推荐第1篇：六级作文
1）先背3个句子
1 Nowadays with the rapid development of advanced ……., more and more…..are commonly and widely used in everyday life.(讲重要性)
2 The popularity of digital …will have great influence on our work, study and everyday life.On the one hand …,But on the other hand.（讲影响）
3To conclude,…..are just like a double-edged sword.With them we may have le trouble dealing with problems in life and enjoy a better-off life.However, one point should be kept in mind that we should take sensible use of them , always being the master of them.（结尾段）
Ps:灵活运用第1句和第2句，根据不同模板自由组合。
2）模板（2个模板）
1 开头段：先讲重要性，然后转讲不好的地方。
中间段：措施
结尾段：先来个小转折再进入总结
开头段Nowadays with the rapid development of advanced ……., more and more…..are commonly and widely used in everyday life.However, what worries most of us is that…… 中间段 Firstly….Secondly…..Lastly but in no means least……
结尾段 To conclude,…..are just like a double-edged sword.With them we may have le trouble dealing with problems in life and enjoy a better-off life.However, one point should be kept in mind that we should take sensible use of them , always being the master of them.
2 开头段：先讲重要性，然后转讲争论
中间段：转折(即列出两种不同人的观点)
结尾段：直接进入总结（即你的观点）
开头段：It is accepted that ….Plays a significant part for both …, and what’s more , a lot of attention is being drawn to the change of…..However, whether … deserves such an attention , people’s ideas vary.
中间段：On the one hand, some people hold the view that …..
On the other hand, a great many people insist that….
结尾段：From my perspective, however….(你的观点) .Therefore, it’s time that (措施之类的)
6级作文万能句子（补充在”…..”里面的万能句子，自己琢磨每个句子放在哪里比较适合） 重点背：1）5）6）7）句子，最好全部都被过一遍，自己琢磨怎么用。
1）Sth will make our life more enjoyable, that is to say, sth can add color to the dull routine of every day life.。。。能让我们的生活更美好，也就是说，。。。可以给我们枯燥的生活带来色彩
推荐第2篇：六级作文
六级万能作文公式 开头万能公式：
1． 开头万能公式一：名人名言
有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！
原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是8，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？
经典句型：
A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言）
It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言） 更多经典句型：
As everyone knows, No one can deny that…
2． 开头万能公式二：数字统计
原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。
原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：
According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.
结尾万能公式：
1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论
说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politene and respect for others.
如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！
更多过渡短语：
to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
更多句型：
Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…
2． 结尾万能公式二：如此建议
如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.
这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？
更多句型：
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.
Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.… 写作绝招
写作的“七项基本原则”：
一、长 短 句原则
工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：
As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！
强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
二、主 题 句原则
国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！
特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！
To begin with, you must work hard at your leons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.
三、一 二 三原则
领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。
1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）
2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）
3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）
4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）
5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）
6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）
7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）
8）most important of all, moreover, finally
9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）
10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）
建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！
四、短语优先原则
写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其
一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其
二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：
I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.
I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.
这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。
五、多实少虚原则
原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：
走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room
小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room
小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room
老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room
所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！
六、多变句式原则
1）加法（串联）
都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：
I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.
如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：
Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.
其它的短语可以用：
besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
2）转折（拐弯抹角）
批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.
The coat was thin, but it was warm.
更多的短语：
despite that, still, however, neverthele, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding
3）因果（so, so, so）
昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！
The snow began to fall, so we went home.
更多短语：
then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that
4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）
有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如
果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。
举例：This is what I can do.
Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.
同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：
When to go, Why he goes away…
5）附加（多此一举）
如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.
Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.
其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。
6）排比（排山倒海句）
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！
Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.
Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.
We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（气势恢宏）
要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！
七、挑战极限原则
既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！
原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！
写作绝招
文章主体段落三大杀手锏：
一、举实例
思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子！
In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every poible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actre to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.
更多句型：
To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example
二、做比较
方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的；
世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点（through comparison）和不同点（through contrast）。下面是一些短语： 相似的比较：
in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner
相反的比较：
on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, neverthele, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …
三、换言之
没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。
实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!
I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.
I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.
或者上面我们举过的例子：
I cannot bear it.
可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.
因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短语：
in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply
作文15％（有14分、12分、8分、6分、2分和0分四个档次，用时30分钟）
快速阅读10％(7个判断题每个1％，3个填空题也是1％，单词拼写错误不给分，用时15分钟) 听力35％（短对话8个，每个1％，长对话8个，每个1％，短文10个，每个1％，填词7个，每个0.5％，3个句子分别为2％，2％，2.5％。用时35分钟）
篇章阅读20％+词汇阅读5％（传统阅读10个，一个2％，选词阅读10％，一个0.5％。用时25分钟）
完型填空10％（20个小题，一题0.5％。用时15分钟）
翻译5％（一题1％。用时5分钟）
四六级历年全套真题(含听力下载)
四六级历年全套真题：
http:///
听力mp3下载：
http:///nav/mp3/mp3list.htm
再为大家推荐一下学好英语的网站,觉得这个网站蛮好的,它是关于全世界的网址大全,资料齐全!包括世界新闻,世界历史文化,世界旅游以及世界著名网站,是英语爱好者的不错选择!有助于英语的提高!
http:// (这里可以看到世界各国的新闻网站,历史文化的网站,世界旅游的网站,以及世界著名的网址,很好用的)
推荐第3篇：六级作文
宫东风英语教学团队
四六级考前充电第1篇
Clean Your Plate Campaign 光盘行动
The campaign, Clean Your Plate Campaign, is initiated by nongovernmental organizations and activists, which urges people to save food by not wasting anything on the dining table.The campaign, launched on weibo, is soon joined by millions of netizens acro China in a bid to curb food wastage and appreciate the virtue of being thrifty even in times of plenty.
Every Chinese student is taught this Tang Dynasty poem: Farmers weeding at noon, sweat down the field soon.Who knows food on a tray, thanks to their toiling day.In the Chinese original, the word \"food\" receives emphasis, literally meaning: \"every grain on the plate is an embodiment of hard work\".Chinese parents would use this to teach their children not to waste food because it is the product of farmers\' exhausting labor under the scorching sun or in rainstorms.Yet, when we dine out, we\'ll be astounded by the amount of food squandered.The estimated annual wastage of grain in China is estimated to be 50 million tons, enough to feed about 200 million people for one year.
The campaign to finish up one\'s plate, or \"guangpan\" in catchy slang, is meant to drill some common sense into a vanity-conscious society that food is meant for your mouth and too much of it will not make you an important person.People from acro the social divide should support the Clean Your Plate Campaign.
推荐第4篇：六级作文
写作是本人的老本行，高中一般都是21-23这个级别，大学英语作文被老师在班上推介为范文！！
对于作文，我说的最多的就是：不走寻常路！你不要以为在网上下载那些所谓的优秀作文，拿来背背，你就成为高手了，其实大错特错！因为我看了之后也觉得一般，甚至有些拙劣，哗众取宠的味道，比如有的所谓优秀作文竟然还用什么be good at ，importance，very much，depend on，in my opinion ，completely 这样低等的写作词汇，说它低等，那是因为这些词汇已经广为人知，阅卷老师已经看的麻木不仁了！
要写出高人一等的作文，我觉得并不难，只要你有一定的语法基础和一定量的写作词汇（越高级越好），写作句型，就足可以应对常规的高考，四六级考试„„（我记得高中25分满分的作文我可以保持在21-23这个级别，四六级的作文都是110多分）
首先是语法，在你的语法达到一定层次之后，你就可以追求更多的变化了，比如，用虚拟语气句型it is high time that we„„代替常用的it is neceary that we should„„，又如用倒装句代替常见的平铺直叙等，这样可以增加你的语法亮点，让已经有些麻木一直想睡觉的阅卷老师眼睛一亮，在你的试卷上多扫射一番！ 其次，是词汇，我觉得，在你的语法达到基本不会出错的程度上，作文便应该以词汇取胜，因为在这个层次上，大家的语法都差不多，没什么变化，唯一有变化的就是你的词汇！给你打个比方吧，很多想到“许多”就用many，但是你别忘了many a ；handsome；maive，innumerable，a multitude of ；很多人想到“专家”就写expert，但很少人会想到specialist，很多人在想到“擅长”这词，就写be good at ，却不知还有更高级的表达法：be expert at 或者excel in „高手和庸才，就体现在这些细微的差别上！
再次，是怎么将文章润色，从而使你的文章大放异彩！！关于这方面，我觉得我自己使用最多的，也是我自创的------叫做“添油加醋”，包括如下几个方面：尽可能地在形容词前使用副词，在介词短语中加入适当的形容词和副词，在过去分词前加入副词，在名词之前尽可能多用形容词„„，总之就是尽可能地使用形容词和副词。我觉得这样做有一个好处，那就是使原本干巴巴的句子变得血肉丰满，比如：
1.The regular physical exercise contributes to our health 改成The regular physical exercise contributes tremendously to our health!
2.In my opinion,the driver’s carelene should be responsible for this road accident改成
3For my part，the driver‘s negligence should be dominantly responsible for this unexpectedly horrible accident
4The majority of students believe that the part-time job will provide them with more oppportunities to develop their interpersonal skills改成The majority of students firmly believe that the part-time job will undoubtedly provide them with golden opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills tremendously!
推荐第5篇：六级作文
六级作文级精选
200806范文一
Recent decades have seen the rapid development of information technology, and thereby E-books have wound their way into our daily life.Because of the wide and quick popularity of E-books, there has been an increasing controversy over the question of whether E-books will replace traditional books or not.
Many people hold the idea that it will not take long for E-books to replace traditional books because E-books have quite a few advantages over traditional ones.First, E-books are more acceible to readers, because the readers just need to log onto the internet and read online.Second, thanks to the advanced technology, the cost of E-books is much lower, so it takes readers far le money to buy E-books.Last but not the least, reading E-books has developed into part of our daily life, which is particularly appealing to young users, who are the body part of the users of electronic products.
As far as I’m concerned, it is not likely for E-books to replace traditional books for lots of reasons.For example, long time of reading E-books will do more harm to our eyes, and readers will find themselves more acceible to printed materials because computers and the internet haven’t yet been popularized to every corner of our life.
范文二
E-books, or electronic books, have the same information and need the same reading experience as the traditional books, which you actually hold in your hands.E-books have so many benefits that they will replace traditional books.
E-books can be created on a shoestring budget while the authors of traditional books will have to overcome a tough sales target before they even consider making a profit on the book.E-books are quicker to create because they could be written and published in as little as a week while the time span between starting a traditional book and writing it could take around a year or two.E-books are easier to target a wide market because they may be sold on the Internet to anyone with a credit card and an Internet connection in any place in the world, while with a traditional book it may be difficult to expand to new markets, since it will involve further significant costs on distribution and marketing.
To conclude, E-books are a very valuable tool that could be used as a profit centre, as a publishing tool or as a marketing tool.They have many advantages over the traditional books.E-books will replace traditional books.
2010 06作文范文
Due Attention Should Be Given To the Study of Chinese
With China’s opening up, interculturalcommunication has become more and more frequent between Chinese and foreigners.A good command of at least one foreign language has increasingly been an eential skill for us.People, especially the youths, pay much more attention to foreign language acquisitionthan Chinese study.
Various factors can account forthis situation.First of all, a good command of a foreign language may help young people to get a good job while Chinese skills may be of no significancein one’s job hunting and even their career.Consequently, some students may not treasure Chinese language any longer.Apart from that, nowadays fewer and fewer universities stimulate Chinese language study in campus, which has caused it to be marginalized.Under this circumstance, Chinese language becomes le and le popular in universities.It is clear that profeors in the field of Chinese study are not so respected than they were before.
In view of this situation, effective measures should be taken to change it.First, the whole society should emphasizethe importance of Chinese language in order to make it clear that it is
one indispensablepart of Chinese culture and Chinese race.Second, schools should promote Chinese language study and research.In addition, we individuals should contribute our own efforts to the study and protectionof Chinese language.
To conclude, we should pay great attention to Chinese language, since the importance of it is never too great to be exaggerated.
2010 12 My View on University Ranking
In recent years, all kinds of University Ranking Lists can be found on some educational websites, or newspapers.The ranking standards also vary.These lists have great influence on students.They are even becoming the only scale to evaluate the colleges and universities.
People hold different views toward this phenomenon.Some believe that these lists help the students a lot, especially for those who will choose their university.While some other protest vigorously.In their points, the list is really ridiculous and harmful.In my view, the university ranking may have its own reference values, but its disadvantages overweigh its values.
For those university-students-to-be, they are supposed to choose the school according to his or her own situation, but not the so-called Ranking List.What’s more, how about the university students? How do they feel about themselves when they see the ranking? The list may become some intangible shackles for them if their own school ranks poorly.
In a nutshell, there is no easy method to rank these universities, but the Ranking, only helps students ignore the eentials, namely, their ninety-nine percent perspiration.
201106标准版My opinion on certificate craze
The growing tendency among college students to get all kinds of certificates has now evolved into a craze.Just randomly ask a student what he or she is busily engaged in doing, quite poibly, you would get the answer that he or she is preparing for a certificate of some kind.So, why\'s the craze?
The reason behind this phenomenon is common — the enormous preure of finding a job.Faced with a harsh job market, most students have no choice but to seek more certificates to parlay their qualifications.Another factor is that diploma and certificates still weighs heavily in terms of signifying one\'s ability.For the sake of increasing their odds of landing a better job, the students are compelled to run from one exam to another.
Though I have an open mind toward the craze on certificates, I suggest that students should be more rational when it comes to certificates, since they do not necearily tell their ability.Instead, they should be more involved in learning and capability boosting, thus, opportunities would come quite naturally.
高分版Certificate craze
Recently the phenomenon of certificate craze has become a big concern of the public.It is also a new craze in the university, which seems like a routine activity on campus, for certificates do play a vital role when students look for a decent job.
Admittedly, there are different purposes behind this phenomenon.Some people aim at certificates because of the employment preure.With the admiion expansion of colleges, a great many graduates have to face the fierce competition in the job market.So it is the certificates that can make them more competitive.However, some others consider all the diploma and certificates important standards by which a person\'s ability can be measured.They spare no effort to get the certificates for the sole purpose of proving that they are qualified in a certain field.Moreover, there are those who just want to enrich their life by preparing for the certificates because they really enjoy their progre.
From my point of view, we should be more rational when it comes to certificates, since
certificates do not necearily prove one\'s ability.Being crazy in getting certifications blindly is nothing but wasting time.To conclude, we should focus on improving our ability but not merely getting a certificate.
外教版
The job market today is increasingly sophisticated, requiring workers to have specialized knowledge in their fields.As a result, becoming certified is a trend among today\'s job seeking youth.More and more people, students especially, look at obtaining certification as a means to getting a better job and, therefore, enjoying brighter future.
There are as many certificates as there are fields of study.Lawyers will take the LSAT, busine majors will take the GMAT to further their study in the US, and those who study a foreign language, like English, might take the TOEFL, TOEIC, or any number of English certification exams.
Is this neceary? Or, is the “certification craze” just a trend that will eventually pa? I myself have obtained two different certifications: one in Japanese (N2) and another in teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL).Both of these certifications have been beneficial in getting good jobs.
Therefore, it is my opinion that, trend or not, the results of becoming certified are real and can be invaluable in opening up future opportunities.
推荐第6篇：六级作文
万能模块
l 对比类作文
lWhy、How、Where、When等单词？（针对题目提问，把题目变成疑问句抄过来就好了） There is a general controversy nowadays as to the iue; some people claim that there are various advantages of the fact that ____.（随便说一方观点） They believe that _____.(写一个句子，阐述一下) Other people argue that the disadvantages are more evident.Their belief is reinforced by _____（调查、图表等）which shows that about ____ percent of the _____s (学生、老人等，会什么词写什么词吧！)_______.(再重复一次观点) Weighing the pros and cons of both sides, I am inclined to agree to the former (latter ) point of view.
lThe explanation for this phenomenon involves many complicated factors.In the first place, ______.（第一种情况，编一句吧）。A case in point is that ____.(举个例子，随便写)。In the second place, _____.(第二种情况，再编)。 For instance, ______.(还是举例子)。 Last but not least, ______.(最后一种情况，仍然编)
l Judging from all evidence offered we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that ___ （作者观点）since _____.(综合一下上诉理由) perhaps the best policy is to regulate it so as to maximize it’s advantages and minimize it’s disadvantages.In the meantime, a kind of punishment should be given to those who have violated certain regulations.
l
l 现象作文:
l Nowadays, with the development of economy and society, it is well known that there are more and more [某种现象] in [某种场合].It is estimated that [相关数据].Why have there been so many [某种现象]?
l As far as I am concerned, maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is [原因一].Besides, [原因二].The third one is [原因三].To sum up, the main cause of [某种现象] is due to [最主要原因].
l Taking all the reasons into consideration, it is high time that something was done upon it.For one thing, we can [解决办法一].On the other hand, we can[解决办法二].If all these measures were taken in the right way , the number of [某种现象] will be certainly reduced on a big scale.
l 图表作文
l From the chart we can easily see that +描述图表+现象作文
书信作文
Dear，
How are you getting along withyour job?+现象作文
I am looking forward to receiving your reply as soon as poible.
yours，
签名(题中要求)
推荐第7篇：六级作文
六级作文模版
日期: 2005-4-16 2:52:00 来源:作者: 不详 编辑 wlb850430
1.写作模板——图表式作文
It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes.It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies).At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of „(多少).
What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are „ (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table.First of all, „(第一个原因).More importantly, „(第二个原因).Most important of all, „(第三个原因).
From the above discuions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if neceary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).
2.写作模板——提纲式作文
1． 对立观点式
A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？
B． 有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？
C．我的看法。
Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。 However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。
2． 批驳观点式
A．一个错误观点。
B． 我不同意。
Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。
There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。
3． 社会问题（现象）式
A．一个社会问题或者现象。
B． 产生的原因
C．对社会和我们生活的影响
D． 如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话）
E． 前景的预测。
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。
There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。
X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.参照辩论式议论文的写法。
A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.参照辩论式议论文的写法。
Based on the above discuions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will „„..3.写作模板——辩论式议论文
模版1
Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that观点1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that 观点2.As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.
There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all, 论据1.
More importantly, 论据2.
Most important of all, 论据3.
In summary, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
模版2
People hold different views about X.Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2.As far as I’m concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 论据1.
For another, 论据2.
Last but not the least, 论据3.
To conclude, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above, we can predict that 预测.
模版3
There is no consensus of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all, 论据1。
Furthermore, 论据2。
Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest.That is, 论据3。
A natural conclusion from the above discuion is that总结观点。
As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above, we can predict that 预测.本文将给大家讲讲英语四六级提纲式作文写作注意事项：
1． 对立观点式
A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？
B． 有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？
C．我的看法。
Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。
However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。
There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。
2． 批驳观点式：
A．一个错误观点。
B． 我不同意。
Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。
There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。
3． 社会问题（现象）式
A．一个社会问题或者现象。
B． 产生的原因
C．对社会和我们生活的影响
D． 如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话）
E． 前景的预测。
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。
There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。
X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.参照辩论式议论文的写法。
A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.参照辩论式议论文的写法。
Based on the above discuions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will „„..CET考试必备：写作的评分依据是：切题、条理、语言和字数。所谓切题就是看你写的作文是否跑题。所谓条理是指每一段的议论的正反清楚，说明的几个方面清楚，描述的时间正确。
一、审题
我们拿到作文后第一件事要做的就是审题。审题的作用在于使你的写作不跑题（如果跑题，条理和语言再好，也得不到及格分，甚至0分。）那么审题要审什么呢？
1． 体裁 （议论文、说明文、描述文）
审题就是要审作文的体裁和题材。因为什么样的体裁就会用什么样的题材去写。那么体裁包括哪些呢？就
四、六级考试而言，它包括议论文、说明文和描述文。从近些年来看，
四、六级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的杂合体。例如有一次四级写题是这样出的：Directions: For this part, your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good University Student.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese) below: 呵呵，同学：做人要厚道，转载请注明来自w1） 做合格大学生的必要性ァ 。2） 做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体等方面谈）（3） 我打算这样做
很多人说这种类型的作文是议论文。我们认为说它是议论文是片面的。因为第一段要求
写 “...必要性”，这说明本段体裁是议论文；第二段要求写“...必备条件”，这说明本段要求写说明文；而第三段要求写“...这样做”，说明本段要求写的是描述文。所以我们说在大多数情况下，
四、六级作文是三种体裁的杂合体。
2．根据不同体裁确定写作方法
我们审题的目的就在于根据不同的体裁来确定不同的写作方法。通过审题，我们可以看出
四、六级作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段为议论体、第二段为说明体、第三段为描述体。议论体有议论体的写作方式、说明体有说明体的写作方式、描述体也有它自身的写作特点。
第一段为议论文：它的写作特点是要有论点和论据，而且往往从正反两面来论述。例如上面题目的第一段的写作思路是：做合格大学生，会怎么样（这是从正面论述）；不能做倒合格大学生，会怎么样（从反面论述）；所以我们要做合格的大学生（结论）。第二段为说明文：它的写作特点是从几方面或几条来说明一个问题，就跟某一机器的说明书一样通过
1、
2、3说明它的用途。就以上面的作文而言，我们从三个方面（德智体）来说明做合格大学生的必要性。第三段为描述文：以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。跟上两段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词。它要与第二段相呼应进行描述。
二、主题句
通过审题，我们知道了写作的思路。下边我们就谈怎么样写。第一步就是要写主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可能得及格分。写主题句最保险的方法就是把各要求句译成英语。例如上述作文的三段主题句分别为：
☆ It is very neceary to be a good university student.(议论体主题句)
☆ There are several respects of neceities to be a good university student.（说明体的主题句）
☆ What I will do in the future is the following.（描述题的主题句）
如果要求句是英语就可以把它扩充成主题句，例如这样的一篇做文：
Good Health
（1） Importance of good healthァ 。2） Ways to keep fitァ 。3） My own practice这样的作文的要求句就可以扩展成主题句。扩展后三段的主题句分别为：
☆ It is very important to have good health.(将名词importance变成形容词important)☆ There are four ways to keep fit for me.(用there be句型)☆ My own practices are the following.（采用原词）
三、条理
保证不跑题是写作当中第一重要任务，第二个重要任务就是条理清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚。对于说明文来说，
1、
2、3条要清楚，对于描述文要来，谁干什么要清楚。就拿上例Good Health来说，第一段保持正反面要清楚就应这样写：主题句（It is very important to have good health.,正面（With good health, we can...）,反面(Without good health, we can do nothing.We can\'t do...)
第二段应当这样写：主题句（There are four ways to keep fit.） 从几方面说明： Firstly, we should have our breakfast in the morning.Second, we should have a nap at noon.Third, sports exercises are neceary in the afternoon.And fourth, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to the music....）
为了使文章更具关于条理性，我们可以用first(ly),second(ly),third(ly)等副词，他们可以使文章的条理性十分突出。作文是主观性题，要想得高分我们必须把评卷老师考虑进去。评卷老师的时间很短（每份卷子的作文只有一两分钟就要阅完），所以我们在列条条时最好不用：To begin with, ...After that,...And then,...The next,...The following,...At last ...。因为用这样的词语不利于阅卷老师看出你作文的条理性。
第三段应当这样写：主题句（My own practices are the following.）具体情况（主语为第一人称代词I，与第二段呼应） In the morning, I have my breakfast .At noon, I have a nap.And in the afternoon, I always play football.In the evening, I usually listen to the claic music.综上所述，如果我们按以上几节的方法去做，就可以保证及格以上分数。
四、十二句作文法
在作文的评分标准中字数也是一个要求。
四、六级的作文要求是要写出120-150字。对于这样的要求考生不必怕写不够。我们知道，
四、六级作文大都是三段式。我们算一下，如果我们在每一段中写上四句话，即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就可以了。这样全篇在十二句左右。每一句十多个词，这样就是120-150字。同时，我们也提醒大家，不能写得太多，写得多容易跑题。在写作时，我们要横向写作，即写某一问题的横段面。例如，上面讲到健康的重要性时，我们只写四句就可以了。第一句主题句，第二句从正面论述，第三句从反面论述，第四句为结论句。但有的同学在写的时候说“健康非常重要，”然后就写“吃波莱非常重要”，因为波菜含有丰富的铁，铁对人是非常重要的，因为...。这样的作文的基本模式是A-B B-C C-D D-E以此类推。这就叫流水账，没有中心。我们写作时要根据横段面去写，而不要写成流水账。避免写成流水账的方法是不要就前一句中的一个非重点词再进行描述。而要对主题句从横段面去写，写完一个横段面就不要再对这一横段面进行阐述了，应当去写别一个横段面。 呵呵，同学：做人要厚道如果我们感觉字数不够，就在每一句或某些句子上添加些词词就行了。例如我们感觉上边第二段不够长，就可以这样来加词：
主题句There are four ways to keep fit.- There are four or more ways to keep fit for everyone of us.从几方面说明： Firstly, we should have our breakfast in the morning.- Firstly, we should have our breakfast, such as milk, eggs, bread and so on, in the morning.Second, we should have a nap at noon.- Secondly, we should have a short nap, even 30 minutes, at noon.Third, sports exercises are neceary in the afternoon.And fourthly, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to both popular and claic music.
这样一来，我们只要保持本句的主题不变加添一些次要词就能达到字数的规定标准。
推荐第8篇：六级作文
The impact of the Internet on Interpersonal CommunicationThe drawing vividly depicts a scene that a father asks his daughter how was her school today.The daughter replies that he can learn it from her blog, which seemingly cannot be a satisfying answer to the father’s question.
What is conveyed in the drawing is that the Internet decreases the chance people communicate with each other in spite of its numerous merits.This kind of social phenomenon is not entirely a coincidence.Due to the rapid development of the Internet, we spend so much time surfing on the Internet that our ability to
communicate with others is degenerating.The Internet, which makes is common to be seen that people in the subway are immersed in playing mobile phones or tablets, has estranged people from their colleagues, friends, even families.Measures should be taken to deter the increasingly severe phenomenon.First and foremost, we have to realize that daily communication is irreplaceable.What’s more, we are supposed to communicate with others proactively to share our joy or sorrow.Last but not least, it is wise to create an environment to increase opportunities of face-to-face communication for the government.
To draw a conclusion, we cannot deny the convenience the Internet brings.
Neverthele, we should strike a balance between its pros and cons.Don’t forget the most basic communication with your intimate friends.
推荐第9篇：六级作文
The core value can be interpreted as following: The City, built by people, has been evolving and growing into an organic system.People are the most dynamic cells with the best ability to innovation this system.People’s life is closely interactive with the urban morphology and development.
With the rapid urbanization, a more extensive relationship and interaction has been established between the city organic system and earth’s biosphere and resource system.People, city and earthare just like three organic systems linking with each other and fusing into the integrity.Throughoutthe whole proce of urban development.
其核心思想可以这样理解：城市史人创造的，它不断地演进、演化和成长为一个有机系统。人是这个有机系统中最具活力和最富有创新能力的细胞。人的生活与城市的形态和发展密切互动。随着城市化进程的加速，城市的有机系统与地球大生物圈和资源体系之间相互作用也日益加深和扩大。人、城市和地球三个有机系统环环相扣，这种关系贯穿了城市发展的历程，三者也将日益融合成为一个不可分割的整体。
For further reflect of the theme \"Better City, Better Life\", five sub-themes are defined; they are \"Blending of Diverse Cultures in the City”,” Economic Prosperity of the City”, Innovation of Science and Technology in the City\", \"Remodeling of Urban Communities\", and \"Rural-urban Interaction\".为了更好地理解“城市，让生活更美好”，上海世博会还设有五个副主题分别是“城市多元文化的融合”、“城市经济的繁荣”、“城市科技的创新”、“城市社区的重塑”、“城市和乡村的互动”。
Creating a Green Campus
Recently, with the idea of making and maintaining “a green earth” being the focus of the society, “green campus” has become a more and more popular concept in universities or colleges, which, undoubtedly, will bring us an ever-lasting benefit to both our campus and our society.
The concept of “green campus” does not only mean a green environment but also refers to an environmental sense in people’s mind.Campus plays a crucial role in educating the young generation and the consciousne of “green campus” will definitely produce a profound effect on students’various environmental protection activities after their graduation.What’s more, the young generation is under the burden of severe environmental pollution and there are many problems waiting for them to solve.
To make “green campus” come true, firstly, it is neceary to work out effective principles for the development of sustainable and recyclable campus.Secondly, it calls for people’s awarene of the serious pollution around us and actual action to reduce the waste.Last but not least, it is neceary to strengthen the ties between campus and society, so as to ensure that “green campus” can work smoothly with the co-effort of the whole society.
避错指导
本次作文在题材上，虽然仍然延续了我们所熟悉的校园类话题，但与社会背景有很大关系。刚刚闭幕的哥本哈根世界气候大会使环保减排这个主题成为焦点，在全世界都提倡可持续发展、和谐发展这一背景下的“绿色校园”，同时也是一个社会热点话题，这是我们审题时所必须考虑的。另外开篇时，切忌拖泥带水，应直截了当，使阅卷老师对文章主题一目了然。
【生动的用词】 maintain保持;concept概念;profound长远的;sustainable可持续的;recyclable可循环的。
【丰富的短语】bring benefit to带来利益;play a crucial role in发挥关键作用;under the burden of在„„重负下;come true实现;call for要求。
【同义词转换】
作文表达除了准确，还要做到句式多变，词汇灵活多样。
1.realize → be aware of 意识到
We’d better be aware of the seriousne of pollution around us.我们最好意识到周围污染的严峻性。
2.keep → preserve 保持
It is neceary to educate the students to be conscious of the importance to preserve the environment.有必要教育学生意识到保护环境的重要性。
3.lead → conduct 引导
This will help conduct the activities of the college students.这有助于引导大学生的行为。
【话题备考锦囊】
6.The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment.“绿色校园”绝不仅仅是一个绿色环境。
7.The construction of “a green campus” will greatly stimulate students to take part in various environmental protection activities.建设“绿色校园”将会极大激励学生参与环境保护。
8.To bring “a green campus” to its full play, effective measures should be taken.为全面实施“绿色校园”，必须采取有效措施。
9.Campus construction is of vital importance not only to the physical development of students but to their mental health as well.校园建设不仅对学生的身体发展很重要，而且对他们的心理健康也很重要。
10.There is little doubt that further consideration must be paid to our green campus.毫无疑问，对于绿色校园应该给与更多的思考。
【话题词汇拓展】
devastation n.毁坏
disastrous a.损失惨重的
doom v.厄运，毁灭
existence n.存在，生活
healthful a.健康的
mey a.肮脏的，凌乱的
participation n.分享，参与
preserve v.保存，保护
preventive a.预防性的
purify v.澄清，净化
stimulation n.激励，鼓舞
arouse consciousne 唤起意识 1.上图所示为某城市198
9、199
4、199
9、2004年参加成人教育(或继续教育)的人数情况，请描述其变化;
2.请说明发生这些变化的原因(可从社会发展及竞争能力方面加以说明)
3.请预测我国成人教育(继续教育)的前景
A Boom in Continuing Education
From the graph, we know the statistics of the Continuing Education participation and the increasing numbers of the participants in X city.In 1989 there were only thirty people taking part in the Continuing Education, but in 1994 the number has grown to eighty? Our thousand people, and in 1999, a hundred and sixteen thousand, and in 2004, the number of Continuing Education participation reached its top: a hundred and seventy thousand.It can be seen easily that there are more and more people who hope to get advanced degrees and gain more knowledge after they began to work.
There are many reasons responsible for the great change, and the following are the typical ones.For one thing, during the work people begin to realize what they have learned before is far from enough.They know what kind of knowledge they need.In addition, as the science and technology in China are developing so fast, adults after graduation have to go back to universities to refresh themselves and improve their competitive ability in society.The main reason is the population growth that affects people? promotion chances.Many people without Bachelor have been laid off.Therefore, such competitive social background stimulates many people to continue to study.However, this graph may not predict the entire situation in the future.I believe one thing is quite certain that education can? be separated from our social development.As our society is developing, more and more people will receive Continuing Education in the future.
1.中国传统节日受到冷遇，西方节日日益升温已成为趋势
2.形成这种现象的原因
3.你对这种现象的态度
【范文】
The Prevalence of Western Holidays
It is noticeable that western holidays are becoming increasingly popular day by day, while Chinese traditional holidays are being somewhat neglected.Old people often complain that Chinese New Year has lost its real meaning.To their astonishment, young people in China, ignorant about Chinese traditional holidays, are crazy about Christmas or Valentine Day.
There are several poible reasons for this phenomenon.First, western nations, such as the United States and Britain, are powerful and dominant in every aspect.Everything in these countries is aumed to be superior and adored by some modern young people.Second, the prevalence of English as a world language and the development of globalization enable western culture to flood in China.Overwhelmed by such a trend, Chinese unconsciously get involved in western culture.Last but not least, some Chinese people have blind faith in foreign things while dismi our own poeions with contempt.
I am critical of this trend.China boasts a brilliant history and splendid traditions.In modern times, Chinese tradition should be preserved and promoted.But it seems that young people no longer treasure the tradition.On the contrary, they turn to pursue enthusiastically a supposedly more modern culture.If this trend is allowed to continue, the pricele heritage of our ancestors will be replaced by western traditions.Nobody expects such a consequence.So let join hand in hand to protect Chinese tradition.
1.据统计，在网上聊天交友、玩网络游戏是目前我国大学生上网的主要活动内容
2.专家认为，那些沉迷于聊天和游戏的大学生，不仅耗费了金钱、时间和精力，还影响了正常的学业和人际交往
3.我们应当如何看待大学生上网的问题
【范文】
What are College Students doing on the Internet?
Nowadays surfing the Internet has become very popular on campus.I am impreed most that many college students spend too much time playing games and chatting on the Internet.
As is well known, chatting and playing and can do much harm to us if we spend too much time on the virtual world.Firstly, it is an enormous waste of time and we will have little time for our study.Secondly, those who play games or chat day and night will be harmed physically for lack of rest and sleep.Thirdly, our social ties will suffer as a result of the immersion in the virtual world.The last but not the least, it will cost us much money.
In my opinion, we should deal with the Internet carefully.On the one hand, we can get some pleasure and knowledge from the Internet.On the other hand, we shouldn’t spend too much time, energy and money on the Internet because study is our priority.In conclusion, we should make good and proper use of the Internet.
工作的选择
A recent survey shows that people who get higher salaries generally work longer hours than those who get lower salaries.Some people favor higher-paying jobs, even though such jobs always result in longer work time.They believe that money is so indispensable in people’s lives that without it no material comforts or well-being can be guaranteed.
However, others have different preferences.They would rather take up lower-paying jobs with shorter hours.In their eyes, money doesn’t necearily ensure happine and well-being.They want to spend more time in doing their likes and getting together with their family and friends.
As for me, I prefer to take up a job with shorter hours even if it pays le.In my opinion, work is not our whole life.We should allocate enough time to our family and friends and have more time to enjoy our life.Besides, we are not machines.We need time to relax and rest so that we could be energetic enough to do our job better.
1 校园“考证族”的队伍不断壮大，很多学生忙于考区各种资格证书
2 大学生忙考证的利弊
3 你的观点
On Qualification-obtaining Fever
Currently, there is a long-lasting fever of obtaining a variety of qualifications among college students, including vocational qualifications and skills certificates.Many students spend their weekends and vocation in preparing for tests on English, Law and Computer Science.Even after their graduation, some of them are still having full enthusiasm on it.No doubt qualifications have attractions of their own.They are evidences to confirm students’ abilities.Work-related or competence-based qualifications may even help students find a satisfactory job, so students hold the opinion that they are obtaining not credentials but opportunities for their future.
However, as it is known to all that each coin has its two sides, obtaining qualifications also brings negative influences in spite of its advantages.First, some vocational qualifications are obtained at the expense of the basic discipline study or major learning.Second, it will take 300 to 500 Yuan to go in for a certain certificate, leading to great financial burden.Third, better jobs do not always necearily follow more qualifications.
From my point of view, what matters most is relevant experience or skill, not the number of credentials you have obtained.
[Next Page好词佳句]
好词佳句总结：
fever 狂热可用指某种现象
vocational qualification 职业证照
work-related 与工作有关
credentials 学历资历等的资格
at the expense of以„„为牺牲
同学们注意下范文最后一句，使用该句式又稳妥，又能拿个不错的分数。
From my point of view, what matters most is„ not„
1)道路事故会给人们的生命和财产带来很大的损 2)分析道路事故发生的主要原因 3)如何降低事故发生率
行文思路：
本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点提出一个问题，提纲第2点要求分析造成该问题的原因，提纲第3点要求说明解决该问题的方法，由此可判断本文应为问题解决型作文。
根据所给提纲，本文应包含如下内容：指出道路事故的严重性及主要危害;分析导致道路事故的主要原因;说明应该如何降低道路事故的发生率。
高分范文：
Road Accidents
Road accidents, as one of the important social problems, have always been paid great concern.In most of the big cities, every day, there happen quite a few road accidents.In these accidents, many people suffer great property loes and some of them even lose their lives.
The following reasons contribute to road accidents.Above all, traffic is becoming heavier and heavier, especially in big cities.More and more vehicles on road increase the chances of accidents.In addition, many drivers lack safety awarene and even don’t comply with the traffic regulations.For example, some drivers run the red light or drive after being drunk.Besides, the weak supervision and management of traffic control sectors is a noticeable reason.
Considering the seriousne of the traffic problem, it is high time for us to take more effective measures to solve it.Firstly, the government should invest more money to improve public transportation and provide more transportation ways for people to choose.Secondly, stricter laws and regulations should be made to punish those who break traffic regulations.Finally, drivers should enhance safety awarene and develop good driving manners.Only in this way could road accidents be avoided succefully.
2009年英语六级作文预测范文第二篇
1)随着互联网的普及和应用，网络犯罪开始摆在世人面前
2)应该如何来打击和预防网络犯罪越来越成为人们必须要解决的一个难题
3)作为大学生，你应该怎么做？
【思路点拨】
本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点提出一个问题，提纲第2点指出解决该问题的紧迫性，提纲第3点要求谈谈大学生应该如何应对该问题，由此可判断本文应为问题解决型作文。
根据所给提纲，本文应包含以下内容：描述网络犯罪出现的背景及问题现状；指出解决网络犯罪问题的紧迫型，说明解决办法；从大学生的角度谈谈应该如何应对网络犯罪。
【参考范文】
Cyber Crimes
With the popularization of Internet, cyber-crimes have become a serious problem facing us.Nowadays cyber criminals seem to be everywhere on the Internet.To illustrate, some commit fraud or lift intellectual property, others snatch pawords or disrupt e-commerce, and still others unleash viruses to crash computers.As a result, these crimes destroy network security greatly and make computer users suffer great loes。
However, we shouldn’t tolerate these cyber criminals any more.It’s high time for us to take effective measures to fight against cyber-crimes.First, we should reinforce the cyber laws to punish cyber criminals strictly.Moreover, we should develop high techniques as soon as poible to improve intrusion detection and prevent cyber-crimes.Besides, more talented people should be trained and more effective firewalls should be built up so as to make the net immune to all kinds of viruses。
As college students, we have responsibility to join the battle against cyber-crimes.For one thing, we should not use others’ computers unle we get permiion.For another, we should be honest to others on the Internet and not release or spread unreal information.In a word, it takes our common efforts to defeat cyber crimes。
1)有些人会选择收入高但工作时间长的工作；有些人则宁愿选择收入低但工作时间却相对较短的工作
2)如果让你选择，你会选择哪种工作？理由是„
【思路点拨】
本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出两种不同的工作选择，提纲第2点要求表明“我”的倾向，由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。
根据所给提纲，本文应包含如下内容：指出人们对工作的两种不同选择倾向：一些人即使需要工作更长的时间也会选择收入高的工作，一些人则宁愿拿低工资也会选择工作时间较短的工作；表明“我”会选择什么类型的工作，说明“我”这样选择的理由。
【参考范文】
My Choice for Job
A recent survey shows that people who get higher salaries generally work longer hours than those who get lower salaries.Some people favor higher-paying jobs, even though such jobs always result in longer work time.They believe that money is so indispensable in people’s lives that without it no material comforts or well-being can be guaranteed。
However, others have different preferences.They would rather take up lower-paying jobs with shorter hours.In their eyes, money doesn’tnecearily ensure happine and well-being.They want to spend more time in doing their likes and getting together with their family and friends。
As for me, I prefer to take up a job with shorter hours even if it pays le.In my opinion, work is not our whole life.We should allocate enough time to our family and friends and have more time to enjoy our life.Besides, we are not machines.We need time to relax and rest so that we could be energetic enough to do our job better。
1)现在各种各样的电视选秀节目吸引了许多年轻人
2)为了实现明星梦，一些年轻人甚至放弃了学业，这种现象引起了许多关注
3)你怎么看？为什么？
【思路点拨】
本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点和第2点指出一种有争议的现象，提纲第3点要求表明“我”对该现象的看法，由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文。
根据所给提纲，本文应包含如下内容：描述年轻人热衷选秀节目的现象，引出对其的争议；表明“我”对年轻人热衷选秀节目的看法，并说明“我”的理由。
【参考范文】
Attending TV PK Shows Does No Good to Young People
Nowadays TV PK shows are great hits in China and have attracted many young people.Some youngsters even give up their studies to attend these shows in the hope of becoming famous overnight.Some people think these shows provide young people more chance to show talents, while others believe that attending these shows does no good to the young people.As for me, I prefer to the latter opinion。
It should be admitted that some young people like Li yuchun has stood out from the numerous attendants in the PK show, but that doesn’t mean attending the PK shows is a good way to become succeful for young people.The following reasons can support my view.Firstly, TV PK shows breed restlene and induce young people to hunt after fame at whatever cost.Secondly, TV PK shows can subvert the youngsters’ values.They think attending the PK shows is a shortcut to the succe, so they may despise the way of achieving succe by hard work.Finally, if the young people fail in these shows, they will suffer a psychological unbalance。
In a word, entering for TV PK shows is not a good way for young people to make a succe.I suggest young people should think twice before deciding to attend PK shows。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic College Students’ Job Hunting.You should write at least 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:
1)近年来出现大学生就业难的现象
2)产生这一现象的原因
3)如何解决这一问题
【思路点拨】
本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点要求指出目前大学生就业难的现象，提纲第2点要求分析这种现象产生的原因，提纲第3点则要求阐述应该如何解决这一问题，由此可判断本文应为问题解决型作文。
根据所给提纲，本文应包含以下内容：提出大学生就业难的现象，指出现象的表现；说明现象产生的原因，如大学生追求目标过高等；从几个方面提出解决方法。
【参考范文】
College Students’Job Hunting
Nowadays, the employment of college students is becoming more and more of a problem.About a decade ago, university students could find satisfactory and enviable jobs after graduation, while the things are quite difficult at present.In addition, according to statistics, about 30% of graduate students can’t find a job but stay at home after graduation。
Employment difficulty of college students is due to the following reasons.Among these, the increasing recruitment of colleges and universities plays a vital role.In addition, many colleges and universities fail to adapt their courses to the development of economy。
Considering the seriousne of unemployment of college students, I think it is high time that we took effective measures to solve the problem.Above all, college students should realize their own defects and further improve themselves to keep their competitive edge in society.Moreover, colleges or universities should provide more trainings and internship opportunities before the students enter the society.Besides, college students should hold a right attitude towards jobs and set their job expectations at a suitable level.Only through these ways can the college students find a satisfactory job and have a brighter future。
In the sound of the whistle, the May meeting of rain and tears.This is a sad moment: the mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, wives, husbands, lovers, teachers, students, friends, colleagues, neighbors… ...to at 14:28 on May 12 before the dull, busy, hope , Disappointed, sad, happy…… those beautiful days.
Today\'s Wenchuan Festivals, it is only a short farewell.Life, not just breathing and heartbeat.Man\'s bitterest sorrows are separation and death not the lives of the border.Pro-people did not leave, everything will continue.In the ruins of the baby crying sound, called a \"Wenchuan\" new life, born today.
在悠远的汽笛声中垂首默立，任5月的雨水和泪水交汇。这是挥别的一刻：向母亲、父亲、儿子、女儿、妻子、丈夫、恋人、老师、学生、朋友、同事、邻居„„；向5月12日14时28分前的平淡、忙碌、盼望、失望、忧愁、欢喜„„那些美丽的温馨日子。
今天的汶川祭奠，一定也只是短暂的告别。生命，并非仅仅是呼吸和心跳。生离死别，不是生命的边界。亲人们没有离去，一切都将延续。在废墟上嘹亮的婴儿啼哭声里，一个叫做“汶川”的新生命，今天降生。
May 12, 2008, let us all Chinese people always remember this day for it, our \"national calamity,\" the history of the Chinese nation, engraved too many disasters, but never the candidate of our national glories, One of the disaster, and again before loading the line, then let us bury the grief of all good, clean up all the ruins, was once their homes on the land, rebuild our homes, to live boldly, to live On a good living.
2008年5月12日，让我们所有中华儿女永远记住这一天吧，我们的“国难日”，中华民族的历史本上，铭刻了太多的灾难，但这永远也难掩我们民族的辉煌，一次次的灾难，一次次的负重前行，那么就让我们掩埋好所有的悲痛，清理干净所有的废墟，在曾经是家园的土地上，重建我们的家园，勇敢地活下去，能活，就好好活。
Broken heart, tend to become very fragile, post-disaster reconstruction, the firm has become particularly important, three minutes after we wiped away tears, we cannot weep, to bravely live, because their relatives in heaven We watched, Tongbuyusheng, sad to tactic is not their wish to see, good to live in, they are to our expectations, think about this, it has the ruins to life for the life of the mother, \"Dear Baby, if Can you live, to keep in mind that mother love you \"; think that in order to save the expense of four children and teachers, we go to these family members, in their own lives to give us an opportunity to a live, To them, we have to live better.
破碎的心，往往会变得相当脆弱，灾后重建，坚强就变得尤其重要，三分钟过后，我们要擦干眼泪，我们不能再哭，要勇敢地活下去，因为亲人会在天堂看着我们，痛不欲生、伤心欲绝不是他们想看到的，好地地活下去，是他们对我们的期望，想一想，那废墟中以已命换子命的母亲，“亲爱的宝贝，如果你能活下去，要记住，妈妈爱你”；想一想那为了救四个孩子而牺牲了的老师，我们的走了的这些亲人，用自己的生命给我们争来了活的机会，为了他们，我们也要活的更好。
We all Chinese people, is a lifelong hard to forget the day, because today is the \"national crisis,\" Sadne Wenchuan, the country was sad, we use such a way, to commemorate those in earthquake In the paing away of relatives, we used this as a way for them came in on the road toward heaven, I hope they will be well all the way, when they look back at the earth, will see tens of thousands of their compatriots hand-foot - , Look up to the sky pray for them, so they will not be alone, not lonely。
对于我们所有中国人来说，都是一个终生难忘记的日子，因为今天，是我们的“国难日”，悲情汶川，举国志哀，我们用这样一种方式，来纪念那些在地震中逝去的亲人，我们用这样的一种方式，为他们招魂，在奔向天国的路上，希望他们能够一路走好，当他们回头遥望故土大地时，会看见成千上万的他们的同胞手足，在仰望苍穹为他们祈祷，所以他们不会孤独、不会寂寞。
1)有的大学毕业生选择工作时主要看重高工资，而有的则认为良好的职业发展空间才是更重要的
2)阐述他们各自的考虑
3)表明你的看法
High Salaries or Career Development?
There are more and more people looking for jobs every year, but they have different views about what kind of job they should choose.[1]Some of them focus their attention on the jobs that promise high salaries.[1]Others show a preference for those jobs that offer chances to learn skills and advancement poibilities.
[2]People holding the first view usually think that more money will result in more happine.[3]With a lot of money in hand, they will be able to enjoy a rich life.Otherwise, they will suffer from depreion [4]due to lack of enough money.[2]However, the holders of the second view argue that one should develop his skills as roundly as poible.[5]It is career development that counts most.Without development, you will be outrun by others and fall behind the times sooner or later.
In my view, career development is the right choice because career may give us long term satisfaction [6]while high salary would give us short term happine.Besides, [7]generally speaking, a good career development will bring high salaries sooner or later.So I will [8]give my vote to the career development first and then high salaries.
[1]用于引出两种不同的观点或倾向。
[2]用于对比分析两种观点各自的理由。
[3]“with+宾语+宾补”的独立结构充当状语。
[4]“因为缺钱”。
[5]强调句型，此处是强调句子的主语。
[6]while引导比较状语从句，意为“然而”。
[7]“一般来说”。
[8]“选择”。
1.佳句：Others show a preference for those jobs that offer chances to learn skills and advancement poibilities.
临摹：近些年来，越来越多的人开始喜欢洋快餐。
___________________________________________________________________________.
2.佳句：However, the holders of the second view argue that one should develop his skills as roundly as poible.
临摹：然而，持第二种观点的人认为体育明星们为社会做出了杰出的贡献，因此应该得到特殊待遇。
___________________________________________________________________________.
3.佳句：Career may give us longing term satisfaction while high salary would give us short term happine.
临摹：我们之间的共同之处使我们的关系牢固，而不同之处则都会我们如何相互理解。
___________________________________________________________________________.
【KEY】
1.In recent years, there are more and more people who have showed a preference for western fast food.
2.However, the holders of the second view argue that since sports stars have made great contributions to the society, they deserve some special treatment.
3.The similarity between us makes our relationship solid while the difference teaches us how to understand each other.
1.大学生自主创业已经很普遍
2.大学生自主创业的好处
3.我的看法
范文：
Recently, self-employment has become a popular idea among youngsters, college graduates in particular.Owing to favorable policies, a large number of graduates launch their own busine as the starting line of career.Furthermore, some succeful examples have already been reported in the newspapers and Internet.
Admittedly, there are several advantages for graduates to become self-employed.Firstly, the current intense competition for jobs can be eased to a large extent.Besides, it is apparent that young people can broaden their horizon in this proce.Even if unsucceful, they can learn from their failure and enrich their experience.Lastly, the hardship in self-employment enables graduates to be more diligent, which will be of tremendous benefits to their career in the society.
As modern college students, not only should we get a good command of profeional knowledge, but also make a clear and reasonable plan for our future career.Personally, I intend to establish my own busine after graduation.I am convinced that being self-employed can contribute a lot to my personal development. (170 words)
推荐第10篇：六级作文
准备重点： 图表作文的模板， 区别针对单一图表的模板和多个图表的模板不同套用方法， 掌握多种描述的替代方法。 准备内容： 图表型 copyright dedecms (1)英语四级写作模板模板一(适用于单一图表题型) dedecms.com As is seen from the table / graph / chart, _____________ (图表所描述的事物 A) ascent significantly from __________ (数字 1) in __________ (年份 1) to ____________ (数字 2) in __________ (年份 2) while over the same period, _______________ (图表所描述的事物 B) shrank slightly from _________ (数字 3) to ___________ (数字 4).It can be observed easily that _____________________________________ (分析图表所反映的问题).There are many reasons responsible for this.In the following paragraphs, I’ll venture to explore the reasons.copyright dedecms For one thing, _________________ (原因 1).For another, ________________ (原因 2).In addition, _________________________ (原因 3).However, this table / graph / chart may not predict the entire situation in the future, I believe ____________________________________ (前瞻性预测和展望).(2)英语四级写作模板模板二(适用于多个图表题型) The figure of the first graph shows that ________________________ (简述图表 1 概况) while the figure of the second graph shows that _____________________ (简述图表 2 概况).The relationship between these two figures warns us that ________________________________ (指 出两表所反映的问题).However, there are many effective methods to _____________ (解决这一问题).For instance, ___________________ (解决方法 1).At the same time, ________________________ (解决方法 2).In a word, ________________________________ (总结).As far as I am concerned, the more we understand the situation, the better we can do to improve it in the future.Given all these points above, I hold the opinion that __________________ (重申自己的观点).本 文 来 自 : 恒 星 英 语 学习网 () 详 细 出 处 参 考 ： Should Customers Buy Cut-price Products? When asked about whether customers should buy cut-price products, different people will offer different views.Some people like to buy cut-price products since a discount is a great appeal.However, othe rs maintain that it’s not a wise and rational idea to buy discount p roducts.Those people who make the former choice believe they can save the mselves a lot of money by buying cut-price products.In addition, the y can use le money to buy more products.However, still others do n ot agree this.In their opinions, the discount is merely a busine m eans of attracting customers and enhancing their desires for purchase.Besides, they argue that the discount always tempts customers to buy something unneceary.As to me, I tend to refuse to buy cut-price products.For one thi ng, complaints
about cut-price products rank first in recent days acc ording to the newspapers.For another, cut-price products are usually not provided with an after-sales service, such as three guarantees f or products.Considering these, we may reasonably conclude that custo mers should think carefully when they buy cut-price products.
第11篇：六级作文
话题：Open Courses
1.现在网络公开课很盛行;2.网络公开课有不少好处，也存在一些问题;3.我对此的建议。
范文：
Online open courses are gaining popularity in recent years.Follwoing globally famous universities like Yale and Harvard, some universities in China have also started to offer online open courses.Those courses have attracted people from all claes with different occupations.
The courses have brought many benefits to people.Many of the courses are provided by universities in foreign countries, and thus offer fresh ideas to us.Through them, we can keep up with what people are thinking all over the world.But that can also be a problem.Some of the courses may not be very suitable for Chinese students because of cultural differences and may cause chaos on Chinese campus.
In my opinion, online open course is useful and we should make use of it to broaden our horizons.But we should also remember to have our own thinking and not be brainwashed by improper ideas.
题目：On Blind-date Show
1、目前电视相亲节目很流行
2、出现这种现象的原因是：
3、我对此的看法
范文：
Nowadays, the blind-date shows are becoming more and more popular.Whenever we turn on TV, those incredible senses of blind-date shows would pop up on the screen.Many people, from teenagers to the elderly, are so crazy about these shows that they never mi a single chance to watch them.
Three reasons would contribute to the popularity of these blind-date shows.To begin with, there are over 180 million people who remain single long after they have reached the official age for marriage.Moreover, a great number of people would like to amuse themselves by watching other people dating.Last but not least,more and more television producers add a couple of attractive elements to cater for the different tastes of the audience.
In my view, the government should impose restrictions to these blind-date shows.Many of these shows advocate money-warship and materialism;quite a few of the guests’ identities are artificial.If these problems are not solved, the misleading effects can be disastrous. 题目：Self-help Traveling
1、越来越多的大学生选择“自助游”
2、也会带来一些问题
3、我的看法
范文：
Self-help traveling enjoys great popularity among college students today.The reason may be that they can save a lot of money by arranging the routes, booking cheaper hotels and deciding cheaper transportation tools all by themselves.
Convenient and economical as self-help traveling sounds, they still have some potential problems.Perhaps the most important one is the safety problem.Being alone without a group or a tour guide, a traveler may be helple in face of danger, i.e.robbery, wild animal attacks, etc.In addition, they are more likely to be at risk of getting lost when traveling alone in a city strange to them or in the remote countryside.
In my view, self-help traveling can be exciting and challenging and is worth trying.However, before setting out alone, travelers should make good preparations.Besides, they should bear safety and security in mind all the time and keep in touch with their friends or relatives.Thus, they can enjoy both safety and pleasure of exploring different places. 题目：On Adversity
1、每个人都会碰到逆境
2、人们对逆境的看法不一
3、我的看法
范文：
Everyone meets setbacks and frustrations in life,and each tries hard to avoid them, only to find that they are just like your own shadow accompanying you all your life.
When confronted with adversity, different people make different response.Some people consider it a stumbling block on the road to succe,and get depreed or even sink into despair, others consider it the stairway to great accomplishments and try to overcome it with constant struggle.The latter, therefore, will recognize their disadvantages from their temporary defeat,draw leons from it,and grow stronger each time they have coped with a difficulty.
In my opinion, adversity often leads to prosperity.Painful and depreing as it is, overcoming adversity endows us with great confidence that is crucial to succe.Great people are not born succeful, they are great only because they have tempered their personality and remedied their deficiencies through experiencing countle adversities and defeats，which is actually a godde of bleing in disguise.Traveling Abroad
In recent years, more and more citizens are traveling abroad.In 1995, the number of people who choose to travel abroad was about 10000.The number quadrupled to nearly 40000 in 2000.And in 2005, the number further climbed above 12000.
There are several reasons for the shocking rise.To begin with, the improvement of the life standards makes traveling abroad affordable to more and more people.Moreover, the convenient transportation facilities make more destinations acceible.The last but not the least, after visiting most famous scenic spots throughout our country, exotic cultures seem to appeal more to many citizens.And gradually, they begin to treat traveling abroad as a new fashion.
This trend is beneficial for people on the whole.On one hand, it is a very interesting and romantic way to spend one\'s vacation.On the other hand, it enlarges people\'s vision by having a look at what is going on in a different country.话题：树立目标
1.树立目标很重要2.原因是„„3.如何设立和达到目标
The Importance of Goal
There is no denying that setting a goal is very important.We find that succeful people are always those having and achieving their goals.They set goals, short-term or long-run, to help realize their visions.
Why is goal-setting important? By setting goals you are taking control of the tempo of your life.It is having a map to guide you to where you want to head for.With a clear direction, and with certain plans, you will straightly get what you want.On the contrary, without a goal ,you will live a wandering life.You do not know where to go, what you want and why you are listle.Then your life becomes dull and meaningles just like the dead water in a muddy lake.From my point of view, goals are not difficult to set and realize.First, you should make clear what you really want, which constitutes your goals.Then you make detailed palans and follow the through, as many wi话题：How to Enhance
the Sense of Happine
1.人们对于如何提升幸福感有不同看法 2.幸福感提升不仅包含物质层面，也指„„
范文：
The sense of happine is of great significance.As a vital factor of life, it brings us power, arouses our enthusiasm for loving life, and helps us to create a promising future.However, in contemporary China, it has become a trend for Chinese people to hold different views about happine and the way to enhance it.
In addition to material basis, the sense of happine also refers to several others aspects.Firstly, based on a recent survey, a majority of individuals admit that they are no longer content with being fed and clothed adequately, and their happine depends more on their succe in careers, friendship and love.Secondly, a great many people claim that health is the key to their sense of happine.It is health that enables them to build up a solid foundation for anything significant.
As a college student, I am convinced that never can money equal happine.To enhance our sense of happine, we should educate, advocate and encourage our friends and clamates to enrich their knowledge, broaden their horizon and cultivate their ability. 1.当今社会，社交网站很流行 2.各人对此看法不同 3.我的看法
话题：Social Network Sites
【参考范文一】
Social Network Sites
In recent years, social network sites like Renren and Kaixin have rapidly gained popularity among all kinds of people.Many people spend a lot of time on those sites chatting, making friends and playing games.Those sites have become a part of their life.
The public hold different views on this phenomenon.Some are in favor of those sites for they provide many opportunities to know other people and to know what’s happening in the world.Besides, they’re very convenient to acce.One can use a computer or cell phone to log on at home, in a restaurant, or even in the subway.But some people don’t approve of the social network sites.They say that people are wasting too much time on the sites.Some even get addicted to them and abandon their real life.After all, they don’t live in the virtual world.In my opinion, the social network sites can be very helpful when we want to keep in touch with friends, but we must remember that the real world is the most important in our life. 1.有人相信知识能改变命运2.有人则认为当今社会光靠知识已经很难改变命运3.我认为„„
Can Knowledge Change One’s Destiny?
【参考范文一】
Can Knowledge Change One’s Destiny?
Some people have always believed that knowledge can change their destiny.Most of them are those from undeveloped areas, and by knowledge they usually mean diploma.They believe that if they send the kids in the family to college and that the kids get a diploma, they can change the kids’ destiny from doing farm work to enjoy a modern and advanced life in the city.
However, some hold a different view.They say that in today’s society, knowledge alone is not enough to change destiny.To succeed in this complicated age, one needs not only knowledge, but also good communicating skills and a wide horizon, which cannot be easily learned in cla.Knowledge itself is also more complicated than before.With technologies constantly advancing, one needs good learning ability to keep up with the time.
In my opinion, knowledge is eential, but it is not everything.To change the destiny, one needs to keep learning various skills, to widen his horizons, and to keep pace with the latest trend.
第12篇：六级作文
莎士比亚诞生400周年
1）文学阅读在学习过程中发挥的作用（reading literature） 2）阅读经典的重要性（claic）；当代社会，还需要阅读经典吗？ 各市面向本市招生减少，面向外省招生人数增加
1）文凭（diploma）、考证热（certificate craze）等相关话题 2）勤奋在学习过程中的重要性（diligence） 3）勤奋、努力（effort）能带来成功（succe） 互联网热点相关
1） 互联网信息如何正确传播？（misinformation：错误信息; spread： 传播） 2） 错误的互联网信息，带来的后果？（misleading：误导）
3） 互联网科技方便了人们，但人们却变懒了（convenience：方便；don\'t intend to do sth：不再打算做某事；no longer feel like to do sth：不再愿意做某事） 4） 人们对互联网、手机等过分依赖（smartphone：智能手机；overdependence：过分依赖） 人生哲理
1） 什么是信任？如何保持信任（maintain trust）？
2） 人际关系处理需要的一些品质相关（friendly：友善；honesty, integrity：诚实；indifferent：冷漠不关心的；intimate：亲密的；密友）
3） 成功需要的智慧和品质（persistence：坚持；分散成本，例：不把鸡蛋放在同一个篮子里）
4） 优秀道德品质（例，不以外貌取人：appearance）
参考范文：
1.The Importance of Asking Questions
Nowadays, it is common to see that people are active in showing their understanding of things.But when it comes to something that they are not familiar with, seldom do they reveal the ignorance.In fact, they are just afraid of looking like fools.As far as I am concerned, coming up with a question is not necearily a negative sign.To begin with, people don\'t have a question when they don\'t study at all, which means they are not thinking and just letting the days slip by.Another case is that people are actually pondering over some questions that they cannot find answers on their own.However, they choose to keep these questions in the dark for fear that someone else might know their weak points.In this way, they lose the motivation to think about and put forward questions day by day.In brief, there is no need to hold back from asking questions.Just as the saying goes, \"He who asks is a fool for five minutes, but he who does not ask remains a fool forever.\"
2.Is Becoming Rich the Only Goal of Life?
As the saying goes, \"Money makes the mare go.\" Living in the contemporary society, more and more people are becoming money-oriented whether voluntarily or reluctantly.Sometimes, they should be reminded that becoming rich is not the only purpose of life.If one spends all his life pursuing nothing but money, he might live in a big house and drive a luxury car when he gets old.However, a person\'s material need is within limits.One cannot live in two houses and drive two cars at the same time.Neither should one take in two persons\' amount of food.Besides, people\'s desire and ambition to make money could be infinite.More of money doesn\'t always make us happier.More of Money tends to make us used to that money and desirous of having even more of that.Therefore, we should look around and find other goals of life.For example, one can a meaningful life by discovering his gift and making the best of it.One can also live a happy life by making more friends and building a joyful family.
3.How to Enhance Our Sense of Happine?
Along with the improvement of living standards, people are no longer content with being fed and clothed adequately.They are more concerned about how to enhance their sense of happine.To a large extent, happine depends on individuals‟ understanding about it.For some people, happine relies on material basis, without which they can\'t live comfortably and decently.For others, they believe that happine has nothing to do with money.Thus to enhance happine is not equal to improving one‟s material living standards.Instead, people are supposed to confront their life with right attitude, to be active and grateful in order to have a happy life.For my part, money does buy happine, but only up to the point where it enables one to live comfortably.To boost one‟s happine not only needs the material but also the spiritual enrichment.It encompaes living a meaningful life, utilizing your gifts and your time, living with reflection and objective.
4.In recent years, more and more college students quit school ahead of schedule.Except the minority quitting for objective reasons like health problem,most students leave with the pursuit of an ideal career, as well as more experience and fortune.Several factors may contribute to its emergence.In the first place, some students think that the opportunity cost of spending four years on college campus is too high,and the job market competition is getting fiercer.Therefore, when there‟s a satisfying job available, it‟s worth quitting.In the second place, some hold that the real world is a better school for them to get practical knowledge than traditional schools.Last but not least, the publicizing and popularity of some succeful businemen like Bill Gates and Steve Jobs,who didn‟t finish school but ended up with a great fortune and achievement, set examples for the young generation emphasizing individuality and personality.However, I don‟t think it‟s rational for college students to quit school.Armed with high education and more mature personality, better-prepared graduates can fight for their future more easily.In a word, college education pays off.
5.How to Be Succeful in a Job Interview
To be succeful in a job interview or in almost any interview situation, the applicants hould demonstrate certain personal and profeional qualities.Most likely, the first and often a lasting impreion of a person is determined by the clothes he wears.The job applicant should take care to appear well-groomed and modestly dreed, avoiding the extremes of too pompous or too casual attire .Besides care for personal appearance, he should pay close attention to his manner of speaking, which should be neither ostentatious nor familiar but rather straight forward, grammatically accurate, and in a friendly way.In addition, he should be prepared to talk knowledgeably about the requirements of the position, for which he is applying in relation to his own profeional experience and interests.And finally, the really impreive applicant must convey a sense of self-confidence and enthusiasm for work, as these are factors all interviewers value highly.If the job seeker displays the above-mentioned characteristics, he, with a little luck, will certainly succeed in the typical personnel interview.
6.The Impact of the Cellphone on Interpersonal Communication The picture depicts a couple dating in the park.While the man just focuses on his cellphones, and doesn‟t pay any attention to his partner or the nature beauty in the park.This picture reflects a common phenomenon in today‟s society: people spend too much time with their cellphones and communicate le and le with the people around them.Nowadays, the smart-cellphones become more and more important in our daily life.They have made our life more convenient.We are timely aware of the most latest news around or faraway from us.However, everything has two sides.Except for all the advantages, the smart-cellphones also have brought some problems.First, when you‟re focus on the cellphone, you may ignore the beautiful scene around you.What‟s worse, you are just absorbed in your own small world, rather than share your happine and sorrows with the family.You hardly talk with your family and the ones around you.You become indifferent to them.All in all, let‟s put down the cellphones and spend more time communicating with our family and friends face to face directly.
7.Spend Our Leisure to the Best Advantage
Most of us are inclined to feel that it is difficult to spend our leisure properly.When we have holidays, we usually feel bored and do not know what to do.Many people just sit in a sofa watching TV, while many other people stay in bed to venture their dreamland.Actually, having this feeling is quite natural since, in our daily life, we do things more or le in accordance with an unwritten daily routine in our mind.For instance, a student goes to school in the morning, takes lunch at noon, goes home in the evening and does homework at night; while a clerk gets to the office in the morning, takes tea in the afternoon, goes back home in the evening and reads newspaper at night.Gradually and accordingly we get used to the routine in our mind.And once we have holidays, we need not carry out this routine.So we are at a complete lo.How to spend our leisure? Here are some helpful suggestions but the subject matter is to have recreation! If you are an active person, you can go on a picnic, or play some sports games.The fresh air and the fascinating scenery in the countryside may refresh you and the amusing games may make you happier.For those who are not so active and like to stay at home, they may listen to light music or read novels.Indoor games such as che, cards, table tennis and hobbies such as gardening and keeping pets are also enjoyable.In this way, we will feel relaxed, happier and more energetic.When holidays a re over and we begin to work again, we can do much better with a light heart.
8.No one would argue, I think, that money is unimportant.There are certain things that human beings need — food, shelter, medical care and these things cost money.But if one has enough money to live on, to pay for the basic eentials of life, is it important to have a lot more money than that? Will your life improve in proportion to the amount of money that you have? Well, there is no denying that money can buy a lot.Maybe you do not need much money to pay for a simple shelter, but how about if you want a nice big apartment in a nice neighbourhood, or if you want to buy a house? In fact, people do get on each other\'s nerves if they are crowded together in a small kitchen, if a married couple cannot but share a room with their parents, if children are not allowed to have a little privacy of their own.Moreover, it is nice to get a little pleasure out of life, a little fun from time to time.Unfortunately, many of the fun things that you can do today cost money.In modern cities, for example, on any night, outstanding performers appear in night clubs and on concert stages.Furthermore, you can dine on foods from every corner of the world in the restaurants.So how can it be that many people in modern cities do not have fun? Simple, they do not have the money to take advantage of all these attractions.So, is money the road to happine? Not really.Large numbers of people work every day, work overtime, work weekends, and make a lot of money.Are they happy? No.They have no time to form or maintain friendship, no time to enjoy themselves.Surely everyone has thought at times, \"If only I had a lot of money, I would be the happiest person in the world.\" But it is important to remember that money is only a means to an end, not the end itself.
9.Overseas Study
The discuion about overseas study has never stopped in the past few years.Let„s have a look at its advantages and disadvantages before drawing the final conclusion.The biggest advantage of studying overseas is the higher academic level and advanced research facilities.What‟s more, by understanding a new culture and meeting different people, students can develop a more reasonable and balanced view towards the world.Last but not least, the experience will be invaluable to character building, which makes most students more independent, diligent and enterprising.However, the negative effects are also obvious.To begin with, if a person does not make full preparations before going abroad, he will have great difficulty adapting to the new environment.In the second place, the cultural differences will hinder the regular life in many ways.Finally, money is always a big problem.Many students have to find part-time jobs to earn money to pay tuition and fees.In conclusion, the advantages of overseas study outweigh disadvantages.Once they return home, the overseas students will make great contributions to our motherland.
10.University Students‟ Pursuit of Famous Brands
“What perfumes are you wearing?” “Aren‟t your shoes Nike‟s latest release?” “I like the Mickey bag you bought yesterday.” “I hear the Jack & Jones store is on sale this week.Do you wanna come along?” Don‟t feel surprised if you hear them coming out of the mouth of college students.It‟s quite common to hear and see college students swapping information about the brands they like and the products they use.In fact, discuions about brand names have become one of the college students‟ favourite pastimes.They learn about the latest fashion from each other, exchange tips about when and where to get the item, and buy it at their earliest convenience.“Keeping up with the Joneses” is their conviction —“If the Joneses have it, how could I have not?” About this current mindset of the college students, many people may hasten to show their disapproval.They‟ll probably take it to be a reflection of the students‟ vanity and superficiality.And they may lecture them on the virtue of being thrifty.
However, I beg to differ.For one thing, name-brand products are usually quality products.They are something beautiful, endurable, and reliable.“The love of beauty is common to all,” goes the proverb; therefore, there‟s nothing to blame about the pursuit of famous brands.For the other, college students are old enough to make their own decisions.Likewise, they must abide by the consequences if they make an ill-advised one.If they let their pursuit of brands eat into their budget for other more important iues,they should be able to correct their mistakes and keep everything in moderation.So this becomes no other than a good chance to learn management, isn‟t it?
11.Many people try hard to avoid failure because they tempt to think that failure is bad and a person without succe is failure and failure means underdog.But the truth is, everyone meets failure in life, and only find that it is just like your own shadow accompanying you all your lives.
However, hold a different view, failure is not a bad thing.Great people are not born succeful, they are great only because they have tempered their personality and remedied their deficiencies through experiencing countle failures and defeats.Failure inspires people to overcome hardships and difficulties and achieve the final succe.Indeed, we cannot always hope to embrace succe if we accept failure.But if we harne it and take it as our source of inspiration, we may ultimately enjoy the glory of succe
Through some people consider failure a stumbling block on the road to succe, but I see it as stairway to great accomplishments.I will recognize disadvantages from my temporary defeat, draw leons from it, and grow stronger each time I cope with a difficulty.Failure is not a bad thing, seriously.
第13篇：历年六级翻译(.12 六级备考)
Part Ⅵ Translation (5 minutes)
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。
2012年6月没有折扣的情况下值80美元).
面对来自其他公司的激烈竞争), the automobile manufacturer is considering launching a promotion campaign.
_____ (几乎没有什么共同之处).我才认识到仅凭运气是不能成功的).更多的物种就可能已经在地球上灭绝了).
2011年12月
82.You shouldn\'t have run acro the road without looking, you(也许会被车撞到)
83.他把自己当成专家) although he knows a lot about the field.
84He doesn\'t appreciate the sacrifice his friends have made for him, .(把他们所做的视作理所应当)
85.Janet told me that she would rather her mother 不干涉她的婚姻)
86.经常上网查找信息)
2011年6月
宁愿停下来欣赏美丽的景色) than just go on.任何一方都不肯放弃自己的立场) 本来可以治愈那位癌症病人的), but he didn’t follow the doctor’s advice and take them regularly.；I really feel obliged to you.重聚）
2010年12月
82.in dealing with this matter.
83.（我才意识到读书是不能被忽视的）。
84.Much ，the outcome of the experiment was far better than they had expected.
85.Oh，my，I can’t find my key; 。
86．than go to the beach for a holiday.
2010年6月 他们的独生儿子从未想过) to leave them and strike out on his own though he is in his late twenties.
（权衡你的决定会产生的后果）.
84.He aured his friend that under no circumstances （他会违背还钱的承诺）.（不要沉溺于电脑游戏）.
86.Busine major as he is, he has _（从未考虑过从事推销员的工作）
2009年12月 这要看你多长时间穿一次).对许多传统概念的一种挑战).本可以亲自参加会议)，but he was called away for some urgent busine abroad.均衡的饮食对健康是必不可少的).
86.Much 我感到遗憾), I was unable to finish the work on time.
2009年6月 说服他不买车).
(保持幽默感有助于) reduce stre and promote creative thinking in today’s competitive society.他不得不坦白自己的恶行).
85.When people say, “I can feel my ears burning,” it means they think(一定有人在说他们的坏话).很难抵制冰淇淋的诱惑).
2008年12月(把美观与功能完美地结合起来).(本能地知道该走哪条路).
84.I don’t think it advisable that par剥夺孩子们的自由) to spend their spare time as they wish.
(与不那么活跃的人相比灭亡率要低).
86.Your resume should attract a would-be bo’s attention by demonstrating 为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选).
2008年6月毕生致力于诗歌的人): they are paionate, impulsive, and unique.
83.Mary couldn’t have received my letter, 否则她上周就该回信了).做完化学实验) at least two weeks ago.老两口互相争吵) since they were married 40 years ago.一个国家未来的繁荣在很大程度上有赖于) the quality of education of its people.
2007年12月我们的通信就不可能如此迅速和方便).没有什么比幽默感更有帮助的了).但他拒绝进一步解释这样做的原因).而动物的行为主要依靠本能).他都不应该对法庭说谎）.
第14篇：六级历年阅读理解翻译(.6—.6)
2010 年 6 月六级真题 Paage One 发达国家中只有两个国家不能保证提供用于照料新生儿的带薪休假。去年春天，这两个国家中的一个——澳大利亚——放弃了这种令人质疑的殊荣，建立了自 2011 年起开始实施的带薪家庭休假制。在美国这并没有成为新闻，我并不感到意外——现在我们是唯一没有这项政策的富有国家。
美国确实有一个明确的家庭政策，这就是于 1993 年通过的《家庭和医疗休假法》。它规定要照料新生儿或处理家庭医疗问题的工人有资格享受时间长达 12 个星期的不带薪休假。尽管此法案带来的利益不明显，但当时商务部和其他一些商业团体都极力反对，称其为“政府负责的人事管理”和“危险的先例”。事实上，民主党领袖一直都致力于将能促进工作与家庭关系平衡的措施形成法律条文，但每一次的努力都遭到了商业团体的强烈反对。
正如耶鲁大学法学教授 Anne Alstott 所辩解的那样，要肯定父母关爱的作用就要将家庭定义为一种社会商品，从某种意义上讲，社会要为此埋单。在她的书《无路可走：父母对孩子的亏欠以及社会对家长的亏欠》中，她认为父母在生活的多个方面都肩负重担：在谈到孩子的话题时，父母们“无路可走”：“社会希望也需要家长们能不间断地照看好他们的孩子，而且是人类用以开发智力、培养情感和树立道德的那种深度的、亲密无间的照看。社会还希望并需要父母们能坚守这一角色，18 年如一日，如有必要，甚至还可以更长。”
大部分父母出于爱都会照顾孩子，不照顾孩子的父母则会受到公众的处罚。换句话说，父母们所做的一切都是这个国家所密切关注的问题，原因很明显，照顾孩子不仅从道德上来说是迫切的而且对这个社会的未来至关重要。国家在大多数保障儿童福利的家庭法律中都认可了这一点，而父母们在履行社会所强加给他们的、会改变其命运的义务时得到的帮助却甚少。把养育孩子视为个人选择、集体没有责任的做法不仅仅忽视了良好家庭教育所产生的社会效益，而且会抹杀这部分社会效益，因为当今天的孩子成为明天的具有生产力的公民时这部分社会效益会属于整个社会。实际上，据估计父母对孩子投入的价值，包括时间和金钱的投入（包括失去的薪水）相当于国内生产总值的 20%—30%。如果这些投入能够产生巨大的社会效益——很明显能产生——那么为家庭提供更多的社会支持所带来的效益将会更加显而易见。
Paage Two 塔夫茨大学公民学习和参与信息研究中心(CIRCLE)一份新的调查显示，现在有比以前更多的年轻人参与投票选举，美国发展中心 2008 年的一份调查也表明越来越多的年轻选民和活动家开始支持传统的自由事业。但要看出这些调查数字在现实生活中的意义并非易事。在总统竞选期间，巴拉克·奥巴马以希望和改变为宣传口号组成了不同种族之间和不同意识形态之间人们的联盟。当新一届政府执政下的现实生活步入正轨的时候，有些支持者可能会大失所望。随着国家进一步走入奥巴马执政时代，参与政治的年轻人是会继续支持奥巴马及其施政议程还是会渐行渐远？
“O（奥巴马的简称）一代”是《新闻周刊》新开的一个博客，致力于记录那些支持奥巴马的年轻人的生活。“O 一代”的作者们想就上面的问题做出回答。未来的三个月，Michelle Kremer 和其他 11 位年龄从 19 岁到 34 岁不等的奥巴马支持者将会用博客来记录美国社会的主流生活，一个不同之处在于：通过将他们所有的观点和经历与新任总统及其领导下的政府紧密结合，这些博客作者试图开启一场对话，探讨在当今美国，年轻并且在政治方面活跃到底意味着什么。24 岁的 Malena Amusa 是该博客的一位作者，也是来自圣路易斯的一位舞者，她将这一项目看做是即时记录历史的一种方式。Amusa 今年春天为了完成其著作前往印度，后来又去塞内加尔教授英语，她和她的朋友一直在谈论奥巴马当政会如何改变他们的日常生活，她希望把其中的一些观点和她的全球性视角写到帖子里。她很兴奋，要看清楚世界，“我不必等上 15 年”，她这样解释说。
Henry Flores 是圣玛丽大学的政治学教授，他将年轻一代的政治力量归因于他们对科技的拥护。“网络使他们接触到更多的思想，”他说，“不同地区想法相同的人们就会聚到一起。”这正是“O 一代”博主们所期待的事情。结果可能会出现一群年轻人，就像他们在二战后生育高峰期出生的父母一样，伴随一种强烈的目的感而成长，他们也会改变此前从“X 一代”人身上所继承下来的冷漠形象。由一群普通但有抱负的年轻人来管理博客是个不小的挑战，但“O 一代”的成员能胜任这项任务。
2010 年 12 月六级真题 Paage One 在20 世纪初，没有什么能比科学知识所预示的前景更有吸引力了。在一个力争高速工业化的世界里，科技似乎能为任何问题找到解决办法。新成立的州立高校几乎都不遗余力地投入到科学、技术和工程领域。许多美国人开始相信，科学上确定无疑的事不但能解决科学问题，还能改革政治、政府和商业。两次世界大战和一次经济大萧条动摇了很多人对于仅靠科学知识就能创造一个繁荣而有序的世界的信心。二战以后，学术界对人文研究产生了新的热情，对于很多学者来说，这可能是最好的保证民主生存的方法。美国学者——在福特基金会和富布莱特奖学金等的支持下——分散到世界的很多地方，促进文学和艺术教学，以便为民主自由提供理据。
在当今的美国，教育面临的极大的挑战是努力加强现在我们所知的主干学科（科学、技术、工程学和数学）的教学。现在存在着一种相当大的、十分合理的担心就是，美国在这些基础学科上落后于很多其他发达国家。印度、中国、日本以及其他地区似乎正占据着技术领先优势。
与此同时，人文学科——尽管在精英高校还很流行——似乎正不可避免地经历着巨大的衰退。人文学科资金投入严重不足，不仅是政府和各基金会投入不足，各学术机构本身对其投入也不足。在大多数院校，人文学科教职员的收入通常处于最低的行列之中，而且常常也不被重视，因为他们不能带来经费收益，也不能给大多数非学术的职业提供显而易见的资质。
毫无疑问，美国教育应该培养更多的科学家和工程师。政客们有关美国大学状况的担忧多集中于“真实世界”教育的缺失——就是说，为专业和科技职业生涯所做的准备。但是高校和学生必须在人文学科和科学之间做一个选择的观点是错误的。没有科技知识，我们的社会不能生存，但是没有人文知识我们同样会贫困。科技让我们明白我们能做什么，人文思想则会帮助我们明白我们应该做什么。
如果不考虑科学家和工程师们建造我们这个缤纷世界的丰功伟绩，很难想象我们的社会会是什么样子。但是也请试着想象一下，如果没有定义我们的文化和价值的伟大著作，我们的世界将会是什么样子。对于这两样东西，我们曾经一直很需要，我们将还会需要。
Paage Two 还会有另一个爱因斯坦吗？这是在一整年的爱因斯坦纪念会上暗流涌动的话题。科学家说新的爱因斯坦即将出现，但是可能需要很长的时间。毕竟，爱因斯坦和他最接近的抗衡者艾萨克·牛顿的时间间隔是 200 多年呢。
很多物理学家说，下一个爱因斯坦还没有降生，或者现在还是个婴儿。这是因为对一个能够解析所有自然力量的统一理论的要求已经将现在的数学推向了极限。在这个问题解决之前，必须有新的数学出现。
但是研究人员说，有很多其他因素会阻碍另一个爱因斯坦的马上出现。
其一是，现在的物理学界已是今非昔比了。在爱因斯坦的时代，全世界物理学家区区几千人，那些在智力上能与爱因斯坦不相上下的理论家也是屈指可数，连一辆有轨电车都装不满。
教育也不相同。爱因斯坦所受的教育中被忽视的一个重要的方面是他十几岁时读了几年哲学方面的书籍——其中有康德、叔本华和斯宾诺莎的书。哲学教给他如何去独立和抽象地思考时间和空间，很快他自己也成为了一名哲学家。
“在我看来，哲学洞察力产生的独立性就是区别一个纯粹的工匠或者专家与一个真正的真理追求者的标志，”爱因斯坦在 1944 年写道。
他还是一名很有造诣的音乐家。音乐和数学之间的相互作用是众所周知的。爱因斯坦经常在疯狂地拉小提琴的过程中思考一个很难解决的物理问题。
如今，大学造就出数百万名物理学家，科学方面没有给他们很多工作，于是他们走向了华尔街和硅谷，把分析能力用于更实际、更有回报的事情上。
“也许今天有一个爱因斯坦，”哥伦比亚大学物理学家 Brian Greene 说，“但是对他来说，为人所知却是更困难的事。”
尤其是考虑到爱因斯坦当时提出的理论。 “时间和空间的实际构造是弯曲的？天哪，多么奇特的想法！”格林近期在阿斯本研究所的一次集会上说道，“它会让一种人冥思苦想，因为他相信他会找到解决办法。”
或许最好的例子是爱因斯坦在他的“奇迹年”1905 年写下的五篇论文。这些“思想实验”是一页一页的计
算，是由一名当时很不出名的人物署名投给了著名的期刊《物理学年鉴》。里面没有注释，也没有引用。
如果是现在，这样的一份投稿会怎样？ “我们收到很多这样的论文邮件，”格林说，“我们都把它们放进垃圾邮件里。”
2011 年 6 月六级真题 Paage One 在关于非法移民争论的中心有一个关键的问题，即移民对经济有利还是有弊？多数美国公众认为移民是有害的。而多数经济学家则一致认为，无论是非法移民还是合法移民，对经济都有小幅的净推动作用。移民提供了廉价劳动力，降低了从农产品到新房的各种物价，使得消费者口袋里可以多存一点钱。那么，在人们关于移民对经济的作用的观念及事实之间为什么会存在这样的分歧呢？
有很多我们熟悉的说法。有些人争论说，面对新的劳动力的涌入，人们会感到焦虑与受到威胁。也有些人强调无证移民对学校、医院、监狱等公共设施造成的压力。还有一些人强调种族的作用，辩解说外来者增加了民族的恐惧和不安。这些辩解都有一定道理，但并不能充分证明移民对经济就是有害的。
为了更好地了解这个问题，可以想想人们是怎样感受移民的影响的。虽然总的说来它的影响是积极的，但其利弊对于每个人来说并不是平均分配的。David Card 是加州大学伯克利分校的一名经济学家。他发现直接从移民提供的廉价劳动力中获益最大的是一些企业及雇主，例如，内布拉斯加州的肉类加工厂或者加利福尼亚州的农业企业。毫无疑问，生产商节省的部分可能会转变成杂货店里低廉的商品价格。但有多少消费者在结账时能想到这一点呢？受到非法移民的弊端的影响的人也集中于某一群体。外国劳力的竞争对本土低技术工人的影响最大。据哈佛大学经济学家 George Borjas 的一项调查研究显示，从 1980 年到 2000 年，移民使美国高中辍学者的工资降低了 9%。
然而，对于高技术、受教育水平较高的雇员，在拥有最多移民而且社会服务较好的一些州的反对之声是最强烈的。换句话说，最让他们担心的是移民带来的财政负担。此结论通过另一个发现得到了强化：当财政负担减轻时他们的反对似乎也就缓和一些。20 世纪 90 年代福利改革限制了移民享受某些福利后就是这样。
具有讽刺意义的是，尽管争论非常热烈，移民产生的净影响其实微乎其微。即使对那些受影响最大的人来说，比如，低技术工人或者加州的居民，影响也不是很大。俄勒冈大学政治学教授 Daniel Tichenor 说：“不满的声音往往会主导人们的观念。但是，综合所有的因素，经济学家统计出数据，结果是移民的作用最终是积极的，只是很小而已。”糟糕的是大多数人并没有意识到这一点。
Paage Two 想象一个典型的 20 年前的 MBA 课堂的场景。在那里，大部分学生符合那个时代的标准模式：男性、中产阶级、西方人。但是如今走进一个教室，你会产生完全不同的印象。首先，你会注意到有很多女性，例如宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院炫耀说，他们新录取的学生中 40% 是女性。同时，你也会看到众多不同种族和几乎来自各个国家的不同国籍的人。
因此，大家也许会不禁想到，旧的隔阂已经被破除，机会平等得以实现。然而，这种表面的多样性正逐渐演变成一个面具，掩盖了一种新型的一致性。在不同的性别、肤色和母语背后，隐藏着共同的态度、期望和野心，这些都是未来的商业领袖会被打造得一模一样的隐患。
多样性似乎并没有帮助解决商业领导的根本弱点。所以为了培养更多有能力的商界管理者，我们能够做什么呢?巴黎高等商学院的副院长 Valerie Gauthier 表示，关键在于 MBA 课程招收学生的操作过程。目前，选拔候选人的标准相当狭隘，如之前的学术和职业成就、分析能力和解决问题的能力。这些再加上学校关于一个多样性班级应该是什么样的定义，造成的结果是护照、民族血统和性别都可以成为影响因素。但是学校很少深入研究以找出什么才真正能使候选人成功，从而创造一个也包含多样性的态度和方法的班级——按理说，在商业环境下，只有这种多样性才是真正重要的。
Gauthier 教授认为学校不应只是从传统行业，如银行业、咨询业及工业来选择候选人。他们也应该寻求具有政治科学、艺术、历史或哲学背景的个人，这可以使他们把商业决策置身于更广阔的背景中去。
事实上，对于这种多样性可能会培养出来的更全面的商业领导人，似乎是有需求的。领导力发展公司 Mannaz 的一项研究表明，尽管过去的暴徒式的首席执行官可能没有完全根除，但已存在向不很强硬的管理风格的明显转变——至少在美国和欧洲是如此。Mannaz 公司表示，也许最重要的是大公司对更加协作的管理模式有越来越浓的兴趣，如那些在斯堪的纳维亚盛行的模式，它们谋求领导方式上的软硬结合和提倡授权的责任和义务。
2011 年 12 月六级真题 Paage One 一位善意的专业人士会给一位刚刚毕业的大学生怎样的建议呢？去中国？去印度？去巴西？贸易怎么样？ 上周商务部报告六月份的贸易赤字接近500 亿美元时，这引起了新一轮的经济前景悲观论调。当月，进口额骤升到 2003 亿美元，而在计算国内生产总值时，是要减去进口额的。所以贸易赤字越大，国内生产总值越小。悲观主义者说，如果这种贸易不平衡持续下去，将导致增长更缓慢。
但还可以用另一种方法来看贸易数据。在过去两年，进出口的数字似乎没有显示出二次经济萧条的迹象——广泛层面上美国经济活动的再度下滑——而是显示出经济扩张的迹象。
上升的贸易量——更多的货物与服务进出美国——对很多行业来说都是好消息。据报道，从事海运、货车运输、铁路货运、配送和物流的公司的情况都好于预期结果。上升的数字意味着国外市场日趋活跃——我们进口的东西越多，意味着更多的现金流入了世界各地人们的手中。而美国出口的增长是因为更多的外国人有能力购买
我们生产和推销的东西。贸易的上升趋势对在易受贸易影响的行业工作的人来说也是好消息，尤其是那些生产价格由全球需求影响的商品（比如农产品、矿产品、金属、石油）的企业。
虽然出口似乎总是发展缓慢，但美国的公司在全球经济的参与度却逐月攀升。通用汽车每月出售到中国的汽车数量与出售到美国的汽车数量相同。虽然这对进口没什么帮助，但它确实有助于通用公司改善其资产负债表，因此使得总部在美国的主管人员的工作更加稳定。
美国经济的一大挑战是疲软的国内消费需求。美国人目前都在用现金支付，存钱更多，而在消费上更加谨慎。考虑到我们所经历的，这在意料之中。但还有一个更大的挑战。美国本土的企业，不管是大企业还是小企业，能否弄清楚怎样从不断增长的全球需求中争取到一些市场份额？除非你想卷起铺盖卷去印度、巴西或中国，否则实现这一点的最好方式就是通过贸易。这似乎显而易见，但仅仅与我们国内的朋友和邻居做生意已经不够了。
公司和个人若没有增加出口、更多地参与国外市场、或在国际贸易中发挥作用的战略，就是在把自己隔绝在巨大的全球经济机会份额之外。
Paage Two 英国的大学因其在将新知识转化成新产品和服务方面的明显缺点而不断遭受批评。
最近，英国国家干细胞网络警告说，如果没有足够的资金和立法支持的话，英国可能会丧失其在干细胞研究方面的世界领军地位。我们应该认真对待这一担忧，因为大学在国家创新体系中至关重要。
然而，我们必须得质疑那种未加思虑的抱怨，即大学在将创意市场化方面做得不够。最近的一组数据对澳大利亚、加拿大、美国和英国的大学和研究所的表现进行了对比，数据显示，虽然英国起点相对较低，但其目前在许多商品化活动的指标上都处于领先地位。
从全国水平来看，过去十年的政策介入对英国大学的表现的转变有所帮助。有证据显示，英国的地位比过去更加稳固而且仍在改善。但全国的数据掩盖了各个大学表现的巨大差异。有证据表明，很多大学已经落后了，少数大学表现强劲，而剩下的紧随领先者。
这种偏态分布不仅仅是英国独有的，在其他经济体中也存在这样的问题。在英国，研究是高度集中的：不到 25%的大学却拥有 75%的研究资金。而这些大学也同时是培养博士群体最多，产生的科学著作、专利和授权收入最多的机构。因政策影响产生的长期的资源集中还造就了一批独特的以研究为导向的、商业化活跃的大学。很明显，将研究与商业化工作集中使各大学间产生了不同。
研究型大学的核心目标就是将研究成果的影响最大化。这些大学应该产生最大范围的社会、经济和环境效益。作为对投资规模的回报，他们应该分享他们的专业知识，以便在该领域中建立更大的信心。
英国经济的复苏，部分将由我们大学涌现出的商业化研究的下一代来驱动。英国有三十多所大学积极参与先进的研究训练和商业化工作。
如果地区内的技术转移办公室间有更多的合作，而且我们的研究院在规模和功能方面有同步的投资，大学将可能，而且应该在将英国推向下一个增长周期中发挥关键作用。
2012 年 6 月六级真题 Paage One 正如任何尝试过减肥的人都知道的那样，通常情况下制定可实现的目标产生的效果最好。部分原因是，为了完成这些目标，似乎制定可实现的目标的人实际上行事更高效，而且投入的努力更多。
然而，科学家们远不够了解的是制定目标潜在的有害影响。
报纸每天都会转载在整个华尔街和商业街的工商业中盛行的制定目标的报道。然而人们长期鼓吹的制定目标的做法是如何在总体上可能促成了当前的经济危机和不道德的行为，与此相关的研究却少得令人吃惊。
“目标因有十分有益的影响而被广泛应用和推广。但是，推动人们以有益的方式投入更多努力的动机同样也可以使人们更可能从事不道德行为，”宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院副教授Maurice Schweitzer 说。
“原来光有目标是没有经济效益的——你只能得到心理上的效益，”Schweitzer 说。“但是在很多情况下，目标带有使得它们更加强大的经济回报。”
Schweitzer 和他的同事们引用的一个典型例证就是 2004 年能源贸易巨头安然的倒闭。安然的经理们用经济刺激来激励销售人员完成特定的收益目标。Schweitzer 说，问题在于生意本身是没有利润的。
其他研究表明，让雇员背负无法实现的目标会迫使他们说谎、舞弊或窃取。20 世纪 90 年代早期西尔斯把销售指标强加给它的汽车维修人员正是这种情况。它在全公司范围促使雇员干活儿多收钱和完成不必要的维修。
Schweitzer 承认他的研究与大量赞扬制定目标的众多益处的资料背道而驰。他的团队使用新闻报道这样的证据来支撑制定目标被广泛地过度使用这一结论，这一做法引起了支持制定目标这种做法的人的异议。
在一篇反驳的论文中，Edwin Locke 博士写道：“目标制定不会消失。组织如果不将注意力集中于他们预期的最终结果就无法蓬勃发展，正如个人如果缺乏目标感就不能茁壮成长一样。”
但是 Schweitzer 认为，应对将制定目标和有害行为联系在一起的“越来越多的因果证据”加以研究，以便帮助我们对值得提防和进一步研究的问题进行特别关注。“即使少量的负面影响也能重大到超过众多正面影响的程度，”他说。
“制定目标确实有助于协调和激励人们。我的想法是将这一点和认真的管理、强大的组织文化相结合，并确保你使用的目标将是有益的而且不会给组织带来严重危害，”Schweitzer说。
Paage Two 在20 世纪的大部分时间里，亚洲都在问自己它能从现代的、不断创新的西方学到什么。现在问题必须颠倒过来了：负债过重、经济滞长的西方国家能从经济繁荣的亚洲学到什么？仅仅几十年前，亚洲的两个大国还在错误的经济意识形态下停滞不前。然而，中国在 20 世纪80 年代开始进行自由市场改革，印度在 20 世纪 90 年代紧随其后，两个国家都实现了快速增长。至关重要的是，在它们开放市场的时候，它们用合理的政府指导来平衡市场经济。正如印度经济学家 Amartya Sen 明智地说的那样，“市场这只看不见的手通常需要高度依赖政府这只看得见的手。”
将这一中间路线与美国和欧洲相比，它们分别以自己的方式在意识形态上过分热衷。自 20 世纪 80 年代起，美国越来越坚持不加约束的自由市场的意识形态并摒弃政府的作用——拥护罗纳德·里根的“政府不是我们解决问题的办法；政府是问题之所在”的想法。当然，当市场在 2007 年崩溃的时候，正是决定性的政府干预扭转了局面。尽管如此，很多美国人仍强烈反对“大政府”。
只要美国人能从他们自己反政府的信条中解放出来，他们就能开始看到美国的问题不是不能解决的。几项合理的联邦措施就能将国家带回到正确的轨道上来。比如说，一项简单的5%的消费税，就能在不伤害生产力的情况下大幅削减国家巨额的政府赤字。一项小小的汽油税则能帮助美国从它对进口石油的依赖中解放出来并形成对发展绿色能源的激励。同理，大幅削减浪费的农业补贴也能降低赤字。但要想利用这些常识性的解决方法，美国人得将他们自己对更小的政府和更少的监管的理念束之高阁。美国政治家们将不得不鼓起勇气遵循全美国的公共政策学院都在教导的理念：有好的税收，也有坏的税收。亚洲国家信奉这一智慧，结果建立起了健康的长期财政政策。
同时，欧洲则成为了另一个意识形态陷阱的猎物：相信欧洲国家将总是拥有无限的资源并可以不顾后果地持续借贷。与美国人觉得市场最知道该怎么做不同，欧洲人没有预见到市场将怎样回应他们无休止的借贷。如今，欧盟正在创立一个 5800 亿美元的基金以避免政权的崩溃。这将为欧盟赢得时间，但它解决不了这些国家更大的
问题。
2012 年 12 月(第三套) Paage One 在所有失业情况中，有一类工人受益于经济衰退：非人类。
从超市的自助服务结账通道，到屠宰场中装着锯条、被教授将动物尸体分割成块的工业机器人，如今这些愈发聪明的机器不仅在为工人们提供帮助，实际上还正在把他们从工作岗位上驱逐出去。
自动化也不仅仅影响着工厂里的工人。现在一些律师事务所采用人工智能软件来浏览和阅读堆积如山的法律文件，这些工作以前都是由高薪聘请的人类律师做的。
经济学教授 Edward Leamer 说：“机器人对蓝领工作的影响在持续，而白领工作也受到了微型处理器的冲击。”经济衰退永久地消除了 250 万个工作岗位。美国的国内生产总值却回升到了萧条前的水平，这意味着我们生产了和以前同样多的东西，工人数量却少了 6%。可以肯定的是，机器人并非唯一的职位杀手，外包所消除的工作岗位远远多于自动化。
机器人工业协会会长 Jeff Burnstein 则认为，机器人实际上挽救了美国的工作岗位。他的逻辑是：采用自动化的公司或许会需要更少的工人，但这种情况与解雇所有人并将工作转移到国外相比，要好很多。
并不是因为机器人比人廉价——尽管通常是这样，而是它们比人类更优秀。“在某些情况下，质量要求如此严格，以至于即使你想让人类从事工作都不可能。”Burnstein 说。
外科医生也是如此。他们采用机器人系统进行的手术名单正在不断增加——不是因为机器能省钱，而是因为借助机器人更高的精确度，病人康复得更快、并发症更少，Myriam Curet 医生这样说。
外科医生们或许能在机器人的入侵中幸存下来，但医院的其他人可能就没有那么幸运了。因为 iRobot 公司（真空吸尘器机器人 Roomba 的生产商）已经在展示能在医院充当服务员的 Ava。一旦你回到家中休养，Ava 能让你同医生交谈，因此就无需派人到你家里。类似的“移动远程监控”在办公室也有用。即使你在外旅行，也能参加会议。只需连上视频会议软件，你的面孔就能出现在 Ava 的屏幕上。
还有安全的工作吗？我以前希望能说“新闻工作者”，但是研究人员已经在开发能够收集事实然后写出新闻稿的软件了。这意味着几年以后，可能是一个机器人在写本专栏，那么读者会是谁呢？呵呵，或许那时就有很多拥有大把空闲时间四处游逛的人了。
Paage Two 你肯定听了这话很多次，你可能在睡梦中都能复述它。奥巴马总统来到北京之后，毫无疑问地会公开提到这一点：中国人要多消费；为了全球经济，他们需要——信不信由你——变得更像美国人一些。
这完全没错。但等式的另一边则是美国人要更多地储蓄。目前来看，美国的家庭的确在这样做。自从 2005 年个人存款利率下降到 0 以来，去年的经济危机的打击让人们紧紧捂住了钱包。
在中国，家庭储蓄率超过了 20％。部分原因是政策的导向。就像我们看到的，工薪阶层不仅要照顾他们的子女，还要照顾年迈的父母。此外，迄今为止，只有最脆弱的公共保健制度和养老金制度，这也增加了人们在工作时多储蓄的动力。但是，中国历来都是一个崇尚审慎的个人理财的社会。即使政府建立了更好的社会保障体系，成功地鼓励更多的消费支出，这（审慎理财、储蓄的习惯）也不会在短时期内改变。
为什么美国人要学习点节俭？因为健康储蓄率是一个国家长期财政健康最可靠的指标之一。高储蓄，假以时日，将会增加投资，进而促进生产力的提高、创新和就业机会的增长。总之，储蓄是良好的经济收成的种子。
因此，美国政府也需采取行动。政府常年财政赤字，虽然家庭储蓄在增加，政府却无储蓄。奥巴马的预算办公室主任 Peter Orszag近期宣称美国的预算赤字已经无法继续支撑下去了。他说的没错。到今天为止，美国似乎都没能看到支出大大高于收入的后果。这必须改变。
尽管胡锦涛和中国领导层的其他领导人并不愿意对来访的总统说教，但是他或许会友善地暗示，中国政府开始对美元的价值有些担忧了——3 月份以来，它已经下跌了 15％，这在很大程度上是因为越来越担心美国的债务负担变得无法控制。
如果你是世界上最大的债权方，你也会做同样的事情：给对方一个类似的暗示。这样的暗示一旦泄露，足以造成国际经济动荡。每一次中国政府的官员公开商讨要为中国持有的 2.1 万亿外汇储备寻找另一种可替代美元的货币时，外汇交易商们都会吓得心脏病发作。）如果美国人多储蓄、少消费，假以时日，他们就不需要担心这些了。
2012 年 12 月(第二套) Paage One 20世纪的资本主义不符合21世纪的社会吗？世界精英们在年度世界经济论坛上讨论了这个不同寻常的问题。 令人兴奋的是，自从全球经济危机发生三年多以来，一份迟来的自我反省过程已经开始，目的是为了能从中吸取正确的经验教训。
但是，在愿意谈论问题和做好行动准备之间有着天壤之别。
有些人仍然认为政府所能做的就是置身事外，与之不同的是，有些人认为政府应该真正起到先复兴经济，然后再为将来的成功设定合理的规则的作用。
如果我们能从20世纪30年代学到点什么的话，那就是政府不能袖手旁观，眼睁睁看着自己的国民失业。 同样，在追求经济更加可持续增长的同时，我们也不应该忘记目前的经济增长和债务危机的原因。 美国和英国都受到经济危机的影响，因为它们的经济都过度依赖金融部门的人为利润；许多人的生活水平都下降了，然而经济回报却到了最富裕的1%的人手中；资本主义经济模式鼓励用短期决策而不是长期健康的眼光看待季度利润；像银行巨头这样的利益团体被认为是太大了而不可能失败或者太有权势了而不可能受到挑战。
我们需要意识到，保守主义理论者们的“滴漏”承诺（富人得到的利益最终将会传递给穷人）已经变成了一个“反地球引力”的事实，即财富不成比例地且大多数时候不公平地由下向上流动。要解决这一问题需要政府重新思考人们接受工作培训的方法和最低生活工资的数量。
政府能够设定更好的——不一定是更多的——规则来鼓励那些生产和销售真实产品和服务的生产型企业的发展。 我们需要规则来阻止一些人的掠夺性行为，他们通过恶意收购和资产倒卖快速赚钱，但却不把股东、雇员和经济放在心上。
此外，政府必须记住他们被选出是为人民服务的，而不是为那些能为权利或影响力埋单的有权势的游说团体服务的。大多数时候，市场资本主义真正的敌人是当前经济模式的一些主要受益者，他们支持大型垄断机构和剥削消费者。
我认为，改变资本主义规则需要公民改变对政治的期望和要求。我们要问的问题与其说是 20 世纪的资本主义是否不符合 21 世纪的社会，不如说是政治是否能克服困难接受改变有缺陷的经济模式的挑战 。
Paage Two 在美国大公司中，一半的员工是女性，但在董事会成员中，女性仅占15%，在欧洲是10%。只在一半的“人才池”中“捕捞（人才）”的公司会被那些更广泛撒网的公司取代。 也有证据表明，由男女混合构成的董事会能作出更好的决定。
考虑到这一点，欧洲国家通过了强制要求公司将更多的女性提升至领导层的法律。法国的一项新法律要求，到2017年，上市公司要为女性保留40%的董事会议席。挪威和西班牙也有类似的法律；德国正在考虑之中。欧洲议会本月宣称，整个欧盟都应当使用这种配额。
支持强制配额的理由主要有两种。一种理由是主导公司董事会的男性是不可救药的性别歧视者：他们晋升和自己一样的人，并且忽视任何女性人才。
第二种理由更为微妙。有才能的主管需要良师助其攀登成功的阶梯。男性主管指导年轻的男性，却不情愿和年轻女性友好相处，唯恐关系被人误解。 配额将通过把大量女性安排在高层，然后这些女性又能助她们的姐妹一臂之力，来打破这种恶性循环。
两种理由或许都有一定道理，但在大多数富裕国家，性别歧视已不再是女性职业的主要障碍。孩子才是。大多数女性会中断职业照顾他们。也有许多人是为了照顾年老的亲属。 一项研究发现，2/3的美国女性曾在某一阶段从全职工作转为兼职或者弹性工时以平衡工作和家庭。这样的选择使女性获得进入高管行列所必需的经验变得更难。
更重要的是，大公司正日益全球化。很多公司想要一个已在不止一个国家工作过的老板。这样的外国派遣会扰乱家庭；许多女性就会拒绝。另外，许多期望能在将来某一时刻中断职业的人选择了那些她们的技能不会很快就过时的领域，比如法律或者人力资源。 一些律师可以成为优秀的行政总裁。但是，公司往往想要有财务或运营经验的人供职于高层职位，而这些领域仍然是由男性主导。
要解决如此复杂的问题，配额实在是一个收效甚微的方法。公司被迫安排进董事会的女性不可能与那些公司
自愿安排进董事会的女性一样优秀。强制配额迫使公司要么将董事会塞满象征性的非执行董事，要么按性别分配权力，而不是长处。强制实施女性配额已经导致大量没有经验的女性被委任进入董事会，而且已经对那些公司的业绩造成了严重损害。
2012 年 12 月六级真题(第一套) Paage One 谁是美国的贫困者？这是一个很难回答的问题。之所以难回答是因为对贫困的定义尚无定论。低收入（对定义贫困）很重要，虽然低的程度并不清楚。贫困也是一种心态，它助长了一种自我挫败行为——不良工作习惯、家庭破裂以及癖嗜。最后，贫困起因于糟糕的运气：事故、失业和残疾。
尽管贫困的概念很混乱，但是我们已经用单一的数据测量了进步情况：联邦贫困线。按照这一测量方法，我们并没有取得多大进步。但是有两个原因可以说明没有明显的进步的这一结果是误导人的。
首先，它忽视了移民。许多移民很贫困且技能水平低。他们使贫困人口的数量增加。从1989年到2007年，贫困人口的增长量中有约3/4出现在西班牙裔美国人中——大多数都是移民和他们的子女。
再者，贫困者的物质财富已经提高了。 官方贫困测量只将税前现金收入计算在内，忽略了其他包括食品券和住房补贴在内的资助来源，便掩盖了这一点。虽然许多贫困者只能勉强糊口，但是他们的生活水平已在不断提高。在2005年，91%的人拥有微波炉，79%拥有空调，48%拥有手机。
现行贫困线可以通过增加一些收入来源、减去一些花销进行提高。不幸的是，政府于2011年提出的“补充贫困测量”的动议过犹不及。新的贫困数字可能会加重民众的疑惑，也引起了该数据是否专门偏向政治目的的疑问。
“补充贫困测量”将贫困起点与最贫困的1/3的美国人在食品、住房、衣服和公用事业的花销紧密结合在一起。真实的起点可能会比现今的贫困线更高。许多美国人会觉得很蹊跷：人们更加富裕了，但是“贫困”却困住了。
造成这一结果的原因是由于对贫困的观点不同。现在的贫困概念是绝对的：贫困起点体现估算出来的满足基本需求的数量。相比之下，新的测量方法包含一种相对的贫困概念：如果人们与富裕人群之间的差距达到一定程度，即使他们的收入正在提高，他们也会被自动列入贫困阶层。
新的指标表明，贫困问题难以解决或者贫困人群正在增多，它成了推动收入再分配的“鼓吹手段”。人口调查局已经以与政府动议相似的手段估算了数据。2008年，按传统贫困线测出的比率是13.2%；新的数据估计则上升到了17%。新的贫困数据超过了旧的数据，而且随着时间的变化，这一差距变得更大了。
正如参议员丹尼尔•莫伊尼汉所说的那样，贫困问题完全是由政府来定义的。对我们该救济贫困者多少钱或者降低多少经济上的不平等进行辩论是合情合理的。但是这一辩论不应被那些没有几个美国人能明白的、误导人的数据所动摇。政府数据理应力求保持政治上的中立。但这一数据却没有做到。
Paage Two 11年前的夏天，我被派去沃顿商学院参加一个管理培训课程，以便为更加重要的事情做准备。除了金融和创业学及类似的课程，这个课程还包括宾夕法尼亚大学的Al Filreis教授讲授的一门令人愉悦、但与培训课程格格不入的英语诗歌课程。
他用了3个小时的时间给我们解说了《红色手推车》和《雪夜林边小驻》。这一经历——尤其是与其他指定的、令人讨厌的散文阅读任务相比时——让我回到了校园书店，在那里我重拾了中断许久的与格律和韵律之间的浪漫。
Filreis教授说沃顿商学院的学生对这门出人意料地偏离商业的课程反应非常强烈，这使他“有点震惊”，他们不仅把这门课程看做一种解脱，也看做一种激励。 许多人在上完课后写信请他推荐诗集。尤其是现在更是如此。
他告诉我说：“严峻的经济形势似乎使参与者们比以往任何时候都更热衷于‘跳出固定思维’，而这正是诗歌所鼓励的。”
这使我想到了国会，它比现在几乎任何一个机构都更加深陷于固定思维。你可能已经听说过，在美国国会山上，他们非常热衷于祈祷早餐会。在聚会上成员们聚集在一起，吃着炒鸡蛋并且请求上帝赐予智慧。看看今年夏天令人苦恼的债务惨状，你就可以判断它到底有多大作用。或许是时候在国会议程中增添一些诗歌朗读作品了。
我并不是说诗歌会比祈祷更能给予我们的立法者以指导。只是诗歌可能会让他们更像人类。诗歌代替不了勇气或能力，但是如果运用得当，它会挑战我们目前过量拥有的自我确定性。诗歌起到的作用是激励创新思维，反对教条和习惯，克服时下盛行的乱下承诺。
诗人雪莱在将近200年前对诗歌进行了辩护，他写道：“一个伟大的人必须具有强大的想象力和理解能力；他必须懂得换位思考；他必须能切身体会人类的疾苦哀乐。”雪莱论文的结尾将诗人称做“未被世界认可的立法者”，因为他们把想象力带入“推理者和机械论者”的世界中。
诗歌的相关作用在威廉•卡洛斯•威廉斯的情诗《水仙，那淡绿的花朵》的其中五行中得到更加简练地说明：
从诗歌里得到信息 是困难的
但每天都有人在悲惨中离去 就是因为缺少 对它的关注。
2013 年 6 月六级真题(第三套) Paage One “经济萧条”不只是严重的经济衰退。把经济萧条与严重的经济衰退区分开来的就是极端恐惧——对未知事物的恐惧如此巨大，以至于它引起消费者、商业机构和投资者退缩和恐慌。 他们将钱存起来并且拼命地减少开支。他们卖掉股票和其他资产。破坏性的信心丧失引起了击垮正常的自我调节机制的行为，而这些机制通常会阻止经济衰退的加深和延长：即阻止经济萧条的到来。
通过比较 1929 年的经济大萧条和 2007 年至 2009 年的经济衰退，奥巴马总统的经济顾问委员会主席 Christina Romer 发现，对信心的最初打击现在远远超过那个时候。 的确，股票价格从 1929 年 9 月到 12 月下跌了三分之一，但是那时持有股票的美国人较少。而且，房价几乎没有下降。从 1928 年 12 月到 1929 年 12 月，家庭总财富下降了仅 3%。相比之下， 2007 年 12 月到 2008 年 12 月期间，家庭总财富损失为 17%。被更广泛地持有和拥有的股票和房产下降得更多。受到这样的创伤后，经济可能已经进入了以经济萧条为结局的自由下滑。事实上，它确实进入了自由下滑的状态。购买者克制自己购买汽车、家用电器和其他一些高价物品。在这些“耐用品”上的开支在 2008 年的第三季度以 12%的速度下降，第四季度则以 20%的速度下降。并且，商业机构停止了投资项目。
就像 Romer 所说，这些大的下降并未导致经济萧条主要反映出政府采取的对策。商品、服务、劳动力和证券等自由市场大多是自我调节，但是恐慌在滋长，消释着这些稳定的倾向。在这种情况下，只有政府可以从总体上保护经济，因为大多数个人和公司都卷入自我保护的行为，而这些行为会适得其反。
20 世纪 30 年代初政府没能履行这一职能，使经济衰退演变成经济萧条。学者们将讨论这次哪些干预——美联储对一个濒临失败的信用体系的支持，对银行债务的担保，奥巴马的“经济刺激”计划和银行“压力测试”——最能阻止经济萧条的重现。不管怎样，所有这些复杂的措施都有同样的心理目的：安慰人们经济的自由下滑会停止的，从而抑制住使经济自由下滑持久的恐惧。
这一切都提高了信心。但是消费者信心指数仍然很低，并且一切复兴已经存在于美国人对未来而非现在的经济条件的评估中。失业率（9.8%）很糟糕，复苏的强度还不清楚。在这一点上，也有来自 20 世纪 30 年代的启示。尽管在 1933 年已经停止恶化，但是经济大萧条直到第二次世界大战才结束。有些国家政策帮助了复苏；有些阻碍了复苏。现在的好消息就是坏消息没有更坏。
Paage Two “通常，当我们徒步穿过雨林时，我们会听到一种轻柔的声音，这种声音来自森林地面上所有湿润的树叶和有机碎屑，”生态学家 Daniel Nepstad 说。“现在我们越来越多地听到沙沙的声音和嘎吱嘎吱的声音。这是一个将死的森林发出的声音。”
对热带雨林要毁灭的预测已经出现好多年了。然而直到最近，最坏的预测几乎都与直接的人类活动联系在一起，比如为开辟牧场或农场而进行的森林砍伐和焚烧。 人们曾设想，如果没有人类的干涉，通过吸收过量的二氧化碳和其他引起地球变暖的温室气体，世界上的雨林不仅会生长茂盛，或许甚至会将我们从灾难中拯救出来。现在结果表明这或许只是一厢情愿的想法。一些科学家认为，碳含量的升高意味着亚马孙雨林和亚洲以及非洲的其他雨林或许会从抗击气温上升的卫士转而变成引起气温上升的元凶。例如，亚马孙的植物含有 1 000 多亿公吨的碳，相当于排气管和烟囱 15 年的排放物。如果雨林的毁灭速度急剧上升，它最终每年会向大气释放 35 亿到 50 亿公吨的碳——使森林成为温室气体的主要来源。
由全球气候变化引起的罕见的严重干旱已经引发了从澳大利亚到印度尼西亚吞噬森林的野火，但任何地方都没有亚马孙雨林严重。一些专家说雨林已经濒临毁灭。
极端天气和不计后果的开发正在以科学家们从未想象到的方式谋害着雨林。随着气温的升高，树木需要更多的水，但长期的干旱已经耗尽了它们的水分，使整片森林的树木很容易被砍伐掉从而变成农田。 这种形势随着每一轮厄尔尼诺现象的出现变得更加糟糕。厄尔尼诺现象是发生在太平洋上的异常暖流，它会使气温上升，总是预示着发生在雨林的干旱和火灾。难以控制的大火向空气中释放更多的碳，这使得气温升高，重新开始一整轮的恶性循环。
一个走向毁灭的雨林不仅仅是失乐园，它会引发多米诺效应——使风和雨偏离路线数千米，使天空中的温室气体含量更多——其影响范围远远超过亚马孙流域。从某种意义上来说，对即将发生的事情，我们已能窥见一斑。
在亚马孙雨林的每一个焚烧季节，边疆移民和开发者故意点燃的大火每年会释放差不多 5 亿公吨的碳，这使得巴西成为世界上温室气体的五大排放者之一。
2013 年 6 月六级真题(第二套) Paage One 2011 年，许多购物者选择了避开狂乱的人群，在他们的电脑旁舒舒服服地进行假期购物。 网络零售商的销售量增长了 15%还多，使之成为史上最大的购物旺季。但是人们也在以创纪录的比率退回那些购买的东西，退货率较上一年度上升了 8%。
是哪里出错了呢？是挥之不去的全球金融危机的阴影使人们更难以接受奢华的嗜好吗？还是人们在购物时更加冲动，从而做出错误的决定呢？两种观点都有道理。然而，还有第三个因素：触摸的问题。在网络环境中，我们可能会喜爱外观，但是我们却无法感觉到质地、穿戴时的样子、褶皱的产生，或就此而言，耳饰的重量。与一个物品的实际接触使你更加坚定自己的购买行为。
当我的新书《品牌，就是戒不掉》发行时，我与一家当地书店合作就网购和实体店购买体验的不同之处进行了一项试验。 我精心指导一批志愿者通过两种不同的方式来促销我的书。第一种是几乎不干涉的方式。每当有顾客询问我的书时，志愿者就把他们带到书架那里指指那本书。20 个有这样要求的顾客中，有 6 个接下来购买了我的书。
第二种方式也是要走到书架那里，但是，这次，志愿者会拿下来这本书，不易察觉地在手里再拿上一会儿，然后放到顾客手中。在接过书的 20 个人中，有 13 个人最终购买了这本书。仅仅是自然地递书就在销售上呈现出很大的不同。为什么呢？当我们手中拿着东西时我们会有一种类似拥有的感觉。那就是我们为什么通过握手与陌生人和朋友打招呼来建立或重新建立联系。在这种情况下，拿上一会儿书然后不得不放手就可能产生一种微妙的失去感，甚至更能促进我们购买。
一项最近研究也显示了触摸的力量，这个案例就是面对传统邮件的时候。当某一信息在一封信件中被传达时，就会形成一个更深且持续时间更长的印象，而在网上收到同样的信息的效果却截然相反。大脑成像表明，一触摸到纸，大脑中的情感中心就会被激活，因而形成一种更强的纽带。研究还表明，一旦触摸成为过程的一部分，它就会变成一种拥有感。 只是这种拥有感不是网购体验的一部分。
Paage Two 显然，人人都知道全球变暖只会使气候更加极端。一个炎热、干燥的夏季已经又引发了大量的这种言论。尽管有很多利益团体忙于这件事，但从这种言论中获益最多的参与者之一却是媒体：“极端”气候的概念确实有助于制造更多引人注目的新闻。
想一下 Paul Krugman，他在《纽约时报》里连续写到“极端事件的发生率不断上升”。他断言全球变暖引起了美国中西部目前的干旱，还声称传言中再创新高的谷物价格可能会引发全球粮食危机。
但联合国气候委员会最新的评估却告诉我们恰恰相反的情况：对“北美洲来说，人们有适度的自信，相信干旱在整体上有略微减轻的趋势”。此外，Krugman 没有一台时间机器，他没有办法确定这次干旱是由全球变暖引起的：气候模型估算这种发现最早可能在 2048 年获得。
而且，幸运的是，今年的干旱看上去不会引发粮食危机，因为全球的大米和小麦的供应依然充足。此外，Krugman 忽视了通货膨胀：自 1969 年以来，物价已经上涨了 6 倍，所以，尽管谷物期货在 7 月下旬的确创下了每蒲式耳大约 8 美元的纪录，但根据通货膨胀调整后的谷物价格在 20 世纪 70 年代的大部分年份里都偏高，在 1974 年达到 16 美元。
最后，Krugman 轻易地就忘记了对全球变暖的担心是谷物价格自 2005 年以来飞涨的主要原因。如今，在美国种植的谷物有 40%被用来生产乙醇，这对气候完全不会产生影响，但无疑会扭曲谷物的价格——这是以损害许多世界上最贫穷的人为代价的。
Bill Mckibben 在《卫报》里也同样担心中西部地区的干旱和谷物价格。他肯定地告诉我们，从新墨西哥州和科罗拉多州到西伯利亚的猛烈的野火“正是”全球变暖早期看上去的样子。
事实上，全球野火发生率的最新概况表明，火灾强度在过去的 70 年里已经下降，现在接近工业化前的水平。 当好心的运动发起者们想让我们重视全球变暖时，他们经常因脱离事实而以失败告终。尽管这可能因为一个高尚的目标而看上去合乎情理，这种“恐慌政策”的策略却很少起作用，并且经常产生适得其反的后果。
还记得 2005 年卡特里娜飓风之后 Al Gore 是如何断言更具破坏性的飓风在等着我们的吗？从那以后，飓风的发生率以创纪录的速度下降。夸大其词只会加剧公众的不信任和不参与。
那参与是不幸的，因为全球变暖是一个实实在在的问题，而且我们的确需要解决它。
2013 年 6 月六级真题（第一套） Paage One 美国劳工统计局的报告就像预期的一样令人沮丧。一月份的失业率猛增到 7.6%，创 16 年新高，因为美国就业人数锐减 59.8 万，这是 1974 年 12 月以来的最大单月降幅。由于过去三个月失掉了 180 万个工作岗位，所以美国人民迫切希望尽快提振经济。但美国政府在对不容乐观的数据做出反应前最好还是深呼吸冷静一下。
总体上，我们基于失业数据和其他统计数据形成现实感。它们是我们用以评估经济状况好坏的大量数据中至关重要的一部分，而这反过来又会影响政府政策、公司预算以及个人开支决定的形成。问题是统计数据并不能客观地衡量现实；它们仅仅是最佳近似值。 在方向上，它们充分体现了发展趋势，但我们准确知道有多少人失业的观点却是谬论。这也使得找到解决方案更加困难。
首先，数据收集是有方法的。官方失业率是对约 6 万个家庭通过电话调查的产物。还有另一种调查——有时被称为“薪资调查”——是基于汇报的工资名单对 40 万家企业进行估算。两种调查都有问题。薪资调查很容易重复计算某人：如果你身兼两职，你就会显示为两个人。薪资调查也没有体现个体经营者的数量，因而几乎不能说明有多少人在产生独立收入。
家庭调查的问题就更大了。当调查主题涉及性别、收入或就业情况时，直接询问的话，人们往往会撒谎或隐瞒真相。 如果你接到的电话询问你是否就业，你会说是的，你处于就业状态。然而，如果你说没有，你惊讶地得知只有在过去四周内积极寻找工作，你才算失业；否则，你只是“与劳动力有些许关联”而并非真正失业。
量化的紧迫性一直存在于我们的社会之中。但认为统计学家们这样就可以获知客观现实的想法不仅不可能实现，还会导致严重的判断错误。民主党人和共和党人能够也将会对很多问题有自己的看法，但更重要的担忧是双方的主要决策都基于大概的估计，而不是用批判的眼光和开放的态度看待大量的原始数据。
Paage Two 在2008 年的某个瞬间，很可能是在亚洲或者非洲，某个人决定从农村迁移到城市。这个不知名的人推动人类越过了一个历史性的起点，因为就是在这一年，人类在其历史上第一次成为一个城市人口居多的物种。
这种趋势丝毫没有放缓的迹象。 人口统计学家预计，到 2050 年，四分之三的人类会成为城市居住人口，其中大多数的增长来自亚洲和非洲快速发展的城镇。城市移民被大量的就业机会、获得医疗服务和教育的机会以及可以逃离农民乏味的农耕生活所吸引。这些因素足以弥补这些移民在成为城市居住者之初通常必须忍受的肮脏、疾病和极度的贫困。
正是城市激发了彼得•史密斯的最新著作的创作灵感。他的主要论题是城市生活的喧闹以及它提供的合作和协作的机会吸引人们到城市里来，而这相应地又使城市成为艺术、商业、科学和进步的引擎。这称不上具有创新性，但它是以迷人的模式框架呈现出来的。史密斯先生写了一本轻松愉快的指南，里面一系列短小的章节专门描述了都市生活的具体方面——例如公园，或者多年来提出的建设最佳城市的各种方案。 这本书最终成为一种高质量、极其严肃的咖啡桌图书。咖啡桌图书的目的是供人浏览而非从头读到尾。
例如，在讲摩天大楼的章节中，史密斯先生谈及施工方法、自动电梯的革命性发明、生活在空中的实际情况，以及随着城市变得更加拥挤公寓生活将会成为常态的可能性。但书中也有向极其怪诞的话题短暂偏离的时候，例如对摩天大楼指数的讨论（该讨论认为摩天大楼建设的激增是即将发生的经济衰退的可靠预兆）。
人们对这本书的主要批评是其广度是以深度为代价的；史密斯先生的许多文章引出的问题不比其所回答的问题少。 尽管这确实让人沮丧，但这很可能是阐述如此巨大的一个话题的唯一方法。城市是社会文明和人们所做的几乎任何事情的基石；因此，一本关于城市的指南的确是一本一大批日益增长的人类选择如何生活的指南。史密斯先生的书是对一个庞大的主题的精彩介绍，还给人们推荐了许多进一步研究的方法。
2013 年 12 月六级真题（第三套） Paage One 不久前曾有一段时期，人们期望美国的新理学博士生能走学术职业道路。但如今，大多数毕业生最终都从事了学术界之外的工作，不仅有工业界的工作，还有科学政策、通信以及专利法之类的职业。 这部分是因为就业市场很不景气，但也是因为人们越来越注重职业选择。博士科学家没有直接接受职业选择的训练——但他们有关于职业选择的有用知识、技能和经验。在我们目前培养科学家的方法和他们实际有的就业机会之间仍存在巨大的差距，因而急需培训项目的极大改进以弥补这一差距。 有助于促进改变的一个关键措施是要求博士生和博士后科学家遵循个人发展计划。
2002 年，美国实验生物学学会联合会建议，每一位博士后研究人员在咨询顾问之后整理出一份个人发展计划。 从那之后，数家学术机构就开始要求博士后做个人发展计划。而在7 月，美国国立卫生研究院的生物医学研究人员工作组建议美国国立卫生研究院让其支持的大约 32 000 名博士后研究人员做个人发展计划。其他公立和私立资助机构也在朝着类似的方向行动。
长期以来，个人发展计划被政府机构和私立部门用于实现员工或组织的具体目标。 其目的是确保员工有一个明确的工具来帮助他们了解自己的能力和志向，决定他们的职业发展的可能性，并确定（通常是短期的）目标。在科学领域，研究生和新博士科学家可以用个人发展计划来找到并确定有效的职业道路。
为达到这一目的的一款被称为 myIDP 的免费网络应用已于本周面世。它的目的是指导青年科学家经历一个私密而严格的内省过程以制定出一份量身定制的职业规划。 在一组科学职业顾问的专业知识的指导下，每一位受训者的自我评估都被用来排列一组职业轨迹。在用户找到了长期职业目标之后，myIDP 会逐步引导她或他走过确定短期目标的过程，而这些短期目标的目的是积累对其职业选择很重要的新技能和经验。
虽然调查显示个人发展计划过程很有用，但受训人说需要额外的资源来帮助他们找到长期职业道路来完成个人发展计划。因此，若将 myIDP 应用于更广泛的职业发展工作中，它将是最有效的。例如，大学可以将个人发展计划纳入他们的研究生课程中，以帮助学生讨论、计划、准备并实现他们的长期职业目标。
Paage Two 进入 21 世纪的短短十年来，在一系列的领域里都可以庆祝女性的进步。从泰国到巴西、从哥斯达黎加到澳大利亚，她们担任最高的政治要职。一位女性在国际货币基金组织中担任最高职位；另一位女性获得了诺贝尔经济学奖。北京白手起家的亿万富翁、硅谷的技术创新者、加纳的先驱法官——在这些领域和无数的其他领域，女性们正在留下她们的印迹。
但是先不要鼓掌。在沙特阿拉伯，不允许女性开车。在巴基斯坦，每年都有 1 000 名女性死于荣誉谋杀。在发达国家，女性在工资和政治权力方面落后于男性。美国女性间的贫困率去年上升到 14.5%。
为了估量女性进步的情况，《新闻周刊》对 165 个国家进行了排名，着眼于影响女性生活的五个领域：在法律之下所受到的对待、就业情况、政治权力、受教育的机会和接受医疗服务的机会。别的不说，通过分析来自联合国和世界经济论坛的数据以及咨询专家和学者，我们估量了影响我们得出排名的 28 个因素。
得分最高的国家往往集中在西方国家，在西方国家性别歧视是违法的且平等的权利被庄严地载入宪法。 但也存在一些令人意想不到的情况。一些虽然排名较高的国家因为政治代表而得到相对较低的分数。加拿大整体排名第三位，但在权力上的排名为第 26 位，位于古巴和布隆迪等国家之后。 这表明一位担任国家最高职位的女性会给全体女性带来更好的生活吗？不完全是这样。 “试图量化或估量女性在政治方面的影响是有困难的，因为只在很少的国家有足够的参与政治的女性产生影响，”联合国妇女的和平与安全顾问 Anne-Marie Goetz 说。
当然，没有数据可以说明一切。宣称一个国家在其对待它的一半以上公民的方式上比另一个国家好意味着依赖宽泛的举措和泛泛之说。有些事情确实是无法衡量的。并且跨文化比较不能解释观点的不同。
不过，某些结论还是明确的。一方面，我们的数据支撑了希拉里•克林顿在最近的亚太经合组织峰会上所作的简单但深刻的陈述。“当我们解放女性的经济潜能时，我们会提升社会、国家和世界的经济表现，”她说。“当女性拥有我们国家的更多的工作机会和经济生活机会时，这将会带来一种刺激效应：更高的政治稳定性。更少的军事冲突。更多的食物。更多的孩子们受教育的机会。通过利用所有女性的经济潜能，我们为所有人带来更多的机会。”
2013 年 12 月六级真题（第二套） Paage One 在政府最有趣的报告中，有一篇报告估算了家长在孩子身上的花费。不足为奇，花费极高。 对于一个中产阶级夫妻家庭（2009 年平均税前收入为 76 250 美元）来说，每年在一个孩子身上的花费约为 12 000 美元。加上通货膨胀，到孩子 17 岁时，家庭在一个孩子身上的花费总额将达 286 050 美元。
这些干巴巴的统计数据应该对正在进行的赤字辩论产生影响，因为一份预算不仅仅是一个项目和税收的目录。它反映的是一个社会的优先事项和价值观。我们的社会不是很重视抚养孩子，虽然言论与此相反。目前的预算政策向家长征收重税来供养老年人。同时，对孩子的赋税优惠又不太大。如果削减赤字加剧这些倾向的话，更多的美国人可能会选择不要小孩或少生小孩。沿着这条路下去意味着经济衰退。
无法更新人口的社会会阻碍投资和创新。商品和服务市场在这样的社会是停滞的或不断萎缩的。随着人口越来越老龄化，这样的社会抵制变化。不考虑移民，一个社会要稳定人口，妇女平均必需生育两个小孩，即生育率为 2.0。许多经济形势举步维艰的国家的生育率远低于这个数字。
虽然抚养小孩是一个非常私人的决定，但它深受文化、宗教、经济以及政府政策的影响。至于为什么各个国家的生育率不同，约翰•霍普金斯大学的社会学家 Andrew Cherlin 说，“没有人能给出一个好的答案”。欧洲逐渐淡化的宗教信仰可能部分地解释其下降的出生率。在日本，年轻的女性可能是在反抗她们母亲的那种抚养孩子的孤独生活。普遍的乐观和悲观情绪都很重要。希望激起了美国的婴儿潮。 苏联解体后，Cherlin 说，“对未来的焦虑”使俄罗斯和东欧的出生率下降。
在贫穷的社会，父母抚养孩子是为了增加家庭劳动力的数量以及在年迈时让孩子为他们提供支持，以此来改善他们的经济状况。在富有的社会，这一逻辑往往相反。 如今政府为老年人提供支持，降低了对孩子的需求。经济学家 Robert Stein 在《国家事务》杂志中报道，一些研究发现，退休人员的安全网已经使美国的生育率降低了 0.5，西欧的生育率降低将近1.0。同样，一些夫妻不要孩子是因为他们不想为了家庭的时间和花费而牺牲自己的生活方式。
年轻的美国人已经面临一个惨淡的就业市场，这不会使他们树立要孩子的信心。征收更高的税也不会使情况有所好转。“如果更高的税收让抚养孩子变得更昂贵，”美国企业研究所的Nicholas Eberstadt 说，“人们将在再要一个孩子上三思而行。”这似乎是常识，尽管有很多因素影响人们成为父母。
Paage Two 太空探索一直是梦想家们感兴趣的领域：人类的创造力奋力跟随到什么地方，人类的想象力就会在这一地方马上展翅高飞。经常被称为第一部科幻小说的《月球旅行》由 Cyrano de Bergerac 写于 1649 年。在第一批载人火箭开始升空之前，Cyrano 已经去世至少三百年了。
1961 年，当肯尼迪总统宣布美国将在那个十年结束之前将一个人送上月球时，那些话语也带有一点梦幻性。 它们充满了乐观和雄心，这一点与马丁•路德•金在两年后发表的最著名的关于梦想的演讲大致相同。在那个十年结束之前，这两种想象都取得了具体的成果，改变了美国社会。然而在许多方面，这两个梦想最终相互矛盾。为种族和经济平等而进行的斗争，其影响是非常实用且直接的。探索太空的愿望却恰恰相反。其目标从象征意义和字面意义上看都是超脱世俗的。
当尘埃落定时，太空梦想家们遭受了失败。继阿波罗任务之后没有重大的后续行动。在技术上不达标的航天飞机计划就这样结束了，没有接替的计划。一贯的理由是资金紧张，在地球上我们有更加紧迫的问题。处于当前对联邦赤字的担忧中，探索星球似乎成了可有可无的奢侈品——好像节省一年预算的千分之一可以解决我们的问题。
但是人类的创造力在困难中坚持。美国国家航空和航天局正在开发一系列机器人探测器，这些探测器将使每一美元都得到最大价值的利用。它们将担任现代麦哲伦的角色，为后来的任何探索者——无论是人还是机器——绘制出太阳系图。另一方面，像维珍银河这样的公司正在通过使太空梦成为一个面向公众的现实而对太空梦策划一次由点及面的突击。过不了几年，私人太空飞行可能会成为有钱的平民能够实现的事情。再过一二十年，这可能会成为主流。
太空梦想家们最终使我们所有人受益——并不仅仅是因为他们扩展人类知识的方式或是因为他们创造的衍生技术，而是因为这两种梦想因彼此而壮大。马丁•路德•金和约翰•肯尼迪都被这样一种想法所启发，即人类可
以超越曾经被认为是固有的限制条件。今天，我们面临着能源、环境、医疗卫生方面的表面上的挑战。明天，我们也将超越这些挑战，而大量的功劳都在于梦想家们。 我们收集越多人类能够取得伟大成就的证据，我们将越能够真正实现伟大的成就。
2013 年 12 月六级真题（第一套） Paage One 且将它称之为“学习悖论”：你在试图学习新的信息时，挣扎甚至失败越多，你随后才可能更好地回想起并应用这一信息。
学习悖论是“富有成效的失败”的核心，这一现象被研究者 Manu Kapur 发现。Kapur指出，虽然许多老师在让学生了解新知识时采用的模式——前期提供大量知识框架和指导，直到学生表现出他们能够独立了解新知识为止——从直觉上来看是有道理的，但它却可能不是促进学习的最好方式。 相反，一开始不给学习者任何帮助，让他们独自绞尽脑汁思考材料一段时间会更好。在一篇近期发表的论文中，Kapur 在三所学校中将“富有成效的失败”原理应用到的解决数学问题中。
在一组学生中，老师提供了强有力的“鹰架”——教学支持——和反馈。在老师的帮助下，这些学生能够找到他们那组问题的答案。 与此同时，第二组学生被要求相互合作解决同样的问题，没有来自老师的任何提示。这些学生没能正确地解决问题。但是在试图解决问题的过程中，他们萌发了很多关于问题的基本特征以及潜在的解决方案应该是什么样子的想法。而当测试两组学生学到的东西时，第二组“显著超过”第一组。
显然苦苦挣扎的这一组具备 Kapur 称之为“隐藏功效”的东西：它们引领人们理解问题的深层结构，而不仅仅是其正确的解决方案。当这些学生在测试中遇到一个同类的新问题时，相比那些被动接受他人专业知识的学生，他们能够更有效地转化他们所学到的知识。
在现实世界中，问题很少会整齐地打包出现，因此能够识别它们深层的结构非常关键。但Kapur 指出，无论硅谷企业家们如何经常地赞扬一个想法的失败或一个刚成立的公司的倒闭所带来的有益影响，我们没有人喜欢失败。因此，我们需要“设计富有成效的失败”，将其加入学习的过程中。Kapur 已经发现了促进这种有益挣扎的三种情况。第一，选择解决那些“有挑战但不让人有挫败感”的问题。 第二，提供机会让学习者解释和详细描述他们正在做的事情。第三，给学习者机会去比较和对照解决问题的优劣方法。而对于那些反对这种“严爱”教学方法的学生：你们以后会感谢我的。
Paage Two 来自印第安纳州农村地区的 75 岁的农民 Vernon Bowman 做了件使自己遭到起诉的事情。他种植了作为牲畜饲料出售的大豆。但是农业巨头孟山都公司坚持说它持有 Bowman 所使用的这种转基因种子的专利权——而且这种专利权延续到这些种子的所有后代身上。
我们确实已经到了播下一粒种子会引发一起高风险的最高法院的专利诉讼案的地步了吗？我们已经到了，而这起案件就是在星期二所讨论的 Bowman 和孟山都公司之间的案件。对孟山都公司持批评态度的人们因它的“对小农户无情的法律斗争”而对该公司进行了攻击，他们希望这将是挫其锐气的案件。他们还希望法院的裁决会对正越来越多地被用于声称新的生物是私人财产的专利法加强管理。
孟山都公司和它的支持者们对这个案件的看法非常不同，这并不奇怪。他们争辩说，当像孟山都这样的一个公司花巨额费用来创造一种有价值的新的转基因种子时，它必须能够保护自己的财产利益。如果像 Bowman 这样的农民不用支付指定的费用就可以使用这些种子的话，这将会打消像孟山都这样的公司进行创新的积极性。
孟山都公司控告 Bowman 侵犯专利权，并获得了 84 456 美元的损害赔偿。Bowman 没有进行支付，也没有考虑协商解决，而是决定上诉——一直上诉到最高法院。他说：“孟山都公司不能仅仅因为它们拥有数亿美元可以花在诉讼费上，就试图通过巨大的力量和威胁来恐吓农民们服从它们的协议。”
这起案件的核心问题是对生物的专利权是否适用于这些生物的后代。 孟山都公司辩称它的专利权扩展至后代。但是 Bowman 的支持者们则认为孟山都公司在试图以使大公司富有而伤害小农户的方式扩大专利权的范围。他们说如果孟山都公司获胜，影响将会远远超出农业的范畴——会使财产权锁定在一些重要的领域。知识生态国际组织声称最高法院的裁决可能对其他的生物科技产业产生“深远的影响”。
如果这是一部好莱坞电影，这位勇敢的印第安纳老农在片尾字幕滚动之前可能会打败这家只顾赚钱的公司。 但这是一个在最高法院面前的真实的争论，而且最高法院因照顾大公司的利益而广为人知。这起案件给法院提供了一个机会，对用来保护转基因农作物和其他生物的越来越多的专利权的使用加强管理——但法院完全也可以利用这次机会给这种趋势一个强有力的新的支持。
2014 年 6 月六级真题（第三套） Paage One 短信很久以来就被哀叹为书面语的衰落，一位评论家称之为“文盲的写作笔法”。对此，最恰当的回应就是 LOL。短信实际上并不是书面语，而是一种“口头”的语言，内容逐年丰富和复杂。
首先，从历史的角度来看。书写是在 5 500 年以前才出现的，而语言的出现可能至少要追溯到 80 000 年以前。因此，说是先出现的；写只是后来随之出现的一种技能。 就这一点而论，第一次书写是基于人们说话的方式，使用简短的句子。然而，说大多数情况下是下意识的、快速的，而写则是经过深思熟虑的、缓慢的。随着时间的推移，作家们利用这一特点开始精心创作冗长的句子，例如这一句：“整场战斗持续了 12 个小时还多，直至波斯人的逐渐撤退变成落荒而逃，最丢脸的还是主要头领的逃跑，并且…”
没有人会随意那样说话——也不应该那样说话。但是在特殊的场合，想要这样说话却是很自然的事。过去我们不太会像说话一样去书写，因为我们没有再现说话语速的手段。但是，现在短信和即时消息可以——而且一场革命已经开始了。短信包含不加修饰的写作技巧，但因为它简练、即兴、甚至粗俗，短信实际上成为一种新的说话形式，拥有自己的某种语法和风格。
以LOL 为例。它不再真正表示“大笑”的字面意义了。LOL 已经演变得更加微妙、更加复杂，即使一点也不好笑，也可以使用。Jocelyn 发短信问“你去哪儿了？”Annabelle 回复道：“LOL 在图书馆学习了两个小时。”LOL 表达了短信收发者之间基本的共鸣，能够缓和紧张气氛，创造一种平等的感觉。 它并非表达字面意义，而是起到某种作用——它传达着一种态度——就像-ed 结尾的词表示过去时态而不“表示”任何意思一样。LOL 竟然成了语法。
当然，没有人会刻意去思考这些。不过大部分的交流都是在不知不觉中进行的。随着时间的推移，一个词或一种表达的意义就会逐渐发生变化——meat 可以用来指任何一种食物，silly，信不信由你，也用来表示幸运。
总之，文明尚好——人们不停地敲击着自己的智能手机，熟练地使用着不同于实际写作中使用的代码，并没有证据表明发短信会破坏写作能力。全世界的人说话的方式不同于他们的书写方式，而发短信——快速，随意，只为一次阅读——其实是人们用手指说话的一种方式。
Paage Two 欣赏奥普拉•温弗里是可以接受的，但仍然希望哈佛大学没有授予她荣誉法学博士学位，也没有邀请她作为昨天毕业典礼的发言嘉宾。毫无疑问，奥普拉的成就足以让她在美国的成功传奇殿堂占有一席之地。天赋、个人魅力和崇高的职业道德把这位来自密西西比农村曾经遭受过虐待的少女妈妈提升到了罕见的高度，她成为世界上最成功的娱乐偶像之一，也是第一个美国非裔女性亿万富豪。
荣誉学位通常授予艺术界、商界和政治界中非学术性的领军人物。最近几年，获得哈佛大学荣誉学位的包括科菲•安南、比尔•盖茨、梅里尔•斯特里普和戴维•苏特。但奥普拉不寻常类型的名气与以坚持真理为校训的一所大学的价值观不太匹配。不幸的是，奥普拉所热烈拥护的包括了对伪科学的完全接纳。 最让她声名狼藉的是，奥普拉对 Jenny McCarthy 关于注射疫苗会导致自闭症这一论断的认同毫无疑问造成人们避免注射疫苗的愚蠢行为，从而带来很大的危害。
名人，和其他普通人一样，都有存在缺点的权利，毕业典礼发言嘉宾的选择往往反映了学校对当前要务和远大理想的平衡。从我们和很多学生的谈话中可以看出，奥普拉是一个广受欢迎的选择。
但是恰逢美国大学需要更努力地倡导理性思考的时刻，投给奥普拉的这一信任票传递出令人不安的信息。作为哈佛学院的前任院长，Harry Lewis 在他的博客中提出了自己的反对意见：“政治和宗教界的谬论已经严重危害理性的原则，不管是在我们这个声称开明民主的国家还是世界上其他国家，很奇怪哈佛大学会在此时将荣誉学位授予这样一位高调的非理性推广者…”
作为美国最古老、最引人注目的大学，哈佛大学有其特殊的机会传达它对科学的尊重，不仅可以通过其研究和教学项目来体现，还在于其对基于证据的探索的公开认可。
遗憾的是，许多美国的大学似乎都在为保护自己的品牌名气忙得不亦乐乎，根本没有足够的精力来保护对知识的追求。最近刊登在哈佛大学校报上的一篇文章指出，在过去的五年里，哈佛大学的公共关系部门的发展令人咂舌，该文章还质疑是否专注于风险管理和避免争议就是这所伟大的学府最该呈现给外界的一面。
正当美国研究型的大学开始变得类似于利益中心和娱乐中心的时候，他们就很容易忽视其基本使命：呈现和传播知识。 这项使命有赖于理性言说的传统和对科学方法的坚决捍卫。授予奥普拉•温弗里荣誉学位是在错误的方向上迈出的一步。
2014 年 6 月六级真题（第二套） Paage One “深度阅读”——相对于我们常在互联网上进行的浅阅读——已是一种濒危的行为，一种我们应该像保护一座历史建筑物或一件有着重要意义的艺术品一样采取措施来保护的行为。 它的消失会危及到在网络中长大的一代代人的智力和情感的发展，以及我们文化中重要的组成部分的保留：小说、诗歌以及其他种类的文学作品，这些作品只有被大脑受过大量逐字阅读训练来理解它们的读者所欣赏。
认知科学和心理学的最新研究已经表明深度阅读——速度缓慢的、沉浸其中的、感官细节丰富的、情感道德复杂性丰富的——是一种独特的经历，在性质上不同于单纯的词语理解。虽然严格来说深度阅读不需要传统意义上的书，但是，印刷页面的内在限制对深度阅读有独特的帮助。譬如说，一本书没有超链接就不用再让读者作决定——我应不应该点击这个链接呢？——让其完全沉浸于故事叙述中。
那种沉浸是由大脑对细节、间接参考和修辞都很丰富的语言的处理方式来支撑的：通过创造一种动用相同大脑区域的精神描绘，如果一种场景在实际生活中展现，这块大脑区域就会活跃。文学作品中的素材情感状况和道德困境也会引起大脑充满活力的运动，促使我们进入到小说里角色的头脑中，并且研究表明，这甚至增加现实生活中我们的认同能力。
我们在浏览网站的时候这是不可能发生的。虽然我们以相同的名称称呼这项活动，但是对书籍的深入阅读和我们在网上由信息驱动的阅读大不相同，在其创造的体验和其发展的能力方面尽是如此。越来越多的证据表明，在线阅读可能不那么吸引人的注意，也不那么令人满意， 甚至如此熟悉它的“数字原生代”也不例外。例如，上个月，英国国家文教信托机构发布了对 34,910 个年龄在 8 至 16 岁的年轻人的研究结果。研究人员报告说，39%的儿童和青少年每天使用电子设备阅读，但只有 28%每天阅读印刷读物。只在屏幕上阅读的人当中，说自己非常享受阅读的人的可能性少了三倍，拥有一本特别喜欢的书的人的可能性少了三分之一。 （60）研究还发现，每天只在屏幕上阅读的年轻人高于平均水平的可能性比每天阅读印刷读物或同时在印刷读物和屏幕上阅读的读者几乎少了两倍。
Paage Two 当前许多关于移民问题的讨论都在泛泛地谈论外来移民，好像他们是抽象世界里的抽象的人。而来自不同国家的移民之间的具体差异会影响他们来到此处对美国人民来说是好还是不好。
许多人关注如何解决非法移民问题，而似乎恰恰忘记了制定移民法应从对美国人民最有利的角度出发这一思想。
在抽象的层面很难找到移民问题上“理想的结果”。经济学教授 Milton Friedman 曾说过：“最好是好的敌人，”在我看来，这意味着试图实现一个无法实现的理想会阻止我们实现实际上可能能实现的好的结果。
当前太多的关于移民的辩论都是从抽象的理想角度进行的，例如“我们是一个移民国家。”我们当然是一个移民国家。但是我们也是一个穿鞋子的人组成的国家。难道这就意味着我们应该接受任何一个穿鞋子的人？
当今的外来移民和一百年前来到这里的移民大不相同。此外，他们所到的社会也不相同。在我看来，比起整个国家，还是为福利制度建立一道围墙更好。
但是，福利制度已在眼前，不但没有被设围墙，还在向各个方向延伸。在福利制度和开放的边界之间我们没有选择。我们所做的任何涉及移民法的事情都必须在庞大的福利制度的背景下完成， 这一福利制度已经成为生活中一个重要的、不可避免的现实。
被很多大赦主张者完全忽视的一个现实是人在各国之间自由流动不同于贸易货物在各国之间的自由流动。 从他国购买汽车或照相机不同于接受来自那些国家或任何其他国家的人。不像无生命的物体，人是秉持不同文化的，并且不是所有的文化都能与长期以来为美国人民提供这样福祉的这个国家里的文化相容。
不仅是美国，而且整体西方社会也已经发现这一为难的道路，即接受不相兼容的文化里的人是一种不可撤回的决定，并带有不可估量的后果。如果我们在最近波士顿和伦敦街头的恐怖袭击之后仍看不到这一点，那么什么时候我们能看到？
“全面的移民改革”意味着试图一劳永逸，没有时间三思而后行，且让自己立足于有关抽象的人的抽象概念之上。
2014 年 6 月六级真题（第一套） Paage One 科技能使我们更聪明或是更愚蠢，我们需要制订一套准则来指导我们的日常行为，以确保科技是在提升而不是阻碍我们的思维过程。 当前人们争论的最大的问题之一是：什么样的信息我们应该存储在大脑之中，什么样的信息我们可以留在“云端”，以在必要时拿来使用？
教育界越来越多有影响力的人拥护“数字素养”。在他们看来，技能胜过知识，培养“数字素养”比仅仅学习知识性内容更重要，所有的事实都可以使用谷歌找到，因此不值得牢记这些事实。 但是，如果没有关于世界实际上如何运行的广泛知识基础，即使最高水平的数字素养技能也不能帮助学生和劳动者们闯荡世界。如果你只把重点放在信息的传递机制而不是信息内容本身，你是在害孩子们。
事实上，认知科学方面的证据对技能能够独立于事实性知识而存在这种观点提出了质疑。从过去 30 年的数据可以得出一个经得起科学挑战的结论：思考周全需要了解事实，的确是这样，不仅仅是因为你需要一些东西来思考。老师们最关注的过程——批判性思维过程——是和存储于长期记忆中的事实性知识密切交织在一起的。
换句话说，只因为你能用谷歌搜索出“黑色星期二”的具体日期，并不意味着你了解大萧条为何发生或是它如何与我们近来的经济衰退相比较。毫无疑问，现在的学生，也是未来的劳动者，他们需要创新、合作和评估。但是这些技能并不能与产生这些技能的知识相脱离。想要创新，你必须了解过去的情况。想要合作，你必须为共同的事业贡献自己的知识。想要评估，你必须将新的信息与你已经掌握的知识作比较。
所以这里有一条数字世界的思考原则，分为两部分。第一，针对在你想要表现优异的任何领域掌握事实性知识基础。这一基础为发展技能提供必不可少的基础，它不能被外包给搜索引擎。
第二，要利用电脑不变的内存，但是也要利用大脑的复杂内存。当你想要存储不会变化的信息，电脑是强大的。但是当你想让信息以有趣和有用的方式变化时，大脑是更好的选择：与其他的事实和观点相联系，理解深层意义，沉浸于你所积累的知识和经验中一段时间从而产生更丰富的思想。
Paage Two 美国近代史始终向西部倾斜，包括人、思想、商业甚至是政治权力。加利福尼亚州和得克萨斯州是美国西部的双生支柱，但是二者极其不同。20 世纪的大部分时间，坐拥硅谷和好莱坞的加州更为聪明和时尚。 得州一直落后：它的传统形象是一个脚穿牛仔靴的保守基督徒。但是双胞胎也会互换角色。现在，不正是这样吗？
很容易发现，加州现在正处于恐慌中。 本月初，曾经的黄金之州开始给债主打欠条。本财政年度预计支出和收入的差距已经蹿升到恐怖的 260 亿美金。没有迹象显示有新的预算要填平这道鸿沟，一家征信所已经降低了加利福尼亚的债务评级。随着预算的削减，高校会录取更少的学生，犯人也会被提前释放，保护弱势群体的方案也会缩减。
相比之下，得州应对经济衰退表现得很好，失业率低于全国平均水平两个百分点，房产收回率更是全国最低的州之一。这一定程度上是因为得州的银行在上一轮的产泡沫崩溃时遭受过严重打击，这一轮就没敢大肆扩张。得州还清楚地提出一种不同的模式——小政府模式。得州不征收州资本收益税或个人所得税，拥有对企业友好和对移民宽容的态度。相比其他任何一个州，它拥有更多的“财富 500 强”企业。
尽管如此，把美国的未来全移交给得州似乎为时过早。首先，精干的得州模式自身还有许多问题。它在教育方面投资不足，许多专家不无道理地担心得州出现“迷失的一代”——主要是那些技能不足而无法满足知识经济需求的拉美裔得州人。
其次，加州拥有众多富有创造力的人才，其竞争力不可小觑。即使好莱坞已经陷入经济萧条期，加州仍然拥有一批出类拔萃的朝阳产业和这个星球上最兴盛的风险投资行业。加州还拥有惊人的自我改造能力——在冷战结束后加州国防工业崩溃时，加州就表现过这种能力。
事实上，两个州都可以从对方身上学到东西。得州依旧缺少加州所拥有的一流大学，在文化上也落后。加州不仅可以借鉴得州更精干的州模式，也可以学习它在政治上更为两党化的方法。没有完美的政府模式：美国的智慧就是，让 50 个公共政策实验室相互竞争，以寻找最好的治理模式。
2014 年 12 月六级真题（第三套） Paage One 错过每天的全球经济衰退的头条新闻很容易，但是有一种不太显眼的社会剧变正在发生，它迅速地改变着地球的面貌和人类生活的方式。这种变化就是城市化的快速推进。 2008 年，人类历史上首次有超过一半的世界人口是居住在城镇和城市的。最近发表的一篇论文显示，城市化进程在未来几十年只会加快，这将对生物多样性产生巨大影响，而且对气候变化也有潜在影响。
正如该论文的第一作者 Karen Seto 指出的那样，城市化浪潮不只是人们向城市生活环境的迁移,也有城市环境为了接纳所有迁入人口进行的自身扩张。城市地区的快速扩张将对生物多样性热点地区和那些城市区域的碳排放产生巨大的影响。
人类是终极入侵物种——人类进入新的领域时常常会使原本生活在那里的野生生物失去家园。 随着新城市所需要的土地被清理出来——特别是在茂密的热带森林中——碳也会被排放到大气中。在发展中国家，人们从农村向城市迁移会减少对土地的压力，继而对环境有利，这一点是真的。 尤其是对极度贫穷的国家而言，那里的农村居民习惯于在植物的生长季节刀耕火种，毁林造田。但是真正的不同在于，在发展中国家，人们从农村迁移到城市通常会伴随着收入的增加——这种增加会导致食物和能源消耗的增加，进而造成碳排放的增加。充足的食物、安全舒适的城市生活固然是一件好事，但它的确需要以牺牲环境为代价。
城市化浪潮不可阻挡，也不应该去阻挡。但 Seto 的论文确实也凸显了管理这场变迁的重要性。如果方式正确，我们就可以降低城市化对环境的影响。 “这是一个很好的机会，同时，去思考城市化的方式也伴随着很多压力和责任，”Seto 说，“有一点很明显，我们不能按照过去几百年的方式来建造城市。这一变迁的巨大规模也不会允许这样做。”不管怎样，我们正向一个城市星球进军，而未来将成为天堂还是地狱完全取决于我们自己。
Paage Two 当哈佛大学的学生 Mark Zuckerberg 在 2004 年 2 月推出 thefacebook.com 时，他根本想象不到这个网站将会释放出来的力量。他原本的意图是将大学生们联结起来。这个网站迅速发展成的 Facebook 最终联结了整个世界。
对生活在当今互联时代的孩子们而言，世界就是一个巨大的社交网络。和前几代人不同，他们并不受传授给他们的知识的约束。他们只受自己的好奇心和雄心的限制。在我的童年时代，所有的知识都是地区性的。你所知晓的每件事情都是从自己的父母、老师、牧师和朋友那里得知的。
因为掌握了高质量和及时的信息，今天的孩子们正在摆脱他们父母的恐惧和偏见。成年人也在参与这场革命。一向温顺的印度中产阶级在抨击社会问题。硅谷领导层羞愧地向他们的董事会增加女性成员。政治领导人为选举和政治事业召集数百万人的力量。所有这一切都是通过 Facebook 和其竞争对手所解放的社交媒体技术而正被实现的。
和每种正在进步的技术一样，社交媒体已经带来了许多新的问题。 它常常容易使年轻的使用者上瘾并给他们带来风险。在中东和其他地区，极端分子利用社交媒体寻找新成员并对他们进行洗脑。它还会让我们和我们的朋友暴露于令人讨厌的监视之下。当我们在度假时，我们可能开着家里的灯，但是通过社交媒体，我们会确切地告诉犯罪分子我们的位置、我们计划回家的时间以及如何对我们进行敲诈。
政府不再需要线人了。社交媒体使得政府机构能够暗中监视自己的公民。我们在 Facebook 上记录自己的思想、情感和喜恶；我们分享我们的政治观点、社会偏好和计划。我们会晒出我们自己的私密照片。没有哪一个情报机构或犯罪组织过去能够有效地收集到我们现在自愿发布给他们的这种数据。
市场营销人员也看到了巨大的机会。亚马逊正试图预测我们会订购什么东西。谷歌正试图根据我们的社交媒体资料来判断我们的需求。 我们需要意识到这些风险并努力消除这些危险。
不管人们使用什么社交媒体，有一件事是肯定的：我们正处在飞速变化的时代。 相比过去的十年，未来的十年将会更加令人惊奇、更加不可预测。正如过去的十年中没有人能够预测社交媒体会引发什么一样，没有人能准确地预测这项技术将把我们带向何处。然而，我乐观地认为互联的人类将会找到提升自身的方法。
2014 年 12 月六级真题（第二套） Paage One 商业类书籍中没有比研究成功的书更成功的了。当下商业书籍的风靡是 1982 年由 Tom Peters 和 Robert Waterman 以及他们所编著的《追求卓越》一书引发的。一个接一个的专家和即将成为专家的人承诺将卓越的精髓浓缩成 3 条（或 5 条或 7 条）简单的规则，因此这一潮流得以持续。
《三条规则》就是对这类著作的一种有意识的贡献；它甚至包含一个“成功学研究”的参考书目。Michael Raynor 和 Mumtaz Ahmed 在一家名为德勒的咨询公司工作，该公司决心将自身更多地转变成一个思想引领者，而不是一个公司维修者。他们使用成功学书籍中的所有技巧。 他们坚持说他们的结论是“可衡量的、可实践的”——它们是行为的引导者，而不是单纯地为分析而分析。成功学作者们通常会奉上有关卓越的商人如何给公司贴上自己性格的标签或者如何将公司从致命的危机中拯救出来的惟妙惟肖的故事。Mers Raynor 和 Ahmed 则更乐意反复琢磨数据：他们提供关于“细数优势的要素”和“详细分析”的详细附录。
这两位作者花了 5 年时间研究了 344 家“卓越的公司”的行为，一开始却毫无所获。每种直觉都进入了死胡同，每种假设都陷入了绝境。只有当他们将注意力从公司如何表现转移到公司如何思考上时，他们才开始理解他们的大量材料。
管理就是指在总是变幻莫测、经常瞬息万变的情况下作出艰难的权衡。但是卓越的公司处理这些权衡时，总是会时而有意、时而无意地考虑到两条简单的规则。第一：物美优于价廉。如果公司在质量或表现上，而不是在价格上竞争，那么从长远来看，它们更有可能成功。第二：收益先于成本。从长远来看，比起降低成本，公司会从提高收入中获得更多。
大多数成功学研究会犯两种错误。一种是“光环效应”，凭借这一效应，良好的表现会使评论者们将各种各样的优点都归结于这个公司所做的任何事情、每件事情。当该公司失败时，这些优点就突然变成了缺点。Mers Raynor 和 Ahmed 通过研究几十年来的大量数据，努力避免犯这些错误。但是他们最终却犯了一种不同的错误：陈述显而易见的事实。大多数商人在得知比起在价格上竞争以杀出一条成功之路，找到可以赢利的隙缝市场和专注于提升收益更好时，并不会吃惊。难题在于如何找到可以赢利的隙缝市场并对其进行保护。在这个问题上，《三条规则》是不太有用的。
Paage Two 直到最近，肯特大学都以自己的友好形象而自豪。 但以后不再如此了。在过去的几个月中，在媒体顾问的帮助下，它一直在努力淡化自己舒适惬意的声誉，以获得更加具有学术性、更加严肃的形象。
肯特大学并不是唯一一个考虑进行形象翻新的大学。明年的资金制度的变化正在迫使大学证明向学生收取高达 9 000 英镑的学费是正当的。
现在，大学更加注重自己的品牌和价值主张。过去，大学在招生活动中经常侧重于学生的社交生活和大学城的吸引力，但是现在，他们则专注于更多实实在在的有吸引力的方面，比如就业前景、与产业界的联系以及与讲师联系的时间，这些都非常明确地说明了学生能从自己所花的钱中得到些什么。
大学面临的问题是如果那些优势没能实现，学生们就会发现。这令处理学生投诉的 Rob Behrens 很担心。 “大学在描述学生们会遇到什么的时候需要极其小心，”他说。“随着吸引有天赋的学生的竞争越来越激烈，大学面临着付出更多代价的危险。”
Rob Behrens 说，有一所大学告诉欲申请工程专业的学生说，他们将能够设计出一辆汽车，并使它在布兰兹哈奇赛道上行驶，但这从来没有实现过。其他大学承诺学生能够使用精密仪器，但结果这些仪器却是坏了的或者不能用的。“如果大学花在恰当处理学生投诉和请求上的钱能与它们花在营销上的钱一样多，那么他们就能更好地留住学生，也能在全国学生调查结果报告中表现得更好，”他说。
正在进行的追踪潜在的 2012 届学生的研究表明，他们不仅会在考虑自己想要从大学得到什么时思维变得更为复杂，还会花更多的时间来调查能够证明教育机构所言属实的证据。
因此，学生调查的重要性日益增强。从明年 9 月份开始，所有的教育机构也有望能在自己的网站上公布重要的信息集，这样就能使学生更容易在机构与机构之间、承诺与现实之间以及工作种类和毕业生的薪资之间作出比较。
因此，大学开始改变自我营销的方式一点儿也不令人吃惊。尽管教育机构最好的营销方式就是擅长做它们所
做的，但他们也需要明确地说明自己与其他教育机构的不同之处。
一旦一个教育机构声明自己尤其擅长某件事，那么它就必须做到，这一点至关重要。一旦你给自己定了位，你就处于被曝光的状态，如果你没能做到，那么你就有麻烦了。
2014 年 12 月六级真题（第一套） Paage One 世界各国政府在可持续发展方面的不作为显然令人担忧，但是一些领先的公司主动出击的方法却鼓舞人心。丰田汽车、沃尔玛、杜邦、马莎百货和通用电气已经把处理环境废物作为一个主要的经济驱动力。
在2010 年之前的 10 年，杜邦公司就承诺会减少 65%的温室气体排放量。到 2007 年，杜邦公司通过提高能源利用率每年节省 22 亿美元，这一数字与它当年公布的总收益相同。通用电气的目标是到 2015 年降低运营过程中 50%的能源强度。它们将大量资金投入到旨在改变能源利用和节约方式的项目中。
像丰田汽车和沃尔玛这样的公司并不是因为出于好心而致力于实现环境保护目标的。引发它们行动的原因是一个简单而有力的认识，那就是环境和经济步调一致。 当马莎百货于2007 年启动其“A 计划”可持续项目的时候，人们认为前 5 年，它将花费 2 亿多英镑。但是，这一方案到 2011/12 财年却产生了 1.05 亿英镑的收益。
在我们避免物质浪费、提高能源利用率或资源生产率时，我们就会省钱、提高盈利能力和竞争力。事实上，由于多年的忽视，经常出现大量的“快赢”机会。
但是，领先的公司和其他公司之间存在巨大的差距。仍然有太多的公司迟迟不肯建立精益、绿色的商业体系，它们的理由是这一体系将会费钱或者需要相当大的资本投入。它们仍然摆脱不掉“要环保就要花费”的心态。做到环境友好并不一定会花钱。实际上，超越这种心态不仅会省钱，同时也会赚到钱，前提是管理采用新的精益、绿色的模式。
精益意味着用更少的东西做更多的事。但是，在大部分公司中，经济和环境的持续改善被认为是彼此冲突的。这是大多数行业所错过的最大的机会之一。这一机会的规模是巨大的。
最近由世界自然基金会和碳信息披露项目发布的《3%报告》显示，在美国经济中，遏制二氧化碳排放量从现在至 2020 年这段时间里所带来的经济奖励是 7 800 亿美元。这表明，实现这一机会的最重要的手段之一就是“通过管理和行为的改变而提高的效率”——也就是说，精益、绿色的管理。
大约 50 项研究表明，致力于实现零浪费、零有害物质排放、不可再生资源的零使用等如此具有雄心壮志的目标的公司在经济上要胜过它们的竞争者。 相反，研究发现，气候破坏每年已经造成 1.2 万亿美元的经济损失，使全球 GDP 下降 1.6%。如果得不到解决，到 2030 年，这一数字将会翻倍。
Paage Two 如果你要我描述一下当下正在兴起的哲学思想，我会说是数据主义。我们现在有能力收集大量的数据。这种能力似乎带有某些文化假设——那就是每个能够被衡量的东西都应该被衡量；数据是一种透明的、可靠的透镜，能使我们过滤掉情感主义和意识形态；数据会帮助我们做出一些非凡的事情——比如预测未来。
在接下来的一年，我希望能更好地了解数据革命带来的一些问题：在什么情况下我们应该依赖凭直觉获知的模式识别以及在哪些情况下我们应该忽略直觉并遵从数据？什么种类的事件是能够通过统计分析预测的以及什么种类的事件则不能这样做？
我承认我是以怀疑的心态开始探索数据革命的，因为我相信在试图将所有事情都减少到可计量的范畴内的过程中，我们往往会做过头。 但是在一开始，让我先庆祝一下数据做得确实很好的两件事情。
首先，数据非常善于暴露出我们对事实的直觉看法是错误的。例如，几乎每个竞选政治职务的人都有一种直觉，即如果他们可以筹集到并且支出更多的钱，那么他们就能有力地影响赢得选举的几率。 但这在很大程度上是错误的。
2006 年的选举之后，Sean Trende 制作了一个图表，对在任者的竞选开支优势和他们获胜时在票数上的最终差额进行了比较。更多的开支和更大的胜利之间几乎没有任何关系。
同样地，许多教师都有一种直觉，那就是不同的学生有不同的学习方式：一些是言语型的，一些是视觉型的；一些是直线型的，一些则是整体型的。教师们认为，如果他们针对每个学生来专门制定课程，那么他们就能改善教学效果。 但是同样没有证据来支持这一点。
其次，数据可以解释我们还没有注意到的行为模式。例如，我一直认为经常使用词语“我”和“我的”的人可能比不经常使用它们的人更加以自我为中心。但是得克萨斯大学的 James Pennebaker 在他的《代词的秘密生活》一书中指出，当人们感到自信的时候，他们会专注于手头的任务，而不是自己。地位高的、自信的人很少使
用“我”这样的词，而不是更多地使用。
我们的大脑经常注意不到不易察觉的语言模式，但是 Pennebaker 的电脑可以。与更多地使用肯定的、将来时的词语的年长作家相比，年轻的作家更多地使用否定的、过去时的词语。
总而言之，数据革命正为我们提供理解现在和过去的极好方法。它会改变我们预测未来、作出有关未来的决定的能力吗？让我们拭目以待。
2015 年 6 月六级真题（第三套） Paage One 来自劳工统计局的报告正如预料的那样糟糕。一月份的失业率达到了16年以来的最高水平7．6%，有59.8万个就业机会被大幅削减，这是自1974年12月以来单月减少最多的一个月。在过去的三个月里有180万人失业，因此，政府需要尽快振兴经济。不过，美国政府在对这个残酷的数字采取行动之前最好还是深吸一口气。
总体来看，我们依靠失业率的数字和其他数据来形成我们的现实感。它们是一大串数据的重要组成部分，我们利用这些数据来评价我们究竟做得好还是不好，这些数据反过来也会影响政府决策、公司预算和个人支出决定。问题是这些数据并没有客观反映现实，它们只是最接近现实而已。有指导意义的是，这些数据反映就业趋势，但是失业的精确人数还是个谜，而这使得寻找应对之策变得异常艰难。
首先，搜集数据用了这样一种方法：官方的失业率是通过电话调查了大约6万户家庭得出的结果。还有一种调查，有时候被称为“工资单调查”，通过40万家公司上报的工资总支出来估算失业率。这两种调查都存在问题。工资单调查很容易把某人“算重”：如果一个人有两份工作，工资单上就会显示为两个人。工资单调查也无法获知个体经营者的数量，很少涉及创造独立收入的人数。
家庭调查还有一个更大的问题。当被直接询问的时候，如果话题涉及性、金钱和工作，人们通常会撒谎或者掩盖事实。如果你接到一个电话，问你是否有工作，然后你说是的，你有工作。然而，如果你说没有，那么你会惊奇地发现只是在过去积极地找工作的这四个星期里，你才算失业；否则，你就是“未就业人群”，不算真正失业。
量化需求在我们的社会中根深蒂固。但是，统计学家们能获得客观事实这个想法不可能不存在。这个想法也会导致严重的误判。民主党人和共和党人在很多问题上都需要表明立场，但是—个更关键的问题在于两党的重大决策都是基于大致估计，而并非用批判的眼光和开放性的思维来审阅大量的原始数据资料。
Paage Two 2008年的某个时候，可能在亚洲或者非洲，有个人做了一个决定：从农村搬到城市。这个无名小卒将人类推到了一个历史性的起点，因为在那一年人类在历史上第一次成为以城市人口为主导的种群。
这个趋势没有减缓的迹象。人口统计学家估计，到2050年，四分之三的世界人口将居住在城市，大部分的人口增长都来自亚洲和非洲迅速扩大的城镇。移民来到城市是因为就业机会多，医疗、教育途径多．而且可以逃脱农民无聊的农业生活。那些因素足以弥补肮脏、疾病和极度贫困等问题，而这些是那些移民刚到城市所必须要忍受的。
皮特·史密斯的新书灵感正是来自城市。他的主要观点是：城市生活的忙碌及城市为人们提供的合作机会吸引人们来到城市，更多人来到城市反过来又使城市变成艺术、商业、科学和进步的引擎。这几乎是革命性的．但是它以一种迷人的模式呈现出来。史密斯先生写了一本让人如沐春风的指导书，包含一系列特写城市某些具体方面的简短章节，比如公园及多年来提出的让城市变得完美的各种各样的项目。这使这本书或了员量高、构思异常缜密的咖啡桌边书，需要深入阅读，而非草草浏览。
比如摩天大楼那一章．史密斯先生阐述了建筑方法、自动电梯这一革命性发明、在高空生活的可行性以及随着城市变得越来越拥挤．公寓式住房会成为一种标准。但是书中也不时谈及一些稀奇的理论，比如关于摩天大楼指数(该理论认为，建筑摩天大楼的热潮很明显地预示着即将发生衰退)的讨论。
一个显著的批评是：文章涉及内容过于宽泛，而深度不够；史密斯先生的很多文章在回答了很多疑问的同时又提出了很多新问题。尽管这确实有些令人沮丧，但面对如此庞大的话题，这或许是唯一的办法。城市是文明的建筑群，也几乎是人们一切生活的载体；因此，一本城市指南对一个数量众多、增长迅速
的人类群体如何选择生活也是一种引导。史密斯先生的书很好地引出了这个庞大的话题，也将引发更多的讨论。
2015 年 6 月六级真题（第二套） Paage One 我得承认我一直不太能理解人们对转基因农作物的成见。对奉行环境保护主义的反对者们来说，转基因食品就是很邪恶，还是大型农业公司用来控制全球种子市场和压迫当地农民的未经充分研究且司能有害的工具。他们认为转基因食品从来没有兑现它们所谓的承诺。这些承诺是，用在转基因农作物上的钱最好转用到有机耕作上，并且任何含有转基因成分的产品都应该贴上警告标签，以此来保护消费者。对支持者们来说，为了持续提供食品以满足全球人口不断增长的需求，转基因农作物是所作出的努力的关键部分。但是不仅这样，支持者们认为，很多环境保护主义者对转基因的反对基本上是反科学的，和那些质疑人工改变气候的基础原理的人没有什么不同。
对双方而言，转基因食品是一个标志：你是亲农业还是反科学。但是谈到转基因食品，我们确实更需要科学，基于这个原因，我很高兴看到《自然》杂志的一系列致力于转基因食品争议的特别报道。结论就是：尽管转基因农作物还没有实现它们预期的承诺，并且被一些农业公司控制，我们仍有理由继续使用和研发转基因农作物来帮助我们应对这个巨大的挑战，即为人口不断增长的星球持续供应食物。
这并不意味着转基因农作物很完美，或者这是解决全球农业问题“一劳永逸”的办法。但是任何能提高耕作效率(每英亩土地我们能产出的粮食量)的方法都是极为有用的。转基因农作物可以并且几乎肯定能成为这套工具之一，此外还有传统作物培育、土壤改良和农作物管理——可能最重要的，尤其是对发展中国家来说，更好的存储和运输基础设施。(对于像在撒哈拉沙漠以南地区的农民来说，如果粮食不能送到饥饿的消费者手里，高产是没有什么用处的。)我希望看到在转基因农作物方面有更多非产业化的研究——不仅是因为我们会少些对偏见的担心，还因为像孟山都和先锋这样的种子公司不应该是仅有的掌控基因修改工作的实体。我希望看到在商业化较少的农作物上的转基因研究，如玉米。
我认为是否在食品上标明转基因成分并不重要，但是我也不反对这样傲——企业会以一种可以消除科技恐惧的方式对标注进行巧妙处理。
但是最重要的是·我希望人们能拿出花在无休止讨论转基因农作物上时间的十分之一来关注一下全球农业面f临的更紧迫的挑战。我们还有更大的仗要打。
Paage Two 提前录取(你申请一所学校，其录取具有约束力)似乎是那些紧张不安的申请者的很好的选择。学校招收更高比例的提前录取申请者，可以说，这意味着你进入大学的可能性更大。如果你申请了，整个痛苦的过程到l2月就结束了。但是，大多数学生和家长并没有意识到学校提供提前录取是有其隐藏的动机的。
因为提前录取具有约束力，这样学校就能录取到高质量的学生；它允许录取委员会选择对他们学校有特殊需求的学生，并且知道这些学生会来。这也使学校毕业率更高，而这是人们经常用来衡量一所学校的优秀程度和受欢迎程度的方法之一。
问题在于这个过程实际上缩短了学生必须作出他们到那时为止人生最重要的决定的时间。按普通录取流程，高中毕业生一直到5月1日才必须选择上哪所大学；提前录取实际上使学生的考虑时间缩短了6个月，而这段时间可以用来参观更多学校、做更多研究、和现在的学生及校友交谈，按理可以作出一个更全面的决定。
坦率地说，美国有大量优秀的大学，对于任何一个学生来说，都会有很多学校非常适合。如果学生在录取过程早期过于专注某一所学校，那么，如果他们没有被录取，他们就会非常失望，或者是虽然录取了，也有这种可能性：若有时间进一步考虑，这所学校可能实际上并不适合他们而他们现在却不得不去。
就提前录取提供的真正录取优势来说，这个优势大多源于学生本身就具有很多优势。申请提前录取的学生往往是那些因为拥有一个更优越的背景而得到更高质量的大学指导的学生。从这个角度讲，有人反对提前录取，因为低收入家庭的学生收到录取指南以帮助他们理解那些常常让人困惑的提前录取截止时间的可能性要小得多。
已经做过研究并确信自己若被录取到某所学校会特别激动的学生，在目前的体制下，很可能会申请提酋录取。但是，对于那些没有做足研究或者始终无法确定自己最喜欢哪所学校的学生来说，提前录取体割没有必要并且过早地缩小了他们此时的选择范围，而这个时候他们正应该放开自己以迎接一系列令人心动的选择。
2015 年 6 月六级真题（第一套） Paage One 当一个适当的人在适当的时机得到合适的工作，他的影响力就可以得到巨大的延展。珍妮特．耶伦有望在一月份被确定为美联储下一任主席，她的职位就找到了适当的人选。如果你像许多人一样，认为失业是我们这个时代主要的经济和社会关注点，那么认为耶伦是目前这个世界上最有权力的人物一点也不夸张。
在2008年经济危机以及随后的衰退和复苏期间，中央银行承担了最后的经济刺激者的角色，通过巨额的资产买卖的方式擎起全球经济。耶伦曾是美联储的一个副主席，也是美联储3．8万亿资金库的主要创造者之一。作为一位以人力市场开拓工作著称的明星经济家，耶伦还曾经是对次级债消融的预警有早期预见能力的女预言家。现在，她的工作将是带领美联储和市场走出史上最大、最不寻常的金融项目，而又不会脱离脆弱的经济复苏的轨迹。
好消息是现年67岁的耶伦非常适合接受这些挑战。她对金融市场有准确的理解，她理解经济的不完美性并且坚定地相信人类的疾苦更主要的是与失业而不是其他因素相关。
一些专家担心耶伦会过度关注失业而忽视了通货膨胀。但是，在薪金依然比较固定而富人与长期失业者的经济状况分化不断加剧的形势下，更多人的担心与前者恰恰相反—通货紧缩，这会加剧经济问题。
另一方面，这位未来的美联储主席将不得不找到适当的方法缓慢终止这一刺激。必须稳步推进，去除泡沫，实现市场着陆，又不能太快而造成另外一场经济危机。
与以往的许多美联储领导人不同，耶伦不相信金融行业应该自我规范运行的论调。她一直就知道美联储对于经济的监管一直都过于松弛。
耶伦很司能在将失业率降低到6％以下之后就着手解决这一问题，稳定市场并确保经济复苏更具包容性和生命力。正如普林斯顿大学教授艾伦·布朗德所说：“她聪明得像鞭子，很有逻辑，乐于争辩，同时也是一个很好的倾听者。她能够劝服别人而又不会产生敌意。”所有这些特点都将是很有用的，因为这位全球经济的新掌权人需要解决最为棘手的问题。
Paage Two 空气污染在全球很多地方正在变得日益严重。城市公园从日出之时就挤满了人，这证明人们是多么渴望在绿色、开阔的空间呼吸。虽然他们不见得都知道自己寻找的是什么，但他们还是聚集在那里。在那种环境中，他们一般会感觉到平静安详。在花园里极少会看见人们争斗。也许争斗最初发生不是在经济或者社会层面，而是对空气占有方面，空气对生命本身是至关重要的。如果人类能够呼吸和分享空气，他们就没有必要相互争斗了。
不幸的是，在我们西方的传统中，无论唯物主义还是唯心主义理论家，对于这个生命的基本条件都没有给予充分的考虑。至于政治家们，尽管他们建议控制环境污染，但并没有要求将污染环境人罪。富有的国家甚至获准污染环境，只要付钱就行。
但是，我们的生命除了钱以外就没有其他有价值的东西了吗?植物世界无言地向我们展示了忠实于生命的内涵。它还引领我们来到一个新的起点，督促我们关注我们的呼吸，不仅在生命层面，还在精神层面。(63)我们需要密切关注的是存在于我们自身与植物世界之间的相互依赖。覆盖地球表面的森林常常被描述为“这个星球的肺”，它们通过释放氧气，向我们馈赠可呼吸的空气。但是，它们清洁被工业污染的空气的能力早已达到极限。如果我们缺少健康生活所需的空气，那是因为我们在其中充斥了化学物质并削弱了植被能使其再生的能力。正如我们所知的，快速地砍伐森林并伴随大规模的矿物燃烧是不可逆转的灾害的导火索。
关于资源争夺的战争会把整个星球带入地狱，除非人类学会相互之间、与植被之间分享生活。这项任务同时具有道德和政治意义，因为只有在每个人都能够承担也只有在大家共同承担时，才能完成。自然界教给我们的是，分享生活可以拓展生命空间，提升生命层次，而将生命分为所谓的自然和人类资源贬低了它。我们必须学会将空气、植被和我们自己视为保护生命和成长的贡献者，而不是任由我们支配量化物品和生产潜能的网络。也许到那时我们能最终学会生活，而不是仅仅关注生存。
2015 年 12 月六级真题（第三套） Paage One 十多年前,任教于范德堡大学的认知科学家约翰·布朗斯福特和丹尼尔·施瓦茨发现,年轻人与儿童的区别并不在于记住事情或将之前学到的知识应用于新情况的能力,而是在于他们称为“为未来学习作准备”的品质。研究人员要求五年级学生和大学生制订一个防止秃鹰灭绝的复苏计划。令人惊讶的是,这两组想出的计划水平相当(虽然大学生的书写表达能力更出色)。在传统教育工作者的看来,这一结果表明,学校教育未能帮助学生思考生态系统和物种灭绝这两个重要的科学概念。
但的,研究人员决定进行更深人的研究。 他们要求两个小组提出与制订复苏计划所需的重要事项相关的问题。在这项任务中,他们发现了巨大的差异。大学生们关注的是老鹰与其栖息地之间相互依存的关键问题。五年级的学生们则倾向于关注老鹰的个体特征(“它们的体型有多大?”和“它们以什么为食?”)。大学生已培养出了提问的能力,这是批判性思维的基石。 他们已学会了如何学习。
博物馆和其他非正式学习机构可能比中小学更适合教授这项技能。在旧金山的探索馆里,我们最近研究了学习提出好问题会对人们科学探索的质量产生怎样的影响。我们发现,当我们教参与者使用“如果?”和“如何?”来问这些现场没有人知道答案但又会激发探索的问题时,他们在下次展览时会更好地进行探究———提出更多的问题,进行更多的实验并对其研究结果作出更好的解释。确切地说,在新展览上,他们的问题变得更加全面。他们往往会在问题中涵盖因果关系,而不仅仅是询问他们想尝试问的问题。 提出生动的的问题看起来是一种可用于多种工作的技能,用于深化协作以探究展览中所发现的科学内容。
这种学习并不局限于博物馆或机构组织。非正式学习的环境比学校更能容忍失败。或许很多教师只有很少的时间让学生形成并探究他们自己的问题,而在课程中又有太多的东西要教。但是,人们必须从某个地方获得这项技能。 我们的社会依赖能对自己的医疗作出关键决定的人,或者对关于全球能源需求我们所必须做的事情作出关键决定的人。为此,我们拥有一个健全的非正式学习系统,不会打分,来者皆收,甚至在节假日和周末皆可用。
PaageTwo “太空界有句老话:外行说技术,内行谈保险。”在去年《经济学家》的一次采访中,太空旅游公司维珍银河的首席执行官乔治·怀特塞兹将其公司归为后者。然而,在10 月31 日维珍太空进取号的坠毁导致两名飞行员一死一重伤之后,保险也难以起到安慰作用。
除了造成人员的惨重的伤亡外,发生在加州的这一惨剧不仅造成了人员伤亡,更将给太空旅行———甚至在它刚刚起步之前———的前景长期笼罩在阴影之下。
随着爱冒险的富豪工程师丹尼斯·蒂托花费了2,000万美元搭乘俄罗斯的宇宙飞船游览了太空,太空旅行的概念于2001年开始盛行。 自那以后,只有六名度假者花费同样的天价抵达太空轨道。但最近,一些公司开始计划推出价格更为实惠的“亚轨道”飞行———只在太空茫茫黑暗的边缘作短暂的探险。在本周事故之前,维珍银河公司几乎就要启动常规太空航行了。 该公司已收取了包括史蒂芬·霍金在内的约800名准太空旅客的订金。
数年来一直受困于技术延误的维珍银河公司创始人理查德·布兰森爵士,近来表明“太空船2号”飞行器最快将于2015年2月搭载第一批付费的乘客。这一日程目前看起来不大可能完成了。据报道,失事航天飞行器的姊妹飞行器在七月份已大约完工一半。 而另一半则需等到美国联邦航空管理局和国家运输安全委员会的权威人士找到问题所在之后才能开工。
与此同时,整个太空旅游业都将人心惶惶。2004版《商业太空发射修正法》旨在鼓励私人太空航天器和服务的发展,禁止交通部长(以及联邦航空局)管理私人航天器的设计或操作,除非它们对机组人员或乘客造成了严重或致命的伤害。这意味着联邦航空局可能会吊销维珍银河公司的飞行执照。联邦航空局还可能坚持要求对私人的载人航天器进行彻底的检查,就像其对商用飞机所做的那样。虽然这可能会使亚轨道旅行更加安全,但也会令这一新兴行业的成本和复杂性显著增加,到目前为止,这一新兴行业主要是亿万富翁和那些爱幻想的工程师的游乐场。
维珍银河公司、监管机构以及公众对这起最新悲剧事件的反应将决定私人太空旅行是否以及多久才能超越“游乐场”的地位。毫无疑问,太空旅行有风险,而且开拓一种新的旅行模式不仅要面对这些风险,还要通过汲取来之不易的经验来降低此类风险。
2015 年 12 月六级真题（第二套） Paage One 一百年前,“有色人种”是用于指代有非洲血统的美国人的典型方式。二十年后,它被刻意换成了“黑鬼”。到了20世纪60年代末,这个称谓又被“黑人”所取代。随后,1988年,在芝加哥召开的一个新闻发布会上,杰西·杰克逊宣称“非洲裔美国人”才是可接受的称谓。之所以选中该称谓,是因为它与诸如“意大利裔美国人”“爱尔兰裔美国人”等已经摆脱普遍歧视的群体的称谓相似。
一个世纪以来蓄意的称谓变化说明了这样一个事实:给任何一个群体命名都是一种承载着政治意义的活动。2001年的一项研究归纳了“黑人”比“非洲裔美国人”更具负面涵义的各个方面。
如果说大家都知道“黑人”与“非洲裔美国人”被人们区别看待,可研究者们至今也不确定产生这种观念上的差异的源头。最近埃默里大学的艾丽卡·霍尔的一项研究发现,“黑人”之所以比“非洲裔美国人”更具负面含义是因为人们对两者社会经济地位上的认知差异。因此,“黑人”被视为能力较差,且个性较为冷漠。
该研究令人震惊的发现使我们清晰的明白了渗透到职业领域内的种族偏见。即使简历中看似无害的细节,似乎也能引起招聘者的偏见。一份职位申请可能会提到加入过“威斯康星非洲裔美国律师协会”或是“全国黑人雇员协会”等机构,这些机构的名称显然会产生某些影响,而且这已超出其成员的控制范围。
在该研究的一个实验中,研究人员提供给受试者一段关于来自芝加哥姓威廉姆斯的人的简要描述。在一组受试者中,这个人被称为“非洲裔美国人”,而在另外一组,他被称为“黑人”。除此之外,没有更多的信息,然后要求受试者估计威廉姆斯的薪资、职位和教育背景。
“非洲裔美国人”组估计他的年薪约37,000美元,具有两年制大学学位。而“黑人”组则认为其年薪在29,000美元左右,且他只有“某个”高等教育经历。第一组中约有75% 的人估计威廉姆斯先生从事管理层工作,而第二组中仅有38.5%的人这样猜测。
霍尔的研究发现表明,我们需要就选择使用“非洲裔美国人”这一称呼作一番讨论,但是人们会禁不住感觉这么做掩盖了称谓需要持续进步的紧迫性。显然我们需要一个新的称谓,这个称谓能够让所有人都能更进一步理解杜博斯的最初理想的希冀:“称谓不重要,事情本身才重要。”
Paage two 美国各地的学院和大学在使其学生为进入职场或毕业后的生活做好准备这一方面做得不是很好。这一点在两位社会学家理查德·阿鲁姆和约斯帕·罗克萨的著作中已阐述得很明确了。他们于2011年发布了一份具有里程碑意义的研究报告,名为《学术漂泊》,记录了许多大学生缺乏知识增长。尤其,阿鲁姆和罗克萨发现,大学生没有养成批判性思维、分析推理以及其他更高级的技能,而这些技能是在当今知识经济中取得成功,以及在这个充满复杂挑战和瞬息万变的时代领导我们国家发展所必备的。
阿鲁姆和罗克萨把学生的学术不足归咎于有水分的大学课程和降低的学生的作业标准。虽然上大学应该是全日制学习,但学生平均每周只花12到14个小时学习,而且许多人没有做大量的阅读和写作就度过了大学四年。那些参加更有挑战性的课程并花更多时间学习的学生确实能学到更多的知识。但是许多大学生的优先事项是课外活动、体育运动、聚会和社交。
关于家长支付大学学费的研究报告,作者劳拉·汉密尔顿在即将出版的新书中指出,大学的管理部门过于关注其学生的社会和体育活动。在《为聚会付学费》一书中,汉密尔顿描述了她所说的“聚会之路”,这种途径使许多学生的大学毕业变得更加容易,而各种让学生参加聚会的俱乐部以及大量更简单的专业也是佐证。通过批准这种降低标准的学院,大学“正在迎合有钱学生的社会和教育需求,却以牺牲其他学生为代价”,而这些学生一旦毕业就不会享有富有学生的经济支持或社交关系。
这些学生如果想把学位作为迈入中产阶级的垫脚石,他们就需要在大学期间学习技能和知识。而享有更多特权的学生也不能浪费这个机会。正如应届毕业生所证明的,对于那些没有真实能力以及缺乏吃苦耐劳的奋斗精神的求职者,就业市场是不会仁慈的。全球经济也不会宽容美国劳动力日益薄弱的文化、数学和科学能力。当然,大学毕业生仍然比只有高中文凭的人表现得好。但是,如果没有获得知识或技能,大学学位也不过是一个没有意义的成就。对于那些安然度过学院生活的学生,以及那些学习要求少,却提供更多诱惑并收取更高学费的大学而言,聚会可能很快就会结束了。
2015 年 12 月六级真题（第一套） Paage One
国内一些最具影响力的医疗集团表示,他们再也不能无视不断上升的医疗保健价格,他们建议医生对病人做出治疗决定时不仅要考虑疗效,也要权衡费用。
这一变化在医疗机构以外鲜受关注,但已在医疗机构内部备受争议。这意味着医生们要开始重新界定他们的角色,从只考虑病人个体转为对怎样使用医疗成本施加影响。
实际上,正在被制订的新指导方针可能导致医生出于价格原因选择这一种药品而不选择另一种,甚至可能决定采用一种特殊的治疗方法,(比如在病人临终时)这种治疗方法太过昂贵。在极端情况下,批评家提出基于费用做出的治疗决定是一种定量配给的形式。
依照传统,指导方针深刻地影响着医学行为,而且最新出台的指导方针则期待医生们更加注意其医疗决定的经济后果,即使随后并没有相应的责任。 医疗界的指导方针也被保险公司用来制定其报销政策。
一些医生发现同时作为医疗服务的提供者与经济监督员之间存在着潜在矛盾。
波士顿医院的马丁·塞缪尔斯医生说:“社会上应该有关注预算的人员,但这些人不应是医生。”他说,医生极可能失去病人的信任,如果医生告诉病人:“我不能对你采取我所考虑的最佳方案,因为这对马萨诸塞州的医疗预算不利。”
医生们会面临一些残酷的权衡。例如:研究显示,两种药物对治疗黄斑变性这种眼部疾病疗效相当。但一种药的费用是每支50 美元而另一种是2000 美元。 如果每个人都选用便宜的阿瓦斯汀而不是较为昂贵的雷珠单抗,那么医保一年将会节省上亿美元开支。
但是美国食品和药品管理局还没有批准阿瓦斯汀用于眼部治疗,使用它来替代雷珠单抗可能会产生安全风险,尽管可能是极其轻微的。 医生们是否应该在决定使用何种药物时考虑医保预算? “在道德层面上,我们应仅仅替我们面前的病人分忧,而不是想着为保险行业或整个社会省钱,”唐纳德·詹森医生说道。
不过,一些分析人士认为医生仍然要承担分析费用的角色,因为很少有其他群体能做到这点。“从某种意义上讲,”丹尼尔·塞尔马西医生说:“这表明社会在处理这一问题上失败了。”
PaageTwo 上个月,巴拉克·奥巴马总统在美国进步中心的一场演讲中称,经济不平等是“我们这个时代决定性的挑战”。他提出,不公平很危险,不仅仅是因为贫富差异影响不好,更因为不公平本身破坏了向更高层社会的流动性,令贫困者更难以摆脱贫困。他说,“持续扩大的不公平和不断减弱的流动性对美国梦构成了根本性的威胁”。
奥巴马是唯一一个宣称不公平是头号公敌和美国减少贫困最大威胁的最著名的公众人物。许多著名的的经济学家也指出,由于经济阶梯的间距拉大,现在穷人攀登阶梯的难度加大。
针对集中于百分之一穷困人口的所有新的关注,哈佛大学和伯克利大学“机会项目均等”的一份新的数据集显示,如果我们关心的是整体的向更高层社会的流动性,那么我们就过度夸大了贫富差距的危险。正如社会学家司各特·文舍普基于这他对些数据的分析最近发表的一篇文章中所提到的,不公平本身并不是经济流动性的强有力的预测指标。
那么,在社区层面上,哪些因素能够预示贫困孩子在成人后能否提高经济地位? 例如:什么才能解释,为什么盐湖城城区是一百个最能增加穷人财富的城区之一,而亚特兰大地区则恰恰相反? 哈佛大学经济学家拉尔·查蒂指出,这些因素包括经济和种族隔离、社区密度、社区中产阶层规模、学校的质量、社区宗教虔诚程度和他称为“向更高层社会的流动性的唯一的最强相关因素”的家庭结构。查蒂发现,像盐湖城这样双亲家庭比例髙和宗教虔诚程度高的社区,比亚特兰大那样种族和经济隔离程度高的社区更能为贫困孩子提供上升机会。
査蒂尚未发表针对每个因素相对预测力的综合分析。 根据我对这些数据的分析,在查蒂指出的那些因素中,以下三个似乎对一个社区的向更高层社会的流动性最具预测性: 1.人均收人增长
2.单亲母亲的普遍程度(强相关,但是负相关) 3.地方政府人均支出
换言之,人均收入增长快、双亲家庭比例高和地方政府人均支出高(这可能意味着学校教育质量高)的社区,最有可能帮助贫困孩子重现霍瑞修·阿尔杰从白手起家的故事。
2016 年 6 月六级真题（第三套） Paage One
互动式电视广告可使观众用遥控器点击广告,该广告形式已经推广好多年。差不多十年前,就预测《老友记》(广受欢迎的情景喜剧)的观众将很快只需按几下遥控器就能买到一件和JenniferAniston的一样的毛衣。数字媒体咨询公司的ColinDixon说:“这过去十年或十二年是互动式电视广告之年。”
所以,Cablevision(美国有线电视公司),于10 月6 日将向其所有顾客推出互动式广告的消息受到了一些质疑。在播放广告期间,屏幕下方出现了覆盖广告,催促观众按下按钮索要免费样品或订购目录。Cablevision 希望明年初能够让顾客用遥控器购物。
电视广告需要推动力。今年上半年费用降低了10%。数字录像机的普及让广告商担心他们的广告将被忽略。一些广告商求助于互联网,互联网便宜并且能提供具体的测量方法,像点击率———在营销预算紧张的时候尤为重要。Cablevision 的DavidKline说,“流向互联网的广告费将会回到电视上来。”至少这个产业希望如此。
从理论上讲,互动式广告能以30 秒的插播广告做不到的方式吸引到观众。 最近,Unilever为其 Axe牌除臭剂发起了互动活动,该活动中观众的平均参与时间超过了3分钟。
用在电视交互式广告上的经费数目仍然很小。Magna(广告代理商)估计,今年电视互动式广告的产值将达 1.38 亿美元。 这一数字远低于人们曾预计的数十亿美元的产值。 但是, DirecTV(美国直播集团),Comcast(康卡斯特公司)以及 Time WarnerCable(时代华纳有限公司)都对互动式电视广告进行了投资。CanoeVentures是一家领先的有线电视联盟,其在主导一个项目,旨在今年年末向全美推出交互式广告。BrightLineiTV 是一家设计和销售互动广告公司,它表示人们对互动广告的兴趣高涨:预计其今年的收益几乎增加三倍。BSkyB(英国天空广播公司),英国最大的卫星电视服务公司,已经向9百万顾客提供互动广告。
然而,对于电视“后倾”媒介、人们在看时是否渴望互动,仍存有疑虑。目前,点击率很高(大约3-4%,互联网上不足0.3%),这也许只是人们对新颖事物好奇的的结果。互动广告与观众也许不能融洽相处。
Paage Two 采取什么措施来应对大规模失业? 所有聪明人一致同意:没有快而简单的解决方法。 工作是有的,但工作者还没做好准备———他们出现在错误的岗位上,或掌握不正确的技术。我们的问题是“结构性的”,需要许多年才能解决。
但是不要费心思寻找能证明这种令人失望的观点的佐证。 因为根本就没有任何证据。相反,所有的事实都表明,美国的高失业率是需求不足引起的。没有简单的解决方法听起来很明智,其实很愚蠢:如果我们有清晰的头脑和政治意愿采取行动,失业危机能很快解决掉。换句话说,结构性失业是伪难题,是不寻找有效解决办法的借口。
事实上,每个主要的领域的工作岗位需求都大幅下降,而几乎所有行业中被迫从事兼职的工作者数量骤然上升。失业问题在各主要行业门类都已经涌现。只有3个总人口加起来比超过布鲁克林人口多一点的州的失业率低于5%。所以,这些证据与我们主要遭受结构性失业相矛盾。那么,为什么这种说法如此受欢迎? 部分答案是,这种情况总是发生在高失业率期间,部分原因是,专家和分析师认为说这些问题根深蒂固,没有简单的解决方法会使他们话听起来很严肃。
我一直在关注,自封的“专家”对大萧条时期的失业有何看法;他们的看法与“非常严肃的人”的看法几乎完全一致。在1935年,就有分析者称失业是不可能在短期解决的,因为劳动力“缺乏适应能力、缺乏训练,不能把握行业可能提供的机会。”几年后,一次大规模的国防建设最终提供满足经济需求的财政刺激———突然间各行业急切雇用那些“缺乏适应能力、缺乏培训的”工人。
但是现在,就像当初一样,强大的势力在意识形态上反对政府采取大规模刺激经济的全部想法。从根本上讲,这是宣称我们面临巨大结构性失业问题的言论一直增长的原因:大规模失业正削弱我们的经济和破坏社会,而他们却给出了一个对大规模失业不采取任何行动的理由。
所以,你需要明白的是没有任何证据支持这些说法。我们不是缺乏需要的技术,而是缺乏解决策略。正如我说的那样,结构性失业不是真正的问题,是借口———针对美国问题急需行动的时刻而不行动的借口。
2016 年 6 月六级真题（第二套） Paage One
根据最新一项报道,面对水源短缺和肥料价格逐渐上涨,发展中国家的农民正在使用未经处理的下水道污水为近4900万英亩的农田灌溉和施肥———这也许并不是坏事。
尽管这种做法给很多人带来很大的健康风险,但是对于贫穷的城市农民和需要平价食品的消费者带来的社会和经济效益远大于这些危险。
“废水灌溉农业给大量城市消费者带来帮助和伤害的可能性都很高,”领导这项研究的 Liqa Raschid-Saly说。 该项研究集中于贫困的城市地区,城市中或周边的农场提供相对廉价的食品。 农田的灌溉水大多来自当地河流或湖泊。然而,与发达城市不同,这些地区缺乏先进的水处理设施,而河流实际上就成了下水道。
当这些水用于农业灌溉的时候,农民和那些生食未经清洗的农产品的消费者便面临摄入引发疾病的细菌的风险。根据世界卫生组织的统计,每年有将近220 万人死于与腹泻相关的疾病。超过80%的案例与接触受污染水源和缺乏正规的公共卫生设施有关。但是环境科学家PayDrechsel认为,使用未经处理的人类排泄物种植粮食所产生的社会、经济效益远大于其健康风险。
这些风险可以通过对农民和消费者的教育得到解决,他说道,而从人类废物中获得的免费水源和养料可以帮助发展中国家的城市农民摆脱贫困。
农业是水密集型产业,约占全球淡水消耗的70%的。
在贫困、干涸的地区,未经处理的污水是唯一切实可行的灌溉来源,能让农民继续维持营生。有时候,水源太过匮乏,农民甚至会撬开污水管道把污水排入地河流的下水管道。
在发展中国家,灌溉是人类排泄物最主要的农业用途。 但从厕所收集的未经处理的人类排泄物常常被送到农场,作为肥料进行播撒。
在多数情况下,人类排泄物用于种植农作物,而这些农作物会经过烹煮,从而将传播水生疾病的风险降到最低。去年,某些地方每公吨肥料的价格上涨了将近50%,这就使人类排泄物成为有吸引力的,而且往往是必不可少的替代选择。
在使用污泥的情况下,可以避免使用昂贵的化学肥料。这种污泥含有同样重要的营养成分。“过分严格的标准往往难以达到,”世界卫生组织水健康专家JamesBartram 说。“我们需要接受这个地球大部分地区的实际情况,所以完全有理由使用微处理或未处理废物进行农业生产。”
PaageTwo 如今,人们无需下厨。家家户户都在吃高胆固醇的外卖和微波炉加热即熟的食品。 烹饪成了一种偶然的爱好和名厨们表现的工具。奇怪的是,厨房已成为现代家庭的核心:厨房在21世纪家庭中的地位,犹如大厅在中世纪城堡中的地位。
用在厨房的开支已经随着其地位的提高而上涨。在美国,厨房市场目前价值1,700亿美元,是电影产业的5倍。截至2007年8月,瑞典家具连锁公司宜家(IKEA)在全球售出了100 多万套厨房用具。据《家装》杂志估算,在2006年,厨房“大”翻修的平均预算为惊人的54,000 美元;即便是“小”改造也要平均花费18,000美元。
在高级时装界更为常见的专营权也已进入了厨房市场:英国定制厨房制造商罗宾逊 & 康尼什公司推出了一套乔治王时代风格的厨房,费用在145,000 英镑到155,000 英鎊之间———还不包括修建、安装水管和铺设电线。它的一大卖点是绝无仅有:“你在世界其他任何地方都不会再看到这种厨房。”
由曾经只属于仆人的房间到现代家庭设计的陈列间,厨房地位的提高讲述了一个世纪的社会变革的故事。刚刚步入20世纪时,厨房还是一个充满油烟,非常嘈杂的地方,通常位于地下或者屋后,尽可能地远离生活场所。情况也本应如此:厨房是仆人的工作地,而抱负远大的中产阶级则对其避而远之。
但是,随着工人阶级的兴起和开始出现的仆人短缺,管理家务变成了知识阶层感兴趣的事情。以一种激进的新方式思考厨房的先驱之一就是 HarrietBeecherStowe 的妹妹 Catharine EstherBeecher。在1869年出版的《美国妇女家居》一书中,Beecher姐妹推荐了一种家务管理的科学方法,其目的是提高女性工作的效率并促使其有序开展。
关于厨房设计的许多当代理念都可以追溯到另外一个美国人:试图提高家庭主妇效率的ChristineFrederick。她1919年的著作《家务工程:家庭的科学管理》就是基于对家庭主妇日常生活的详细观察。她借鉴了工厂车间的效率原则,并将其应用到厨房家务之中。
Frederick的中心思想———“炉灶、水槽以及厨台的摆放必须满足这样一种关系:完全避免无用的步伐”———催生了20 世纪20 年代由 MargareteSchutter-Lihotsky设计的第一个设备齐全的厨房。这是现代主义者的胜利,并且许多元素依然是当今厨房的核心特色。
2016 年 6 月六级真题（第一套） Paage One 根据美国联邦贸易委员会的提议,声称自己产品环保的产品制造商在如何向顾客投放广告将面临更严苛的规定。
该委员会的“绿色指南”修订版警告营销商不得使用像“生态友好的”之类表达宽泛的标签。商家须证明其产品包装上的广告语属实并明确其特定益处,比如产品中有多少可回收成分。
“该举措试图帮助消费者在选择产品时以及商家在销售时消除迷惑。”委员会主席Jon Leibowitz指出。 该修订案是在绿色营销持续升温的背景下出台的。 一项新的研究表明,自1987 年以来,主流杂志上带绿色环保信息的广告的数量不断攀升,2008 年达到顶峰,为10.4%。2009 年降到9%。
尽管广告数量略有下降,生态环保标签却迅速蔓延。在这场标榜环保的竟赛中选手水平参差不齐,有好有坏。 过去的5年左右,声称绿色或环保的广告语呈爆炸性增长。显然,消费者并非总是了解他们要购买的产品。近几年有几起诉讼,指控某些公司使用具有误导性的环保标签。(48)2008 到2009 年间,美国庄臣公司因在其清洁产品上使用“绿色清单”标签遭到集体诉讼。诉讼认为该标签具有误导性,因其会使消费者误认为该公司产品已通过第三方认证,而事实上它只是该公司自己的认证。
庄臣公司公共事务主管 ChristopherBeard 说:“我们对本公司在绿色清单体系下所取得的成就感到骄傲。我们相信我们会在诉讼中获胜。”但是,他也承认“这是个很难驾驭的领域”。
各公司也纷纷竟相质疑其他公司的绿色声明。
美国商业促进委员会副主管DavidMalen指出,在过去两年中,该组织发现越来越多的公司指控其他公司使用虚假或误导性的环保宣传语。
可持续商业咨询公司的首席执行官 Kevin Wilhelm 说:“每周都会有客户带来新认证,我甚至从未听说过的,而我就身处这个行业之中。”(50)“感觉像是西大荒,人人都可以宣称自己是环保的。”Wilhelm 先生指出,标签的泛滥使得商家和消费者难以抉择,不知道应该关注哪些标签。
PaageTwo 美国教育体制与其说是通往机遇的阶梯不如说是将不平等代代相传的体系。
这是学校改革如此关键的原因。事关平等、机遇和国家良心。不仅关系到教育,还关系到贫穷和正义。
没错,市中心区的学校表现不佳的主要原因不在于教师工会,而在于贫困。南部各州缺乏强大的教师工会,但是和其他有教师工会的州一样,其学技也糟糕透顶。芝加哥一些教师似乎认为,只要贫穷问题没有解决,他们就不应该被追究责任。我们可以采取些措施来改善这种状况,并且市长 Rahm Emanuel正致力于此———然而此举遭到了工会的抵制。
如果工会只是致力于更高的补偿,那我会赞同。教师应该获得更高的报酬,以吸引优秀的大学毕业生到全国最差的学校去工作。但是,恰恰相反,芝加哥工会似乎是在利用其政治资本来主要保护表现差的教师。
有确凿证据表明教师效率存在巨大差异。哈佛大学和哥伦比亚大学的学者共同推出的金标准研究表明,即使是在极度贫困地区的学校,教师也总是会对教育产生巨大积极或消极的影响。
学生如果碰上一个排名倒数1%的教师,其结果就如同一个孩子在一个学年里缺了40% 的课。相反,如果他的老师排名在前20%,那么他就好比多上了一到两个月的课。
研究发现,四年级到八年级间遇到的好教师能提高学生的技能,其影响会持续几十年之久。小学期间哪怕是只遇到了一位好教师,也能降低女学生年少便为人母的几率,提高进入大学深造的可能性,并能在28岁时挣得更多的钱。
如何判断一位教师是否资质差? 没错,这是个挑战。但是研究人员正在改进评估体系,以衡量教师在整个学年的表现。如此一来,分析三年的数据,完全有可能发现哪些教师不合格。
不幸的是,芝加哥工会坚持认为被解聘的教师———通常是那些不称职的教师———在重新求职时应享有优先录用权。这对学生是个侮辱。
教育的重要性不言而喻,因此教师应该和其他职业一样,拥有高薪以及良好的工作环境。然而对于表现不佳者,不应提供过多的岗位保护。
这不是制衣工人和贪婪老板之间的斗争。 芝加哥学校罢工的关键人物不是罢工者,也不是管理人员,而是
35000名学生。保护工会的要求即意味着牺牲这些孩子,事实上是对教育系统中所存在的不公平现象视而不见。
2016 年 12 月六级真题（第三套）
2016 年 12 月六级真题（第二套）
2016 年 12 月六级真题（第一套）
2017 年 6 月六级真题（第三套） Paage one
Paage two
2017 年 6 月六级真题（第二套） Paage one
Paage Two
2017 年 6 月六级真题（第一套） Paage one
Paage Two ;
Paage one
第15篇：.12.06 六级作文
2018.06 (一) The importance of building trust between employers and employees.You can cite examples to illustrate your views.
2018.06 (二) The importance of building trust between teachers and students.You can cite examples to illustrate your views.
2018.06 (三) The importance of building trust between businees and consumers.You can cite examples to illustrate your views.
2017.12 (一) Comment on the saying “Respect others, and you will be respected.” You can cite examples to illustrate your views.
2017.12 (二) Comment on the saying “Seek to understand others, and you will be understood.” You can cite examples to illustrate your views.
2017.12 (三) Comment on the saying “Help others, and you will be helped when you are in need.” You can cite examples to illustrate your views.
2017.06 (一) Give advice on whether to major in science or humanities at college, write an eay to state your opinion.
2017.06 (二) Give advice on whether to attend a vocational college or a university, write an eay to state your opinion.
2017.06 (三) Give advice on whether to attend college at home or abroad, write an eay to state your opinion.
2016.12 (一) Write an eay about invention.Your eay should include the importance of invention and measures to be taken to encourage invention.
2016.12 (二) Write an eay about innovation.Your eay should include the importance of innovation and measures to be taken to encourage innovation. 2017.12 (三) Write an eay about creation.Your eay should include the importance of creation and measures to be taken to encourage creation.
第16篇：六级作文谚语
1.It is good to learn at another man’s cost.前车之鉴。
2.The specter sees most clearly.旁观者清。
3.Prevention is better than cure.预防胜于治疗。
4.The older, the wiser.年岁增长智慧。
5.A pet lamp makes a cro ram.宠坏的羔羊会变成恶羊。
6.The lo outweighs the gain.得不偿失。
7.No sweet without sweat.苦尽甘来。
8.Rome wasn’t built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。
9.Nothing is impoible to a willing heart.有志者事竟成。
10.Bend the willow while it is still young.修树要趁早，育人要趁小。
11.Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。
12.The path to glory is always rugged.光荣之路常坎坷。
13.Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.世上无难事，只要人肯试。
14.The fire is the test of gold; adversity of strong man.烈火试真金，困苦炼壮士。
15.Great hopes make great man.远大的希望造就伟大的人物 。
16.No way is impoible to courage.勇士面前无险路。
17.A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner.平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。
18.We must not lie down, and cry “God help us”.求神不如求己。
19.Step by step the ladder is ascended.登梯需要逐级登。
20.Adversity leads to prosperity.困苦通向昌盛。
21.Patience and application will carry us through.忍耐和专心会使我们渡过难关 。
22.Fortune often rewards with interest those that have patience to wait for her.做事只要有耐心，到头总会有好运;耐心候好运，好运常会来。
23.All things will come round to him who will but wait.只要肯等待，一切都会按时来。
24.Where there is life, there is hope.生命不息，希望长在。
25.Misfortunes tell us what fortune is.恶运临头后，才知幸运贵。
26.Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.患难能使人聪明，但不能使人富有。
27.A man becomes learned by asking questions.要长学问，就得多问。
28.There is no royal road to learning.学问无坦途。
29.A life without a friend is a life without a sun.人生没有朋友，犹如生活没有阳光。
30.A little help is worth a deal of pity.一次行动胜过一筐空话。
31.A little is better than none.有一点总比没有好。
32.A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解，害已误人。
33.A picture is a poem without words.画为无言诗。
34.Act fairly by all men.一视同仁。
35.Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
第17篇：六级英语作文
Staying at home to work as a postdoctoral researcher is not as disgusting as many years ago.The nation has spared no efforts on investment in science and technology.This attracts many postdoctoral researchers to work domestically.Not only will the national scientific strength see its spring, but also various advantages for postdoctoral researchers will increase poibilities for staying at home.
The first advantage is increased opportunities in ones’ scientific field.Chinese scientific field is broad.You can cultivate your own field with le competition and enough fund as long as your research is meritorious.Since international communication is frequent, you can directly share your laboratory work with experts on behalf of the nation.However, there may not be such opportunities if you are working aboard.
A second advantage is that more time can be spent with family.Taking the whole family abroad is troublesome.But it is not the case when staying at home.You can both look after your family and your research.The life will be much better compared to work aboard alone.
In addition to increased opportunities and family time, scientific discrimination could be declined.Since excellent researchers work at home, the whole scientific strength will be enhanced.Then the world can see a scientific nation in a different way, a way that is not backward but upward.A prosperous research atmosphere will of course decrease discrimination.
All in all, staying at home is not a bad choice for postdoctoral researchers.One can have more opportunities, family time and le scientific discrimination.“Science has no nationality; knowledge belongs to everyone” is extraordinary for today’s researchers.Keep it also a guide for future research.
第18篇：六级作文（材料）
On maintaining mutual trust
Mutual trust is very important for humans.Trust is eential to all our relationships: in our families, among our friends and at works.Without it we would not feel comfortable or safe with any other people.We would be alone all the time, unable to share joy or sorrow.It would be a horrible world that everyone want to escape from.
Getting and keeping trust is based most important on honesty.A liar cannot be trusted by anyone.The only way to keep trust is to be always honest with others, even when our honesty may bring us harm.If those around us know that we will always tell them the truth---even if it hurts us ---they will know that they can trust us and share the most important things in their lives.
From my point of view, lack of honesty, and thus lack of trust, are the most serious problems in our society.We should work harder to fix them, beginning form every tiny things in our own lives.If individuals change, mutual trust among people in our society will be enhanced generally.
The impact of the smartphone
We have entered the age of the smartphone.Smartphone are in the hands of white-collar workers, blue-collar workers, housewives and students.Subways and buses are full of people with smartphone, surfing online, playing games, or texting.
The smartphone is more than a toy.It has become part of daily life in ways that we could not imagine just five years ago.It has made busine much easier: busine negotiation and transactions are nearly instant via the smartphone.Education has also benefited: students can keep in touch with profeors and clamates, communicate about cla work and even do research and submit homework via the smartphone.In some cities, a Smartphone can be used as a bus or subway pa.Many airlines now accept boarding paes presented on a smartphone---no paper boarding paes are neceary!
Unfortunately the smartphone’s nearly instant gratification of needs and desires has, in many ways, affected our character insidiously.We are le patient and more demanding, with little interest in self denial or self-control.So as we enjoy the benefit of the smartphone, we must be careful that we do not let its convenience change our moral character.
Studying abroad while young
Recently, more and more Chinese parents send their children abroad to study.This is not only true for college students but also for senior and even junior middle school students.
There are many reasons for this phenomenon.Some parents think their children will get a better education abroad, while other want to show off their money, or i=view studying abroad as a status symbol.For the first reason, though we cannot deny that education levels are higher in America and some European countries, as descendant of Chinese nation, young people should learn Chinese and its culture well first.Only with good knowledge of their own country can they learn knowledge of other countries better.For the second, viewing studying abroad as a symbol of wealth and high status is meaningle and the unhealthy purposes may lead to undesirable results.
In my view, studying abroad when the students are too young is not a good idea.Young people are still their sense of morality and values, and need parents’ guidance and help, while parents cannot do this if their children are studying on the other side of the world.
University students taking part in talent shows
Nowadays, more and more university students, especially students majoring in art, are interested in taking part in talent shows, such as super girls and happy boys.Singers like Li Yunchun and Zhang Lliangying have told some succeful stories.
But, there are some people fighting strongly against this phenomenon.It is pointed out that all these shows are a waste of the valuable time, which should be spent on study.Furthermore, some students may misunderstand the meaning of succe.They believe that succe can be achieved by one or two shows rather than several years’ hardworking.I do not agree with this kind of view.
Firstly, talent shows are one way for university students to enjoy life and forget about stre.Students have a lot of work to do and often not much money.Taking part in a talent show is a low-cost and fun way to blow off steam.Secondly, it’s also a good way to get to know one’s clamates.In the proce, they may learn not to undervalue others.Because everyone may have a hidden talent!
So, university students can take part in talent shows under proper guidance.
College students’ starting their own undertaking
Nowadays, more and more college students would rather start their own busine than go for the job in companies.Meanwhile the government has adopted many policies to encourage such small undertakings by providing them with benefits or financial advantages.
The first reason behind this phenomenon is the endle supply of college graduates and the limited job vacancies.As is know to all, college graduates are facing severe job-hunting competition, and some of them are forced to set up their own busine.Moreover, some ambitious college graduates are not satisfied with being employed by others.They want to develop and prove their talents by running their own businees.Besides, the government’s encouragement has stimulated more college students’ enthusiasm to take this way.
In my opinion, the general idea of starting one’s own undertaking is a good idea.However, not all people are cut out to be entrepreneurs, because some of them may lack the drive, vision and ability to handle a lot of hard work and discouragement.Therefore, carefully consider the practicality of the venture and make full preparation before you start it.
Sending bleings by group meage
It seem that at every festival, there are always many people who like send out group phone meages of good wishes.The meage vary from the humorous to the poetic to the ridiculous.Some have small pictures built out of punctuation symbols; some send website addre for the receivers to go to find a flashier holiday bleing.
However, some people consider the group meage to be of no actual benefit, so that they would never send such things themselves and hate receiving them.They consider the impersonal, cookie-cutter meage, just cluttering up other people’s phones, are for no purpose other than amusement and some superstitious idea of sending out good luck.
In my opinion, it is fun to send out humorous or poetic meages on festivals but only to certain people who I know would appreciate the humor or the beauty of the meage.I think sending ”bleing” to large groups of people is really just sending out spam.
Gap between people: close or distant?
Some people believe that in our modern society, the distance people has become closer.In my “global village” we can communicate with other side of the world through just a phone call, an email or video chat; and if we actually want to go there, journeys that used to take months at sea now take only a few hours.
However, others feel that despite all the development in communication and transportation, people are actually becoming more distant.More and more individuals are moving away from family for work or for study.In addition, internet surfing, gaming and even social networking have isolated many people from direct, face to face relationships.
It seems to me that our society is indeed more and more a collection of isolated individuals than a healthy network of relationships.Yes, we have more communication options—but do we actually use the phone or email or video chat to communicate with distant family and friends? Indeed, we have amazing transportation capabilities---but how often are we willing to spend the money or the time it takes to visit people we love?
第19篇：六级提纲作文
1106Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled The Certificate Craze.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1．现在许多人热衷于各类证书考试 2．其目的各不相同 3．在我看来……
标准版
My opinion on certificate craze
The growing tendency among college students to get all kinds of certificates has now evolved into a craze.Just randomly ask a student what he or she is busily engaged in doing, quite poibly, you would get the answer that he or she is preparing for a certificate of some kind.So, why\'s the craze?
The reason behind this phenomenon is common — the enormous preure of finding a job.Faced with a harsh job market, most students have no choice but to seek more certificates to parlay their qualifications.Another factor is that diploma and certificates still weighs heavily in terms of signifying one\'s ability.For the sake of increasing their odds of landing a better job, the students are compelled to run from one exam to another.
Though I have an open mind toward the craze on certificates, I suggest that students should be more rational when it comes to certificates, since they do not necearily tell their ability.Instead, they should be more involved in learning and capability boosting, thus, opportunities would come quite naturally.
高分版
Certificate craze
Recently the phenomenon of certificate craze has become a big concern of the public.It is also a new craze in the university, which seems like a routine activity on campus, for certificates do play a vital role when students look for a decent job.
Admittedly, there are different purposes behind this phenomenon.Some people aim at certificates because of the employment preure.With the admiion expansion of colleges, a great many graduates have to face the fierce competition in the job market.So it is the certificates that can make them more competitive.However, some others consider all the diploma and certificates important standards by which a person\'s ability can be measured.They spare no effort to get the certificates for the sole purpose of proving that they are qualified in a certain field.Moreover, there are those who just want to enrich their life by preparing for the certificates because they really enjoy their progre.
From my point of view, we should be more rational when it comes to certificates, since certificates do not necearily prove one\'s ability.Being crazy in getting certifications blindly is nothing but wasting time.To conclude, we should focus on improving our ability but not merely getting a certificate.
外教版
The job market today is increasingly sophisticated, requiring workers to have specialized knowledge in their fields.As a result, becoming certified is a trend among today\'s job seeking youth.More and more people, students especially, look at obtaining certification as a means to getting a better job and, therefore, enjoying brighter future.
There are as many certificates as there are fields of study.Lawyers will take the LSAT, busine majors will take the GMAT to further their study in the US, and those who study a foreign language, like English, might take the TOEFL, TOEIC, or any number of English certification exams.
Is this neceary? Or, is the “certification craze” just a trend that will eventually pa? I myself have obtained two different certifications: one in Japanese (N2) and another in teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL).Both of these certifications have been beneficial in getting good jobs.
Therefore, it is my opinion that, trend or not, the results of becoming certified are real and can be invaluable in opening up future opportunities.
1012Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled My Views on University Ranking.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.目前高校排名相当盛行; 2.对于这种做法人们看法不一; 3.在我看来……
My View on University Ranking In recent years, all kinds of University Ranking Lists can be found on some educational websites, or newspapers.The ranking standards also vary.These lists have great influence on students.They are even becoming the only scale to evaluate the colleges and universities.People hold different views toward this phenomenon.Some believe that these lists help the students a lot, especially for those who will choose their university.While some other protest vigorously.In their points, the list is really ridiculous and harmful.In my view, the university ranking may have its own reference values, but its disadvantages overweigh its values.For those university-students-to-be, they are supposed to choose the school according to his or her own situation, but not the so-called Ranking List.What’s more, how about the university students? How do they feel about themselves when they see the ranking? The list may become some intangible shackles for them if their own school ranks poorly.In a nutshell, there is no easy method to rank these universities, but the Ranking, only helps students ignore the eentials, namely, their ninety-nine percent perspiration.此次六级作文的自由度很大，看似给出了提纲，实际上具体的观点全靠个人发挥。第一段需要点明大学排名这个现象，第二段需要铺陈不同人的观点，第三段要陈述自己的观点。 大学排名这个题目，实际上涉及到了对了大学的理解，对于大学排名标准的理解，以及对于大学排名的目的的理解。而这件事更加离不开中国具体的国情，新中国50年代人至今受教育的情况，90后择校的情况，目前大学的情况，考生发挥的空间可以纵横数十年的教育史，并且可以深入探讨教育的本质。 当然，对于大多数考生来说，凑满150个字万岁！那么，模板又可以派上用场了。 模板一 1.Different people have different views on—— 2.Some people perfer,—— 3.Others tend to, ——
4.As to me, I agree with / to ——
(1)开门见山直入主体，表明对某事人们的不同看法。 (2)表明一部分人的看法。 (3)另一部分的看法。 (4)作者的看法
我们这里放出来的这篇文章，语言流畅，观点清晰，多处表述有闪光点。
1006Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
1.近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象；
2.出现这种现象的原因和后果；
3.我认为…
范文1 Do you remember these famous litterateurs: Lu xun, Zhu zi qing, Laoshe or Bing xin? How familiar these names are! Unfortunately, countle students pay no attention to the study of Chinese.Nowadays, Internet, English and game occupy students’ time and attention.For the majority of students, the study of Chinese has become a remote memory.
Why such a phenomenon emerges? Educators attribute it to the ignorance of university administration.Chinese is an eential course for college students in China.However, for a long time there has been a neglect in the study of Chinese.Taking a look around, every teacher encourages students to spend all time on learning English.On the contrary, none of them promotes students to learn Chinese.In the wake of this situation, students will make growing Chinese mistakes in spelling, reading and speaking.Maybe someday, Chinese would fade from historical stage.
In my opinion, some drastic measures should be taken.First of all, we can raise students’ awarene that the study of Chinese is indispensable to us.In addition, teachers can offer more courses related to Chinese or Chinese culture.Finally, we can promote CCT(college Chinese testing) .In a word, due attention should be given to the study of Chinese。 范文2
With China’s opening up, intercultural communication has become more and more frequent between Chinese and foreigners.A good command of at least one foreign language has increasingly been an eential skill for us.People, especially the youths, pay much more attention to foreign language acquisition than Chinese study.
Various factors can account for this situation.First of all, a good command of a foreign language may help young people to get a good job while Chinese skills may be of no significance in one’s job hunting and even their career.Consequently, some students may not treasure Chinese language any longer.Apart from that, nowadays fewer and fewer universities stimulate Chinese language study in campus, which has caused it to be marginalized.Under this circumstance, Chinese language becomes le and le popular in universities.It is clear that profeors in the field of Chinese study are not so respected than they were before.
In view of this situation, effective measures should be taken to change it.First, the whole society should emphasize the importance of Chinese language in order to make it clear that it is one indispensable part of Chinese culture and Chinese race.Second, schools should promote Chinese language study and research.In addition, we individuals should contribute our own efforts to the study and protection of Chinese language.
To conclude, we should pay great attention to Chinese language, since the importance of it is never too great to be exaggerated.
0912Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled Should Parents Send Their Kids to Art Claes? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.现在有不少家长送孩子参加各种艺术班
2.对这种做法有人表示支持，也有人并不赞成 3.我认为……
范文1 Should Parents Send Their Kids to Art Claes
Children are the future of the nation, the pearl in their parents’ eyes.Hoping that their kids can become the cream of the crop among others, more and more parents send their kids to various art claes to let them learn more.However, people hold different opinions toward this phenomenon.
Some people hold a firm position that it is a beneficial thing for kids to attend art claes.There, kids can not only learn some art skills that may helpful for them someday, they can also get a chance to expand their interests to a great extent, and their minds can also be broadened.Besides, kids can also make a lot of friends there, thus their communication skills may also be sharpened.While for the others, they hold an opposite opinion.They think parents should not send their kids to art claes blindly against kids’ will, because this will get a definitely negative impact on kids.Kids, in these parents’ eyes, should be given more flexible time to relax and do whatever they are interested in.And kids also need freedom because unacceptable art claes will absolutely eliminate the nature of kids.Thus, sending kids to these claes will undoubtedly hurt them.
Every coin has two sides.As far as I am concerned, I think children’s interests should be taken into careful consideration before being sent to art claes.Children should be given enough freedom to develop by themselves.Whether parents should send their kids to art claes, it depends. 范文2
Should parents send their kids to art claes?
With the development of our society and economy, parents become more concerned about the future competition of children , so more and more parents manage kinds of ways to enhance the ability of children in every aspects , like they sent their children to art cla after school or at weekends in order to promise their kids a more competitive future. The majority parents have the above view on this iue, believing it is a good way to cultivate the children’s interests and hobbies, paving their future path in life .while there are also some people who think that this will give kids heavy burden, not really good for their growth.
In my opinion, we should respect our kids and do something to child\'s own interests and hobbies rather than blindne.Second, do not give too much preure on kids, giving them a healthy environment for growth is much more than attending art claes.范文3
Should parents send their kids to art claes?
Nowadays，it has been common that parents send their kids to various art claes such as music, drawing dancing ,etc.at weekend or during holiday.
Some people take it for granted and think through this method, their kids can make use of leisure time to learn more skills and be prepared for the future fierce competition in the adult world.Neverthele, there are still some sounds against this phenomenon, saying that it shouldn’t be encouraged.
As far as I’m concerned, I stand by the latter side, because its disadvantages far outweigh than the advantages.Above all, for children, play is their nature.It will do great harm to both their physical and mental health if they are deprived of the right to have enough free time.For another thing, most kids are sent to art schools to learn thing they are not even interested in.Consequently, they will be reluctant to cooperate with the teachers resulting only in the waste of time and energy.Thus, obviously, it is better to set children free to do things in which they paion actually lies, rather than forcing then to go to art claes.
0906Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled On the Importance of a Name.you should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.有人说名字或名称很重要
2.也有人觉得名字或名称无关紧要 3.我认为...
On the importance of a name Interestingly, recently the importance of a name has been brought into hot discuion.Some people strongly believe that a name is responsible for a person’s fate, that’s why they would take all the trouble to try various ways to find wonderful names for their children, expecting the names would work magic for a glorious future.According to these people, a child may grow up happy, smart, attractive, elegant or succeful due to their names.Despite that, others have voiced a different opinion that a name is relatively insignificant comparing to the efforts a person makes to realize his/her future dream as a person’s fate is dominantly decided by a person himself/herself instead of the name he/she was given at his/her birth.Opportunities may count; and a person’s own efforts and decisions definitely count; but a name simply functions as the way of the person being called by others, which doesn’t work to change one’s life.
As far as I am concerned, a beautiful name certainly is one of the factors to make a great first impreion.However, it’s not so important and powerful as to decide a person’s future.To grab the fate, we need intelligence, honesty, sincerity and efforts more than a name.
0812Directions: Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled How To Improve Student\'s Mental Health?.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.大学生的心理健康十分重要 2.因此，学校可以„„
3.我们自己应当„„
Students’ mental health has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.Indeed, it is widely accepted that it has gained growing popularity among persons in all walks of life.There is a general discuion today about the iue of disorder in brains.Obviously, it is neceary that effective actions should be taken to prevent problems.Authorities in universities play a critical role in the situation.To begin with, schools, such as colleges or universities, can provide chances for the young men to ease their attention.What’s more, some are physically strong, but psychological problems are able to bring potential threats.Teaches may have a chance to find them in advance.Besides, specialists in this field are to be required to make full preparation for cases in time.Facing the crisis, experts can deal with it in a profeional way, which means they have more or better opportunities to save us than others.(学校) From the factors mentioned above, we may safely draw the conclusion that we can free ourselves from mental illne by taking certain precautions.For example, if you have pains or puzzles in mind, finding a friend to expre these is a good way to release preure.Certainly, there is little doubt that further attention will be paid to the iue.（我们）
0806Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled Will E-books Replace Traditional Books? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.随着信息技术的发展，电子图书越来越多 2.有人认为电子图书会取代传统图书，理由是…… 3.我的看法
Recent decades have seen the rapid development of information technology, and thereby E-books have wound their way into our daily life.Because of the wide and quick popularity of E-books, there has been an increasing controversy over the question of whether E-books will replace traditional books or not.
Many people hold the idea that it will not take long for E-books to replace traditional books because E-books have quite a few advantages over traditional ones.First, E-books are more acceible to readers, because the readers just need to log onto the internet and read online.Second, thanks to the advanced technology, the cost of E-books is much lower, so it takes readers far le money to buy E-books.Last but not the least, reading E-books has developed into part of our daily life, which is particularly appealing to young users, who are the body part of the users of electronic products.
As far as I’m concerned, it is not likely for E-books to replace traditional books for lots of reasons.For example, long time of reading E-books will do more harm to our eyes, and readers will find themselves more acceible to printed materials because computers and the internet haven’t yet been popularized to every corner of our life.
范文二
E-books, or electronic books, have the same information and need the same reading experience as the traditional books, which you actually hold in your hands.E-books have so many benefits that they will replace traditional books.
E-books can be created on a shoestring budget while the authors of traditional books will have to overcome a tough sales target before they even consider making a profit on the book.E-books are quicker to create because they could be written and published in as little as a week while the time span between starting a traditional book and writing it could take around a year or two.E-books are easier to target a wide market because they may be sold on the Internet to anyone with a credit card and an Internet connection in any place in the world, while with a traditional book it may be difficult to expand to new markets, since it will involve further significant costs on distribution and marketing.
To conclude, E-books are a very valuable tool that could be used as a profit centre, as a publishing tool or as a marketing tool.They have many advantages over the traditional books.E-books will replace traditional books.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled Digital Age.You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.如今数字化产品得到越来越广泛的使用，并举例 2.数字化产品的使用对人工作，学习，生活产生的影响
Living in the digital age, we are unavoidably exposed to all kinds of digital products, such as digital camera, digital computer, digital television, and so on, which grow in an increasing categories and quantities.Believe it or not, look around yourself and you can easily find one or two of these stuffs.
Here is a question，what kind of influence do the digital products bring to people’s life.? Frankly speaking, these modern digital products offer us a more convenient life than before.For example, the digital camera makes it poible to delete or correct the “unsucceful” photo of ours, which was impoible with the traditional camera.While, unfortunately, these fashionable digital items have cultivated a generation more isolated from the real life.It is hard to imagine that a man so accustomed to the digital mobile on-line chatting can be capable of the practical communication with others.Finally, too much dependent on the digital things, human seem to be more indifferent to the real world, which we, though reluctant to admit, have to accept.
Thus, as the generation aailed by all kinds of digital miracles, we might as well initiatively avoid some of them despite efficiency and comfort they can supply.Don’t forget those old days when you were going to visit an old school friend though there would be a long train journey, which, in today’s digital era, has been thoroughly replaced by the digital on-line chatting.
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short eay entitled Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.有人做好事期望得到回报；
2.有人认为应该像雷锋那样做好事不图回报；3.我的观点。
Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?
A great many people presume upon a reward when doing a good deed.First and foremost, there is a natural tendency to equate doing good deeds with a certain amount of reward, and reward with a certain amount of money.What is more, they maintain that since the basis of contemporary society is money, one of the major means of earning money is getting reward by doing good deeds.On the contrary, the vast majority of people aume that doing a good deed should be based on people’s personal consciousne.Hence, doing a good deed is fulfilling itself and reward is of minimal significance.Numerous examples can be given, but this will suffice.Mr.Leifeng lived a simple life dedicated to doing good deeds without expecting any reward and helping people from all walks of life, yet he was remembered as one of the most succeful hero of our time.Generally speaking, it is my view that we should not expect a reward when doing a good deed.We do this for enjoyment, self-fulfillment and spiritual enhancement, not for the purpose of reward.
第20篇：六级作文词汇
（一）关于青少年与家庭 single-parent family单亲家庭 minors未成年人 adolescent青春期的 immature不成熟的
peer preure同辈人的压力
foster= raise= bring up a child抚养孩子, spoil溺爱=indulge放纵 run wild撒野
go astray走上歧途
juvenile delinquency青少年犯罪, obesity肥胖症 depreion抑郁症 bullying恃强凌弱
absenteeism=truancy逃学(play truant) parents are obliged to do…父母有责任、义务去做。。。 give proper guidance父母的引导
set examples for children为孩子树立榜样 encourage鼓励motivate鼓舞
help build up confidence帮助建立信心 discipline their children约束孩子 well-bred有教养的 act properly行为得体
（二）关于教育 1,学习的好处: learn skills学习技能
acquire knowledge学习知识 enrich knowledge丰富知识 widen horizon开阔视野 inspire interest激发兴趣 stimulate interest激发兴趣
lay a solid foundation for the future为将来打下坚实的基础 2,学习上的问题: lack discipline缺少约束力/persistence毅力 test-oriented education应试型教育 quality education素质教育
cram for examinations突击考试 rote learning死记硬背
Test-taking techniques应试技巧 3,学习的坏处: discourage critical thinking打击评判性思维
students stop questioning what they are being taught学生们不去质问他们学习的东西 conduce to academic performance有助学习表现 Adversely influence负面地影响（动作） Exert adverse/unfavorable influence on对。。。产生负面影响 Creativity创造性
Come at the expense/cost of creativity以牺牲创造力为代价 Lower/raise the standard of…降低了。。。的水平
（三）关于工作
adapt oneself to …使自己适应… flow of personnel人才流动
mechanism of personnel flow人才流动机制 survival of the fittest适者生存 a sense of accomplishment成就感 potentiality潜能
company philosophy企业文化 team-work spirit团队合作精神
a harmonious interpersonal relationship和谐的人际关系 a sense of responsibility责任感 material gains物质待遇
promising future光明的前途
a challenging job一份具有挑战性的工作 get advanced in the society出人头地 a decent job一份体面的工作 chance of promotion升迁机会
stability and satisfaction稳定感和满足感 balance work and life平衡工作和生活 realize the value of life实现人生价值
seek for personal development追求个人发展 display one‟s talent展示才能
a sense of self-fulfillment自我实现感 promotion opportunity提升机会
meet one‟s personalized needs满足某人个性化需求 define one‟s role确定自己的角色 social recognition社会认可
（四）关于交通
automobile industry汽车工业 pollution-free fuel无污染燃料 popularization of cars汽车普及
observe traffic regulations遵守交通规则 break traffic regulations违反交通规则 get struck in traffic遇上堵车
ease the traffic preure缓解交通压力 bottleneck交通堵塞地区
settle down effective laws制定出积极有效的法律 enhance the quality of life提高生活质量 pay a heavy price付出惨痛的代价
promote the development of relative industries促进相关产业发展 traffic engineering交通运输工程
the number of car ownership汽车拥有量 traffic accidents交通事故 energy-saving节能的
（五）关于环境保护 urbanization城市化 centralization集中化 imbalance不平衡
infrastructure基础设施 tertiary industry第三产业 commercialization商业化 water scarcity水短缺
the environmental pollution环境污染 over-industrialization过度工业化 over-crowdedne过度拥挤 social instability社会动荡 urban construction城市建设 population explosion人口激增 a rising crime rate犯罪率上升
drain of energy and resources能源和资源消耗 stre-related illnees与压力有关的疾病 social welfare社会福利 urban sprawl城市扩张
convenient transportation means便捷的交通工具 better medical services更好的医疗服务 preure of modern life in city城市生活压力 pollutant污染性物质 waste disposal废物处理
suffer heavy loes遭受重大损失 vicious cycle恶性循环
a feasible measure一种可行的措施 city planners城市规划者
（六）关于媒体 ma media大众媒体 entertainment娱乐 journalism新闻业
the latest news最新消息 exclusive news独家新闻 news block out新闻封锁 news censorship新闻审查 freedom of the pre新闻自由 coverage新闻报道
newsworthy值得报道的 live broadcast直播
quiz show智力竞争节目 game show游戏节目 variety show综合节目 talk show脱口秀 sitcom情景喜剧 soap opera肥皂剧 movie star电影明星 celebrity名人 fame名声 fan粉丝
invade one’s privacy侵扰了…的隐私 misleading误导性的 cheating欺骗性的 popularity知名度 scandal丑闻
sensational轰动的
audience ratings收视率 propaganda宣传
be abducted by受…诱导 purify one’s soul净化心灵
meet different tastes满足不同口味
follow the fashion blindly盲目追逐时尚 right to know知情权
写作技巧===万能句
一、引出现象的句型
1.The problem of being honest has caused wide public concern over the recent years.近些年，诚实的问题引起了关注。
2.There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of waste on campus.对于校园浪费这一现象，校园进行着广泛的争论。
3.When it comes to whetherthe university campus should be open to tourists, there are different opinions.
二、正文中的原因句型 正文说明原因/提出建议
1.There are some reasons for owning (private cars/personal computers).To begin with...Next...Last...2.The poible solutions of this social problem depend on three factors.3.Here are a number of / a variety of reasons for it.Firstly, ...Secondly, ...Finally...不变的正面因素积极影响
1.Without sth, our life would be completely diverse from what we are living now.2.Sth.can help us know the world better, and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.3.Sth.enables us to gain an unexpected experience that is most useful in our life/ job.不变的反面因素的消极影响
1.No doubt, if we ignore the iue, there is every chance that we/ our life/ our economy/ our society will be put in jeopardy/ danger（危险）.2.Sth.is seen not merely as a nuisance, but also as a big threat to happy life/ the advance of society/ the advance of economy.(……不仅是被看作讨厌的事情，而且还被认为是对……的严重威胁。) 3.If its negative impact can not be dealt with timely (及时地), the result will be sometimes destructive.
三、结尾句型
文章的结尾应该遵循两条原则：一是总结全文，二是提出建议或展望。 笼统的结尾句式 A.单刀式
1.From what has been discued above, we may finally draw the conclusion that… B.组合式
All in all / In a word / In short / On the whole / In brief / In conclusion, if we take a careful consideration of the reasons presented (提出) above, it is safe to draw the conclusion that the advantages of sth.outweigh (比……更重要) its disadvantages.D.提出解决方案
1.In view of such a serious situation, fighting against the pirated products is more important than any time before.考虑这样严重的状况，我们比任何时候都应该和盗版产品作斗争。
2.In view of the seriousne of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worst.考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。
3.考虑到所有的因素，我们可以合理地得出结论：技术可能是好的，也可能是坏的，而这都取决于我们如何去利用它。
Taking all these factors into account, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that technology may be beneficial or harmful, depending on how we use it.
具体的结论性语句
1.Sth.is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it.What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with it.(...是日常生活中不可分割的一部分，你无法逃避它。我们所能做的是培养自己的适应能力去解决这个问题) 2.Sth benefits more than individually and economically/socially, and with the paage of time, it will show more profound significance.(...不仅对经济和个人/社会都有好处，随着时间的推移，它会显出更深远的意义) 正面优点的句型
1.It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable.人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会的必不可少的一部分。它们使我们的生活更舒适。
2.There is no denying that a person's education is the most significant aspect of his life.毋庸置疑教育（性格品质类）是人生最重要的一面。 3..首先科技的进步给人类带来了许多利益。
First of all, the advance in science and technology have brought about much benefit for the mankind.4.总之，我认为电视对于人类生活有很大的正面影响。
To sum up, I think that there are strong positive effects of television on man‟s life.5.总之，我必须说现代技术所带来的积极影响大于它的消极影响。
On the whole, I should say that positive effects brought about by modern technology outweigh the negative ones.6.另一方面，动物园为疲惫的城市居民提供了娱乐和休闲。
On the other hand, zoos provide recreation and refreshment for fatigued urban dwellers.7.不用说，早些独立可以帮助青年人更好地理解他们周围的人和整个世界。
It goes without saying that earlier independence helps young people to better understand the people around them and the world as a whole.反面影响的句型
1.But these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment.但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给环境造成灾难性的影响。
2.There is no denying that piracy is an extremely serious problem.The authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.无可否认，盗版是一个极其严重的问题。当局应该采取有利措施解决。
3.The positive/negative influences of honesty/waste on campus should not be neglected.4.Had people paid more attention to the above iue before, the present situation would not be so serious.假如人们以前更加重视这个问题，那么现在的这种状况就不会那么严重了。 5.但是，正如俗话说“每个硬币都有两面”，计算机也会带来不少问题。
However, as the old saying goes, „every coin has two sides,‟ and we see that computers also give rise to a number of problems.
写作热点话题集锦
(一)励志与生活 Sunny说: 以下文章都是按题目类别选出的对应范文,并非高分作文版,但如果遇到雷同考题,有些优秀的句子值得学习,所以,浏览一下,再思考如果自己碰到这个题,应该如何下笔.1==Is Frustration a Bad Thing?论挫折
1.有些人认为挫折是坏事
2.更多的人并不认为挫折是坏事
3.我的看法
According to The New Oxford Dictionary of English, frustration, by definition, means the feeling of being upset or annoyed, especially because of inability to change or achieve something.Since frustration seems to be a negative feeling, some people may be tempted to think that frustration is bad for people.They believe that constant frustration may cause serious mental problems.People suffering from such psychological problems often resort to violence or suicide, which poses a big threat to the people around them and thus causes instability to the whole society. Others, however, hold a different view.They maintain that it is beneficial to people.It goes side by side with succe.It inspires people to overcome hardships and difficulties and achieve the final succe.People with this view even go so far as to say that no frustration, no succe.Indeed, we cannot always hope to embrace succe and never accept failure.And most importantly, only if we learn from many a failure can we do things better and finally overcome such a bad feeling as frustration.Frustration thus is part of our life experience.In our proce of growing up, we may inevitably experience it when confronted with situations that don‟t come up to our expectations.It is a test of our courage when it befalls us.If we let it control us, we may fall into the aby of being inflicted by serious psychological problems.But if we harne it and take it as our source of inspiration, we may ultimately enjoy the glory of succe.
2==Please Be Punctual 1．当今社会，一些年轻人时间观念淡薄，经常不守时 2．不遵守时间有什么危害 3．大学生应该从自身做起
With the advent of the era of knowledge economy, time is treasured by an increasing number of people.However, many young people attach little importance to punctuality, which, in my opinion, will give rise to many problems. First, you may impre other people as being unreliable and dishonest.When you are late for a job interview, the bo may refuse to give you the chance since people tend to aume that if you cannot fulfill your promise, you have no sense of responsibility and can do nothing well.Second, others may think that you show no respect to them. Therefore, university students should learn that punctuality is a good habit.Being punctual, you are showing respect to others and, in return, you will win others' respect and trust.
3==People Keep Bizarre Pets? 1.现在越来越多的人饲养另类宠物 2.人们对这一现象有不同看法 3.你的看法
Personally, I don‟t think staying indoors for most of the day should be advocated.Instead, people in all ages, their physical conditions permitting, should be encouraged to spend more time outdoors.The brilliant sunshine, the pleasant green space, the interactions with other people, etc.are all good for people‟s health, both physically and psychologically.
Bizarre trends tend to surface here and there when you least expect them.Who would have thought that people would start a new bizarre trend of keeping unsightly and dangerous animals such as lizards, spiders and snakes as their pets? Well, that‟s the newest craze now in China.
People have different opinions about this trend.Some think that it is natural — everyone likes a pet, whether it is the “normal” kind, such as a dog, cat and rabbit or the strange, bizarre type.Others, however, oppose keeping bizarre pets.They are afraid that some pets such as snakes and crocodiles can be dangerous and put the owner or neighbors at risk. In my opinion, generally people do have the right to choose and own pets that touch their hearts.However, there are still animals that are illegal to be kept as private pets, especially those dangerous and endangered species that belong in the wild.So, before attempting to keep these animals, people should check with the local officials.
4==Low-carbon Lifestyle 1.目前低碳生活成为一种流行 2.低碳生活指的是…
3.作为大学生我应该怎么做
Ever since the World Climate Conference was held in Copenhagen, the term “low-carbon lifestyle” has become a buzzword in our daily life.Everyone, old or young, is talking about it and exerting himself to achieve the low-carbon goal.Even the celebrities are exerting their great influence to the common goal of low-carbon lifestyle. What on earth is low-carbon lifestyle? Low-carbon lifestyle means to lower the emiion of carbon, especially carbon dioxide, by reducing the energy we use in our daily life.For common people like us, this is an attitude rather than a capacity.Low-carbon lifestyle calls for the active participation of all the people in the proce of saving electricity and gas, as well as recycling the useful materials.As college students, we should contribute to the revolution of low-carbon lifestyle by all means.Firstly, we should avoid using disposable products to reduce the emiion of carbon dioxide.Secondly, taking public transport rather than driving is another effective way.Last but not least, both we and the earth will benefit enormously if we eat green food instead of junk food.
5==On Vegetarian 1.近年来越来越多的人成为素食者 2.人们对素食的看法不一 3.我的看法
In recent years, more and more people are becoming vegetarians.Some of them choose not to eat meat or fish for health or religious reasons.Some do so because they want to avoid cruelty to animals. People have very different opinions about vegetarianism.Some maintain that going vegetarian benefits not only people‟s health but also the environment, since human beings are not born to eat meat or fish and vegetarians produce much le carbon.Others, however, argue that a diet consisting completely of vegetables, fruits, grains and nuts fails to provide eential nutrients such as vitamins and fat for people.In this sense, it‟s more likely that a vegetarian will suffer from malnutrition.Both sides give their reasonable explanation.Nonethele, whether to be vegetarian, in my opinion, it still depends.For overweight adults, vegetarianism would be a good choice for both their health and body shape, so they should give it a try.However, for underweight people or children who need different types of food neceary for healthy growing, vegetarianism is not recommended.
6==Secondhand Goods.1.目前购买二手货的人越来越多 2.分析产生这一现象的原因 3.二手货交易可能带来的问题
In recent years, second-hand transactions have become quite common.Nowadays there are more and more secondhand goods in the market, such as secondhand books, furniture, appliances, cars, and so on.Why do so many people like to buy secondhand goods? The following reasons can account for this phenomenon.Above all, secondhand goods are cheaper than new ones.This enables those people who have poor financial abilities to buy the things they want.Moreover, secondhand goods transactions make it poible for people to make good use of the goods which may be usele in their hands.Besides, Internet provides a more convenient and quicker transaction platform for secondhand goods.However, there are also some problems in secondhand goods transactions.For one thing, the quality of secondhand goods can not be promised and you can not enjoy the good after-sale service.For another, secondhand goods market lacks enough supervision and management, and there exist many dishonest busine activities.In a word, I think secondhand goods transaction is a good trading way, but it needs further perfection of the rules.
7==On Graffiti 1.“涂鸦”现象随处可见 2.人们对此看法不同 3.我的看法
Nowadays it is very common to see graffitiin everywhere , such as the graffiti on desks or walls.Sometimes you can even see graffiti on students‟ uniforms.Some of these graffiti are just cartoons and advertisements which do no harm to people.But a lot of them contain unhealthy information which has a bad effect on society. This phenomenon has attracted the public‟s attention.Some say it is not only a way for us to release preure, but also an expreion of art.But others consider it as a form of vandalism and also a reflection of the problems in the life culture.In my opinion, we can turn graffiti into a meaningful activity if people make joint effort.First, we should have a correct understanding of graffiti and find a proper way to relax ourselves.Second, the society ought to give people right guidance and profeional advice, such as organizing some contests, which can provide space for them to show their skills and creativity.
8==On the Overdependence of China’s College Students on Their Parents啃老族现象 1==现在很多大学生毕业不就业 2==解释这种情况的产生
3==作为一个即将毕业的学生，我认为
In recent years，under the pretext of employment difficulty，some students return home to live with their parents after graduation.While their parents are busy at work，they idle away their time day after day，least concerned with finding a job to have their own source of income. Most college students in present-day China，as the sole children of their families， take for granted their exceive dependence upon their parents.They hold their parents responsible for furnishing them with all the tuitions and living expenses.They seldom work part-time to alleviate their parents of their burdens.They have expensive dinners and birthday celebrations with their parents‟ hard-earned money through months of hard work.。 As a college student，who should seek an independent life.We can take on part-time jobs， and then, upon graduation， we should find a job，or launch our own busine by filing for loans from the bank.This is a typical pattern how the younger generation should grows up in life.
写作话题作文集锦 (二)公共事业与环境 Sunny说: 以下文章都是按题目类别选出的对应范文,并非高分作文版,但如果遇到雷同考题,有些优秀的句子值得学习,所以,浏览一下,再思考如果自己碰到这个题,应该如何下笔.1==On Profeional Ethics of Doctors 1.目前许多医生的职业道德遭到人们的质疑 2.原因是…
3.你认为应该如何解决这一问题
Recently, profeional ethics of many doctors have been questioned.According to a survey on profeional ethics violating, doctors were ranked first.Many doctors are reported to treat patients lightly and take bribes from patients or medicine manufacturers. There are two factors contributing to this phenomenon.One factor is how doctors are paid.Since most doctors are paid according to the quantities rather than qualities of medical services they perform, many of them tend to see more patients at the expense of quality.The other factor is how people see doctors‟ taking bribes.Doctors‟ performances concern patients‟ health and life, and most patients or their families aume that doctors would try their best in the medical treatment if they take bribes, so many doctors take bribes for granted.How should we solve these problems? First, I think it is neceary to carry out reforms in the paying system and encourage doctors to perform high-quality medical services.Second, we should change the attitudes of both patients and doctors and make it very clear that treating and saving people are doctors‟ duty instead of privilege.
2==The Decease of Public Transportation Ticket Fare 1.近来一些城市政府实施多项举措降低公共交通票价，大力发展公共交通； 2.此措施带来的好处；
3.作为市民应如何响应政府的号召。
Recently, some municipal government have taken a series of measures to develop public transportation including decreasing public transportation ticket fare.On the one hand, they strengthen financial support to public transportation companies.On the other hand, I card are iued to offer discount of subway and bus ticket fare . The benefits can be seen obviously.One advantage is that the daily transportation expense is reduced .Due to the low prices, more and more people are willing to go out by public vehicles with le cars streaming in the street, the street is clearer and the air is cleaner.To my mind, traveling via public vehicles is the best way to respond to governments‟ appeal.Besides, trying to make every trip efficient and reducing the frequency of vehicles is also a good answer.
3==Government Officials and Their Words 1.最近不断有官员爆出“雷人”话语，令人咋舌。 2.你如何看待这种现象？ 3.请反思这种现象背后的原因
It is reported that floods of stunning words have burst into our society out of the mouths of some government officials.Some of those words are really astonishing and audacious, which arouse significant concern among the public. As for me, I think that there are two major reasons accounting for this controversial iue.One is the misinterpretation of the ma media.It is universally acknowledged that lots of media exaggerate or guilty the facts in order to gain more attention from the public and achieve more profit.So they may have defamed some of the remarks made by the government officials so as to win the ma attention.Another reason is the government officials themselves.It is true that increasing numbers of officials fail to behave appropriately in public due to their lack of social etiquettes and poor education, which result in their improper remarks.In general, I do hope our government officials can build up an upright and respectable image for the public and minimize the negative influence of those stunning words.
4==Information Security 1.信息安全问题日益重要。
2.信息安全事故可能导致的危害。3.如何做到信息安全。
Information has already become a vital element in contemporary society.Therefore, the importance of information security has also drawn great attention in the society. As I can see, accidents of information security will bring about appalling consequences.First, the exposure of key information of some big enterprises can be quite a heavy blow not only to the company but also to its main busine partners.Second, the intrusion of personal information is also terrifying because it can ruin one‟s fame, reputation and that of other people‟s.Furthermore, the accidents of information security will give away critical intelligence of a nation, the result of which is definitely devastating.Thus, in order to guarantee the information security, both the government and individuals should join hands and make a difference.It is expected that the government make strict and sound legal system to combat violation of information security.For individuals, they are supposed to be more cautious and alert so as not to be intruded of their privacy.
5==How to Prevent High-rise Fires? 1．近来城市高楼火灾频发 2．造成事故的原因 3．应如何防范火灾
Recently there has been a remarkable growth of fire accidents, and almost everyday we can see fire engines rushing through streets.Fires have not only resulted in heavy economic loes but also injured and killed many people. In most cases, fires are caused by casual carelene and violation of fire safety regulations; some are due to improper usages or poor quality of electrical appliances; yet some are indirectly arisen from ignoring fire precautions.Generally speaking, fire disasters can be prevented if proper precautions will be taken.First of all, we should arouse people's sense of alertne and let them put fire-prevention in mind and take care in daily life, such as checking electrical appliances regularly, and making sure cigarettes and stoves with no flames before leaving rooms.Furthermore, let students and children know the measures of fire control better.Last, we can add more fire facilities in high-rise buildings.
6==On Food Safety 1．接连发生的食品安全问题引起大家的密切关注，比如牛奶问题 2．请分析一下食品安全的重要性
3．你认为相关部门应采取什么措施加强食品安全
The problem of food safety has attracted much attention recently.Everyone is astonished at the news that thousands of babies suffered from serious health problems because they had been fed with some poisonous milk products. The iue of food safety is so important that we cannot afford to ignore it.For one thing, food safety concerns the well-being of all the people in the country.For another, failure to ensure the safety of food causes damage to the image of our government, especially when such food is exported to other countries.Furthermore, unsafe food can undermine consumers' confidence in the food industry, which may cause disastrous effect to our economy. Therefore, our government should take all measures to make sure that all the food in our country is safe to eat.The government must strictly carry out food safety standards, and impose severe punishment on those who violate them.
7== Cars and Air Pollution 1．私家轿车越来越多，污染问题随之产生 2．解决的方法是…… 3．我对这种现象的想法
Too many cars have caused a lot of serious problems in our world.Besides congestion, accidents and fast fuel consumption, cars are responsible for a good part of air pollution in big cities. One poible solution is to design and develop clean cars and clean fuels.In Shanghai, some of the public buses begin to run on natural gas, which does not give off as much carbon dioxide as petrol.Another solution is to develop modem public transportation systems and restrict the use of private ears.If the price of petrol rises constantly and the public vehicles are efficient and convenient enough, most people will not buy private cars.Thus, the total number of cars in big cities will reduce greatly.On the whole, the elimination of air pollution needs the collective efforts from the government, the public and the environmentalists.
8==On Energy Shortage 1．很多城市出现能源短缺现象 2．分析原因 3．提出建议
Energy shortage is a huge problem for modem society, and it has a negative impact on people's daily life and economic development. Many elements account for energy shortage.Firstly, rapid economic development prompts an increase of energy consumptions in different industries.Secondly, population growth creates greater demands for household energy usage.Thirdly, people have yet to develop the sense of energy conservation. Actually we can do a lot to save energy in daily life.Turn off lights and fans when nobody is in the room; design buildings with the concept of energy saving; use public transit instead of private cars in rush hours...It is very easy for us to do these things as long as we have the sense of energy conservation, and we should do it right now!
作热点话题集锦 (三)教育与就业 Sunny说: 以下文章都是按题目类别选出的对应范文,并非高分作文版,但如果遇到雷同考题,有些优秀的句子值得学习,所以1==Principals Recommending Students 1.目前，有些学校开始实行校长推荐制 2.对此有人赞成，有人反对 3.我的看法
Nowadays，Some University released a name list of high school principals who have the right to recommend outstan As a reform measure of enrollment, the recommendation policy has attracted widespread attention acro the counteffective supervisory system over the new practice is absence, there will probably be damage to equality and fairne in ePersonally speaking, I‟m afraid that University‟s recommendation policy might lead to greater education inequality.these schools.
2==Should Universities Lower Admiion Requirements for Celebrities? 1.近年来很多大学降低标准招收名人学生，有人对此反对 2.也有人认为这很合理 3.你的看法
Nowadays, it is not rare to learn that some universities have lowered their admiion requirements for celebrity studen For others, however, this practice is reasonable.For one thing, they say, since a celebrity has made significant conhardworking, and persevering and their stories of succe can stimulate fellow students to follow their examples. In my view, it is a wise move for universities to lower their admiion requirements for renowned people.On the par
3==学生出勤率
1.现在大学校园里，迟到、早退、旷课是常见的现象 2.保证学生的出勤率对大学教育的重要性 3.作为一个大学生应该怎样做
Nowadays it is a very common phenomenon that some university students are late for or even absent from claes.And In fact, it is very important for the students to attend their claes regularly.First, it will ensure you to catch up with theich, in turn, will affect their teaching and be no good for the students.Third, attending claes regularly will help to form Therefore, we university students should form the good habit of attending our claes regularly from now on.And some
4==Avoid Plagiarism 1．论文抄袭(Plagiarism)现象频频出现 2．由此带来的问题 3．如何杜绝这种状况
Plagiarism has been an increasingly serious problem on campus.Many college students use others' ideas without reaso Undoubtedly plagiarism has much bad effect.First, those whose works have been plagiarized suffer loes because thand then their career may be totally destroyed.Finally, plagiarism brings negative impact on the ordinary people.They m To avoid plagiarism, both prevention and correction are needed.For prevention, all people should be taught leons o
5==Certificate Craze On Campus 1．近几年大学生们热衷于考取各种各样的证书，校园内出现“考证热” 2．产生这种现象的原因 3．在我看来……
Nowadays there is a "certificate craze" on campus.Thousands of college students are keen on working for various cer But why is there such a craze? First, it has much to do with the fierce competitive workforce market.It is widely behard on it, so they want a certificate to justify their efforts. I think the certificate craze is good for both the society and students.When students combine their work for some cert
6==Aid-Education in China 1.每年，高效许多大学生受到鼓舞去贫困地区支教。 2.支教活动的意义。 3.我的看法。
Each year, college students, encouraged to aid students in the poverty-stricken areas ,volunteer themselves in poor vil Aid-education has been beneficial in two aspects.On the one hand, college volunteers are really devoted to the causerigorous training by adapting to the harsh living condition.They are enjoying the appreciation and no-distance friendship In my opinion, China’s education development can’t be isolated from each individual and we college students shou
7==College Students’Starting Their Own Undertakings.1.现在有不少大学生毕业后开始自主创业，鼓励这种行为，而且还给大学生创业提供了许多优惠和便利措施 2.产生这一现象的原因 3.你的看法
Nowadays there are many college students who choose to start their own undertakings instead of finding a job after g However, why do so many college students take the way of starting their own undertakings? Firstly, college studendevelop and prove their talents by running their own businees.Besides, the government’s encouragement and the me As for me, it is a good choice for college students to start their own undertakings.However, it is a very difficult caus
8==Suspend Schooling to Work 1.目前有些大一学生申请休学一年到校外打工 2.出现这种现象的原因是… 3.你对此的看法
Currently, some university students are applying to suspend their schooling to work for one year or so.In some colleg Students suspend their schooling to work for various reasons.Some students hope to better understand the need of theaccommodations due to financial problem of the family. Personally, I think it is a good try to suspend schooling to work for a year or so.We can easily see its benefits to both
以下文章都是按题目类别选出的对应范文,并非高分作文版,但如果遇到雷同考题,有些优秀的句子值得学习,所以,浏览一下,再思考如果自己碰到这个题,应该如何下笔.
1==Audaciousne出位 1.目前，互联网上有很多出位的现象，比如裸奔(streaking)等。 2.是不是在新时代要获取关注，就要靠出位呢？ 3.你如何看待这种现象？
Currently, audaciousne online like streaking has grabbed many people‟s attention.It seems that in order to be famous, people have to resort to audaciousne.However, I believe that audaciousne may not be a proper way to draw public attention and realize one‟s self-value. To acquire fame and succe, one has to consider three basic factors, namely goal, methods, and persistence.First, one needs to set a crystal-clear goal.This goal should aim at achieving the wholesomene of the society.Second, one has to make the most of the ma media, since we are in an information age, and people gain news from various kinds of ways.Finally, persistence makes sure that succe is within one‟s reach.
In conclusion, by doing right things at the right time, we can also grab the public‟s attention.Yet it is without doubt that audaciousne is not a good choice.
2==Registering Online with Real Names 1.目前网络游戏等领域开始实行网络实名制 2.对于网络实名制，有人赞成，也有人反对 3.你的看法
Online gamers in China will have to begin registering with their real names due to the new government regulations.Netizens may no longer post their comments on websites anonymously either.Because authorities will implement the real-name registration in communication sectors of cyberspace, such as bulletin board system, also known as BBS in short. The new regulations have provoked different reactions from the public.Some people say that they will benefit the healthy and orderly development of China‟s Internet, e.g.protecting minors from Internet addiction and helping prevent irresponsible expreion online.Others, however, oppose the regulations.They are concerned about web users‟ private information and personal safety. Personally, I think we should treat online real-name registration separately.For example, it‟s neceary to use your real name on games or shopping websites.But online forums are designed to encourage web users to expre their views freely.If required to use real names on bulletin boards, web users may not feel free to expre their real thoughts.
3==Should Free Music Downloads Be Banned？ 1．越来越多的人开始在网上下载流行音乐
2．有人认为这会严重影响唱片业的发展，应该予以禁止，有些人则不以为然 3．我的看法
With the development of technology, more and more people are making use of the Internet and are enjoying downloading all types of materials.Some are especially fond of downloading free music.They argue that free music downloads not only enrich our life, but also are good for the music industry because they help increase the popularity of music. However, from my point of view, it is not advisable to allow free music downloads.For one thing, they violate the intellectual property rights of musicians.For another, they have a negative impact on the sales of musical products such as CDs, which may do harm to the whole music industry.Without good returns, who would like to invest in the music industry? In order that the music industry can develop healthily, we had better ban free music downloads.Let's all start to do so with ourselves
4==Dependence on Internet 1．人们对网络的依赖性越来越强（甚至连小学生做作业都会上网去搜索答案） 2．出现这种现象的原因和后果 3．为了改变这种情况，我认为……
Internet has penetrated into all aspects of our life and work.On the Internet, we can do anything anywhere anytime, hunting jobs, chatting with friends, shopping online, and so on.What strikes us most is some students, even in primary schools, search for answers on Internet while doing their homework. The motives for dependence on Internet are various and complicated, including releasing diatisfaction and anger against society by playing computer games, fulfilling self-value by indulging in the virtual world.Most of them are related with their environment of growing up.Without appropriate guidance, it may cause serious mental illnees and bad habits such as lazine.In order to change the situation, governments should take measures to enrich people‟s life, parents should share more time with children for understanding them better, and teachers should aim to develop students‟ self-discipline.Most importantly, people should be aware of the harmfulne of depending on Internet too much.
5==Text Meages on TV Shows 1.目前各类电视节目广泛使用短信参与方式 2.人们对此有不同看法 3.我认为…
At present, text meages are widely used in various TV shows.From serious news programs to different kinds of entertainment programs, we can always see some interactive seions which all include the use of text meages, such as text-meage voting. Is it good or bad? Some people hold the view that it provides a convenient and relatively cheap way for audience to participate in the program.While others think it is nothing but a method which takes advantage of the public‟s curiosity and their hope of winning awards to lure them into sending lots of meages that cost them a large amount of money.As far as I‟m concerned, text meage is an effective medium for the audience to interact with the TV shows, which can arouse people‟s paion for watching the programs, and bring benefits to the TV station as well.But when we are enjoying the merit of it, we should also take the contents and objectives of the programs using text meages into consideration to ensure the quality of the TV shows.
6==Celebrities as Products’ Spokespersons 1.现在明星为产品代言的现象很普遍 2.明星代言存在的一些问题 3.我的看法
In the contemporary society, it is very common for celebrities, or the so-called superstars, to be spokespersons for a wide variety of products.On the Internet, television, newspapers, magazines and even on the walls of some buildings, you may find celebrities in the advertising posters. There are some problems existing in celebrities‟ endorsing products.Firstly, some stars may know nothing about the products but still accept the invitation as their spokesmen.To these stars, “Look before leap” is just a saying.Secondly, for the sake of money, some stars advertise for items with low quality, even for fake commodities.They never care about consumers‟ interests.In my view, as spokespersons, celebrities represent the products.They should understand that the products they are endorsing concern their images and consumers‟ interests.Therefore, before endorsing products, they should learn about the products as much as poible.Only by doing so can they be trusted by their fans and protect the safety and legal rights of general public.
7==TV Talent Show 1.有人赞成电视选秀节目 2.有人则反对 3.我的观点
An army of people today are fond of the TV talent show.They believe that the TV talent show can change their fate.At least, they say, the program offers the opportunity to show and develop one‟s talents.
On the contrary, a number of people hold negative attitude to TV talent shows.They maintain that the TV talent show today is like a river that has risen to its flood level.It misleads the youth and makes them believe that they can make a fortune or become famous overnight.As a result, a great many students can‟t calm down to study during the show‟s season.
For my part, I believe that the TV talent show is like a double-edged sword and it is important for us to face it properly.For one thing, the TV studios are supposed to offer more stimulating and favorable shows.For another, the media ought to give people proper guidance and refrain from exaggerating the effects of the show.
8==The Popularity of Micro-blogging 1．近年来“微博”越来越流行，许多人利用“微博”来表达心声、交流想法。 2．微博流行的原因。 3．微博可能引起的弊端。
Micro-blogging is no longer a strange word.More precisely, it has become part of our life.
As for me, many factors contribute to the widespread of Micro-blogging.First, it is very convenient for people to expre their instant feelings at any time.Second, it provides a chance for people to release their inner stre.By revealing their heartfelt emotions on the Micro-blogging, their friends may also know about their conditions and can offer in-time comfort.However, Micro-blogging can also be potentially dangerous as it may give away people‟s privacy and other significant information.All in all, Micro-blogging provides us comfort and also inevitably some concerns.We should be careful while using it.
