英文小论文范文（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：经典英文小论文句子

Each of these tools has focused on a specific aspect of the selected problem, for example,

推荐第2篇：圣经故事英文小论文

The Most Moving Story in the Bible

外国语言文化学院094班200911303409

Word Count:560

Outline:

1.A brief introduction

2.The detailed description of the story

3.Conclusion

Text:

Among the bible stories, in my opinion, Moses’ story is the most attractive and moving.It’s mainly about the Hebrew hero Moses and his great contributions to his people.

Moses was a newborn son of a Hebrew woman.At that time, the king of Egypt gave orders to kill all Hebrew newborn boys and broke Israelites’ spirit by heavy labor because he was afraid of that those

powerful Israelites may become the masters of Egypt.The little boy was protected well by his mother for 3 months but she could conceal no longer.So the mother laid the baby in a basket and put the basket among the reeds by the bank of the Nile.The baby was adopted by Pharaoh’s daughter and he became the prince of Egypt.The name Moses was given by pharaoh’s daughter.

Moses grew up.One day, he went to his Hebrew people and saw one was punished by an Egyptian.He killed the Egyptian and hid his body in the sand.But this was known by Pharaoh and he wanted to put Moses to death.So Moses made good in his escape and settled in the land of

Midian where he got married and God gave him the miion of leading Israelites out of Egypt.

Moses and his brother Aaron went to Pharaoh and asked him to set those Israelites free and Pharaoh refused.Moses turned his staff into a serpent as God told him.But Pharaoh was very obstinate and didn’t listen to Moses and Aaron.Then Moses changed the water of the Nile into blood and Pharaoh was obdurate as before.Moses had to perform other signs such as the disasters of frogs, maggots, flies and grahoppers, blights, murrain, disaster of hail and darkne, which still couldn’t persuade Pharaoh.At last, God killed all the first-borns in Egypt

including the first-born of Pharaoh and this made Pharaoh come to terms.When the king of Egypt was told that the Israelites had slipped away, he was seized with remorse.He took his troops to pursue Israelites and he nearly caught up with them by the sea.With God’s help Moses made the waters tear apart so that those Israelites went through the sea on the dry ground.But when Pharaoh’s troops arrived Moses made the water return to its accustomed place and all Pharaoh’s army were inundated.No one survived.This was Israelites’ great succe.

I like this story most because it presents the adamant people’s strong spirit of looking forward to freedom.Thought the Israelites were weak, they didn’t give in to the powerful king of Egypt.And the main hero was Moses who had strong will to save his people.He understood that the Egyptians were cruel and selfish.He gave up his happy life as a prince of Egypt in the palace and returned to his people.This is why God chose him to perform his miracles.Moses was the loyal follower of God and presented as the representative to deliver God’s ideas.Israelites showed

high admiration to him and he was worthy of it because of his great contributions to his people.

推荐第3篇：经济与环境英文小论文

The thesis is about the conflict between economy and the environment.Nowadays, the flourish of economy brings great impacts on the environment, and that is a complicated problem which needs to be solved.Since the first industrial revolution, some countries have achieved their economic goals at the expense of destroying the environment.Unfortunately, developing countries are eager to follow the same old disastrous road in order to improve the life standard of their citizens.In 2009, the United Nations Climate Change Conference tried to mediate this problem between developed countries and developing countries.This conference put forward that the developed countries and developing countries shall share the responsibility for damaging the environment.There will be le natural resources for the future generations because they are consumed at a large amount.According to Chinanews, the annual consumption of natural resources will amount to 140 billion tons by the year 2050 which is out of the earth’s bearable load.In that situation, human will be a kind of smug and use the mighty high technology to synthetize different things instead of the natural ones.So it is poible that people in future will have to live in a boring world which is constructed by high technology materials.The conflict between economy and environment has remained for many years, but people can try to establish a harmony relationship between them.It is for human’s benefit to protect the environment while developing the economy.

Esther

推荐第4篇：英文论文

浅谈高中英语写作中语域知识的习得

总论：新课程标准中＂语域＂的概念在中学阶段英语教学中是个新鲜词汇，第一次提到，并且明确列入评分标准之中。语域知识的习得是学生写作能力发展过程中的一大难点，因此，了解其含义及要求，对于我们教师当前如何有效指导学生的写作就显得尤为重要和迫切。比方说：photograph与photo均可指照片、图片，但photograph是newspaper language，属于正式体，一般常见于报刊杂志，而photo则是随便体，使用较为自由，这主要是语域功能的差异造成的。

关键字：高中英语课程标准、语域、中学写作、新要求

一、语域知识的习得是《英语课程标准》的新要求

普通高中《英语课程标准》（人民教育出版社2003年4月第一版，第55页）所附的写作评价标准中明确提到：对学生的作文主要从内容要点、语言使用效果、结构和连贯性、格式和语域以及与目标读者的交流五个方面进行评价。可以采用综合性评价，也可以采用分析性评价。通常采用分档次按等级评分制。其中第五档分类高分标准如下：

第五档（新课程标准）

——很好地完成了试题规定的任务；

——按要求写出了内容要点；

——语言结构和词汇选用恰当、丰富；语言错误极少；

——有效采用不同的连接手段，层次清楚；

——格式和语域恰当；——完全达到与目标读者交流的目的。

附：（原标准对比）第五档（很好）：

——完全完成了试题规定的任务。

——覆盖所有内容要点。

——应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。

——语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。

——有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。

——完全达到了预期的写作目的。

其中最后两项和原来的高考评分标准有着很大的区别，其要求进一步明确：①强调格式和语域恰当；②强调达到与目标读者交流的目的。而这其中＂语域＂的概念在中学阶段英语教学中是个新鲜词汇，第一次提到，并且明确列入评分标准之中。因此，了解其含义及要求，对于我们教师当前如何有效指导学生的写作就显得尤为重要和迫切。那么，什么是语域呢？

二、语域的涵义

语域（register）：［ (linguistics)range of vocabulary, grammar etc used by writers

in profeional contexts.］是指根据语言使用的社会情景定义的一种具有某种具

体用途的语言变体，如科技语体、艺术语体、政论语体、公文语体等等。简言之，

指在专业领域中作者所使用的词汇，可以理解为与题目相关领域的vocabulary。＂

各语域的词汇具有明确的语域功能＂（王珏,1999）。比方说：photograph与photo

均可指照片、图片，但photograph是newspaperlanguage，属于正式体，一般

常见于报刊杂志，而photo则是随便体，使用较为自由，这主要是语域功能的差

异造成的。一般情况，法律、科技、报道，讲演词，政论文等都比较正式，而小

说中文体、语域最复杂，要视情况而定，不可一概而论。

三、语域的区别

语法正确的句子并不一定是好的句子，这其中牵涉到语域的因素。口头交际

时，当然不要使用正式语体；同样，书面交流时，千万避免随意语体。国内（20

世纪80年代中后期交际教学法）教学改革前指摘学生的英语口语过于书面化；

教学改革后的情况又如何呢？批改学生的作文时，教师都有一种感觉：学生的作

文大多用词简单、结构松散，从语体角度分析，正式程度都较低，呈口语化的倾

向（蔡基刚2001：302）。

但是，目前中学英语写作教学的写作培训时间很少，有限的时间又多放在应

试讲评上，缺乏对语域等全局层次的特征传授。学术英语（English for Academic

Purposes,EAP）研究专家Hyland博士曾指出，学生的绝大多数语篇语域知识是

通过在写作中表达自己的思想获得的(1998: 243)。什么是冷漠体，正式体，商量

体，随便体，亲密体，正式体，半正式体，公共体，半非正式体，非正式体等只

有在语篇环境或讲话者的口吻中才能体会出来。不同的语域语言变体彼此是有区

别的，如果用几个简单的例子来说明一下就会看得很清楚。如＂汤姆病了，今天

没去上学＂，如果说Tom didn\'t go to school, because he was ill.这就是一句公共语，

而如果说Tom was ill,so he didn\'t go to school.这就是口语体，即非正式语体，如

果说：Being ill ,Tom didn\'t go to school或Tom didn\'t go to school because of illne.

都是正式语体(当然这句话的内容用这种句式表达并不合适)。从中我们可以看到

用原因从句的表达方式是比较正常的，用so连接的句子显得不怎么正式，用抽

象名词和分词短语的形式都显得十分正式。

另外有些表示相同意思的不同表示形式也有语域方面的区别。如according to

和in accordance with,前者为公共语，而后者为正式用语，It is important 和It is of

importance相比，也是前者为公共语，而后者为正式体。甚至连冠词的用法都可

以表示这种区别，The horse is a useful animal; A horse is a useful animal; Horses are

useful animals。第一种用定冠词加单数名词表示类属的是正式用法，而用不定冠

词加单数名词表示类属的则为公共语，最后一种，复数泛指的类属表示法则为非

正式语体。

所以，我们在学生英语写作之初时，引导他们弄清所写文章的语域情况是十

分重要的，因为这将决定我们在写作时如何选词组句，可谓＂看菜吃饭，量体裁

衣＂。例如：我们在写一篇游记时要用到下面一个句子：＂一小时后，我们终于

登上高达海拔1296公尺的衡山之巅祝融峰。＂可译为：After an hour of climbing,

we finally found ourselves at zhurong Peak, the very apex of Mt, Hengshan, towering

1,296m above the sea level.我们可以从after……climbing这种动名词用法看出比

较正式，它不是用短句表示(After we had climbed for an hour)，如用短句则显得更

为常见的公共语体，另外，apex，顶峰，巅峰，与之同义的词还有summit, top

等词，但apex更为典雅，正式程度高于summit，更高于top.

再有towering这一分词的使用，也说明其正式性，不是用短句(it towers

1,296m above sea level)。那么，我们在翻译这句时则用了比较正式的语言。但如

果我们是在记录人们交谈中听到下面这样一些简短而连续句子：＂我们爬了一个

钟头，终于到了祝融峰的山顶，它是衡山的最高峰，有1296公尺＂则译为这样

较合适：After we had climbed for an hour，we finally found ourselves at zhurongPeak.This is the very top of Mt, Hengshan and it towers 1,296 meters above sea level.

这就是语域决定作用的初步体验。

四、语域使用应遵循的要求

在语言是否达到与目标读者交流的目的的制约下，写作中语域的使用应遵循

以下要求：

（一）合乎规范

事物、现象之间的相似性、相关性和相通性是词语跨域使用产生的基础，事

物和现象之间的这些关系使人们可以通过比喻、借代、引申的手法进行表达。

如：＂bug＂一词译成汉语＂臭虫＂。其电脑术语义指＂系统、设备或程序中的

一种错误或故障＂。＂臭虫＂获其殊荣完全是因为搔扰电脑科研人员晚上工作，

遭人痛恨而得。这就要求人们在选择词语时，注意使用词语中最具普遍性的意义。

要多模仿原汁原味的精美句型、短文，使用比喻、借代、典故等不能生搬硬套，

必须理解其文化背景，适应交际的需要，符合词语规范化的原则，才能避免

chinglish的。

即coherence（ being (of ideas, thoughts, speech, reasoning, etc) connected

logically or consistently; easy to understand; clear.）连贯性，一致性。可以理解为

观念、思想、言论、推理等表达准确、合乎逻辑；前后一致；让人易懂。这就要

求写作时明确试题规定的任务，准确贴切地选择词语有效地表达事物的概念和人的思想情感。如不能准确地理解词语的词义就去跨域使用，必将会出现词不达义、张冠李戴的现象，达不到指称事物和目标读者交际的目的。如要表达的是演讲稿、发言稿，则语言必须符合口语习惯，随意体较为受欢迎，如果过多地采用正式体则显得教条、呆板，缺乏应有的生机活力，语言也就没有感染力。如：为了帮助学生认识到因果关系表达的丰富性及其文体差别，减少过分依赖死记硬背常用范式的熟悉度，我们从原因表达用词because等其它因果标记（诸如as，since与for，以及复合介词类（because of/as a result of等）、名词类（cause/reason等）、介词（with/through/by等）、动词类（cause/result in/contribute to等）的语料的掌握上，应该提供给学生足够的语境练习以强化域语知识的掌握。

例如：I am not able to watch TV, because I live in school.（逗号显示非正式的特征）→I cannot watch TV because my dorm has no TV set.用since, for表共享原因可能更好，因为本句重点说明我无法看到电视，进而为以后阐释自己对外界知识了解不多提供立论基础；但作者提供的原因并不直接，他所认为的共享知识-＂学校宿舍没有电视＂并非一定共享。另外，be able to 指\'能力\'，实际上作者想表达\'不可能\'-cannot。

（三）避免滥用

即cohesion（ tendency to stick together.）凝聚力。凝聚力，可以理解为围绕一个中心展开讨论，思路清晰，支持有力，不写与题目无关的东西。为追求新奇、标新立异或故作高深，有人不顾是否达到与目标读者交流的目的，把词语跨域使用作为一种新颖、超常的言语方式大加运用，必将适得其反。中国学生易受发展性因素和汉语负迁移的影响，过分依赖于汉语运用的感觉且表现出明显的口语化现象，偏离了原汁原味英语语篇运用的常规。因此，作为学生在英语学习过程中，要多分析语言现象，注意词汇句型的语域功能，多积累，多感知，多体会，方能为写出好文章打下坚实的基础。

总之，只有充分理解语域的内涵及其功能特点，才能把握好高中英语课程标准对中学写作的新要求，才能写出内容充实、要点全面、语言丰富、文字优美、行文连贯、过渡自然、表达地道、语域恰当的好文章，才能完全达到与目标读者交流的目的，也才能很好地完成试题规定的任务，取得理想的高分。

参考书目：

1.普通高中《英语课程标准》（人民教育出版社2003年4月第一版）

2.2003年高考英语试卷及答案(天津卷)扫描版评分标准（人民网）

3.《英语翻译课程学习方法》凡夫著

4.《对于雅思考试写作评分标准的解析》赖劲松著

推荐第5篇：英文400字小论文 描述华侨现状

Although the aimilation of the country of residence leads to the change of habits, language and even political views and so on, the inherited ethic identity cannot be cast out and still influence their lives consciously or subconsciously such as the stre on collectivism, family, interpersonal relationship and moral ethics.

In the face of double cultural shocks, Chinese sojourners are undoubtedly embroiled in the search for the ethic or national identification or the sense of belonging.On the one hand, the strong stickine of their residence of countries, especially of those economically and politically powerful countries, effectively aimilates some Chinese; and on the other hand, blood is thicker than water, their local complex underneath causes them naturally embrace the summons from their ancestral homes.

As a Chinese immigrant, either in the past or present, the innate nationalism and patriotism cannot be torn away but the degrees or the modes of expreion are determined by the different situations.Normally, an explosion of patriotic emotions may happen in such a case when the original family homes are in the weak position or subjected to aggreion.They correspond to the external stimuli and bring out the internalized emotions and further take actions to recognize and support their motherlands.For example, overseas Chinese donated money and materials and even partook in the revolution during revolutionary times and in 2008, because of some malevolent intervention abroad, the Olympic Flame died out many times and the overseas Chinese organized demonstrations and resolutely resist these disgusting conducts.

Now, many people of Chinese ancestry come to China to find their “roots”.The root culture is a complex including language, their love to homes and customs and eentially the Chinese culture’s attraction.Chinese characters, the barriers of Chinese culture, not only affect the expreional ways and thinking patterns, but also hold Chinese together as a whole.Some new-born Chinese immigrants are called “banana peoples”, they wear Chinese faces but cannot say or write Chinese and behave in a totally foreign way.They may fell into the dangerous zone of marginal people, struggling in the turbulence of different cultures.

推荐第6篇：写英文论文的几个小技巧

小弟不才，迄今才撰写了三篇英文文章，但写作过程中也积累了一点经验，不敢敝帚自珍，今天也斗胆向各位虫友贡献一下。我这几篇文章，不论内容如何，但每次审稿人对于语言的评价都是还不错的，well written，总结起来不外有三个小窍门：

一是平时多积累。我在日常读文献的时候，如果发现很好的句子句式，都会记录在一个文档里面，如下面的一段话，就是我在一篇文章的摘要中发现的：

This paper describes the concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of microelectro-mechanical systems technology, wirele communications and digital electronics.First, the sensing tasks and the potential sensor networks applications are explored, and a review of factors influencing the design of sensor networks is provided.Then, the communication architecture for sensor networks is outlined, and the algorithms and protocols developed for each layer in the literature are explored.Open research iues for the realization of sensor networks are also discued.

文章用词忌重复，中文如此，英文亦然。特别是动词的使用，如在一段话中出现了几个相同的动词，感觉文章就跌价不少，而如果用了几个意思相近而又贴切的词，自然就会增色几分。如上文中的describe，explore，provide，outline和discu，就使得文章有了文采，值得学习和收藏。坚持收集例句，素材多了，自然自己的造句的时候就有底子了。此外，还要注意，在收集例句的过程，随着例句的增多，也需要对例句进行整理和分类，方便学习和检索。

二是注意行文中Transition words的使用。Transition words就是在行文过程中，连接意义相关句子的词，如Therefore，thus，in particular等等。使用这些词，会使得文章连贯性好，逻辑性强，读起来一气呵成，自然会给审稿人好印象。下面是一个关于Transition words的一个总结，供各位虫友参考：

Transitions Study Sheet

Transitions for time: before, afterward, after, next, then, as soon as, later, until, when, finally, last, meanwhile, during, at times, sometimes, oftentimes

Example: WWII broke out in Europe in 1939.During this time the United States remained neutral.It wasn’t until 1941, after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, that the United States entered the war.After its entry, it was only a matter of time before the Allies defeated Germany and the Axis powers.

Transitions for place: in the background, in the distance, beyond, behind, above, below, in front of, elsewhere, in the middle, to the left, to the right

Example: My favorite painting is Botticelli’s Birth of Venus.In the middle of the painting stands Venus, the Roman godde of love, standing on a seashell.She floats majestically above the beautiful water below her.To her left a figure representing wind blows fierce clouds of wind in her direction.To her right a figure behind her attempts to cover her with a blanket and protect her.It is a truly breath-taking piece of art.

Transitions for examples: for example, for instance, as an example, like, specifically, consider as an illustration, that is, such as, similar, similarly

Example: Oftentimes people who study from history fail to learn from the mistakes of the past.For example, during WWII Hitler decided to invade Ruia just before wintertime.This decision was the same decision Napoleon made over a hundred years earlier, and Hitler’s army met a similar fate.Had he learned from his history, Hitler might have avoided making this costly mistake and the outcome for the war might have been different.For instance, if Hitler had decided to invade England by sea rather than Ruia by land, he might well have won the war.

Transitions for emphasis: chiefly, equally, indeed, even more important, in particular, most important, without a doubt, indubitably, unquestionably, definitely

Example: Without a doubt, Chinese food is one of my favorite cuisines.Although I find Japanese and Thai food equally delicious at times, Chinese food is definitely my favorite Asian cuisine.In particular I enjoy the spicy Szechuan style of cooking commonly found in Chinese food.

Transitions for restatement: in short, that is, in effect, in other words

Example: When I asked my girlfriend to marry me she said, in effect, that she wouldn’t be ready for marriage until after she completed her PhD program.At first I was crushed, that is, I felt like she said no because she didn’t love me anymore.However, after she explained her reasons to me I felt better and agreed with her.In other words, I came away feeling better than I had anticipated.

Transitions for comparison: similarly, likewise, also, the same as, different than, opposite, unlike, instead

Example: When my older brother was deciding where to go to college he spoke to my father about where he should go.Not surprisingly he went to the same school my father did, MIT.When it was time for me to choose a college I did the exact opposite.I didn’t ask my father where I should go, and as a result, I didn’t also go to MIT like he and my brother did.Instead I went to UCLA.

Transitions for conceion: although, of course, admittedly, true, doubtle, granted that, no doubt, indubitably, without a doubt, definitely, certainly

Example: Some people might be surprised to learn that the two most succeful NBA teams of all-time are the Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers.Although neither of these teams is very good right now, they are the two teams with the most champions in NBA history.The Celtics definitely had the best streak of these two teams; winning eight championships in a row at one point.Admittedly there is always the chance that some future team could break this record, but this seems unlikely.Of course no one can predict the future with any certainty.

Transitions for consequence: thus, so, then, it follows, as a result, therefore, hence, consequently, accordingly, because

Example: I’m sorry, but I can’t let you turn in your homework late because it wouldn’t be fair to the other students.As a result your grade has dropped lower and you are now failing the cla.Consequently you need to get 100% on the final so you can pa the cla and then graduate from CAS.Therefore, I suggest you study very hard so I don’t have to fail you.Good luck!

Transitions for conclusion: to sum up, in summary, finally, therefore, thus, in conclusion, to conclude

Example: Finally, Beijing has a lot of nice places to shop that appeal to tourists.To sum up then, Beijing is a wonderful place to visit because it has beautiful parks and historical monuments, friendly people and lots of nice places to shop.Thus any travelers who are planning to come to China should definitely visit Beijing during their stay.

Transitions for addition:

furthermore, in addition, besides, next, first, second, moreover Example: UCLA is a wonderful university to attend as an undergraduate.First, it is respected academically and is well-known for its high standards of education.Furthermore, UCLA has a strong network of alumni who often recruit students to come work for them.Moreover students who do such work as undergraduates often receive jobs with these same companies once they graduate.In addition to these two benefits, UCLA also has exciting sports teams that are fun to watch.Besides, with so many good reasons to go to UCLA, why would you want to go anywhere else?

我的第三条经验就是句酷网站，www.daodoc.com，一个专门找例句的网站，也许有些虫友也知道。我们写文章的时候，很自然会想到一些中文的表达方法，但是常常苦于找不到贴切的英文表达，查电子词典，往往凑出来的句子也是面目全非。句酷网站提供了一个很好的查找例句的渠道（不是广告奥，呵呵），你可以通过中英文关键字，找到很多例句。比如，我想说“值得指出的是”，在句酷里面查了一下，找到了如下几个句子： It is worth emphasizing that...it is worth pointing out that ...A point worth emphasizing is that...感觉都还不错，都可以选用。更为关键的是，这些例句一般都会有出处，这样就可以根据例句内容和出处来选择比较地道的表述了。我的一个经验是，对于来自cnki.net的例句就得小心点，这些都是国内兄弟写的文章中的句子，常常不是很合适。

今天起得早，又睡不着，写这点东西，希望能对大家有一点点启发。上个月自己的第一篇trans的minor revision刚刚投出去，这些天一直在焦急的等待中，写点东西与大家分享，也顺便给自己祈祈福。第一次在小木虫写帖子，希望大家能喜欢，欢迎大家一起讨论，批评指正，谢谢！

普通的中文期刊已经不能满足各科研单位的需要，项目的申请、学科的建设、单位影响力的扩大以及关系到个人职称问题，都需要有高质量的SCI论文。所以发表SCI论文重要性不言而喻了。

俺博士毕业已经三年了，来到了一个地方三流高校教书，才知道科研的艰辛，实验条件极差，但关键是人的思想陈旧，没有进取心（当时来的时候老喜欢与俺母校对比，地方情况不一样嘛，现在习惯了），所以大多数人发表一篇“XXXX学报”已经是很知足了，无人奢望或想象发表SCI，当然SCI在他们眼里可能还不如某些中文核心期刊。在这种环境下，我利用业余时间猛做科研，撰写论文，终于有所收获。这几年基本上每年有1~2篇文章出炉（尽管IF不是很高，1左右吧）。下面谈谈自己的感受，希望与那些211或985大学毕业而到地方高校任教的虫友共勉。

1.要充分自信自己所做的试验，当然做一些重复性、完全没有新意的试验是没意义的；现在很多中文（如中科院系统所办期刊）的文章，就内容来说很多都可以投稿SCI杂志，只要作者原意写。现在很多国家所办的SCI杂志发表的文章，特别是IF

2.文章语法应用不一定要非常的ENGLISH化，但文章的内容一定要表达清楚，也就是说一定要让人读懂。我的英文不太好，喜欢做笔记，一些好的语法、词汇，我都摘抄下来，平时翻翻，写作前在看看。当然，对自己的文章还是不放心的话，可选择投稿那些非英语国家，如东欧等国家办的杂志，我去年投稿的都是德国办的杂志，现在读起来觉得还需要修改，呵呵。

3.一定要选好审稿人。现在很多出版社如SCIDIRECT\\SPRINGER等，都要求作者自己提供审稿人信息，即使没有要求，你自己也可以提供。这里，我们可以选择国内与自己或自己导师熟悉的学者，毕竟熟人好说话嘛，但最多只能一个；其次，我们可以选择那些与自己学术观点相同的国外评审人，投稿之前要尽量介绍自己的研究背景或基础；

第三，自己寻找潜在的审稿人，这很重要。这个方法我前面介绍过，是我同学告诉我的，我自己也用过。与本领域相关的一些国外学者取得联系（最好不要是日本的，那些人学术思想非常严谨甚至极端），阅读它的文章（要与自己要发表的文章有关），写感受，并与作者进行交流互动（我试过，国外研究者很愿意与别人探讨他的研究成果，不管你是肯定还是否定），然后说明自己在做什么样的科研，比如要求他提供一些意见，然后再给他看看自己写的文章，按他的意见进行修改。当然，真正投稿时，推荐他作为评审人是自然的。我同学博士期间发表了6篇SCI，由于他的导师是学俄语的，不懂英文，所以他想到了这种方法。我去年发表了2篇文章，都是与自己有联系的国外研究者审稿的（他也发邮件告诉过我），结果编委的意见都是“minor revision”或“good MS”之类的话。

4.投稿之前，一定要对拟投的杂志要了解，特别是发表周期。这可从最近发表或ONLINE的文章看出，接收日期、接受日期、ONLINE日期等，如果时间拉得很长，说明稿件量很大，队伍排得很长，如果急需看出的话不宜投稿（当然文章要是非常有意义例外哦）。我一般有意识的选择的都是月刊，季刊或半月刊很少投（一般发表周期稍长）。

5.拟发表文章类型的选择。各个学校多文章的类型可能要求不一样，我校对文章的字数有一定要求，SCI至少3000字。以前投稿的是那些FULL LENGTHEN PAPER，都在5个版面以上，有的甚至达到1万字，写作修改都很费力气。去年我吧实验核心（自己感觉比较有创意的）部分写成SHORT COMMUNICATION类型，尽量做到简洁明了，4~5个版面（约4000字），这样比较容易写，修改也容易。结果两篇都中了。我的导师是洋博士，也是某个SCI编委，他说他也比较喜欢这类型的文章，重点突出，篇幅太长容易导致重复啰嗦，适得其反。

6.一些交叉学科的杂志的选择。有些SCI 的杂志，原本是一个专业杂志，报道领域比较狭窄，但为了扩大影响力，增加了一些相关或交叉的学科，例如PLANT CEE REPORTS原来只报道植物组织培养方面的内容，现在增加了很多基因发掘、克隆表达、逆境胁迫、基因组学等领域栏目，如果投稿投稿这些新的栏目，效果可能比投稿那些专业杂志更好。

以上直接的一点点经验，随意写的，如果到各位虫友有更好的方法或经验，可以在此进行交流。

推荐第7篇：英文小故事

Tom is a little boy, and he is only seven years old.Once he goes to a cinema.It is the first time for him to do that.He buys a ticket and goes in.But after two or three minutes he comes out, and buys the second ticket and goes in again.After a few minutes he comes out again and buys the third ticket.Two or three minutes after that he comes out and asks for another ticket.But a girl asks him,“Why do you buy so many tickets? How many friends do you meet?” “No, I have no friends here, but a big woman always stops me at the door and cuts up my ticket.”

汤姆是个小孩， 他才7岁。 当他去电影院的时候。那时他第一次去。他买了张票进去了。 但没过两三分钟他就出来了，然后买了第二张票又进去了。 几分钟后他又出来买了第三张票。 接着两三分钟后他又出来买票。 一个女的问她，“你为什么要买那么多票啊? 你见到了几个朋友？\" \"没有， 我里面没朋友， 但是每当我进门的时候一位大的女人老把我的票给剪了\"

Where is the egg?

Teacher:Can you make a sentence with the word \"egg\"? Student:Yes.I ate a piece of cake yesterday.Teacher:Then where is the “egg\"? Student:In the cake,Sir.

鸡蛋在哪里？

老师：你能用“鸡蛋”一词造句吗？ 学生：可以。我昨天吃了一块蛋糕。 老师：“鸡蛋”在哪？ 学生：在蛋糕里，先生

Story 1

Three Good Friends

One day, a monkey rides his bike near the river.This time he sees a lion under a tree.The lion runs at him.He is afraid and falls into the river.He can’t swim.He shouts.The rabbit hears him.He jumps into the river.The rabbit swims to the monkey, but he can’t help him.Luckily, an elephant comes along.He is very strong.He helps the rabbit and monkey.Three friends are very happy.They go to the elephant’s home.Then, three of them become good friends.

故事一

三个好朋友

一天， 一只猴子在河边骑车。这时他看见树下有一只狮子，狮子向他跑来。他非常的害怕，掉进河里。他不会游泳，大叫起来。兔子听见了，跳进水里，但他却没有办法救猴子。幸运的是，一只大象过来了。大象非常强壮，救出了兔子和猴子。他们来到大象的家，在那里吃了一顿大餐。从此他们成了好朋友。

Story 3 Spring in the Green Season

Spring is coming.Spring is the first season of the year.In China, spring comes in February.It is still cold, but it is getting warmer and warmer.The days get longer and longer.The leaves on the trees begin to turn green.Then they come up green leaves in the spring wind on the ground.

Spring is also sowing time season. 故事三

春天来了，春天是每年的第一个季节。在中国，春天二月来临，那时候还是很冷，但是会运来月暖和，白昼悦来越长。树上的叶子开始变绿，沐浴着大地春风长出了嫩芽。春天也播种的季节。

Story 5

The Hippo and I

A hippo lives in the zoo.I like him very much.I often go to see him.He often thinks of me, too.Today is Sunday.It is fine day.I go to see him again.After I leave the zoo, he follows me to my house.I give him lettuce, cabbages, bananas, apples and other food.He eats them up.When I sing songs, he stays in the pool.He is as quite as a rabbit.

In the evening, he jumps onto my bed with me.My mum tells him to go home.He has to pack his bag and go back to the zoo.My mum lets me see him every week.

故事5 我与河马

河马住在动物园里，我很喜欢他。他经常去看它，他也经常想我。

今天是星期日，是个好天气，我又一次去看望它。在我离开动物园之后，他跟随到我的家。我给他莴苣、生菜、香蕉、苹果和其他食物。他都吃了。

当我唱歌是，它待在水池里，像兔子一样安静。

晚上，他跳到床上同我睡觉在一起睡。

妈妈要它回家。它不得不背起包回到动物园。妈妈允许我每周去看它。

Story 8 A Beautiful Doll

Tina is a lovely girl.She has a lot of dolls.One of these dolls is very beautiful.She has long blond hair and wears a white dre.The little girl likes her very much.She called her “Sandy”.You would forget all the sad things and become happy when you see her.

Tina tried to teach Sandy to speak, but she failed.When she is free, Tina always made clothed for her.When she is unhappy or met with some difficulties, Tina talked to her, because they are close friends.What a lovely girl she is！

Do you like it, too？

故事8 漂亮的洋娃娃

缇娜是一个可爱的女孩， 她有许多洋娃娃。其中有个是很没得：她有着金色的长发，穿着一件白色的连衣裙。小女孩非常喜欢它，因此， 小女孩叫她“桑迪”。当你看到它的时候就会高兴，会忘记所有不开心的事。

缇娜试着教桑迪说话，可她失败了。 当缇娜空闲时，她时常会桑迪缝衣服。当她遇到不快乐的事或碰倒困难的时候，缇娜中哦你对它倾述，因为他们是亲密的朋友。多么可爱的一个女孩啊！

你也喜欢它吗？

Story 9

It’s Good to Walk

A group of penguins at a zoo in Japan take a walk to lose weight.Every day, 15 king penguins there walk 500 meters twice.“Just like human, penguins don’t exercise much during winter.They become fat easily,” says a zookeeper.

故事9 散步有益

在日本的一个动物园里一群企鹅在散步减肥。哪里的15只金企鹅媒体散步两次，每次500米。 动物园工作人员说：“和人类一样，企鹅冬天不怎么运动，容易发胖。”

Story 10 The Panda in China

A panda looks like a little bear.It has black and white fur.It lives only in China, so it is called the national treasure of China and protected by the law.

We all see panda on TV or in the zoo.They look stupid and walk slowly, but they are lovely and everyone likes them.

A panda is lucky animal.We Chinese like it, and people of the world like it, too.Now there are China’s pandas in many other countries, such as Japan and the USA…

A panda isn’t a common animal, it is bridge of friendship.

故事10 中国熊猫

熊猫看起来好像一只小熊。它的皮毛是黑白相间。 它只居住在中国，因此，它是中国的国宝，受到国家法律的保护。

我们在电视上或在动物园里能看到熊猫。他们看起来显得很笨的样子，走起来很缓慢，但很可爱，大家都很喜欢它们。

熊猫是个吉祥的动物。中国人民喜欢它，世界人民也喜欢它。现在许多国家都有中国的熊猫，如，日本、美国„„

熊猫不是一种普通的动物，而是一座友谊的桥梁。

且叫是眼睛还会发光。

它是一只好看又有用的钟，我很喜欢它。

Story12 A Clever Farmer

Uncle Sam doesn’t like farmer.He thinks they are very foolish and only know work on the farm.

One winter morning, the sun is shining.Uncle Sam sits on the step of his house.At that moment, a farmer with a map in his hand comes to him.

Farmer：Excuse me, Uncle.Can you tell me know to get to the hospital, please?

Uncle Sam: Lie down in the middle of the street and you’ll soon be at a hospital.

Farmer Please set an example to me.

Uncle Sam: I think you come to our city at the first time.It’s much more beautiful than the field.Is that right?

Farmer: Yes, uncle.But it is built on the field.

Uncle Sam’s face turns red.

故事12 聪明的农民

山姆大叔不喜欢农民。他认为他们很愚蠢只会在农场干活。一个冬天的早晨，阳光明媚，山姆大叔坐在门前的石阶上。这时，一个农民手拿地图向他走来。

农民：请问，大叔，去医院的路怎么走？

山姆大叔:你躺在街当中，很快就会在医院的。 农民：请你做一个示范。

山姆大叔：我想你是第一次进城吧，城市比你那块地漂亮多了，是吧？ 农民：是的，大叔，但城市是建在地之上的。 山姆大叔脸红了。

Story 13 Where Is the Hat?

Jack is a little goose.He has a lovely hat.He likes wearing it very much.But when he sits, his hat can’t stay on his head.

He puts his hat down and begins to play game with the hat.When he gets tired of the game, things are not the same.

He can’t find his hat.Where is it? Jack thinks hard.He looks up and down, and walks

here and there.He can’t find his hat yet.

At this time, his mother comes in.As soon as she sees Jack, she cries, “Oh, my dear! Don’t be foolish.Your hat is on your head.”

Jack feels very foolish.He doesn’t want to wear his hat on his head.

故事13 帽子在哪里？

杰克是一只小鹅。它有一顶可爱的帽子，他非常喜欢戴它。当它坐着时，他的帽子总是戴着头上。

它脱下它的帽子并开始用帽子玩游戏。当它玩累时，事情就不是那样了。

它没有找到他的帽子。它在哪里？杰克仔细想。

它上下看了看，到处找了找，还是没有找到它的帽子。

这时，它的母亲走进来，当她看到杰克就喊道：“啊！亲爱的，你真笨，帽子在你的头上。”

杰克感到自己很愚蠢。它不像戴那顶帽子了。

Story 14

Two dogs

A man has two dogs: a hound and a housedog.He trains the hound to help him hurt and teaches the housedog to watch the house.When he returns home after a day’s hunt, he always gives the house-dog some meat.The hound feels very angry.He says unhappily to the housedog, “Where I work very hard outside, you share my food.” “Don’t blame me, my friend.You should blame the master.He doesn’t teach me to hurt, but to share other’s food,” the housedog answers. Don’t blame children for the mistakes of their parent

故事14 两只狗

有一个人养了两条狗：一条是猎犬，一条是看家狗。他训练猎狗帮他打猎，教看家狗守家。当猎人打了一天猎回家后，总要分给看家狗一些肉，猎狗对此很生气。它不高兴地对看家狗说道：“我在外边追捕猎物十分辛苦，而你在家什么都不做，但你却分享我的食物。”看家狗回答道：“不要责怪我，我的朋友。你应该去责备主人。他不教我打猎，却只教我分享别人的食物。”

不要因为父母的错误而去责备孩子。

推荐第8篇：英文小笑话

英语笑话

（一）

老师在黑板上写了一句：Time is money.并让同学们翻译。有名学生答道：“汤姆是玛丽。” 小明上英文课时跟老师说：May I go to the toilet? 老师说：Go ahead.

小明就坐了下来。过了一会儿，小明又跟老师说：May I go to the toilet? 老师说：Go ahead.

小明又坐了下来。他旁边的同学于是忍不住问：你不是跟老师说要上厕所吗？怎么不去？

小明说：你没听老师说「去你个头」啊！

英语笑话

（二）

某日刘洪涛遇到外宾，上前搭话曰：I am hongtao liu，外宾曰：我TM还是方片七呢！

英语笑话

（三）

江青会见外宾，要求翻译要严格按她的意思翻，不许走样。外宾一见到江青，立刻拍马屁道：\"Mi Jiang, you are very beautiful.\" 翻译照翻，江青心花怒 放，嘴上还要谦虚一下：“哪里，哪里”。

翻译不敢怠慢，把江青的话翻成英文：\"Where? Where?\" 外宾一愣，还有这样的人，追问哪里漂亮的，干脆马屁拍到底：\"Everywhere, everywhere.\"

翻译：“你到处都很漂亮。”江青更高兴了，但总是要客气一下：“不见得，不见得”。翻译赶紧翻成英文：\"You are not allowed to see, you are not allowed to see.\"

英语笑话

（四）

话说某年某月的某一天，叁个神箭手约在一起比箭，目标是十尺外仆人头上的苹果。A神箭手挽弓长射，咻一声，利箭正中苹果。A高傲的昂起下巴，比出一根大 拇指道：「I AM后羿！」

B神箭手照本宣科，射中苹果，这回他自大的喊了一句：「I AM丘比特！」

轮到C了，他也挽弓，利箭射出！ 结果正中仆人的心脏。就听他结结巴巴好久才吐出一句：「I...I...I...AM...SORRY...」

英语笑话

（五）

某人刻苦学习英语，终有小成。一日上街不慎与一老外相撞， 忙说：I am sorry. 老外应道：I am sorry too. 某人听后又道：I am sorry three. 老外不解，问：What are you sorry for? 某人无奈，道：I am sorry five.

英语笑话

（六）

一位来自日本的旅客，坐出租车去机场的路上，看到一辆汽车经过，就说：“oh，TOyOTA！Made in Japan! It is very fast！”又有一辆经过，他又说： “oh，NISSAN！Made in Japan! It is very fast！”司机有点不高兴，觉得他太吵了！当第三辆经过时，他还是说：“oh，HONDA！Made in Japan! It is very fast！”

后来到了机场，那个日本人就问：“How Much？”出租车司机说：“1000！”

日本人惊奇的问司机：“为什么那么贵？”出租车司机回答说：“oh，mileometer（计 程表）！Made in Japan! It is very fast！”

英语笑话

（七）

1 英语老师问一个学生，“How are you是什么意思” 学生想how是怎么，you 是你，于是回答“怎么是你？” 老师生气又问另一个同学：“How old are you ?是什么意思？” 这个同学想了想说：“怎么老是你。

, 一位在美的留学生,想要考国际驾照.在考试时因为过于紧张,看到地上标线是向左转.

他不放心的问道:turn left?

监考官回答:right.

于是他立刻向右转.

很抱歉他只有下次再来.4, 一位中国学生在美国加州目睹了一起交通事故,由于好奇一直没有离开.

警察来了以后问他知不知道事情的经过,

he said:\"one car come, one car go, two car peng peng, one car die.英语笑话

（二）

刘洪涛遇到外宾，上前搭话曰：I am hongtao liu，外宾曰：我还是方片七呢！

“神”翻译：

四大发明：Star Farming 诸侯：pig monkey 指南针：GPS 火药：TNT/fire medicine 丝绸之路：silly road 皇家：yellow home 皇室成员：the stars of VIP 中秋节：Full moon festival 拜月：bye moon 月饼：pizza yue

“中国风”词汇正确翻译：

四大发明：the four great inventions of ancient China 古代中国：ancient China 丝绸之路：Silk Road 造纸术：papermaking 火药：gunpowder 指南针：compa 印刷术：printing 寿：longevity 福：good fortune 和：harmony 中国园林：chinese garden 自然和人的调和关系：the human and the nature should be harmonious relations

2

推荐第9篇：英文小故事

One day,a rabbit meet tortoise

Rabbit:Hello! tortoise!

Tortoise:Hello! rabbit!

Rabbit:What are you doing?

tortoise:I am running.

Rabbit:You can run? ha ha ha !

Tortoise:Heng,I am so angry.let is have a race

Rabbit:Ok! let me see.who can get to the big tree frist! one,two,three,go!! Tortoise:Run run far away,run run let me race

Rabbit:Where is tortoise? where is tortoise?oh,he is slowly.I am so teld ,let me have a rest.

Tortoise:Where is rabbit?where is rabbit? oh,he is sleeping,run run far away run run let me rece.oh yee! I am winner

Rabbit:Where is tortoise?where is tortoise?oh ho !I am late!

A hare jeered at a tortoise for the slowne of his pace .But he laughed ,and said that he would run against her and beat her any day she would

name ."Come on ," said the hare ,"you will soon see what my feet are made of ."So it was aGREed that they should start at once .The tortoise went off jogging along ,without a moment's stopping ,at his usual steady pace .The hare treating the whole matter very lightly ,said he would first take a little nap ,and that she should soon overtake the tortoise .Meanwhile ,the tortoise plodded on ,and the hare ,oversleeping herself ,arrived at the goal ,only to see that the tortoise had got in before her .

Slow and steady wins the race.

兔子嘲笑乌龟的步子爬的慢，但是他笑了，说总有一天他会和她赛跑，并且赢他。"快点"，兔子说，"你很快会看到我是跑的多么的快。"他们打算马上就开始比赛。乌龟拼命的爬，一刻都不停止，兔子认为比赛太轻松了，他说他先打个盹，然后很快的可以追上乌龟。同时乌龟坚持爬行，当兔子醒来跑到的时候只能看着乌龟在他前面到达终点。

稳扎稳打终能胜利。

词汇：

jeer at 嘲笑

tortoise 乌龟

go off 离开

usual steady pace平时的稳定的步伐

over-take 超过，赶上

plod on 沉重地向前

Sand and stone

The story goes that two friends were walking through the desert.During some point of the journey they had an argument, and one friend slapped the other one in the face.The one who got slapped was hurt, but without saying anything, wrote in the said:” Today my best friend slapped me in the face.”They kept on walking until they found an oasis, where they decided to take a bath.The one who had been slapped got stuck in the mire and started

drowning, but the friend saved him.After he recovered from the near drowning, he wrote on stone: Today my best friend saved my life.

The friend who had slapped and saved his best friend asked him, after I hurt you, you wrote in the sand and now you write on a stone.why?

The other friend replied: When someone hurts us, we should write it down in sand where winds of forgivene can erase it away .But when someone does something good for us, we must engrave it in stone where no wind ever erases it.

Learn to write your hurts in the sand and to carve your benefits in stone.They say it takes a minute to find a special person, an hour to appreciate him, a day to love him, but an entire life to forget him.

Send this phrase to the people you will never forget .It is a short meage to let them know that you will never forget them.

Take the time to live.

伤害只写在沙地上

两个朋友在荒漠里穿行，途中他们发上了争执；其中一个人单了另一位一个耳光。被达的人非常伤心，但他什么也没说，只是在沙地上写到：“今天，我最好的朋友打了我一个耳光。”

他们继续往前走，发现了一片绿洲，他们决定在那里洗个澡。结果，被打的那位陷进了泥潭，眼看就要被淹死，结果他的朋友救了他。恢复过来都他在石头上写到：“今天，我最好的朋友救了我的命。”

那位打他并救了他的朋友问：“为什么我伤害你时，你在沙地上写下来，而现在却在石头上刻下来呢？”

被救的那位答到：“受到伤害时，我们应该把他写在沙地上，宽恕之风会将它抹平。可是受人恩惠时，我们应该把它刻在石头上，任何风雨也不会把它擦掉。” 学会将所受的伤害写在沙子上，把所的的恩德刻在石头上。有人这样说，找到一个特别的人只需要用一分钟，欣赏他需要用一小时，喜欢他需要用一天，但忘掉他却需要用一生的时间。

把这句话送给那些你永远无法忘记的人吧。这段短短的话能让他们知道你永远不会忘记他们。

此生不忘。

推荐第10篇：英文小短文

Words and pictures authorized by Penguin Group 故事简介

今天Peter和Jane，还有妈妈一起坐上汽车去看望爷爷奶奶。

1.It is a hot day again.Peter and Jane are on the top of a big red bus.They are going to see their grandmother and grandfather.

2.Father is at work today.Mother and Pat are with them.Pat is a good dog on the bus and on the train.

3.The two children love their grandmother and grandfather.4.Grandmother and Grandfather live in an old house.They have a big garden with trees and flowers.Grandfather likes to work in the garden and Grandmother likes to walk in her garden. 5.Here are Mother and the children at the house.Grandmother comes out.“It is good to see you,” she says.“Come in.Let us all have some tea.” Have a go 1.What’s the color of their bus?

____________________________________________ 2.What do Grandfather and Grandmother like to do in the garden?

阳光下

Words and pictures authorized by Penguin Group 故事简介

阳光明媚的时候，你喜欢和小伙伴在外面一起玩耍吗？Peter和Jane喜欢。他们在玩什么呢？一起来看看吧！

1.Peter and Jane are out playing with some other children.Some of the boys and girls are playing a game with a red ball.

2.Then one of the other children throws the ball into the water.

3.“We must have a boat to get the ball,” says Peter.“Let’s ask the man with the boats to help us.” 4.They go to the man with the boats and ask him to help.He says that he will help. 5.As the boat comes to the ball, the man asks Peter to get it.

6.Peter gets the ball and gives it to the other children.They thank Peter as they go away with the ball.Have a go True or False 1.Peter throws a red ball into the water.( ) 2.A man helps the children get the ball.( ) 3.Peter gets the ball and gives it to Jane.( )

凿石匠

本版文字和图片由哈珀•柯林斯出版集团提供 故事简介：

一位凿石匠在凿石，他看到一位富人经过，就说自己想变成富人。结果他真变成了富人。后来他又变成了皇帝、太阳、云。但是最终他会变成什么呢？

1.A poor stone cutter chips (凿) at a rock.Then a rich man walks past. “I’m just a poor stone cutter,” he says. “I’d rather be a rich man instead

(代替).” Suddenly he becomes a rich man.

2.Then the emperor rides past.“I’m just a rich man,” the stone cutter says.“I’d rather be the emperor instead.” Suddenly he becomes the emperor.

3.Then the sun comes out.It is grander and more powerful than any emperor.“I’m just an emperor,” the stone cutter says.“I’d rather be the sun instead.” Suddenly he becomes the sun. 4.Then a big cloud paes.It blocks out all the sun’s light.“I’m just the sun,” the stone cutter says.“I’d rather be a cloud instead.” Suddenly he becomes a cloud.

5.Then a wild wind blows the cloud away acro the sky.“I’m just a cloud,” the stone cutter says.“I’d rather be the wind instead.” Suddenly he becomes the wind.

6.The wind blows until it smacks (猛吹) into a huge rock.“I’m just the wind,” the stone cutter says.“I’d rather be a rock instead.” Suddenly he becomes a rock.

7.Then he feels a stone cutter chipping at his side.“I’m just a rock,” the stonecutter says.“I’d rather be a stonecutter instead.” Suddenly he becomes a poor stone cutter – again.Have a go How does the stone cutter change? stone cutter sun cloud wind rich man emperor rock

可爱的夜鹰宝宝

Words and pictures authorized by Random House Group 故事简介

Lyla和Reggie是两只可爱的夜鹰宝宝。它们的妈妈叫Brown,爸爸叫Grey。一天，爸爸妈妈出门找食物

了。两个小宝贝在家闲来无事。它们会做点什么呢？

1.As darkne falls, two tawny frogmouths (褐色的蛙嘴夜鹰) fly into the forest to find food. 2.Lyla and Reggie are alone.“Come on, Reggie.Let’s fly,” says Lyla.“I can’t,” says Reggie.“It’s too hard.”

3.Lyla starts flapping her wings.“Look, Reggie.I can do it!” “Mmmm,” says Reggie.4.When Mommy Brown and Daddy Grey return, the babies are asleep in the nest.5.The next night, Lyla says: “Come on, Reggie.Let’s fly.” Reggie lifts his wings up and down, faster and faster, and then he flies.

6.“Surprise! We can fly now!” call Reggie and Lyla.They circle round and round and arrive…just in time for breakfast.Did you know? Tawny frogmouths are Australian birds.They’re not owls (猫头鹰).They catch insects (昆虫) at night.The color of baby Tawny frogmouth is white.They change color like their parents when they grow up.When they feel in dangers

(危险), they will close their eyes and raise (抬起) their heads.They do this to look like branches (树枝). 猜单词

1.Birds use them for flying.___________

2.There are a lot of trees on a large area land.___________

星期二的午餐 故事简介

当午餐不是你喜欢的，你会怎么办？小狐和他的朋友会直接把午餐扔掉。但是当下午肚子饿得咕咕叫的时候，他们却想找回扔掉的午餐。可是，还能找回来吗？

1.Tuesday is sunny and hot.“You may eat lunch outside,” says Mi Moon.“Let’s go!” says the cla.And they all go outside 2.Fox, Carmen and Dexter sit down and open their lunches.“Ugh!” says Carmen.“Tuna fish (金枪鱼)!”

“Ugh!” says Fox.“Tuna fish!”

“Oh, no!” says Dexter.“Tuna fish!”

3.“Let’s throw our lunches away,” says Fox.“Let’s do!” say the others.They are so proud of themselves.4.But soon they are very hungry.“Whose idea was this anyway?” says Fox.“Gue (猜一猜)!” say his friends.After school they run to look for their sandwiches.5.On the other side of the wall they meet a poor old cat.“I’m so happy,” says the old cat.“A nice lunch fell from the sky!” “Three tuna sandwiches?” says Fox.“Gosh,” says the old cat.“Kids are really smart these days.” Have a go 请用英语回答下面的问题。

Do you have lunch at school? What do you have? If you go home for lunch, what do you usually have? 开心拼读

字母a发音/æ/ Zac is a rat.Zac sat on a can (罐头).The ants ran to the jam.Zac had a pan (平底锅).Zac had a fan (风扇).The ants ran and ran.Zac had a nap (打盹).Have a go 判断每组单词划线部分的读音是(T)否(F)相同。 □1.sad father □2.make had □3.run f u n □4.car star

第11篇：英文小话剧

英文小话剧《金斧子 银斧子》剧本 Gold ax and silver ax 旁白： Once upon a time, there lived a good woodcutter.He was a man who care for his parents with all his heart, but he was poor.He used to go to the forest to cut down trees. (从前，有个善良的伐木者，他靠去森林里伐木为生。虽然他很穷，但他全心全意地照顾着他的父母。) Parent： Take care of yourself, son.Goodbye! (照顾好自己，儿子。再见！) Good woodcutter： I will dear daddy and mummy! (知道了，亲爱的爸爸妈妈！) 旁白： One day, while he was cutting down a tree by the pond, his old ax fell into the pond by mistake.(一天，当他在池塘边伐树的时候，一不小心，他把他的旧斧子掉进了池塘里。) Good woodcutter: Oops! Oh my god! My ax! If I don’t have my ax, I can’t cut down trees。 (哦！我的天呐！我的斧子！如果我没有了斧子，我就不能砍树了！) 旁白： The woodcutter cried sadly.The mountains dreed in white appeared from the pond magically! (伐木者哭得很伤心。这时候，穿着一身白色的山神奇迹般地从池塘里出现了！) The god of mountains： Why are you crying and so sad? （你为什么哭得如此伤心？） Good woodcutter： I am a woodcutter.When I was cutting down tree, my ax fell into the pond.Without my ax, I will not be able to earn any money.How can I take care of my parents? Woo… （我是一个伐木者，我在砍树的时候把我的斧子掉进池塘里去了。没了我的斧子，我就不能挣钱了。不能挣钱我怎么养活我的父母？呜呜呜……） The god of mountains: Don’t worry.I am willing to bring you your ax...（别着急。我愿意帮你把斧子找回来。） 旁白： The god of mountains disappeared and soon appeared with a silver ax.（山神消失了，然后很快又拿着一把银斧子出现了。） The god of mountains ：Is this silver ax yours? （这把银斧子是你的吗？） Good woodcutter ： No, it isn’t.（不，不是的。） The god of mountains ：Oh, just a moment.（哦，等一等。） 旁白： The God disappeared again.And came back with a dazzling gold ax. （山神又消失了,然后拿着一把金光灿灿的金斧子出现了） The god of mountains ： Is this gold ax yours? （这把金斧子是你的吗？） Good woodcutter： No, it isn’t.(不，不是的。) 旁白： The god of mountains nodded and disappeared again.Then he came back with a plain metal ax in his hand.（山神高兴地点了点头,然后又消失了。然后手里拿着一把普通的斧子回来了。） The god of mountains ： Is this old metal ax yours? （这把旧斧子是你的吗？） Good woodcutter: Oh, yes! It’s mine.Hahaah! Thank you! Thank you God! （哦，是的。是我的。哈哈哈…… 谢谢你，谢谢你，山神！） The god of mountains: Hahaah! You are very honest.I will give you all three axes as a reward. （哈哈哈哈！你真是个诚实孩子。作为奖励，我要把这三把斧子都给你。） Good woodcutter: I beg your pardon. （什么？？？？）/善良的伐木者不敢相信山神说的话是真的。/ 旁白： The God gave him all three axes, and the woodcutter was so glad.When he went back home his parents were so happy too.（山神把三把斧子都给了善良的伐木者。善良的伐木者太高兴了。当他回到家里时，他的父母也是非常的高兴。） But then, a greedy young man in his neighborhood heard the news.He went to the mountains in a hurry with an ax.He cast his ax into the pond intentionally and pretended to cry.Just then, the God of mountains really appeared.（但是，他邻居的一个贪婪的年轻人听到了这个消息。他带着一把斧子，急匆匆地来到了山里。他故意把斧子扔进池塘里，然后装模作样地哭了起来。） The god of mountains: Why are you crying and so sad? （为什么哭得如此伤心？） 旁白： The god of mountains dreed in white appeared from the pond.(穿着一身白的山神从池塘里出现了。) Bad woodcutter: Oh, merciful God! Nice to meet you! I’ve lost my ax into the pond by mistake. （哦，仁慈的山神，见到你太好了!我不小心把我的斧子丢到池塘里了.） The god of mountains: Oh, just a moment. （哦，你等等！） 旁白： The god of mountains disappeared and soon appeared with a silver ax.（山神消失了，然后很快又拿着一把银斧子出现了。） The god of mountains: Is this your ax? (这是你的斧子吗？) Bad woodcutter: That’s right! That’s right exactly! It’s my ax. （对，就是我的，是我的斧子！） The god of mountains: You greedy liar! This is not your ax and you know that! What a disgusting liar! （你这个贪婪的骗子！你明明知道这不是你的斧子！真是个令人讨厌的骗子！ Bad woodcutter: Oh! My god! Ah! You can’t do this to me! （哦！山神呐！啊，你不能这样对我！） 旁白： The greedy dishonest young man went back to his home with empty hands.The heaven never help a man who is dishonest.Ha-ha! （贪婪又不诚实的年轻人两手空空地回到了家里。 老天是不会帮助那些不诚实的人的。哈哈哈哈！）

第12篇：英文小短文

英文小短文

第一则：There is no doubt that happine is the most precious thing in the world.Without it, life will be empty and meaningle.If you wish to know how to get happine, you must pay attention to the following two points.

First, health is the secret of happine (the key to happine).Only a strong man can enjoy the pleasure of life.

Secondly, happine consists in contentment.A man who is diatisfied with his present condition is always in distre.

第二则：As is well known, books teach us to learn life, truth, science and many other useful things.They increase our knowledge, broaden our minds and strengthen our character.In other words, they are our good teachers and wise friends.This is the reason why our parents always encourage us to read more books.

Reading is a good thing, but we must pay great attention to the choice of books.It is true that we can derive benefits from good books.However, bad books will do us more harm than good.

初中英语幽默小短文 Fox and cock

One morning a fox sees a cock.He think,\"This is my breakfast.\'\'

He comes up to the cock and says,\"I know you can sing very well.Can you sing for me?\'\' The cock is glad.He closes his eyes and begins to sing.The fox sees that and caches him in his mouth and carries him away.

The people in the field see the fox.They cry,\"Look,look!The fox is carrying the cock away.\'\'The cock says to the fox,\"Mr Fox,do you understand?The people say you are carrying their cock away.Tell them it is yours.Not theirs.\'\'

The fox opens his mouth ang says,\"The cock is mine,not yours.\'\'Just then the cock runs away from the fox and flies into the tree.

The World\'s Greatest Swordsman

At an exhibition of the world\'s best swordsman, the third-place fencer took the stage.A fly was released, and with an arc of his sword he cut the fly in half.The crowd cheered.Then the second-place man sliced a fly into quarters.A hush fell in anticipation of the world\'s greatest swordsman.

His blade came down in a mighty arcbut he will never be a father.\"

A Mistake

An American, a Scot and a Canadian were killed in a car accident.They arrived at the gates of heaven, where a flustered St.Peter explained that there had been a mistake.\"Give me $500 each,\" he said, \"and I\'ll return you to earth as if the whole thing never happened.\"

\"Done!\" said the American.Instantly, he found himself standing unhurt near the scene.

\"Where are the others?\" asked a medic.

\"Last I knew,\" said the American, \"the Scot was haggling price, and the Canadian was arguing that his government should pay.\"

Pig or Witch

A man is driving up a steep, narrow mountain road.A woman is driving down the same road.As they pa each other, the woman leans out of the window and yells \"PIG!!\" The man immediately leans out of his window and replies, \"WITCH(女巫)!!\" They each continue on their way, and as the man rounds the next corner, he crashes into a pig in the middle of the road.If only men would listen.

Response Ability

An Ogden, Iowa, minister was matching coins with a member of his congregation for a cup of coffee.When asked if that didn\'t constitute gambling, the minister replied, \"It\'s merely a scientific method of determining just who is going to commit an act of charity.\"

Philosopher Bertrand Ruell, asked if he was willing to die for his beliers, replied: \"Of course not.After all, I may be wrong.\"

A newspaper organized a contest for the best answer to the question: \"If a fire broke out in the Louvre, and if you could only save one painting, which one would you carry out?\"

The winning reply was: \"The one nearest the exit.\"

Weather Predict

A film crew was on location deep in the desert.One day an old Indian went up to the director and said, \"Tomorrow rain.\" The next day it rained.

A week later, the Indian went up to the director and said, \"Tomorrow storm.\" The next day there was a hailstorm.

\"This Indian is incredible,\" said the director.He told his secretary to hire the Indian to predict the weather.

However, after several succeful predictions, the old Indian didn\'t show up for two weeks. Finally the director sent for him.\"I have to shoot a big scene tomorrow,\" said the director, \"and I\'m depending on you.What will the weather be like?\"

The Indian shrugged his shoulders.\"Don\'t know,\" he said.\"Radio is broken.\"

A Soldier\'s Brilliant Idea

Mr.Robinson had to travel somewhere on busine, and as he was in a hurry, he decided to go by air.He liked sitting beside a window when he was flying, so when he got on to the plane, he looked for a window seat.He found all of them had already had been taken except for one.There was a soldier sitting in the seat beside this one, and Mr.Robinson was surprised that he had not taken the one by the window; but, anyhow, he at once went towards it.

When he reached it, however, he saw that there was a notice on it.It was written in ink and said, \"This seat is preserved for proper load balance, thank you.\" Mr Robinson had never seen such an unusual notice in a plane before, but he thought that the plane must be carrying something particularly heavy in it, so he walked on and found another empty seat, not beside a window, to sit in.

Two or three people tried to sit in the window seat beside the soldier, but they too read the notice and went on, when the plane was nearly full, a very beautiful girl hurried into the plane.The soldier, who was watching the paengers coming in, quickly took the notice off the seat beside himself and in this way succeededin having the company of the girl during the whole trip.

第13篇：英文小短文

Edward

Different and meaningful lunch Every time when I came home, I always invite my best friends to have a special lunch.

This time I came home, we held a different lunch and I think it’s meaningful to our lives.Before this, we usually find a restaurant, but we thought if we could prepare something to eat by ourselves, that was wonderful.I noticed my friends, we would hold a different lunch and asked for some delicious food that we all like.My friends liked it too, they positive to prepare some fruit and vegetables.Even though, we wanted to some barbecue.We took a lot of fruit to cook, obviously we took more and we couldn’t eat them.Then, we tried to cook them, put some salt, gourmet powder and various spices.The specific proce was funny, we always forget some proce, often have wrong order.The last, we found a regular, we were not suitable for cooking.But we all enjoy it.When we finish it, we still did a few more delicious meal, it’s noodles, and we had a same idea: it just like instant noodles! Now I’m think if we want to do something best, we just practicing, a simple thing that we think is not easy.

Edward

Exciting video games Before Spring Festival, my friends and I went to a video games city.The video games city has all kinds of games, no matter what you want to play and you can find it.In my first sight was a racing game just like kart race.It seemed that easy to control, but when I drove it and play it, I found it very hard and difficult to control.The steering wheel was hard to control, it’s very big to me.And the brake system or speed of the system were difficult to grasp.Soon the time out.If I wanted to play it again, I should put more coin into this game machine.My friends found an exciting game, just like gambling.Maybe it is real gambling.In the first place, you should put some game coin into the game, and then you choose a right picture that you think.Later the game begins and last the system would find a right picture.If you right you can get more game coin, and you wrong you would the coin, of course put more coin into it and finally you can get more or lose more coin.Time paed quickly, we were very happy and feel excited in it.But we cost a lot of money.I don’t want to usually go to there, and just sometimes is better.

Edward

Miion Impoible: Ghost Protocol Tom Cruise is a famous movie super star in the world, especially the movie Miion Impoible.Fortunately the movie theater release in the winter vocation.So my friends and I went to watch it.Before watch the exciting movie, we must prepare something to eat or drink, we bought some popcorn and drinks.Then an exciting and justice movie had begun.In my memory the story told about some terrorists made nuclear and wanted use it to make the world war, agent got the information and took action to prevent them.Specific plot were not attract me but in some strange and cut breathtaking scene attracted me.Such as in the Kremlin they use an amazing way to hide themselves.In Dubai the tallest building Cruise’s action made me without breath.It’s so excited.I am sure if you had watched it, you would have same feeling.But we had a little pity that we can’t watch the English dubbing just Chinese, and I gueed it maybe let us easy to understand the speaking, pay more attention to the plot not word.I like watch movie in the theatre, because I like the big screen, good voice and comfortable visual feast.

Edward

Bad weather As we know, in the winter, the weather is very cold, we don’t want to move, just want to stay at the warm home.But as a teenager, without sport like body without blood.So I design…

I picked a sunny day and with my friends take the basketball to play.We started warming up, but later we felt so cold, then we running and playing.To our surprised that was couldn’t make our hands become warm, on the opposite turn cold, and still our hands became ice and we couldn’t touch the ball.What a bad weather that we played!

We still wanted to play basketball, we began to run.Our body became warm slowly, it was felt well, and then we started to play basketball.At this moment, we found we were tired and almost can’t breathe, so we couldn’t play…

Finally, we just ride the bike go home.This evening, my friends tell me running seemed a good way to sport, I agree. Next day, we run in the morning, bodies were warm but breathe is very cold and bad, I couldn’t hold on, neither did my friends…

My god, please give me some sunshine, give me some warm, I don’t want to sport in the cold winter again. Edward

Hometown Every year, my father will take my mom and me to go back hometown and look after grandparents, I like it.Because I like my grandparents, they always tell some different things to me.I like play with my brothers, such as playing billiards or computer games together.My hometown is a village in Shandong province.Though it’s a village, there are very rich, people like labor.So very rich, and now I can’t image what a big change my hometown have.It almost every year is another village.I still remember or in my deep memory, when I was young, I liked to play with mud and play beside pond, always shuttle between the fields and home.At the moment I remember an interesting memory about my little brother.One day, brother and me went to a pond in the winter, on the surface has a layer of ice but the deep is very low, maybe a half meter.Because of my brother had little fat, he felt in but just a feet, then he was crying, I didn’t go to help him, later he thought, he couldn’t get drowned and turned to smile.It was a little funny, isn’t it? I like my hometown, and I would arrive at hometown soon or later.I am very excited and full of expectations.

Edward

Great changes in my hometown When I came hometown, my uncle and little brother came to pick us.To my surprised my brother so tall, over me a head…and the car is very beautiful and big.This is my first impreion of changes in my hometown.My uncle drove car in Weifang city, in my sight were a lot of tall buildings, supermarkets and cars.Half an hour we arrived at my hometown, a different village.Why because it different, because it became an industrialization village and very rich.Many modern factories and a lot of advanced technology and equipment made me see the dazzling.In my hometown, for me the deepest impreion is the mountain behind the village.Before this time I always climb it.Though it usually makes me tired, when I reached the top of the hill, my sight would very broad and mood also becomes good.I would shout loudly to expre my love of home.I known about my hometown would build some tall department buildings beside the mountain, I thought it would comfortable to my family.In the next few days, my big family had lunch together, kept in the relatives.I was very tired but in my heart, I felt very sweet.

Edward

One of my friends Before the Spring Festival, my friends Kong got a serious disease.I felt very sorry to him and my other friends with me would go to see him.Best wishes to him.In all we bought a box of milk, a box of egg rolls and a lot of apples.Totally, if we wanted to visit patient, we must take the apple.Because apple in the Chinese pronunciation, means safe.Just like sheep same as sleep.Then we went to his home, but to our surprised, he was playing games with music.So comfortable he had, we may cancel our concerns.He was good enough and he was very happy to enjoy his winter holiday.The whole afternoon we were playing mahjong.I would not as long as mahjong, I learned and found it simple, so easy.Then we played it, we couldn’t win and lost all the chips, of course chips just poker card.I could make sure that in the mahjong game contains a lot of skills that I couldn’t control.In the evening, his parents prepared a big dinner, we all liked it, and then we said goodbye each other.

Edward

Warm journey In China, each region of temperature is difference.Hainan is a good place to travel in the winter, because in there the season like spring even summer, you can wear shorts and short sleeve, play in the beach and enjoy the sunshine.My uncle took me go to Hainan.Before boarding the plane, I wore quilted jacket and when I came here I sweat, so unbelievable.In those days of Hainan, we played on the beach, walked along the beach, and I always pick up some stone threw in the sea.In the evening on the beach had another atmosphere, a little mystery and a little beautiful.We also eat some food beside the beach, all kinds of seafood let many of people mouth water include me.In Hainan also has a lot of Ruian, I gueed in the Ruia winter is quite cold, lots of people can’t tolerate this kind of weather.So they had a vocation in Hainan.The special deep impreion to me is Hainan’s fruit.Durian smelt bad, tasted bad too.But jackfruit tasted good, I liked it very much.Hainan seafood had a different flavour, which was a special style in the south of China.It was very delicious.But short enjoy time, we would go back to the cold north, wear the cotton-padded clothes again.

第14篇：英文小短文

A strategic and welfare theoretic analysis of free trade areas Abstract Weconstructathree-countrymodeltodeterminehowtheformationoffreetradeareas(FTAs)affectsoptimaltariffsandwelfare.Wefindthat,atconstantrestoftheworld(ROW)tariffs,theadoptionofinternalfreetradeinducesunionmemberstoreducetheirexternaltariffsbelowtheKemp–Wan[J.Int.Econom.6(1976)95–97]level,andcausesROW’stermsoftradetoimproveanditswelfaretorise.WhenROWalsobehavesoptimally,itspolicyresponsetotheformationoftheFTAistoraisetariffs.Generally,FTAmembersprefertoliberalizeinternaltradepartiallyandfindregionalintegrationappealingonlyiftheircollectivesizeiufficientlylarge.WealsodemonstratehowFTAsmayunderminetheattainmentofglobalfreetrade.我们构建了一个三个国家的模型来判断如何形成自由贸易区（FTA）的关税政策以及对于福利的影响。我们发现，在世界不断的休息（行）关税，内部自由贸易导致联盟成员减少对外关税低于肯普–湾[ J.国际经济的采用。6（1976）95–97 ]的水平，并导致贸易行的条件改善和提高其福利。当排也表现最佳，其政策反应的自由贸易区的形成，提高关税。一般来说，自贸区成员倾向于部分内部贸易自由化和区域一体化的吸引力，只有找到他们的集体的大小是足够大的。我们也证明自由贸易协定可能削弱全球自由贸易的实现。

第15篇：英文小故事

Story 1 What Animals are the sea?

There are all kinds of animals in the sea.Look!They are coming.This is an octopus.The octopus is spraying ink.This is a shark.The shark has sharp teeth.This is a whale.The whale shoots water into the air.This is a sea turtle.The sea turtle has a hard shell.These are starfishes.The starfishes have five legs.These are angelfishes.The angelfishes have beautiful colors.This is a lobster.The lobster has strong claws.This is a jellyfish.The jellyfish has a soft body.They are different.But all of them live in the sea.

海里有什么动物，在海洋里有各种各样的动物。看！他们过来了。这时一条章鱼，章鱼在喷墨。这是一条鲨鱼，鲨鱼有锐利的牙齿。这是一只鲸鱼，鲸把水喷射到空中。这时一直海龟，海龟有坚硬的壳。这些是海星，海星有五条腿。这些是扁蛟鱼，扁姣鱼有美丽的花纹。这是一只龙虾，龙虾有强壮的爪子。这是一个水母，水母有一个柔软的身体。他们各不相同，但他们都居住在海洋里。

Story 2naughty Monkey

Its very hot..An old man is asleep on the chair.A fly comes and sits on the end of the mans nose.The old man has a naughty monkey.He chases the fly.The fly comes back again and sits on the old mans nose again.The monkey chases it away again and

again.This happens five or six times.The monkey is very angry.He jumps up, runs to the garden and picks up a large stone.When the fly sits on the old mans nose again, the monkey hits it hard with the stone.He kills the fly and breaks the old man’s nose.Story 3 A Beautiful Doll

Tina is a lovely girl.She has a lot of dolls.One of these dolls is very beautiful.She has long blond hair and wears a white dre.The little girl likes her very much.She called her “Sandy”.You would forget all the sad things and become happy when you see her.Tina tried to teach Sandy to speak, but she failed.When she is free, Tina always made clothed for her.When she is unhappy ormet with some difficulties, Tina talked to her, because they are close friends.What a lovely girl she is！ Do you like it, too？

农夫与蛇

It was a cold winter evening, an old man had don his work and was going home from the fields.On his way he saw some thing on the ground.He looked at it and found it was a snake.It was not dead,but it couldn\'t move because it was so cold.\"Poor thing,\" the man said, \"I must try to save your life.\"\"He picked it up and looked for a warm place to put it in.

But how could he find one in such cold weather? So he decided to put the snake inside his clothes,right nest to his heart.A few minutes later,the snake came back to life and began to move.When it had become strong enough.it gave the man a deadly bite.He killed it and went on.When he got back,he was very ill and had to lie down.He knew he was dying.(How a Colt Croed the River)

One day, a colt took a bag of wheat to the mill.As he was running with the bag on his back, he came to a small river.The colt could not decide whether he could cro it.Looking around, he saw a cow grazing nearby.He asked, \"Aunt Cow, could you tell me if I can cro the river?\" The cow told him that he could and that the river was not very deep, just knee high.the colt was croing the river when a squirrel jumped down a tree and stopped him.The squirrel shouted, \"Colt, stop! You\'ll drown! One of my friends drowned just yesterday in the river.\" Not knowing what to do, the colt went home to consult his mom.

He told his mom his experience on the way.His mother said, \"My child, don\'t always listen to others.You\'d better go and try yourself.Then you\'ll know what to do.\"Later, at the river, the squirrel stopped the colt again.\"Little horse, it\'s too

dangerous!\" \"No, I want to try myself\", answered the colt.Then he croed the river carefully.On the other side of the river, the colt realized that the river was neither as shallow as the cow said nor as deep as the squirrel told him.You see, real knowledge comes from practice.

捞月One day,a little monkey is playing by the well.He looks in the well and shouts : “Oh!My god!The moon has fallen into the well!” An older monkeys runs over, takes a look,and says，“Goodne me!The moon is really in the water!” And olderly monkey comes over.He is very surprised as well and cries out: “The moon is in the well.” A group of monkeys run over to the well .They look at the moon in the well and shout: “The moon did fall into the well!Come on!Let’get it out!” Then,the oldest monkey hangs on the tree up side down ,with his feet on the branch .And he pulls the next monkey’s feet with his hands.All the other monkeys follow his suit, And they join each other one by one down to the moon in the well.Just

before they reach the moon,the oldest monkey raises his head and happens to see the moon in the sky, He yells excitedly “Don’t be so foolish!The moon is still in the sky!”

第16篇：英文论文写作技巧

1.摘要

第二种是学术会议论文摘要。会议论文摘要往往在会议召开之前几个月撰写，目的是交给会议论文评审委员会评阅，从而决定是否能够录用。所以，比第一种略为详细，长度在200—300字之间。会议论文摘要的开头有必要简单介绍一下研究课题的意义、目的、宗旨等。如果在写摘要时，研究工作尚未完成，全部研究结果还未得到，那么，应在方法、目的、宗旨、假设等方面多花笔墨。

以上四种摘要具有许多共性。无论哪种摘要，内容一般都包括：

(1)目的(objectives，purposes)：包括研究背景、范围、内容、要解决的问题及解决这一问题的重要性和意义。

(2)方法(methods and materials)：包括材料、手段和过程。

(3)结果与简短讨论(results and discuions)：包括数据与分析。

(4)结论(conclusions)：主要结论，研究的价值和意义等。

无论哪种摘要，语言特点和文体风格也都相同。首先必须符合格式规范。第二，语言必须规范通顺，准确得体，用词要确切、恰如其分，而且要避免非通用的符号、缩略语、生偏词。另外，摘要的语气要客观，不要作出言过其实的结论。

一般来说，摘要必须包括研究目的，研究方法，研究结果，主要结论等内容。也就是说，摘要必须回答“研究什么”、“怎么研究”、“得到了什么结果”、“结果说明了什么”等问题。

 引言(Introduction)

引言的写作技巧

学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。本章首先介绍这些规律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。

8.1 引言的内容与结构布局

引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：

介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;

对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；

指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；

说明自己研究课题的目的；

概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。

如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。

我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排(如图8.1所示)。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。

第17篇：英文论文演讲稿

篇1：英语论文展示演讲稿

1、hello everyone！ today i will introduce you a paper, which is called “effects of corporate governance on capital structure: empirical evidence from pakistan “

2、i will use the following four parts to introduce

3、i got this paper from the emerald reprints the world’s leading publisher of management research and the type of the paper is research paper 纳迪姆阿麦的sheke

4、then we can have a simple knowledge of the two authors:nadeem ahmed sheikh and 王宗军 one is a doctoral degree candidate in the school of management, hua zhong university of science and technology, wuhan .the other is a profeor in this college 5.about the paper’s outline firstly the aim of this empirical study is to investigate whether corporate governance attributes affect capital structure choices of pakistani firms then the design of the paper is multiple regreion analysis

6、in order to have a good knowledge of the paper we can from the following three aspects to the attributes of the corporate governance are background also includes ：measures of corporate governance and their relation to capital structure

8、research design firstly 1.research methodology：it includes three aspects: data variables and methodology date: this study investigates the significant corporate governance attributes that may affect the capital structure of non-financial firms listed on the karachi stock exchange pakistan during 2004-2008.and the final sample set consists of 775 observations for 155 firms over a period of five years.this study employed panel data methodology(面板数据方式) because sample contained data acro firms and over time

9、this table is the definition of variables.it includes three parts: 10.dependent variables consist of total debt ratio and long-term debt ratio.this is a basic formula.

12、this table is the yearly mean value of shareholding pattern

13、here are some of regreion analysis tables, through the multiple regreion analysis the paper gives the conclusions

14、the results is as follows: capital structure is positively related to board size、outside directors and ownership concentration.that is to say: a large board serve as a means to obtain support from external environment; boards with more independent directors can take on more debt on favorable terms due to effective monitoring ; block holders have more ability than dispersed shareholders to force management to take those actions that maximize the shareholder wealth.

15、on the other hand, capital structure is negative related to managerial ownership、director remuneration、profitability and liquidity.

16、in the end, i have a summary: the results of the paper indicate that corporate governance attributes, in part, explicate the financing behavior of pakistani firms and, the empirical results of this study provide support to corporate managers in establishing an optimal capital structure, and to regulatory authorities for enacting laws and developing institutional support to make corporate governance mechanisms work more effectively in the country.

17、thats all, thank you for listen to me, if you are interested in this paper you can have a study after cla thank you !篇2：英语论文演讲稿

my paper is revenge tragedy in english renaiance——about 《hamlet》 ppt1:....ppt2:....ppt3:....ppt4:next, let`s analyse the relationship between the characters in the drama.this is a relationship diagram.hamlet ,the prince of denmark and also the protagonist(主角、主要人物、领导者）was about thirty years old at the start of the play.hamlet is the son of queen gertrude and the late king hamlet, and the nephew of the present king, claudius.hamlet is melancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his uncle’s scheming and disgust for his mother’s sexuality.a reflective and thoughtful young man who has studied at the university of wittenberg, hamlet is often indecisive and hesitant, but at other times prone to rash and impulsive acts.哈姆雷特 prince hamlet —— 丹麦王子。为父王的鬼魂所困扰，要对杀父凶手复仇。经历了痛苦的挣扎之后他达成了目的，整个王宫也陷入了死亡的恐怖之中。他最后也中了致命的毒剑死去。

claudius, as the king of denmark, hamlet’s uncle and the villain（反派角色） of the play, was a calculating, ambitious politician,and was driven by his sexual appetites and his lust for power, but he occasionally showed signs of guilt and human feeling—his love for gertrude, for instance, seems sincere.克劳迪斯 claudius —— 丹麦现任国王。他是哈姆雷特的叔父，在哥哥死后继任了王位。老国王的鬼魂告诉哈姆雷特，他正是谋杀自己的凶手。他罪有应得，最后死在侄子复仇的毒剑下。

鬼魂 king hamlet (ghost) —— 哈姆雷特的父亲死后化成的鬼魂。他被弟弟毒死时，哈姆雷特正在国外。

ophelia - polonius’s daughter, a beautiful young woman with whom hamlet has been in love.ophelia is a sweet and innocent young girl, who obeys her father and her brother, laertes.dependent on men to tell her how to behave, she gives in to polonius’s schemes（诡计） to spy（侦察） on hamlet.even in her lapse into（陷入） madne and death, she remains maiden, singing songs about flowers and finally drowning in the river。

欧菲莉 ophelia—— 波洛涅斯的女儿。她与哈姆雷特双双陷入爱河，但种种阻力警告王子，政治地位使他们无望结合。作为哈姆雷特疯狂复仇计划的一部分，她被他无情抛弃，加上父亲的死让她陷入精神错乱，最终失足落水溺毙。

ppt6: then let`s look at the character analysis of hamlet.hamlet pretended to be mad in order to revenge.he also use his intelligence to approve his uncle`s guilt.when hamlet confirmed that claudius was guilt, he decided to revenge without fear.then he also use stratagem to make himself avoid being killed.all of these approved that he was brave and smart.ppt7: he pursued ophelia and finally gave up because of the revenge.before he was fight with laertes, he said sorry to him.this indicates he was guilt and sorry for laertes because it was he that made laertes lose his father.these approved that he was a kind and sincere man.ppt8:.....ppt9: when we read the play, we can also easily feel the dilemma.just like the words “to be or not to be-that is the question” ppt10:.....ppt11:......篇3：如何写好英文演讲稿

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如何写好英文演讲稿

从很多方面来说，写演讲稿就像写论文，但演讲稿却没有像论文那般特别注重单词的拼写与标点的错误。写演讲稿的时候，不要用一些发音不顺畅或是你不明白意思的单词，因为会导致你的演讲不够流畅。 instructions 说明

1.ae how much time your speech should take.if you dont have a time limit, try to keep your speech brief yet informative.估算自己演讲所需的时间。如果没有演讲上的时间限制，就尽量让你的演讲篇幅简短且内容丰富。

2.think about your audience and let your perception of the audience shape the tone of your speech as you write it.站在听众的角度多想想，当你撰写演讲稿时，你要让观众也能在演讲稿中切身体会你的演讲魅力。

3.begin with an introduction that establishes who you are, what your purpose is, what youll be talking about and how long youre going to take.you may want to include a joke, anecdote or interesting fact to grab the audiences attention.先介绍自己，以表述演讲目的、演讲主题和演讲时长作为开端。在这段话中，你要说一个笑话、奇闻奇事或趣事来直接引起听众的注意。

4.organize your information into three to seven main points and prioritize them according to importance and effectivene.用3-7条大纲组织演讲内容信息，并根据重要性和有效性分清要点主次。

5.delete points that arent crucial to your speech if you have too many for your time frame.假如时间不允许，你可以删减一些演讲中不重要的点。

6.start with your most important point, then go to your least important point and move slowly back toward the most important.for example, if you have five points with no.5 being the most important and no.1 being the least important, your presentation order would be 淘宝专业编制 id:文章团购网

5-1-2-3-4.从最重要的一点开始你的演讲，之后到次重要点，然后再慢慢回到最重要点上。例如，你的演讲稿中有5点要讲，第5点是其中的重中之重，而第1点是次重要点，你的演讲顺序应为：51234。 7.add support to each point using statistics, facts, examples, anecdotes, quotations or other supporting material.借助图表、事实、例子、奇闻轶事、引文与其它材料作为演讲点的支撑部分。

8.link your introduction, points and conclusions together with smooth transitions.引言、演讲要点和结论连贯顺承地串在一起。

9.write a conclusion that summarizes each of your points, restates your main purpose and leaves the audience with a lasting impreion.用结论总结所有演讲点，重申主题，让观众留下最后的深刻印象。

第18篇：英文论文 呼啸山庄

编号

学院

2012届毕业论文

题 目

Love and Hatred----Analysis on the Theme in Wuthering Heights 学生姓名 学 号 系 部 专 业 班 级 指导教师

外语系 商务英语 商务英语【二】 【】 【讲师】

二零一二年四月

Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Profeor **** , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance.She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to expre my heartfelt gratitude to Profeor***, who led me into the world of translation.I am also greatly indebted to the profeors and teachers at the Department of English: Profeor**** , Profeor*** who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.

Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years.I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow clamates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis

Abstract: \" Wuthering Heights\" this novel came out and did not get the attention of the public, but later because of its portrayal of a prolonged forgotten characters, Catherine and Heathcliff and the two people destined to lost love anemae core description, is this novel into English literature is one of the most respected and popular love story.In\" Wuthering Heights\", Emily has managed to create a story of love and hate.We moved to Catherine and Heathcliff \'s paion, shocked at Heathcliff \'s cruel revenge.Hatred with love, love incite hatred, finally, love defeated hatred and rebirth.

Key words: \" Wuthering Heights\" literature love hate

Contents

1.Introduction 2.Heathcliff’s characteristic duality 2.1.Heathcliff’s natural kindne and love 2.2.Heathcliff’s cruelty, selfish and hatred 3 Heathcliff’s love and hatred

3.1.Love between Catherine and Heathcliff 3.2 The hate of Heathcliff 3.21.His revenge to the first generation 3.22.His revenge to the second generation 3.23.The results of his revenge 4.Conclusion

1.Introduction The novelist of Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte, lived in the thirties of the nineteenth century when the struggle between the workers and capitalists became the fundamental contradiction in English social life.The great misery of the workers led to an upsurge of labor movements and the organization of the workers into unions.The crying social contradictions were reflected in literary works of the time and a new literary trend-critical realism appeared.The critical realists not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling claes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.Emily was the fifth child of a poor clergy man, and the whole family lived on the wild moors of the North of England.The Bronte children kept very much to themselves and had to depend entirely on their own resources.They loved walking on the moors, and Emily in particular developed a paionate love of the rough moorland scenery; at home, they read whatever they could lay their hands on and lived more and more in the world of imagination.Emily had a poetic imagination which was a spirit more somber than sunny, more powerful than sportive.According to her sister Charlotte Bronte, “Emily was clever, benevolent, but very stubborn.Stronger than a man, simpler than a child, her nature stood alone.”

Wuthering Heights was the only novel of Emily Bronte, but it had an unchangeable place in the literary world.The very story began when Hethcliff, a homele orphan, was brought up by Mr.Earnshaw, the owner of Wuthering Heights.Soon the boy and the owner’s daughter, Catherine, became inseparable fiends and had wild paion wtth each other.But after the old owner’s death, his son, Hindley abused Hetheliff and treated him as a servant.Catherine continued her close relationship with him, which released him from his suffer a little.However, after meeting Edgar Linton, a young gentleman form Thrushero Grange, Catherine felt it would be a degrading for her to marry Hethcliff though

1

She loved him dearly.Overhearing this confeion, Hethcliff disappeared in a rage of shame and despair, and was not heard for many years.Heart-broken for the lo of her beloved, Catherine fell badly ill and later married Edgar.Just shortly after their marriage, Hethcliff returned with surprisingly good manners and wealth, and set about seeking revenge on all who had wronged him.He deviously lent money to the drunken Hindley in order to increase his debts and finally got Wutherin Heights.He married Isabella, Edgar’s sister, and treated her as a tool to enrage Edgar and inherit Thrushcro Grange.Catherine, torn between her lover and husband, became very ill and died in childbirth.Unbearable without Catherine, Hethcliff grew even crueler to his enemies.He raised Hindley’s son, Hareton, as a common labor without education.He then forced Edgar and

Catherine’s daughter, young Catherine, to marry his sickly son, young Linton.

Though cruelly revenged himself on the tow families, Hethcliff got no happine at all but grew more miserable in the memory fot Catherine.At last, he died of starvation and went with Catherine’s soul together on the moors.The novel Wuthering Heights are full of love and hatred which are both conflicted and combined.The impreive, relentle and vigorous love arouses implacable emotions in depth of the reader’s heart with its ultimate paion, infatuation and great miseries.The hatred form the deepest bottom of the heart, which has bought so many pains, shocks the reader’s brain.In the following paage we will learn the story together through analyzing the different kinds of love, the hatred caused by love and the rebirth of love defeats hatred.2.Heathcliff’s characteristic duality 2.1.Heathcliff’s natural kindne and love

Heathcliff was like a blank paper when he was firstly brought to Wuthering Heights, He was pure and only had his natural ideology.When he was in a new place,

2

he felt strange and kept silent.Gradually, there was something appeared in this blank paper.Influenced by kindhearted Mr.Earnshaw, his natural kindne was stimulated.When Mr.Earnshaw died, Heathcliff was desperately grieved and set up a heart-breaking cry.From that we can see his natural kindne.Heathcliff also had strong love in his heart.It’s a kind of natural and pure love.He loved Catherine more than himself.His love to Catherine was faithful and long-lasting.When Catherine was engaged with Edgar Linton, he left Wuthering Heights.He had never left Wuthering Heights before for any reason, even when Hindley treated him very badly.When he returned Wuthering Heights with money and power, he still loved Catherine.His happine could only be gained from Catherine’s love.He took revenge on people who had mistreated him and got what he wanted, but he didn’t feel happy, because he mied Catherine.At last, he committed

suicide with a dream to meet Catherine.It’s obvious that his love for Catherine was very strong.2.2.Heathcliff’s cruelty, selfish and hatred

Heathcliff loved Catherine so much that he should have tried his best to make his beloved Catherine happy.However, his vengeful machinations drove him cruel and made his heart full of hatred.He changed his strong but frustrated love to cruelty.When he became a powerful, fierce and cruel man, he acquired a fortune and used his extraordinary powers of will to acquire both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcro Grange, the estate of Edgar Linton.He killed Hindley and also took revenge on Catherine, Hareton, Cathy and Linton.He loved Catherine so much, but he didn’t think for her, instead he made her heartbroken.So he is also very selfish.He abused Isabella who was the sister-in-law of Catherine just to win Thrushcro Grange.So Heathcliff himself was a contradiction.He had natural kindne, but he became very cruel when he returned Wuthering Heights and started taking revenge on others; He had strong love in heart, and he loved Catherine more than himself, but he didn’t think for Catherine’s life, and made Catherine heartbroken.His heart was full

3

of hatred, so he took revenge on people whom he hated.3 Heathcliff’s love and hatred

3.1.Love between Catherine and Heathcliff We see the intense and unbreakable love between Catherine and Heathcliff.Their love was based on their shared perception that they were identical, and it denied difference or change over time.When they were children, they shared a lot of common and had wild paion for each other.Both of them were wild, high-spirited and always spend a whole day playing games on the moors together.They also

enjoyed fighting against conventions and religious beliefs in spite of being punished severely.They were proud and arrogant by teasing Edgar and Isabella, the two spoiled and coward children of Thrushcro Grange.They got on very well and enjoy the happinest of life during their early childhood.At that moment, their paion was the putest children’s love.After Mr.Earnshaw’s death Heathcliff was abused cruelly and treated by Hindley as a servant, allowed no education and forbidden to have further contact with Catherine.His life became miserable and his malevolence for Hindley grew more and more.But Catherine insisted her close friendship with him, which more of le released his pain.They loved each without considering the unbridgeable gap of their different social positions.However, after spending five weeks recuperating at Thrushcro Grange Catherine seemed to have become a ladu and realized her different social status from Heathciff.Though she loved him more than anything else in the world, she was fashioned by Edgar’s handsome face,gentle behavior and weathy family.Heathcliff only hear that she would marry Edgar and didn’t hear her love promise to him, so he left her in great despair.During Catherine’s last days, Heathcliff met her, the two lovers embarced tightly and kied with tear.They knew they would be separated again by death, which neither of them could bear.After Catherine’s death, Heathciff cried from his deep heart:“I believe-I know that ghosts have wandered on earth.Be with me always-take any form-drive me mad! Only don’t leave me in this aby,

4

where I cannot find you! Oh, God! It is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul!” Love is the foundation of his life, once he loses his love, his life become meaningle; however, his love never vanishes with Catherine’s death.As for Heathcliff, readers find it hard not to sympathize with his unfortunate, and readers find it hard not to be moved by his deeply love.Readers is to pity for his unfair destiny.Finishing the novel; most readers have forgiven him because the character of Heathcliff has not only his deep hatred for everyone else, also the strong love of Catherine, and this love deeply shake most readers.He is definitely not a devil without human feelings, he has tremendous emotion, he loved so deeply that just like a burning fire, the love between Heathciff and Catherine draws an eternal Love, which shakes the whole human, even ghost.Even we can say that his cruelty is merely an expreion of his frustrated love for Catherine.In Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff imprints deeply in readers’ heart. 3.2 The hate of Heathcliff 3.21.His revenge to the first generation Isabella writes to Nelly, “Is Mr.Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? … A tiger or a venomous serpent coul not rouse terror in me equal to that which he wakens.” Nelly says he is “rough as a saw edge and hard as whinstone!” Even Catherine says: “What is Heathcliff—an unreclaimed creature, without

refinement—without

cultivation;

an

arid

wilderne

of

furze

and whinstone.”(Zhang, 2005) we can find that Heathcliff has changed; he becomes a devil, a murderous animal, just as a tiger, a lion, wolf.He becomes a beast.His hate is beyond his love.As he himself points out, his abuse of Isabella is purely sadistic, as he abuses himself by seeing how much abuse she can take and still come cringing back for more.He marries Isabella for revenge.We can be shocked by Heathcliff’s gratuitous violence and still masochistically, insisit on seeing him as a romantic hero.“I have no pity! I have no pity! The more the worms writhe, the more I yearn to crush out their entrails! It is a moral teething; and I grind with greater energy, in proportion

to the increase of pain.”(Bronte, 2004) we can find it that he becomes mercile, hard-hearted, ruthle and inhuman, and his revenge is cold, cruel, and even incomprehensible.His hate derived from his love, he can not bear the betrayal of Catherine.He uses his whole life and power to revenge anyone he hates.Besides, in chapter 15, Heathcliff speaks harshly to Catherine, who is dying, saying, “You deserve this.You have killed yourself.”Distraught, Catherine sobs that “I forgive you.Forgive me! Holding her responsible for breaking both of their hearts, Heathcliff considers her the murderer of both of them and tells her, “I forgive what you have done to me.I love my murderer---but yours! How can I?” From these words, we can find it although he loves Catherine; he can not forgive her betrayal.His hate is beyond his love.3.22.His revenge to the second generation

6 His revenge to the second generation is the climax of his hate.Some critics dismi the plot of the second generation as being a simple retelling of the first story; however, in doing so, they are dismiing the entire second half of the book.Clearly, in order to appreciate fully Wuthering Heights, and understand his inner heart attention must be paid to his revenge to the second generation.Edgar tells little Cathy: “Heathcliff is a most diabolical man, delighting to wrong and ruin those he hates, if they give him the slightest opportunity.”(Zhang, 2005) These imply that he is completely swallowed by hate, and his mind apart from hatred- no other objects.Revenge has occupied his whole life, and even become his instinctive needs.He is a devil and revenger and his revenge become a truth.He becomes a fierce, pitile, wolfish man.

3.23.The results of his revenge The results of his revenge are: he gets Hindley into his clutches and finally drive him to drink himself to death.Edgar dies of grief.He also torments Isabella to death; both Wuthering Heights and thrushcro Grange, however, his revenge let him live alone.Just as he says to Nelly: “my mind is so eternally secluded in itself; it is

tempting at last to turn it out to another.” （Bronte,2004） From these we can see: he is losing connect with the society, and he has no man to listen to him.In fact, his revenge is ridiculous. 4.Conclusion Wuthering Heights is generally considered one of the most original works.In many aspects, it is unique and has no counterparts in mode as well as the love and hate of him.Even the English great writer Maugham (2007) once said: “I don\'t know to still have which novel among them pain and sufferings of the love, be addicted to, ruthlene, persist, described ever and thus and astonishingly.” Wuthering Heights is not just a sentiment romance novel.It is a presentation of life, an eay on love, hate, revenge, the entanglement of love and hate, and a glimpse at relationships.When we read the novel, we are in no position to pa our comment on them, to say who is right

7 and who is wrong, because they are not to be judged by common sense or conventional morality.In Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff and Catherine, both of them imprint deeply in readers’ heart, after reading this novel, you will forgive Catherine’s betrayal, and you will be touched by Heathcliff’s love.Heathcliff’s love is a disobedience of the society, though both of them are dead, yet their love overcomes death, and their love becomes an eternal.Love is the most beautiful part in humanity while hatred is the twisted humanity.

Bibliography

Emily, B.2004.Wuthering Heights[M].Central Compilation and Translation Pre.

E.M,Forster.1984.Aspects of the Novel[M].Central Compilation and Translation Pre.

Liu Bingshan,2007.A Short History of English Literature[M].He Nan People Pre.

Zhang Ludi, 2005.An Analysis of the Creation Models of Main Characters in Wuthering Heights.

罗选民.2006.英美文学赏析教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社.毛姆.1999.毛姆读书随笔[M].刘文荣，译.三联出版社.

杨静远.1983.勃朗特姐妹研究[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社.

杨正先.2001.呼啸山庄——爱与恨的生死恋[J].曲靖师范学院学报，2001年第2期.

张伯香.2004.英国文学教程学习指南[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.

张伯香.2005.英国文学教程[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社

桂扬清.2002.《英美文学选读》.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司 侯维瑞.2005.《英国小说史》.南京：译林出版社

袁翠珍.1992.一个扭曲的灵魂——简评《呼啸山庄》的主人公希斯克利夫.《外国文学研究》.

第19篇：校园文化论文英文

本 科 生 毕 业 论 文

（申请学士学位）

论文题目 作者姓名 所学专业名称 指导教师

中美校园文化差异 英 语

2011年3月12日

中美校园文化差异

滁州学院外语系

二0一一年三月十四

The differences of campus culture between China and

American By

II

Under the supervision of Aociate Profeor Yao Zhiying

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Foreign Languages

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in English

At Chuzhou University

March 14, 2011

滁州学院本科毕业论文（设计）原创性声明

本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。

III

签名

年 月 日

IV

Acknowledgement

I would like to take this opportunity to expre my heartfelt gratitude to all these who helped me in one way or another in the completion of this thesis.First of all, I owe great indebtedne to my supervisor, Aociate Profeor Yao Zhiying whose strict demands and insightful suggestions are indispensable through all the stages of development and revision of the thesis.She has made lots of corrections and suggestions while reading my drafts of the thesis.Without her patience and wisdom the present thesis would be unthinkable.

Special thanks should also be extended to all of the teachers who taught me during my two years of study in Chuzhou University, in particular, aociate profeors Yao Zhiying, and Ye Zhengnian and lecturers Tina Yan for their enlightening instructions.At last, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my family and dear friends.With their consistent support and encouragement, I would be able to carry on my study and complete this thesis.

I

Abstract

Campus culture is an important part of social culture.It comes from the social culture, which is refraction and reflection in the whole campus.Therefore, it is influenced and constrained by the mainstream cultural.The campus cultural accords with the basic tendencies of mainstream cultural, and, at the same time, play a leading and catalytic role in the mainstream cultural of the community.The Sino-Us due to the different of political system, the traditional culture and the historical background, campus culture exist a bigger difference.Throng the analysis of the Sino-Us campus culture differences and seek its cultural roots, which conduce to the communication and understanding between China and America’s students.Meanwhile, the United States is a developed, multi-cultural nation of immigrants; their colorful campus has its unique culture.Therefore, we should stand on the traditional culture in our own country, positively absorbs the eence of American campus, for the development of our country’s university education to create a better campus cultural atmosphere.

The thesis is divided into five parts.The first part briefly introduces culture and campus culture.The second part mainly discues four perspectives: campus architecture and extracurricular activity and differences of teaching and learning and differences of independence and dependence.While the third part analyses three reasons for the differences.The fourth part tells the purpose is to draw on the advantages from American campus culture.The fifth part makes a conclusion to show the realistic significance of this paper.

Key words: China’s campus culture America’s campus culture cultural difference original

摘

要

校园文化是社会文化的重要组成部分。它来源于社会文化，是整个社会文化在大学校园的折射和反映。因此它必然受到社会主流文化的影响和制约，与社会主流文化的基本倾向保持一致的同时，又对社会的主流文化起着引领和推动作用. 中美两国由于政治制度、传统文化、历史背景等不同，校园文化也存在着较大的差异。通过分析中美校园文化差异并寻求其文化根源，有助于中美两国学生之间沟通、理解。同时，美国是一个发达的、多元文化的移民国家，其丰富多彩的大学校园文化建设有其独到之处。此外，我们应立足于本国优良的传统文化，积极吸收美国校园文化中的精华，为我国现代大学教育的发展营造更好的校园文化氛围。

论文框架分为五个部分：第一部分是引言，简单介绍了文化和校园文化。第二部分从校园建筑、课余生活、独立与依赖的差异以及独立与依赖的差异这四个方面论述中美校园文化的差异。第三部分分析了造成这些差异的三个主要原因。第四部分告诉我们写论文的主要目的。第五部分总结并给出这篇论文的现实意义。

关键词：美国校园文化 中国校园文化 文化差异 文化根源

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ………………………………………………....…I English abstract.....................................................................................1 Chinese abstract………………………………………………………2 Table of contents……………………………………………………3 1.Introduction…………….…………………………………3 1.1 The understanding of culture…………….…………….…………4 1.2 The definition of campus culture……….…………….………….4 1.3 The main content of this thesis ………………………………..…5 2.The differences of Sino-US campus culture ……………………5 2.1 The differences of campus architecture …………………………...5 2.2 The differences of extracurricular activity ………………………..6 2.3 The differences of teaching and learning …………………………7 2.4 The differences of independence and dependence ………………10 3.The reasons for the differences of Sino-US campus culture…11

3.1 Political system ………………….…………………..……………………11 3.2 Historical background.…………………………………………..12 3.3 National culture ………………………………………………….13 3.3.1 The influence of traditional culture ……………………………….13

3.3.2 The orientation of collectivism and individualism ………………….14 4.Conclusion…......................................................................................14

4.1 Restatement of the main idea………………………………………..15 4.2 Limitations of the thesis……………………….………………15 4.3 Suggestions for researching on campus culture…………………….15 Bibliography…………………………………….…………………….16 The Differences of Campus Culture between China and America

1.Introduction Culture is a reflection of human life, the records, and the product of history, is that people\'s needs and requirements of life, ideals and aspirations, and is also a high spiritual life of people.She includes that some of the ideas and theories, is that the identification and follow of people on the ethics, morality and order, is the way that people approach to life and living standards.Thought and theory is the core and the soul of culture, the culture of no ideas and theories isn’t existed.Any culture Contains thought and theory, ways and means of survival.Need is real, the ideal is a longing, desire is requirement, require must be done! General culture refers that in the proce of social and historical development was created material wealth and spiritual wealth combined by mankind.Especially, it refers to social ideology.In a cla society, culture is a weapon of cla struggle.A certain culture (as an ideological form of the culture) is a certain social reflection of the political and economic, but also gives a great effect on political and economic.Narrow sense refers to the spiritual wealth created by ideologies, including religion, beliefs, customs, moral character, academic thought, literature, art, science and technology and a variety of systems.Narrow sense refers to that the spiritual wealth created by ideologies, including religion, beliefs, customs, moral character, academic thought, literature, art, science and technology, a variety of systems.Campus culture is an important part of social culture.It comes from the social culture, which is refraction and reflection in the whole campus.Therefore, it is bound by the mainstream cultural influences and constraints, and the basic tendencies of mainstream culture, consistent with the same time; the mainstream culture of the community plays a leading and catalytic role.Campus culture can be broadly divided into four levels: in the first place, the forms of material and cultural, that is manifested in the form of material and cultural landscape.Such as campus physical environment, buildings layout, arts facilities, cultural facilities.In the second place, the forms of

system and culture, also say that social relation is reflected in culture.Such as school affiliation, management system, organization and so on.In the third place, the concept of culture, that is manifested in the form of a rational spirit of cultural patterns.Such as the guiding ideology, goals, school spirit, study, and so on.In the fourth place, the mind culture, that is implicit in the intangible cultural forms between teachers and students.Such as thinking mode, values, emotional way, aesthetic and so on.The narrow sense mainly refers to the explicit form of the general campus culture such as campus trends, campus education, campus life, campus culture system, campus and cultural facilities, the style of study and so on.The main of this paper: according to the background of university campus culture, in this thesis mainly discues four perspectives: campus architecture and extracurricular activity and differences of teaching and learning and differences of independence and dependence.Also, it analyses three reasons for the differences, including political system, historical background and national culture.Finally, the purpose is to draw on the advantages from American campus culture.So we should stand on the traditional culture in our own country, positively absorbs the eence of American campus, for the development of our country’s university education to create a better campus cultural atmosphere.

2.The differences of Sino-US campus culture

2.1 The differences of campus architecture There is a bigger difference of campus architecture between America and China.American houses, including schools and government agencies are all at based on the room with four sides open to the outside.Although some are constructed with fences, to have a sense of opening, the fences are low and short.American people are open-mind, outspoken, and advocate of freedom and competition.This open construction structure reflects Americans’ psychology of living culture, which embodies outer openne and inner closure.Most of American campus has no walls.University of the United States generally has not walls, so-called \"no marginal University\", \"no walls University\", is an open campus.It seems that anyone can be free in and out.Of course, the security does not check your identity card or student card.So a person has a free feeling on campus.Therefore, we will see that America\'s open education is obviously.However, almost all Chinese university campuses are surrounded by walls.China\'s university campus is often a relatively independent space; campus and the outside are isolated by the high wall, in which almost all school activities are held.Although some school have learned to follow the way of the government to tear down walls and show green, but it only uses iron fence to take place of walls.Enclosure and external which surrounded by walls are two disparate worlds.Meanwhile, people\'s thinking seems to be locked by an invisible wall, and people feel that an open mind may indeed have causality with the opening of a wall.Courtyard wall culture is in fact

a protection of group privacy.In China, people stick to the principle of being open in the inner world and close in the outer world, showing the attitude of precautions to external.

To compare with the central parts of Chinese universities, the walls and gates are marginal in Chinese universities and seldom connect with the main contractures.While in America, the school gates are integrated with other entitatitive buildings.The traditional colors of margin lard central are not as good as Chinese.Form the buildings of campus, and we also can see the differences.There municipal offices in Chinese university generally, and the offices are absolute and extrusive.Offices are often located in obvious places or the central part of the whole school.They transcend common teaching buildings not only in construction style but also in interior trim.However, in America, people can’t easily identify the schoolmaster’s office among numerous buildings.Specialized, unattached and splendor offices are not seen everywhere.The management apartment and teaching researches are not separated but near in space, which reflects the concept of being easy-going to people and all men are created equal.2.2 The differences of extracurricular activity Extracurricular activities are activities performed by students that fall outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school or university education.Extracurricular activities exist at all levels of education, from 4th-6th, junior high/high school, college and university education.Historical background of the extracurricular activity made its first appearance in American colleges in the nineteenth century.It complemented the curriculum as much as subverted it.The students found in it a kind of laboratory for practical and vocational interests.The first extracurricular activities were student literary societies (which had roots in the previous century at Harvard and Yale), debate clubs, and by mid-century, Greek letter fraternities and sororities.Students also initiated and organized the early athletic programs on American college campuses.Literary societies were on the decline by the turn of the twentieth century, and some educators felt that le desirable extracurricular activities were now distracting students from their curricular responsibilities.Intercollegiate athletics soon became the dominant element in the extracurriculum in most American colleges and high schools.At the beginning of the twenty-first century, many colleges and universities have a broad educational miion: to develop the \"whole student.\" On American college campuses, extracurricular involvement is a key tool in this personal development.As the development of the well-rounded individual is a principal goal of extracurricular activities on college and university campuses, the numerous experiences these activities afford positively impact students\' emotional, intellectual, social, and inter-personal development.By working together with other individuals, students learn to negotiate, communicate, manage conflict, and lead others.Taking part in these out-of-the-claroom activities helps students to understand the importance of critical thinking skills, time management, and academic and intellectual competence.Involvement in activities helps students mature socially by providing a setting for

student interaction, relationship formation, and discuion.Working outside of the claroom with diverse groups of individuals allows for students to gain more self-confidence, autonomy, and appreciation for others\' differences and similarities.For the majority of college and university students, involvement in extracurricular activities plays an integral role in the collegiate experience.Students become involved in extracurricular activities not only for entertainment, social, and enjoyment purposes, but most important, to gain and improve skills.A wide and diversified range of extracurricular activities exists on U.S.campuses, meeting a variety of student interests.Chinese students\' extracurricular activities are rather monotonous.Under the guidance of teachers or community organizations, they are usually to participate in a planned and organized activity, which is their own choice.But most of the students will not participate in these activities, because they think that learning is their primary task and the activities may disrupt their studies.Therefore, many students just keep on studying, and they are indifferent to the other knowledge, such as social practice, social life.They just want to read \"saint books\".For these phenomena, America students have some different attitudes.Students attributed their growing maturity in college to both the formal and informal learning experiences of undergraduate life, but gave most importance to interaction with other students.They recognized that academic aspect of college awarded the credential needed to progre through a good career and contributed to broad general knowledge, but most students felt that it was extracurricular activity that most influenced their personal development.Most American universities encourage their students to establish different kinds of aociations.They will take place of many activities.And the contents and ways of these activities are discued and decided entirely by the students themselves.What’s more, according to their own preferences, various activities are designed by them.By these activities, students can feel happine and acquire the skills and get individuality development.Of course, the atmosphere of these activities is full of freedom and democracy.

2.3 The differences of teaching and learning

American teachers highlight on cultivating the students’ ability of creative ability and the ability of analyzing and solving problems.While in China the characteristics of teaching is that the teachers emphasized on how much knowledge which the students have accumulated and the teachers are always the center in the cla.Compared with the two countries, there are several differences in the teaching method.First, American teachers always teach based on more general educational theories and psychological principles related to teaching while Chinese teachers are good at providing instruction based on how well they knew the subject matter.Recently, a study published in Contemporary Educational Psychology by Teachers College Profeor Stephen Peverly and former TC students Zheng Zhou of St.John’s University and Tao Xin of Beijing Normal University suggests that Asian teachers simply know more about math.In a comparison of 162 third-grade

mathematics teachers in the US and the People’s Republic of China, the researchers found that while American teachers were more knowledgeable about general educational theories and claroom skills, Chinese teachers had stronger knowledge of the subject matter they were teaching, as well as a better understanding of the overall elementary curriculum that their students had covered and would cover in later years.American teachers, on the other hand, were more knowledgeable than Chinese teachers about concepts covered in educational psychology texts.While Chinese teachers were effective in providing instruction based on how well they knew the subject matter, their limit understanding of foundational psychology aspects of learning could be problematic.This limitation may poibly lead to problems which will affect student motivation, spontaneity, and creativity among other things.American teachers’ comparative lack of understanding of the subject matter revealed that teacher preparation programs in the U.S.should focus more on increasing understanding of the subject and that in-service training should be improved.Second, most U.S.teachers’ preparation pay more attention on teaching strategies rather than on content itself while Chinese teachers, on the other hand, told detail about the content when they instruct to students.One research found that while both Chinese and American teachers used similar methods to teach fractions—using hands-on learning tools, folding pieces of paper, coloring in geometric shapes—there was a big difference in the information each group presented.Most of the American teachers in the research, when asked their teaching methods, rarely mentioned content.Chinese teachers, on the other hand, tell detail about the content they present to students, and that content demonstrated a deep understanding of the subject matter as well as knowledge of the entire elementary mathematics curriculum.Third, the students in America have used to the student-centered teaching and problem-solving model while the cla of China was teacher-centered, material oriented and emphasized on memory.In student centered teaching, the teachers dominate their planning, their teaching, and their aement on the needs and abilities of their students.The teaching role in a student-centered learning environment is, at most, one of facilitator and guide. Teachers should be participants and often participate in students’ communication and “provide a scaffold for their students’ learning with their own knowledge and experience.The main idea behind the practice is that learning is most meaningful when topics are relevant to the students’ lives, needs, and interests and when the students themselves are actively engaged in creating, understanding, and connecting to knowledge.Instead of the teacher being the sole, infallible source of information, then, the teacher shares control of the claroom and students are allowed to explore, experiment, and discover on their own.The students are not just memorizing information, but they are allowed to work with and use the information alone or with peers.The students are given choices and are included in the decision-making procees of the claroom.The focus in these clarooms is on option, rather than uniformity.Student centered teaching helps us design effective instruction for every member of the claroom, no matter what his or her diverse learning needs.According

to its nature, student centered teaching is adaptable to meet the needs of every student.As to teacher-centered teaching methodology, most students attain knowledge through transmitted by the teacher rather than constructed by the learners.They, therefore, find it normal to engage in modes of learning, which are teacher-centered and in which they receive knowledge rather than interpret it.Chinese students are often quiet，shy and reticent in claroom.They are not good at showing their opinions or emotion.Chinese students named “listening to teacher” as their most frequent activities in cla.Perhaps another Chinese popular learning style is material oriented.In most of claes，for instance，the students read new English words aloud，imitating the teacher.The teacher explains the entire text sentence by sentence，analyzing many of the more difficult grammar structures and style for the students, who listen, take notes, and answer questions.Under this circumstance, we took it granted that a teacher\'s goal was to teach the students all that he knew and solve all the problems for them.Therefore, students could not judge things on their own.Thus students gradually lost the ability to learn by themselves.In addition, they were only equipped with the knowledge that were taught in cla and made the same judgment upon every problem which they encounter.A teacher\'s goal is to help the students develop not only the ability to learn by themselves but the skills to make judgments on every aspect on their own.The teaching and learning style is very important in claroom expectation.A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and procees information.For many Americans, books may contain facts, opinions and ideas.The facts are open to interpretation, the opinions to dispute and the ideas to discuion.Books are regarded as tools for learning, not to goal of learning.Therefore, critical thinking, judgmental questioning and active initiation of discuion are expected from students in the American school system.Students are taught to participate actively in the learning proce by asking questions and engaging in discuion.Teachers have to impart a body of knowledge, but learners have to discover that knowledge for themselves in order to internalize it.Students should responsibility for their own learning.One aim of teaching is to help learners become independent of teachers, so that learners can use what they learn and continue to learn on their own.Therefore, in the proce of teaching and learning, the most important of the teacher is that of catalyst—they help to make things happen by activating the students.The teacher can play the part of controller, organizer, a resource, tutor providing advice and support to enable students to learn.In American claroom, students do not have to agree with every statement the profeor makes and all comments by a profeor are open to discuion.Respect plays an eential role in the system; student and teacher can respectfully disagree.Their relationship is equally between students and teachers.The teachers are very friendly.So the atmosphere of cla is free and relaxed.While in Chinese culture, there is a strong veneration of book learning.In cla, teachers only infuse the previously prepared knowledge into students’ mind and what students can do is only accepting it paively and totally.The proce of education is seen largely as learning a traditional, authoritative body of knowledge.Our education tends to be more theoretical than political.The teacher exercise greater authority and

plays a high directive role in determining and controlling what goes on in the claroom.The trouble with Chinese teachers is that they have never done any teacher-training courses so they do not know how to teach.All they do is to follow the book.They never give students any opportunities to talk. Students are le likely to challenge or even question the teacher, although this may be changing somewhat the younger generation.The teacher is expected to be scholar and sage in China.Some well-known proverbs or sayings about the teacher are as follows: “It takes a teacher to transmit wisdom, impart knowledge and resolve doubts.” “Impart knowledge and educate people”, “dignity of the teaching profeion”, “A teacher for a day is a father for lifetime”.These examples may help explain some phenomena in the claroom, such as teachers are addreed with their appropriate titles and last names, or referred to honorably as “teacher.”

Students rise when the teacher enters the claroom, and say in chorus, “good morning teacher”.

2.4 The differences of independence and dependence In China, children are protected by their parents to avoid hurts.Children, having not the opportunity to choose their ways that they are interested in, are forced to accepted parents’ decisions in the proce of their growing.Even parents will help them to find spouses.As a child, they were never allowed to live in their own room and receive a weekly or monthly allowance and be able to budget the money.Of course, children are not encouraged to leave home and have their own place.In parents’ eyes, the child needs their protection.During the college life, students will cost their parents’ money to support their everyday life.It’s common for them to accept money from parents, but just a few of students don’t think so.It’s unthinkable that the parents also feel that is duty to supply money for their child.Of course, these children do not have the conception that they should rely on their own efforts instead of outside forces.For this situation, Americans have different ways to deal with independence and dependence.Acculturation, which begins at birth, is the proce of teaching new generations of children the customs and values of the parents’ culture.In the United States it is not uncommon for parents to put a newborn in a separate room that belongs only to the child.This helps to preserve parents’ privacy and allows the child to get used to having his or her own room, which is seen as a first step toward personal independence.Many children are taught at a very early age to make decisions and be responsible for their actions.Often children work for money outside the home as a first step to establishing autonomy.Children may deliver newspapers in their neighborhoods and save or spend their earnings.Teenagers may babysit at neighbors’ homes in order to earn a few dollars a week.Receiving a weekly allowance at an early age teaches children to budget their money, preparing them for future financial independence.Many parents believe that managing money helps children learn responsibility as well as appreciate the value of money.Upon reaching an appropriate age (usually between 18 and 21 years), children are encourage, but not forced, to “leave the nest” and begin an independent life and

“stand on their own two feet.” After children leave home they often find social relationship and financial support outside the family.Parents do not arrange marriages for their children, nor do children usually ask permiion of their parents to get married.Romantic love is most often the basis of marriage in the United States; young adults meet their future spouses through other friends, at school, at jobs, and in organizations and religious institutions.Although children choose their own spouses, they still hope their parents will approve of their choices.All in all, in many families, parents feel that children should make major life decision by themselves.A parent may try to influence a child to follow a particular profeion but the child is free to choose another career.Sometimes children do precisely the opposite of what their parents wish in order to aert their independence.A son may deliberately decide not to go into his father’s busine because of a fear that he will lose his autonomy in his father’s workplace.This independence form parents is not an indication that parents and children do not love each other.Strong love between parents and children is universal and this is no exception in the American and Chinese family.Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self-reliance and independence.3.The reasons for the differences of Sino-US campus culture 3.1 Political system

Unlike Britain but like most nation states, the American political system is clearly defined by basic documents.The Declaration of Independence of 1776 and the Constitution of 1789 form the foundations of the United States federal government.The Declaration of Independence establishes the United States as an independent political entity, while the Constitution creates the basic structure of the federal government.

The Federal Government of the United States is the central current reigning United States governmental body, established by the United States Constitution.The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial.Through a system of separation of powers and the system of \"checks and balances, each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches.The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States.In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution, which, per the Tenth Amendment, gives all power not directed to the National government, to the State level, or to the people.An important feature of the American political system is that the two major parties-the Democrats and the Republicans - hold a system of primaries to determine who will be their candidate in the general election.These primaries are particularly important when it comes to the four-yearly Presidential election.Compared with America, China has a very different political system.China\'s political system here refers to the political structure, fundamental laws, rules,

regulations and practices that are implemented in China\'s mainland and regulate the state power, government, and the relationships between the state and society in the People\'s Republic of China since it’s founding in October 1949.

The annual “two seions” －China’s National People\'s Congre (NPC), the top legislature, and Chinese People\'s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) － will open on March 3rd and 5th respectively.The annual “two seions” are big political events of contemporary China.The iues of “two seion” include all aspects of the national economy and the people\'s livelihood so as to attract all sectors of the community’s attention, including the compatriots from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.The People\'s Congre System is China\'s fundamental political system, which consists of National People\'s Congre and People\'s Congrees at local levels.The NPC is similar to the U.S.Congre, whose main functions and powers are legislating and amending laws, reviewing and approving the government budget and also electing and removing officials.However, the NPC is the highest organ of state power and its deputies are far more than the U.S.congremen.Being the top power, the NPC also has right to elect and remove the top leaders of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate.Rather than the U.S.Congre, the term of NPC is five years and it holds its general convention once a year.There is one point I need to emphasize that the election of deputies for Taiwan province is presided and determined by the Standing Committee of the NPC and they are nominated by the consultations of standing committees at the all levels of province, autonomous region, municipalities and PLA.

It’s difficult to see that there are diimilarities in political system between America and China, which resulted in the difference of two countries’ campus culture.3.2 Historical background America is a new man, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds; he must therefore entertain new ideas and form new opinions.According to history, we know that the American in those days had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants without taking into consideration other nationalities such as American Indians and blacks.The American continents were peopled as a result of two long-continuing immigration movements, the first from Asia, and the second from Europe and Africa.The second migration to the American began with the expansion of Europe at the start of the modern period from the 16th century.The large initial immigration to Boston in the 1630s, the high articulation of Puritan cultural ideals, and the early establishment of a college and a printing pre in Cambridge all gave New England a substantial edge.The other important factor is that the American do not undergo the period of feudal system of serfdom prevailed.So the atmosphere of culture is free.Compared with American history, the history of China has other sight.China was under a long period of feudal system, which has much effect on the development of some new and powerful social forces, like capitalism.Meanwhile, people’s mind

was controlled by feudal idea, which refers to Confucianism.So the difference of historical background must produce different campus culture.

3.3 National culture 3.3.1 The influence of traditional culture Traditional cultural differences between the two countries deeply affected contemporary students’ thinking and learning and all aspects of life, which must lead to the root of cultural differences in different campus.The United States is a multicultural nation, home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.Aside from the now small Native American and Native Hawaiian populations, nearly all Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries.The culture held in common by most Americans—mainstream American culture—is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics.The United States Streed the same values as: Justice, Honest, Brave, industrious and so on, therefore, the United States as a Country of immigrants, it pays more attention to personal values.United States has 269 million persons, but has 31 groups which over 1 million persons.So the United States likes a melting pot which makes up with persons coming from all over the world.Different races have their own values.Persons should accept other people\'s ideas.During the 18th century, Puritanism brought in new mind.The belief that human and natural occurrences were meages from God no longer fit with the new human centered world.Many intellectuals believed that the human mind could comprehend the universe through the laws of physics as described by Isaac Newton.The enormous scientific, economic, social, and philosophical, changes of the 18th century, called the Enlightenment, impacted the authority of clergyman and scripture, making way for democratic principles.In China, cultures and countries are strongly influenced by Confucianism.Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.It is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that influenced the culture and history of East Asia.It might be considered a state religion of some East Asian countries, because of state promotion of Confucian philosophies.In Confucianism, human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor especially including self-cultivation and self-creation.A main idea of Confucianism is the cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection.Confucianism holds that one should give up one\'s life, if neceary, either paively or actively, for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values of humanities and personal loyalty.Most social values are derived from Confucianism and Taoism.The subject of

which school was the most influential is always debated as many concepts such as Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism and many others have come about.Reincarnation and other rebirth concept is a reminder of the connection between real-life and the after-life.3.3.2 The orientation of collectivism and individualism In individualistic cultures, each individual is the most important part of the social structure.In an individualist culture, individuals care for the personal interests first, then the collective interests，and put too much emphasis on individual rights.People are concerned with their own person goals and may not poe great loyalty to groups.As Ayn Rand wrote in Atlas Shrugged, “If man is to live on earth, it is right for him to use his mind, it is right to act on his own free judgment, it is right to work for his values and to keep the product of his work.If life on earth is his purpose, he has a right to live as a rational being: nature forbids him the irrational.” American cultures, in general, fall into the former while Asian the latter.In American cultures, for example, if people are not happy at their jobs, they are encouraged to look for jobs that will make them happier.People make decisions based on their personal goals and wants.China has 56 ethnic groups, as well as a multi-ethnic country.However, in contrast with the United States, China has a Confucian culture, which gives collectivism as a guide.Chinese put the collectivism at the top priority.For example, the motto of Shanghai Jiao Tong University is Grateful for favors received, Loving the motherland and prosperity schools.Student must put State and the school as the center.But collectivism also has drawbacks.

In collective cultures, on the other hand, individual are very loyal to all the groups they part of, including the work place, the family, and the community.Within collectivism, people are considered with the group’s ideas and goals, and act in ways that fulfill the purposes.In China, however, the notion of the patriarchal clan system is deeply rooted in the deep structure of its culture.In Chinese society, collectivism has a long tradition based on Confucianism, where being a community man or someone with a social personality is valued.So each person is encouraged to conform to society, to do what is best for the group and to not openly expre opinions or beliefs that go against it.Group, family or rights for the common good are seen as more important than the rights of the individual.Laws exist to promote stability, order and obedience.Working with others and cooperating is the norm. Being uncooperative is often seen as shameful.In this culture people are encouraged to be very loyal to their country and their family.People consider the obligation to their groups more than their own individual selves.Students are instructed to feel a lifelong obligation to their parents.When people make choice about marriage, education and work, they always make their decisions together with their families.Their decisions are made based on what their families want them to do and their achievements are mainly for their families.In fact, most persons are Selfish.So, collectivism and selfish always take conflict.4.Conclusion

4.1 Restatement of the main idea

In this paper briefly introduces campus culture and culture.Campus culture is an important part of social culture.It comes from the social culture, which is refraction and reflection in the whole campus.Different cultures lead to different campus cultures between two countries.It well know that there three differences of Sino-US campus culture.This paper mainly discues four points: the differences of campus architecture, the differences of extracurricular activity, the differences of teaching and learning and the differences of independence and dependence, proving to the differences of campus culture between China and America.Also, it analyses three reasons for the differences.Also, it analyses three reasons for the differences, including political system, historical background and national culture.Finally, the purpose is to draw on the advantages from American campus culture.So we should stand on the traditional culture in our own country, positively absorbs the eence of American campus, for the development of our country’s university education to create a better campus cultural atmosphere.4.2 Limitations of the thesis This paper discues the differences of campus culture between China and America just from the aspect of three factors.But it ignores other factors, which include the Social Moral Education, the campus spirit, mental health problems, and moral education.

On one hand, in social moral education, personality in the United States on the value orientation of the reunification balance between basic moral requirements, but China is in the framework of collective balance between their personal values.Both of them strike the balance of individual and the collective.On the other hand, in recent years, the raise of juvenile crime trends obviously.China\'s annual criminal cases several million, which accounted for juvenile delinquency by about 50%.Another survey showed that 14-year-old from the number of crimes began to gradually increase from 15 to 18.While the peak is a crime, about youth crime total number of 69.7%.Juvenile delinquency has crazy, cruel, intelligent, and the characteristics of a younger age.And American teenager is more serious crimes, they are characterized by the majority of juvenile offenders are formed team.In the paper don’t involve the parts.4.3 Suggestions for researching on campus culture First, since campus culture is a field with its own features, we should pay attention to the unique.We hope that more and more scholars pay more attention to the research on campus culture, which can provide with the rich resources for the development of campus culture between China and America.Second, nowadays, the problems such as juvenile crime, campus violence, Suicide rate increasing, and the spread of drug addiction become more and more serious .Therefore, we should pay more attention to youth people’s mental health.Youth groups, college students in particular mental health problems, mental health problems triggered by the vicious incident harm or suicide incidents has increased, the case of Ma Jiajue in China is a typical example.Campus shooting not only for the

United States but to China and even the world of campus security iues once again sounded the alarm.Do campus safety, and ensure the safety of the lives of young people and their physical and mental health, schools, government and education at all levels; public security and other functional departments control safety responsibility, as well as the whole community obligations.Increasing number of school violence incidents: the lack of moral, compaionate heart, compaionate young generation may gradually become a cold-blooded animal violence.Third, we should stand on the traditional culture in our own country, positively absorbs the eence of American campus, for the development of our country’s university education to create a better campus cultural atmosphere.

.

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学出版社。

第20篇：环境保护英文论文

Low carbon and environment protection

I Abstract There is one of the most sensitive global climate iues for years, which is global warming.In general, we know that the origin of global warming is the emiion of carbon dioxide.It was verified that the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature: when there is more carbon dioxide the temperature gets warmer.This topic should be discued under current situation to advocate people concerning with this severe environmental iue.With the development of our living standard.Low carbon and environment protection are becoming a new lifestyle gradually.However, most of us haven’t known what low carbon and environment protection is.How to live a low-carbon life is also a problem to be settled.So it is neceary for us to make this view to be known by others and know more about green life

Key words: global warming low carbon environment protection green life

II

Introduction What mostly causes Climate change is burning fuel.Many years ago, burning fuel provides human warm, lighting and cooked food.It is a great proce for human development.According to the speed of burning foil fuels around the world, the service time of using foil fuel is brief.Coal will be run out of in 200 years; natural gas can use 50 to 60 years and oil may only last another 45 years.Foil fuel is the major part of primary energy at present.The quantity of exploiting and burning is large.Problems are coming.The proce of exploiting coal is the most typical case of environmental impact that includes damage of land, countryside and water resources.Besides, burning fuels will produce carbon dioxide.Greenhouse effect and Thermal pollution threaten human’s living conditions.Our environment is of great importance for us human beings and we accelerate the development of the environment at the same time.But we have already produced a plenty of things which are bad for environment and ourselves.Such as carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide and so on.So we put forward the concept of environment protection and call on all of us to live a low-carbon life.However, lots of people didn’t do as they said.Because of this, we ought to take action right now, and everyone should do as much as he can.If we are able to make a contribution to our environment, it can make a big difference.This paper expounds the concept of low carbon and environment protection.What is more, it also involves the way to live a low-carbon life.In addition, it tells us what we should do to live a green life.It will help to improve our concept of low-carbon and environment protection. III 1.The concept of environment protection and low carbon

1.1 The concept of environment protection The life we live today should be leaded by environment protection, so it is neceary for everyone to establish the concept of environment protection.We human beings must protect the environment that we live today.What is more, we ought to realize that green life is always around us and we should peruse it all the time.Furthermore, the concept of environment protection should be seen from all sides.We must know the environment we live are pretty important and we need do as much as we can to protect it.The ways to improve the concept of environment protection are from two sides.

1、To begin with, if we want to live a green life, we should restrict ourselves at first.Moreover, it is neceary for us to call on others to live a low-carbon life

2、The government ought to put forward a list of regulations to forbid others doing things that is not good for our environment.

1.2The concept of low carbon

Low carbon, to us, is a lifestyle that we should try our best to make differences such as never wasting water, using le electricity, reducing the using of petroleum and any other way which can cut down the carbon dioxide content.With the increasing emiion of carbon dioxin, the weather in the world gets warmer and warmer gradually.Some snow mountains are melting, and the sea level is rising.In order to stop it, everyone in the world needs to improve the concept of low carbon.Although many countries in the world have done a ma of things to make the concept be known by others, and lots of people have admitted it, the concept should also be strengthened.The concept is very important for our environment and future.In addition, we need to get together to protect our environment and strengthen the concept.So everyone should undertake the duty of environment protection and low-carbon.Only when we do what we said can we make a difference. IV 2.How to live a low-carbon life Low-carbon life, as we can see, is a life that we use le and le energy when we work and study in order to reduce the emiion of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.And it contributes to reducing the glob warming.It is a duty for all of us to live a low-carbon life.So it is of great neceity to know how to live a low-carbon life.

1.When we study or doing something else, it is better for us to use energy-saving lamps not electric light.What is more, it is also a good choice to go to work by bike or by feet not by car.

2.In order to save energy, we had better use low brightne when we use computers 3.If poible, we ought to watch TV occasionally and watch books when we have free time, for we can not only save the energy but also learn more things from books.4.It is better for us to use things that can be recycled, and we oughtn’t to throw battery randomly.

It is easy to achieve the above requirements, but they play an important role in our low-carbon life.So we can do something which is considered unimportant at first and form a habit about it.And then we can live a green life.

Air pollution is formed by many kinds of pollutant.Pollutant spread into the air all around.Primary source of air pollution is from factory emiions, automobile exhaust, burning reclamation and forest fire.The damage of air pollution involves industry damage, climate damage and disease.Atmosphere’s acidic pollutants and other chemical gases can corrode buildings and equipments.Besides, increasing floating dusts will product adverse effects during debugging and using equipments.Air pollution will increase the cost of industry production.On the other hand acid rain from air pollution influenced plants’ normal growth and result acidification.Serious acid rain will killed fish and decline forest.Transportation is convenient for human living, however, automobile exhaust pollution influence air condition.Air pollution also influences weather and climate.Rivers drying up and ozone depletion is derived from air pollution. Low-carbon life stands for a healthier, safer and simper lifestyle.Low carbon is not a behavior but a fashion today, and as students, we should take the responsibility at fist and call on others to live a low-carbon.We must make a contribution to the environment protection.

V 3.The ways to achieve low carbon

From all these years, because of the dependence on carbon energy, the emiion of carbon dioxin is increasing all these years, thus leading to the glob warming.It has great influence on the environment, economic and even the human beings.In order to settle the problem, low carbon is getting more and more neceary.So we can achieve low carbon from three sides.

1.Low carbon of energy Low carbon of energy means that we can use some new energy which is not bad for the environment or have little influence on the weather.There are two kinds of energy that are able to meet our requirements.One is clean energy, such as nuclear and gas .the other is renewable energy, such as wind, solar and so on.

2.Low carbon of transportation

The transport consumption today is thirty times higher than before, and the emiion of greenhouse gas is so high that it has great influence on the weather.Faced with these difficulties, the change of transportation is neceary.Among all these ways to change the transportation, developing a new means of transportation is a good solution to reduce the emiion of greenhouse gas.

3.Low carbon of consumption Low carbon of consumption, as we can see, is a new way of consumption in life.It means green consumption, green packaging and recycling.

Green consumption also means sustainable consumption; it is a new way of consumption that reduces the damage of environment and protects the ecological.Green packaging, which is a sort of packaging that can be cycled, is aim to reduce the damage to the environment, too.At last, cycling means that when we use something that can be used many times, we had better not throw it away right now and we ought to use it or give it to others, which is good for our environment.

VI 4.The ways to achieve Environment protection In recent years, environment iues become more serious as speed development of region economic.It is an important measure of social development that protects the environment and maintains ecological balance.It is also the duty of every citizen.In the environmental science, it is stated that environment is the room around human and all kinds of natural factors that affects human life and development directly.In the millions of years of human history, environment played a big role in starting and developing the civilization of human being.Climate, water source, land and gralands are material bases that make it poible for human to survive.Also, resources of forest and mineral provide human material to develop constantly.These environmental resources create the human civilization on the earth.However, when human being is making use of the material resources, our living environment has a series of environmental problems.―The publication of such literature as Our Common Future,‖ Zhu Zhongyuan wrote in his thesis in 2005 ―Care for the Earth, and 21st Century Agenda indicates that man’s awarene of water and natural ecological system has changed.‖

There are many lifestyles make more ecologically sound.Electrical energy saving is a way.The important environment protecting activity named ―My Earth Hour‖ is a typical example.Nowadays, we can try an activity named ―Unplugged on weekend‖.How can we unplug on weekend? Having a breakfast without microwave food and turning off mobile phones, computers, televisions, videos and washing machines.We can clean our rooms, write letters to our miing people, cooking a healthy food and read books.This beautiful unplugged weekend can let us turn to the healthy and environmental lifestyle.―Don’t hold things‖ is another environmental lifestyle.―Don’t hold things‖ has six points.Don’t take, don’t buy, don’t save, discarding, replacement and borrowing.Free things are usually not cherished and corner obliviously.Don’t use free plastic bags and free products without need.Don’t buy those things only if ―don’t need‖ products.If you buy many plastic products with cut price and feel satisfying, actually it is wasteful.Form a discarding habits and Learn to find other replacements before buying new products.We also can borrow rarely-used things from others.The third way is low-carbon lifestyle.Using traditional spring wound clock instead of electronic clock.Turn down computers especially displayers when you don’t need them as do any other appliances.Doing exercise without electronic machine and ride bikes rather than drive cars.A neoteric thought of environmental lifestyle is don’t divorce.Breaking a marriage aggravate global warming problem.After divorce it needs more rooms, electric power and water resource.These lifestyles can be more environmental for our earth.

VII Public participation is a good way for resolving environmental conflict.Communication roles of public participation can give many thoughts to governments on the internet.Websites can increase environmental protection ways for general public.Media’s function cannot be ignoring.Participator can let public participation have chances to participate in environmental activities.But it has a big problem is that too many opinions so it is difficult to comply with each thought.Environmental iues should be reducing nowadays.We should protect environment while human is developed at the same time.People create ethics to remind environmental awarene.For each person, healthy and green lifestyle could help our life sustained.People also can devote themselves with their works.Resolving environmental conflict needs public participation.That is government’s responsibility.

VIII 5.Conclusion

In conclusion, global warming has hazard to cause sea level rise and climate change: it leads to the extinction of plants and animals, while hinders people’s daily life and threatens human society.It also has few positive effects which leading people to focus on reuse, reduce, and recycle.It calls for global concentration that every country takes action to preserve the earth ecosystem.This eay consequently addreed people requiring nurturing the consciousne to conserve the sources, enlightening people to preserve the planet.If people can comprehend the details of Low carbon and environment protection well, they will realize the significance to protect the environment and what we should do in our daily life.If we want to make our environment more beautiful and make our life green.So we should do things even if they are considered to be unimportant and call on others to take part in the environment protection.We believe that environment protection and low carbon can be a part of our life, and we can set up a harmony, green and healthy life.We can make the life style become a fashion.The more attention we paid, the better world will be.

IX 6.References Brown, Lester.Plan B: Mobilizing to Save Civilization.New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2005.Print.Keppler, Frank.―Global Warming: The Blame is not with the Plants.‖ Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg.18 Jan.2006.Lecture.Revkin, Andrew C..―Global Warming.‖ New York Times.20 May 2010.Web.10 June 2010.Agenda 21: The Earth Summit Strategy to Save Our Planet.Boulder: EarthPre, 1993.[I.A] ―Are You A Green Consumer?‖ Consumer Reports 57, no.11 (November 1992): 704–707.[III.C] Bernards, Neal, ed.The Environmental Crisis—Opposing Viewpoints.San Diego: Greenhaven Pre, 1991.[IV] Cebon, Peter.―Corporate Obstacles to Pollution Prevention.‖ EPA Journal 19, no.3 (July 1993):20–22.[III.A] Cohen, Mark A.Management 5596: Management of Environmental Iues (syllabus).Vanderbilt University, Nashville, March 1993.[V.A] Mitsch, William J.―Ecological Engineering.‖ Environmental Science and Technology 27, no.3 (1993): 438–445.[II.A]

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