出去旅游。 2.了解对方所在地的旅游点。 3.请对方给予帮忙安排。 Dear Susan: How is everything going with you these days? I\'m going to Guilin, your hometown, for a holiday this Friday and stay there for about a week.Guilin is a wonderful place that I have always dreamed to visit.Since you work there right now, could you tell me about where to stay, where to eat and what to see in Guilin? I\'m also told that Yangshuo is the most beautiful place in Guilin, and there are lots of activities you can do, so I plan to stay there for five days.Would you please book a nice hotel for me if it is convenient for you? Well, I feel very excited that we\'ll see each other very soon.Looking forward to seeing you. Love!
Jane 3.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your friend.You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below: 你的一位外国朋友给你来信，打算到中国旅游。你给他回信，提出旅游建议。你的回信应包括下列内容： 1.接到朋友的来信；
2.你对旅游的安排计划及理由；3.表达你希望见到朋友的心愿。 Dear Tom, I\'m glad to know you want to make a tour in China.Now I\'m living in Shanghai, and there are so many famous places here.I have made a plan for your visit in Shanghai.First we can go to the Peoples\' Square, the most famous place in Shanghai.Then we can go to Yu Garden, which I think you have heard before.In the evening, we may have dinner at my home and you care welcome to stay at my home for several days.I\'m looking forward to your coming to Shanghai.I am sure you will like this city.Yours, Mark 4.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your friend.You should write at least
80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below: 选择一个你想旅游的地点，并安排旅行计划。你应包括下列内容： 1.说明你想旅游的地点； 2.说明你为什么选择这个地点； 3.描述你的旅行计划。 Dear Alice, How is everything going with you? I plan to go to Sanya in Hainan province for my summer holiday.It\'s a famous seaside resort in China with clear water, beautiful sand and tall palm trees.It’s a wonderful place for a relaxation.You can enjoy delicious seafood and fresh fruits of many kinds.What\'s more, you can do a lot of activities there, you can go swimming, surfing and diving, and you also can have a barbecue on the beach.I plan to stay there for a week and I believe I will enjoy myself there.Regards ever，
Jimmy
5.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your friend.You should write at least
Yours
80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below: 你的朋友邀请你参加他/她的生日聚会，告诉对方你不能接受他/她的邀请。你应包括下列内容：
1.告诉对方你不能接受他/她的邀请；2.对对方的邀请表示感谢； 3.说明无法接受邀请的原因。 Dear Lily, Thank you very much for the invitation to your birthday party this Saturday evening.But unfortunately I am not able to take part in it, because I have to play a football match this Saturday afternoon.As you know, I am a member of the football team in our university.This weekend we will have matches with all the other universities in Shanghai.We have already been preparing for a few months.I don\'t know how long my match will last.So I can\'t come to your party.I wish you a very happy birthday.Have a good time and a lot of fun! Best regards, Hongli 6.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and base your composition on the Chinese outline below: 假如你是李明，遗失了一个书包。你应包括下列内容： 1.包在哪里遗失的；
2.这个包对你很重要；3.拾到者应该如何和你联系。 A Schoolbag Lost I carelely left my schoolbag in claroom 811 on the morning of July 3rd, Saturday when I was in a hurry to send a clamate to hospital.I rushed back only to find it gone. It is a black canvas shoulder bag, which has a big pocket on the front with a “friend” logo on it.In the bag there are three textbooks, a Chinese-English dictionary, a bunch /set of keys and a wallet.Inside the wallet there are 225 RMB and an ID card, of which I am in urgent need to register for CET 4.It will be highly appreciated if the finder can get in touch with me as soon as poible.My telephone number is 85488548, or you can find me in Room 210 of the 3rd dormitory building.Your kindne will be rewarded for sure.
7.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and base your composition on the Chinese outline below: 你应邀到一位好友家吃晚饭。事后给朋友写信表示谢意。你的信应包括下列内容： 1.表达谢意；
2.表达想回请的意愿；
3.期待朋友的光临。Dear Cindy，
Thank you for your invitation to your home for dinner yesterday.It was a beautiful night.I enjoyed the food and the music very much.This Saturday is my birthday, there will be a birthday party at my place, and I will invite some close friends to have dinner at my home.I do hope you can come to join us.We will have a barbecue in my back yard, and one of my friends will play the guitar, he can play very well.We can sing and dance to the music.It would be fun.Please make sure you will come.I am looking forward to having you at my party. Yours， Cathy
8.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your E-mail on the Chinese outline below:
1、了解对方近来的情况。
2、通知对方同学将在五一举行聚会。
3、请对方参加。
Dear Echo，
It is lovely to write to you.I haven’t heard from you for a long time.How is everything? I am now working in Shanghai JiaoTong University as a teaching aistant.My main duty is to support my teacher with her everyday teaching.The job requires great patience.But it is always a nice thing to work in a college, especially with those kind teachers and lovely students.There will be a former clamates’ get-together during this May Day holiday at our mother school. I mi you and the happy school days we spent together.And I think this get-together would surely bring back a lot of old memories.So do come to the party if you are free. I am looking forward to your reply.Yours truly, Richard
9.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your E-mail on the Chinese outline below:
1、了解对方最近的学习情况。
2、你的学习情况。
3、请对方说说提高英语水平的经验。Dear Jane，
It’s a pleasure to hear from you.I’m really happy to know that you can continue your study in Oxford, which is a world-known university in Britain.How about your study and life there? Since I am now working in a multinational company in which English is very important in daily life.I have to use English, which I’m not very good at, every day.I begin to study English in Shanghai Jiaotong University recently.But it\'s really hard for me to work in the day and study in the evening or on weekends.And the most difficult thing for me is grammar.You have always been good at English.Would you please tell me your own experience in English study and give me some tips? Looking forward to your reply. Best wishes， Robin
10.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your E-mail on the Chinese outline below: 1.你的近况。
2.请对方帮你购买英语语法书。3.邀请对方方便时来访。 Dear Eric，
Haven\'t heard from you for a long time.Is everything going well with you? I am now working in a multinational company in which English is very important in daily life.I have to use English, which I’m not very good at, every day.I begin to study English in my spare time, but it\'s really hard for me to work in the day and study in the evening or on weekends.And the most difficult thing for me is grammar.Since you are always good at English, would you please buy a good English grammar book for me? We haven\'t seen each other since last summer.Why not come to Shanghai for some days? It will be great that we can be together again.Looking forward to seeing you. Yours， Mike
11.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your E-mail on the Chinese outline below: 1．告诉对方你将参加英语四级考试。 2．询问对方如何做准备。 3．请对方建议一些参考书。 Dear Alex，
How is everything going recently? Thanks very much for your tips on improving my oral English.It helps me so much that I become confident enough to take every chance to communicate with foreigners in English. I am going to take CET-4 at the end of this term.Great efforts should be made to pa the test succefully.I know that you paed it last term.Could you please tell me what did you do when you were preparing for the test? I don\'t want to fail it. In order to get well prepared, I need a lot of practice.Would you be so kind to recommend me some books for practice? Looking forward to hearing from you.
Best wishes， Jean
12.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and the theme of your composition is My Plan for the Spring Festival.The Spring Festival is the most important time of the whole year for Chinese people.We will usually have a long vacation.So it is really a good idea to make my plan for the Spring Festival in advance.On the first day of the Spring Festival, I always go to my grandparents\' home and have a wonderful dinner.So it will be the same this year.After the family get-together, I am going to have a trip with my friends.Qingdao will be a good choice for me at that time.On the last two days of the Spring Festival, I will go back and have a rest.You know, the relaxation is also important for us during the holiday.These are my plans for the Spring Festival, what about yours? May everyone have a great Spring Festival.
13.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and the theme of your composition is Why I Like Learning English.Nowadays, studying English gains popularity in China.Many rich parents would rather send their children abroad to receive education than let them be educated in China.I am also among the fans of English.First, I like English because
it has become an international language.If I can speak English, then I can go almost anywhere around the world without any communication problem.Secondly, because English sounds so soft, especially American English, I love to hear it and speak it.So I like learning English!
14.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and the theme of your composition is My Dream.I have a dream that I will be always young.Then I will have enough energy to do everything that I want.Moreover, I don\'t have to worry about being too old to take care of myself, thus becoming a burden to my family.I know that my dream will not come true.However, I think it is lucky that I am young now.So I will treasure my time, enjoy my life and try my best to do everything well.
15.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and the theme of your composition is About Self-study.We all know that for a school student, the amount of time spent in clarooms with teachers is very limited.It is therefore very important for him to take full advantage of his spare time to
have self-study.To make his self-study succeful, one needs both good methods and perseverance.Before starting his self-study, one should recall the way his teacher gives leons.With those methods in mind, one would study more efficiently.Perseverance is also eential in self-study.Since no one would urge him to finish something in self-study, one can only rely on himself to overcome the lazine to continue with his study.
16.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and the theme of your composition is The Job I Like.I have decided to take teaching as my life-long career.A variety of reasons have led me to choose this occupation over others.First, teaching is learning.To make my lectures more constructive and stimulating, I have to read more books, explore new knowledge and gain a better understanding of the world.Second, teaching means freedom and independence.As a teacher, I\'m free to use my own ideas and make my own decisions.Finally, I like teaching because it offers certain peace of mind.Nothing, not even a big salary, can equal for the opportunity to continue learning, the satisfaction of being your own bo, and a gentle peace of life.
17.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and the theme of your composition is My Favorite TV program.I like watching TV very much.And my favorite TV program is news.Because I can know what is happening in our nation and in the world every day through news.And I watch TV for news at the same time every day.I believe that many people like watching TV for news too.I can find some interesting things through news.Also we can know what we can do and what we can not do through news.I can acquire some knowledge from news.
18.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and the theme of your composition is My Family/ Living in a Big Family.My family is a big family.My father was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province in 1946.And he came to Shanghai with my grandparents when he was a little boy.He has two older brothers.One lives in Shanghai, the other lives in Jiangsu now.My mother was born in Anshun city, Guizhou province in 1952.She has one younger brother, and two younger sisters.And In 1960s, she entered the factory where my father was in.At that time, the
factory was in Anshun, then it was moved to Wuhan city.After my parents retired from the work, they came to Shanghai and live with us, their children, my sister and me.Last year, the 13 people of my family including my father\'s brother\'s family went back to Shaoxing to visit our relatives there.It was the second time I had gone there.And we all felt happy! And this year, we plan to go back to visit my mother\'s mother in Anshun.It has been more than 30 years since my father left there.And his brother\'s family will join us together.We are looking forward to their coming.
19.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and the theme of your composition is About Television. Before the television was invented, many families enjoyed listening to the radio when they were free.Since the television was invented.It has become one of the most popular ways of entertainment for most people.People can acquire every kind of knowledge from the television.We can listen to music, watch movies, listen to the news report, etc.on TV.Nowadays, television has already become part of our life.And it brings us a lot of fun .And the television program is more exciting than before.
20.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition.You should write at least 80 words, and the theme of your composition is My Clamates.I have many friends in my cla.They’re lovely and interesting.I would like to introduce some of them.Alice is very cute.She＇s also kind to everyone and she＇s very enthusiastic.She＇s always ready to help others, but she is forgetful.She always forgets to bring her textbooks, but our teachers always forgive her.Ben is the most talkative boy in our cla.His nickname is “chatterbox.” He has a great sense of humor and he always makes me laugh.Linda is a quiet student.She is good at every subject but she never shows off.Allen is a very tall boy.He plays basketball very well and he is on our school team.He often says, “Playing basketball is good for your health.” How about your clamates? Do you like them? Try to admire your clamates.You will be happier.5.Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below: 1.告诉对方你的近况。
2.介绍你所在城市的旅游景点。3.邀请对方国庆假期来旅游及安排。
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6.Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below: 1． 告诉对方你最近将出去旅游。 2． 了解对方所在地的旅游景点。 3． 请对方给予帮忙安排。
7.Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below: 2.了解对方近来的情况。
3.通知对方同学将在元旦举行聚会。4.请对方参加。
8.Directions:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below:
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1.你的近况
2.请对方帮你购买英语语法书 3.邀请对方方便时来访
9 .Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base yo ur E-mail on the Chinese outline below: The importance of English 1.英语在现代社会中占有重要地位。 2.英语对于我有重大意义。
3.我打算如何提高自己的英语水平。
1．（2005年六级真题）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an open letter on behalf of the Student Union asking people to give help to a student who is seriously ill.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
1． 对病人的简单介绍：目前的病情和家庭情况
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2． 目前的困难：无法承担医疗费用，需要护理
3． 希望捐助；联系方式
Your Help Needed
Dear friends,
I am writing to you, on behalf of the Student Union, to ask for your help for Li Ming, a schoolmate of ours from the Department of Computer Science.He is seriously ill now and has to have a heart transplant at once.To make things worse, he comes from the west of our country and his family is quite poor.
Li Ming is now confronted with the following difficulties.To begin with, he can’t afford the medical expenses.His family
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doesn’t have a good financial background.Moreover, his parents have already been deep in debt in order to send him to university.In addition, his family is far away and he needs someone to take care of him day and night.Only with intense care can our friend recover from his disease.
On no account can we see our friend suffer or die.He is in desperate need of your help, especially financial donations to help him pay for his expenses.Let’s all give him our hands.Anyone who wants to offer help can contact us at 88588858 or you can email us by love@sina.com.Please act without delay.
Yours sincerely,
Zhang Hua
Chairman of the Student Union
2．（2005年6月六级真题）
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Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short eay entitled Say No to Pirated Products.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
1． 目前盗版的现象比较严重
2． 造成这种现象的原因及其危害
3． 我们应该怎么做
Useful words and expreions:
盗版：piracy (n.)
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盗版产品：pirated products
知识产权：intellectual property rights
侵犯版权：infringe sb’s copyright; copyright infringement
Say No to Pirated Products
Piracy is a serious problem with which this country is confronted.In many places we see people peddling pirated books or disks.Actually, piracy has become so widespread that it has severely hindered the development of the nation’s economy.
A number of factors account for the problem, but the following are the most critical ones.First, pirated products are much cheaper than copyrighted ones, so they are very attractive to people, especially youngsters, who are not financially well-off.Secondly, with highly developed technology, it is not difficult
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to manufacture pirated products.With one authorized copy, the illegal producers can make thousands of fake ones at a very low cost, thus making huge profits.
As a result, intellectual property rights are severely infringed upon.Honest producers will lose the motivation to develop new products.Meanwhile, pirated products are often of low quality, thus damaging the interest of buyers.
In view of the seriousne of the problem, it is eential that laws and regulations be formulated and enforced to ban the manufacture and circulation of pirated products.Meanwhile, people should be educated to say no to these products.With these measures taken, we have reasons to believe that the problem can be solved in the near future.
3．（2005年12月六级真题）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to
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write a letter to a company declining a job offer.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
1.对公司提供职位表示感谢
2.解释为何不能接受所提供的职位
3.希望予以谅解，并表示对公司的良好祝愿
A Letter Declining a Job Offer
December 24, 2005
Dear Sir or Madam:
I am responding to your job offer on December 20, 2005.I was
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informed that I would be offered the position as an interpreter for your company.I cordially appreciate your trust and I am much obliged to you for providing me with this valuable opportunity.
However, I have to tell you that I cannot accept it.The major reason is that I don’t think I am the most appropriate candidate for this post.As a non-English major, though my written and spoken English are outstanding than most of my peers, I am not well trained in translation, not to mention interpretation, which, I believe is highly demanding.Maybe my performance in the oral examination has misled you.Actually, I am more interested and more competent in my own major, that is, program designing.Last but not least, I happened to have been offered such a position with another company.
Nonethele, I, again, want to expre my sincere gratefulne and I earnestly apologize for any inconvenience hereby caused.Finally, I hope you can find the ideal candidate as soon as poible.
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Best regards.
Yours sincerely
Li Ming
4．（2006年6月六级真题）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short eay entitled Traveling Abroad.You should write at least 150 words based on the chart and the outline given below:
Number of people in City X traveling abroad in 1995, 2000 and 2005
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1.近十年来X市有越来越多的人选择出境旅游
2.出现这一现象的原因
3．这种现象可能产生的影响
Traveling Abroad
It can be seen from the chart that there have been sharp increases in the number of people traveling abroad in City X in the past decade.As the chart shows, the year 1995 witneed only about 10,000 people from this city touring abroad.In 2000, the number soared to nearly 40,000.Last year, more than 120,000 people in the city chose to spend their vacations outside China.
A number of factors account for the change in the chart, but the following are the most critical ones.First, thanks to the policy
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of reform and opening-up, the nation’s economy has been developing at a considerably high speed in the past decades.Therefore, the people have more extra money for traveling.Secondly, other relevant state policies and the boom of touring industry provide citizens with more opportunities to go out and see the world.Last but not least, people have attached greater importance to the quality of life, thus they spend more money and time traveling and sight-seeing.
In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of China’s fast expanding economy and people’s rising standard of life.The trend of traveling abroad will further stimulate the development of our economy and broaden people’s horizons.
5．（2006年12月老六级真题）
Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled The Celebration of Western Festivals.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given
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below.
1.现在国内有不少人喜欢过西方的某些节日
2.产生这种现象的原因
3.这种现象可能带来的影响
The Celebration of Western Festivals
No one can have failed to notice the fact that an increasing number of Chinese are fond of celebrating some Western festivals today.For instance, on Valentine’s Day, many people give flowers or chocolate to the one they love.Another case in point is Christmas.It seems that people around the country now love to celebrate the festival.
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A number of factors account for the phenomenon mentioned above, but the following might be the critical ones.In the first place, due to the policy of reform and opening-up, Chinese people tend to know more about Western culture and be influenced by it.Secondly, some businemen wish to make money by encouraging people to celebrate those Western festivals.Last but not least, as traditional Chinese festival lose their attraction, many people tend to find joy in Western festivals.
Though we need not criticize people celebrating Western festivals, nor can we stop them, we have to beware of the danger behind it.While enjoying the atmosphere brought by those Western customs, we might well lose our own tradition and identity.
6．（2006年12月新六级真题）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled The Importance of Reading Claics.You
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should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.
1．阅读经典书籍对人的成长至关重要
2．现在愿意阅读经典的人却越来越少，原因是„„
3．我们大学生应该怎么做
The Importance of Reading Claics
Reading claics plays a vital role in a person\'s growth.By reading claic works, either Chinese or foreign, one can learn a great deal about history, geography, politics, wars and customs.Besides, as these claics are the outstanding representatives human language, reading them can enormously improve our ability to read and write and to inherit cultural traditions.
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However, a diminishing number of people would like to read claics now.A variety of factors may have contributed to this phenomenon, but the following are the critical one.In the first place, as the pace of life and work quickens, people can find little time to indulge themselves in thick and serious works.They would rather read light and easy magazines or surf the Internet and do online reading.In the second place, most claics depict things far away from our real life, which makes reading them seem irrelevant.
As college students, we should shoulder the burden of inheriting and developing cultural heritage.Therefore, it is eential that we should make plans to read claics regularly.Besides, we should try to influence people around us into reading them.
六级考试写作备考：新东方课堂讲义(7)
7．Keeping Pets
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There is no denying the fact that keeping pets is a hotly debated topic today.Some people think keeping pets is a good thing to do.They believe that pets, like cats and dogs, can help relieve the loneline suffered by senior citizens and other social members who are confined to their homes for this reason or that.They also argue that keeping pets helps mankind understand animals’ world and develop positive feelings toward them.
Others, however, hold the opposite view.They regard keeping pets as a usele but harmful thing to do.First, pets can transmit diseases.Secondly, the noises and dung of pets are sources of pollution.Last but not least, as many rare birds and animals are kept as pets, they will surely be hunted on a large scale, which means a threat to the balance of the ecosystem.
Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter.Anyway, we can leen our loneline and expre our love toward animals in other ways.And it is my belief that only by placing man and other species on an equal basis can
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we expect to have a lively and colorful world.
8.Where There Is a Will, There Is a Way
A well-known proverb goes that “where there is a will, there is a way”, which means that one can find a way to succe as long as he or she has a strong will.With a strong will, one can focus all his energy on one point, which makes his succe poible.Without a strong will, however, one can be easily distracted from his goal or discouraged by setbacks, which leads to his ultimate failure.
History abounds with examples of strong-willed figures winning succe.Actually, there is no better illustration of the proverb than the deeds of Gou Jian, king of Yue in ancient China.Defeated by Fu Chai, king of Wu, Gou tried every means poible to steel his will.Eventually, with the help of Fan Li and Xi Shi, he managed to rebuild his country and his armies and had Fu Chai taste the bitterne of failure.
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In short, a strong will is eential if we want to make achievements in our studies or work, or indeed in any other aspect of our lives.One should lose no chance to strength his will and remember, God helps those who help themselves.
9.More Students Pursue Master Degrees
It can be seen from the chart that there have been sharp increases in the number of students attending graduate entrance exams in a college in the past decades.As the chart shows, the year 1996 witneed only 200 students taking part in the exams.In 2001, the number nearly doubled.In 2006, far more students prepared themselves for graduate studies.
A number of factors could account for the change in the chart, but the following are the most critical ones.First, thanks to the policy of reform and opening-up, the nation’s economy has been developing at a considerably high speed in the past decades.
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Therefore, the people have more extra money for education.Secondly, other relevant state policies and the boom of higher education provide students with more opportunities to pursue higher degrees.Last but not least, the increasingly fierce competition forces college students to further their study in order to gain more edge of competition.
In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of China’s fast expanding higher education.Although many problems have arisen in the proce, we have every reason to believe that they can be solved in the near future with effective measures taken.
10.Studying Abroad: Hardships and Rewards
The recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of Chinese studying abroad.Obviously, studying abroad has its rewards.In the first place, a student can have acce to advanced science and technology as well as desirable working conditions which might not be available at home.In the second
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place, he can be exposed to entirely new ideas and trends.Last but not least, by living and studying in a foreign country, one can improve his foreign language much faster than at home.
However, just as every coin has two sides, studying abroad may also confront one with a series of hardships.For one thing, learning a foreign language is far from an easy thing at the beginning for most people.For another, a completely new environment with different customs and habits may also be a barrier to overseas students, especially to the young.An added difficulty lies with finance: it can cost a lot to study abroad.
From my point of view, the advantages of studying abroad outweigh its disadvantages.But it is a big decision to go abroad to study and one should take into consideration his financial conditions and his ability to adapt to new surrounding.Personally, I choose to go abroad and study if I find it neceary.
11．（投诉信）
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Directions: Write a letter of complaint according to the following situation: You bought an air conditioner in Sun Appliance and had it installed the other day, but you found that the fan made too much noise when the machine operated.You demand the store to send a representative to check it up.
Write your letter in no le than 150 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead.You do not need to write the addre.
June 23, 2007
Dear Sir or Madam,
I’m writing to lodge the complaint about the poor quality of an air conditioner that I purchased from Sun Appliance Company.
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Frankly speaking, Sun Appliance has always been my favorite.On April 4, 2007, I bought the air conditioner (serial number 12345) from one of your chain store located in Lang Fang.The machine operated well at first, but ten days later, there was a fault that bothered me, that is, the fan made so much noise that I could not sleep well at night.Worse still, the cooling system didn’t work well and the machine began to leak recently.Its poor quality ruined almost all my previous impreion toward your products.
I strongly suggest that a repairman or a service engineer should be sent to my home without delay.I wonder if you could pinpoint the exact cause of the malfunction as soon as poible.If you can’t, I am afraid that I will request for full amount of refund or a new air conditioner.
I would appreciate all your aistance in this matter.If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact me.Look forward to your reply.
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Yours Sincerely,
Li Ming
12．（邀请信）
Directions: Suppose you are the dean of the History Department, Peking University.You want to invite Profeor Herb Jason, a well-known scholar of Chinese history, to come to attend an international conference on Chinese history.You’ll cover the following points:
1) The purpose of the invitation
2) The time and place of the conference
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3) Ask him a favor of presenting a lecture to your students during his stay
Write your letter in no le than 150 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead.You do not need to write the addre.
June 23, 2007
Dear Profeor Herb Jason,
I am Li Ming, dean of the History Department, Peking University.I am writing to invite you to participate in an international convention that is to be held in Beijing from 22th to 25th, July, 2007.
Since your visit in Beijing last year, all the teachers that attended your lecture have been deeply impreed with your
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thorough knowledge and profound understanding of the subject.We would be pleased if you could come, as our guest of honor, to the International Conference on Chinese History, If poible, would you please deliver a speech on whatever subject that interests you.Enclosed in this letter is a time schedule for the event.You would, of course, receive our standard honorarium to cover traveling and other expenses.When you arrive in Beijing, I will certainly meet you at the airport.
Please let me know your date of arrival if you can come and tell us when you can make the trip.If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact me.Look forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
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13．（感谢信）
Directions: Write a letter of thanks according to the following situation.Once you were ill and were hospitalized for a few weeks in the Chaoyang Medical Center, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province.During your stay the entire staff were kind to you.When you came back home, you wrote them a letter of thanks.
Write your letter in no le than 150 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead.You do not need to write the addre.
June 23, 2007
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Dear Sir/Madam,
I’m writing to extend my heartfelt thanks to all the nurses and doctors in your hospital.
Last month, while I was on a busine trip in Taiyuan, Shanxi province, I suffered from a bad cold and a fever, so I was sent to Ward Rom 201, Chaoyang Medical Center.During my stay at hospital, nurses on duty patiently took my temperature, regularly examined my body, and often fed meals to me.In addition, doctors prescribed me the most effective drugs and gave the best medical advice.Thanks to the constant care from the hospital staff, I recovered quickly.Now that I have returned home, the excellent service of your hospital still imprees me.I believe that as patient, I have received the most profeional treatment and the most considerate care.
Please allow me to convey my sincere greetings toward the doctors and nurses that contribute all their efforts, patience and energy to their patients.Nothing can expre my gratitude
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except my best wishes to them.If you have anything that needs my help, please don’t hesitate to contact me. Yours sincerely, Li Ming Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to one of your former clamates.You should write at least 80 words, and base your E-mail on the Chinese outline below: 写一封电子邮件给你的中学同学，表达对过去中学生活的难忘；希望他能给你介绍英语学习的经验。
Hi mate,
I havent seen you for a couple of years.how is everything going on? have you ever met any of our clamates before? I keep memorizing the wonderful life in the high school.I will never forget the time that we led our basketball team to win the champion from the high school basketbal league.
currently, I am seeking a way to learn english.you was the top student in english cla before.I would be much appricated if I can obtain your advise how to improve the english skills.
I am looking forward to receiving your email.
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第20篇：大学英语应用文写作
大学英语应用文写作范文
1.假如你是王林， 李明是你的好友， 他对布朗先生的公司感兴趣，打算到该公司谋职（apply for a position）。请根据下面李明的简历表，用英语为他写一封推荐信。
词数110左右。
姓名 李明 性别 男 国籍 中国
出生地 重庆 婚否 已婚 出生日期 1980.8.21 通讯地址 重庆市人民路148号 电话 023-63335550 职业 律师 学历 大学毕业
外语水平擅长英语，懂一些日语、德语
其他 有三年工作经历，办事认真，待人诚恳，与人和睦相处
Dear Mr.Brown, I’d like to introduce my friend to you, Mr.Li Ming, who is going to apply for a position in your firm.He graduated from college three years ago and has worked as a lawyerever since.He is good at English and knows some Japanese and German.He works hard and is careful in everything he does.He is honest, kind and easy to get on with.He was born on August 21st, 1980 in Chongqing, China.He is married and lives at No 148 Renmin Road, Chongqing city.His telephone number is 023-63335550.He shows great interest in your firm.If he is accepted, he will do his best.I’m sure he will be fit for the position.I’m looking forward to your early reply.Yours, Wang Lin 2.假如你是业余气象员，你从电台天气预报节目得知了今晚和明天上午你处的天气情况，晚饭后6点钟在校广播室用英语向全体师生作天气预报，并提出忠告。要点如下：
①午夜至凌晨两点有强劲北风。 ②气温将下降5-8度。
③明天上午有阵雨。 ④要求同学们今晚离开教室时关好门窗。
⑤明天早上起床时多穿些衣服，以防感冒。 词数100在右。
Attention, please.It is six o'clock in the afternoon.I'm now giving the weather forecast as usual.From midnight to 2:00 tomorrow morning there will be strong north wind blowing acro our town and the temperature will drop by 5-8℃.Also there will be showers tomorrow morning.Therefore be sure to close all the windows when you leave your claroom tonight and when you get up tomorrow morning, please put on more clothes in order to keep yourself from catching cold.That's all.Thank you.3.假设你是浙江大学的老师，你将在开学典礼上向一年级的新生致辞。请你根据下面的提示写一篇演讲稿就大学的学习生活提出几点要求，并适当阐述其重要性。
①．合理安排学习和生活 ②．同学之间关系融洽 ③．积极参加校园社团活动。。。。。。
参考词汇：大学一年级新生 freshman n.社团 society n.注意：1)．演讲稿必须包括所有提示要点，但不要逐条译成英语。
2)．演讲稿的开头和结尾已给出，不计入词数。 3)．词数：100—120 Good morning, everybody.Welcome to Zhejiang University! As a freshman, you are going to have a completely new life.So here is something you should keep in mind.First, arrange your time properly.You’d better make a timetable so that you will know what to do and how to do it and take advantage of every minute.It will make your work more efficient.Living in the university, sometimes you will face some problems that you can’t deal with all alone.Then help from others will make things easy for you.So get along well with all the people around you.Always be open-minded and warm-hearted.Don’t speak ill of others at will.You should always bear in mind that we are in a big family.At last, take an active part in societies.Societies at school are your second teachers.It will not only provide you more chances to make friends and challenge yourself, but make your school life rich and colorful as well.Enjoy your university life! 4.假定你是某市居民，名叫李华。你觉得该市出租车行业问题较多，请写一封信给该市市长，内容应包括：
问题 (1)停靠点太少，不易打的; (2)欺诈外地乘客; (3)车速过快，事故频频; (4)仍有拒载者; (5)深夜聚集在娱乐场所外等客时制造噪音，影响他人休息。
建议 要求加强管理
注意：1.字数100词左右。文章开头已给出。
2.参考词汇：绕道：take a roundabout route 不替别人着想的：inconsiderate (adj.) 行业：trade 加强管理：tighten control over„ Dear Mayor, I’m a resident of the city.I feel there are many problems existing in the trade of taxi in our city.First of all, there are still not enough stops in the streets so it’s not easy to take a taxi.And taxis often run very fast, which causes many traffic accidents.What’s more, some taxi drivers still refuse to pick up some paengers without any reason.Another terrible thing which often happens is that deep at night taxis waiting around the entertainment places make much noise.Many people suffer from this inconsiderate action.A friend of mine living in another city once visited me, and she told me our city’s taxi drivers cheated her by taking a roundabout route.What will a guest think of our city after such a bad experience? I think we must take actions to tighten control over the taxi trade.Maybe the first thing to do is raise the taxi drivers’ profeional morality.We are looking forward to your reply.Sincerely yours, Li Hua 5.假如你是校报负责人，急需在学校内聘一位同学任英文版的编辑，请你用英文以“An English Editor Wanted”为题目写一则招聘启事。内容要如下：
⑴．该工作主要包括两部分：一是从英文报刊杂志及互联网上选择适合学生的文章；二是选择与编辑同学们的来稿。 ⑵．希望该同学满足下列要求：
① 乐意奉献出一些业余时间为同学们服务； ② 英文与美术皆好；能熟练使用电脑。
③ 感兴趣的同学请在本周内与学生会（Students’ Union）联系。
注意：（1）词数100左右；（2）不要逐字翻译，要组成一篇通顺连贯的短文。 An English Editor Wanted Our school newspaper is looking for an editor for its English edition．The job mainly includes two parts: One is to choose proper English articles from other newspapers, magazines or Internet for us students.The other is to pick out articles from those written by students in our school and edit them for use．
We hope that he/she could meet the following requirements: First, he/she is willing to devote some of his/her spare time to serving the others．Second, it’s neceary for him/her to be good at both English and fine arts.Besides, the ability to use the computer is important．
Those who are interested in the job, please get in touch with the Students’ Union this week．
Students’ Union
6.请以宿舍管理委员会的名义写一份通知，2007年4月2日发出。内容如下：
① 时间：4月5日晚上7点。 ②地点：3号楼103房间。
③ 内容：学生宿舍安全问题：安全用电、火灾应变、防止失窃等。
④ 参加人员：每间寝室一名同学。
⑤ 要求：带笔记本，按时到场，做好记录，并传达给室友。
注意：1）通知的格式已经为你写好，不计入总词数；2）词数：100左右。
参考词汇：学生宿舍 dormitory，盗窃theft（n.）
Notice A meeting is going to be held in Room 103 of Building 3 at 7 on the evening of April 5.Problems to be talked about at the meeting include the safety of the dormitories, proper use of electricity, what to do in case of fire, prevention of theft and so on.A member of each dormitory is required to be present.They should take notebooks with them and arrive on time.They should take notes carefully and after the meeting they are to inform their roommates of what is discued and what measures will be taken.The Dormitory Committee April 2nd, 2007 7.假如你是一名大学生叫李华，对近年来大学毕业生就业情况颇有已见，请根据下面提供的信息向报社写信谈谈你的看法。字数100左右。开头已给出。
学生心态 向往城市，不愿下乡。
就业现状 城市人才过剩；农村渴求人才。
就业前景 农村天地广阔，可施展才华。
Dear editor, I am writing to you to talk about taking up occupations for college graduates.Nowadays many graduates are looking forward to obtaining employment in big cities, not willing to work in the countryside.As a matter of fact, there are not enough opportunities to satisfy most of the hunters in big cities while in the countryside talented people are badly needed and a lot of posts are waiting for us.Rural areas are a vast world, where you can put your abilities to good use and you’ll be able to make greater contributions to the building of new countryside.Therefore, I believe we can have as bright a future in the country as we have in the city.Yours, Li Hua 8.假设你的英文名为Jack，是英国诺丁汉大学的中国留学生。你负责为在该校就读的32名中国学生筹划圣诞节期间的苏格兰之行，为期7天，请你给诺丁汉的STA（Students’Travel Agency）经理Phil发一封电子邮件，联系有关事宜。要点如下：
（1）希望能够派车接送； （2）需要一名说标准英语，并非常熟悉苏格兰的导游；
（3）请求告知旅行日程及就餐、旅馆、费用等情况；
（4）你的联系方式：电子邮箱地址：Jackwang@yahoo.com.cn或电话号码：07747745007 注意：（1）词数：100词左右；（2）开头和结尾已为你写出，不计入总词数；
（3）参考词汇：旅馆住宿accommodation；旅行日程安排itinerary；长途客车coach Hi, Phil, I’d like you to organize a trip to Scotland for us.I have here a group of 32 Chinese students studying in Nottingham University, who want to go on a seven-day tour during the Christmas days.I hope we can have a coach which will take us to Scotland and then bring us back to Nottingham.We also need a guide who speaks standard English and knows Scotland well.I would be very grateful if you can work out an itinerary as soon as poible and tell me about our accommodation, meals as well as how much each of us has to pay.If you have any information, please either email me to Jackwang@yahoo.com.cn or call me at 07747745007.Looking forward to your early reply.Yours Truly.Jack 9.外籍教师Lynne任教期满准备回国，学校答应派车送她去机场。她在临行前一天写了张便条提醒办公室李老师：
1)．请检查(check on)明天的车是否落实，提醒司机(remind sb.of sth.提醒某人做某事)。
2)．她之所以要确定一下，是因为太早不好叫出租车。 3)．感谢费心，并感谢一年来的关心。
4)．在学校一年来，生活愉快、难忘，很可能再来。
5)．留下一些英语书给贵校图书馆，希望对学生有用。 字数：100—120个词。
Hi, Mr.Li, Could you please check on the car to take me to the airport? Please remind the car driver of this.I want to be sure of this car, because it will be too early in the morning to call a taxi if the school car doesn’t show up.I am sorry to trouble you again.Here I thank you again for all that you have done for me during my stay in your school.I really enjoy teaching here, and will never forget the day I spent with my students.Probably I will come back some day.I leave some English books to your library.I hope they will be useful to your students.Yours Lynne
10.致歉信
语言注意点:致歉信必须写得坦诚，表达出真心的歉意。 Directions ：Suppose you have accepted Mr.Zhangs invitation to dinner, but you have to change your plan for some reason.Write a letter in about 100 words to make an apology to him.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.Sample: Dear Mr.Zhang, It was very kind of you to invite me to dinner in your house the day after tomorrow and I originally accepted it with great pleasure.But now, much to my regret that I may not be able to keep my promise because my sister was injured in a car accident and I must look after her in the hospital for several days.The accident happened suddenly and all my family are now busy dealing with it and caring for my sister.So I don't think I will have the time to go to the dinner and even if I go, I am afraid I will hardly be in a cheerful mood, which may spoil the party.I am very sorry for that and really regret that I would mi such an excellent chance of enjoying the perfect dishes with friends.Besides, please give my regards to Mr.and Mrs.Rogers when they come to dinner.Sincerely yours, Li Ming
应用文写作（书信）http://wenku.baidu.com/
