英语论文开题报告范文（精选多篇）

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推荐第1篇：英语论文开题报告

下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。

function and application of descriptive translation studies

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore poible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective.translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the proce of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive.the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.translation phenomena are noted down.with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts.“norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.function, proce and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese claic the dream of red mansions.two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

2 outline

2.1 development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, proce and product.i will also discu some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 methodolgy

i will in this part discu the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria.some advantage will poibly be shown in this study.

2.4 case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be

under investigation in light of dts.translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, poible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation.suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the proce of writing.)

it is therefore pointle to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods.translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”

推荐第2篇：英语论文开题报告

英语论文开题报告范文例文大全6篇

论文题目the Application and Innovation

of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights

一、选题的意义和研究现状

1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义

长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。

本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•

勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。

2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况

各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。

二、研究方案

1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）

研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•

预期的结果（大纲）: 1．A Survey of Gothic

1.1 Definition of Gothic

1.2 the Origin of Gothic Novels

1.2.1 Historical Reasons

1.2.1.1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality

1.2.1.2 Drama in the Renaiance

1.2.1.3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity

1.2.2 Development of the Novel Itself

1.2.2.1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism

1.2.2.2 Sublime and Beautiful 2.Emily‟s Gothic Heritage

2.1 Theme

2.1.1 Good and Evil

2.1.2 Revenge

2.2 Characters Description

2.2.1 Villain-hero

2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl

2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot

2.3.1 Terror

2.3.2 Mystery

2.3.3 Supernatural 3.Emily‟s Gothic Innovation

3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism

3.1.1 Change of the Background

3.1.2 Use of Symbolism

3.1.3 Stream of Consciousne

3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousne

3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2．拟采用的研究方法

主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法 3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题

研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；

可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足;

(2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。

三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1．研究进度安排

（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。

（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。

（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿

（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。

（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。

2.应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条）

[1] Bronte, Charlotte.1907.Charlotte Bronte‟s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights.London: J.M.Dent Sons Ltd.p.20.[2] Gerin, Winifred.1971.Emily Bronte [M].New York: Oxford University Pre.[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts.ed.1998.The handbook to gothic literature [A].New York: New York University Pre.p.83.[4] Punter, David.1980.The Literature of Terror [M].London: Longman.p.6.[5] 方平.1993 .希望在人间?论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M].上海译文出版社.第24页.[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人.2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M].张淑荣等译.北京: 团结出版社.第11?12页.[7] 肖明翰.2001.英美文学中的哥特传统[J].外国文学评论第3期.[8] 鲜于静.2003.神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA].中国学位论文全文库.

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore poible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective.Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the proce of translator‟s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive.The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.Translation phenomena are noted down.With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS.“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.Function, proce and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese claic The Dream of Red Mansions.Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.2 Outline 2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS In this part I will describe Holms‟ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, proce and product.I will also discu some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.2.2 Methodolgy I will in this part discu the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria.Some advantage will poibly be shown in this study.2.4 Case study In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS.Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.2.5 Conclusion Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, poible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation.Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the proce of writing.) 附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考) “It is therefore pointle to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods.Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wil, 1982: 217)

„“噢，这就是恐水病吧？你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦？真够呛的！费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧！”‟（张南峰，1990：59-60）附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考) Wil, Wolfram.The Science of Translation ? Problems and Methods.Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.Newmark, Peter.A Textbook of Translation.New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.Delabastita, Dirk.Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies.Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.张南峰（译）.王尔德戏剧选.福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990.戴炜栋.构建具有中国特色的英语教学“一条龙”体系，外语教学与研究，2001（5）

附录4- 封面范例(仅供参考)（中文）对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文论品牌名称翻译的特殊性专业：研究方向：作者：导师：写作时间： ? 对外经济贸易大学英语学院（英文）

School of International Studies University of International Busine and Economics Pragmatic Strategies in Advertising: Implicatures Wang Ying A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of University of International Busine and Economics In partial fulfillment of the requirement For the degree of Master of Arts April 2002 Beijing, China

推荐第3篇：英语论文开题报告

华东交通大学理工学院

本科生毕业论文题目：分院：

专业：

班级：

学号：

姓名：

指导教师：

填表日期：开题报告英语专业09英语2班20090710820231年日

一、选题的依据及意义：

The topic is based on the comparison of pragmatic function between English and Chinese Euphemism.Euphemism is a universal phenomenon, the use of language in a more polite way people used to talk about unpleasant or embarraing things.It is not only a socio-linguistic phenomenon, it is a cultural phenomenon.Along with social progre and development of human civilization, the euphemism is always accompanied by verbal communication proce of the society as a whole, demonstrating strong verbal communication functions.As an important rhetoric means to harmonize interpersonal relationships, euphemisms are widely used in both Chinese and English verbal communication.However, in different context, euphemisms perform different pragmatic functions.Based on different pragmatic functions of euphemisms, this article aims to discu the similarities and differences of Chinese and English euphemisms.二、国内外研究现状及发展趋势（含文献综述）：

The research on the comparison of pragmatic function between English and Chinese Euphemism has been greatly witneed in recent years.Back to the early 1980s of the 16th century, the British writer George Blunt\'s first created the word “Euphemism”and defined it as“a good or favorable interpretation of a bad word ”.Since then, the American linguist ,Menken, was together with historical and cultural background of American society to discu the hundreds of English euphemism and the reasons for the popularity.British linguist Hugh Rawson, compilation and publication A Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk (1981) traces the history of euphemism, euphemism characteristics, definitions, claification, scope, and many other iues discued extensively.The British linguist Leach, in a book of \"the principle of pragmatics (Leech \', 1983) politene principle as a euphemism to use the principle of decency, tolerance, praise, humility, agreed to sympathize with the six criteria.

From 1970s to 1980s, foreign social linguistic theory was introduced into China.The euphemism’s special social function interested the scholars which were engaged in social linguistics research.Chen Yuan in sociolinguistics (Chen Yuan, 1983), a book the provision of a special chapter to explore the euphemism, was the most detailed discuion of the

phenomenon of the euphemism works.Chen not only did the original discuion of the profound historical and socio-psychological background of the euphemism, revealed the social eence of the phenomenon of euphemism, but alsoanalyze from a large number of euphemisms phenomenon, analyzing Euphemism features and using characteristics, the euphemism has important referenced value.The next thirteen years, some scholars of the foreign language community inspired by the foreign euphemism had been published several papers.From the perspective of fuzzy theory, Wu Tieping (1989) reveals an important feature of Euphemism - ambiguity, provides an example for the use of modern linguistic theories to explain the phenomenon of euphemism.Since \"the euphemism new probe (beam set-fang, 1999) further use of pragmatic theory, a more comprehensive discuion of some theoretical iues involved in euphemism.

After entering the 21st century, domestic scholars have been researching a broader scope of the study of English euphemism.Many scholars have analyzed the social function of English euphemisms, characteristics, constitute a way.Wang Xiaoping, Hu Hailan (2000) from the pragmatics point of view to discu the causes and the use of English euphemism, and to explore the relationship between the indirect language of euphemism and Politene Principle.Wei Yue-hong (2006), cognitive, social, and cultural factors combining study language with school, trying to pragmatics Looking at the angle of euphemism.Fang Pingto be analyzed from the perspective of language and cultural factors euphemism, indicating that the euphemism of both positive and negative aspects of social function, and that these features of language and cultural factors.Tan Yuan , application skin\'s semiotic theory of the emergence and development of English euphemism.The perspective from the skin\'s symbol Analysis of English Euphemism is a euphemism from a new perspective for understanding, but also on the skin\'s semiotic theory of practice.

In summary, domestic and foreign scholars in recent years have done many researches on euphemism , many scholars have analyzed the social function of euphemism, characteristics and composition, linguistics, semantics and rhetoric of euphemism research, and have achieved important results.三、本课题研究内容：

1.Introduce euphemism

2.Show the euphemism using in Chinese and English

3.Analyze the comparative analysis of pragmatic function between English and Chinese euphemism

四、本课题研究方案：

1.Show the similarities and differences between English and Chinese euphemism

2.Make us clear know more about euphemism in Chinese and English is good for our daily life

五、研究目标、主要特色及工作进度：

Goal of Research: the purpose of this paper is to understand euphemism more deeply and use

euphemism more properly

Main features: descriptive and analytical

Timeline:

1．下达任务书，收集资料11/05/2011

2．完成开题报告11/15/2011

3．完成论文大纲12/15/2011

4．完成初稿01/15/2012

5．完成定稿05/30/2012

6．完成答辩，上交论文06/05/201

2六、参考文献：

[1] Leech, G.: Principles of Pragmatics, London: Longman, 1983

[2] 刘纯豹.英语委婉语词典［M］.北京：商务印书馆.2001

[3]戴运红.英汉委婉语的对比分析[J].科技信息，2011（10）

[4]高丽萍.文化内涵与英汉委婉语[J].太原理工大学学报，2001（2）

[5]曾征.英汉委婉语对比分析语用视角[J].吉林省教育学院学报，2010（2）

[6]王松年.委婉语的社会语言研究[J].外语教学，2007（2）

[7]张琴.浅析常用委婉语的文化差异[J].科技信息，2010(6)

[8]刘泽海.英汉委婉语语用功能比较研究[J].邵阳学院学报，2008（6）

[9]刘敏.解读英语委婉语的功能[J].淮南职业技术学院学报，2009（1）

[10]郭春丽.英汉委婉语的文化差异[J].长沙大学学报，2007（4）

七、论文提纲：

Comparison of Pragmatic Function Between English and Chinese

Euphemism

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Context

1.2 Significance of the Study

1.3 Shape of the Paper

Chapter 2 A Sketch of Euphemism

2.1 The Definition of Euphemism

2.2 Categories of Euphemism

2.2.1 Traditional Euphemisms

2.2.2 Stylistic Euphemisms

Chapter 3 The Constitute Principles of English and Chinese Euphemism

3.1 Distance Principles and Relevance Principles

3.2 Politene Principles and Self Protection Principles

Chapter 4 The Constitute Way of English and Chinese Euphemism

4.1 Pronunciation

4.2 Vocabulary

4.3 Grammar

Chapter 5 The Pragmatic Function Between English and Chinese Euphemism

5.1 Taboo-avoiding Function and Vulgarization-avoiding Function

5.2 Fault-covering-up Function and Commendation Function

5.3 Politene-promotion Function

5.4 Sarcastic Function

Bibliography

推荐第4篇：英语论文开题报告

Research Proposal

An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of

Color Words Between English and Chinese By Tian Min

Research Background:

A language not only exprees facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc.People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world.Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside.In a word, language is a mirror of culture.

When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself.Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different aociations in people, because of cultural differences.In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use.In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life.

Research Significance:

As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same .Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words.The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.

Research Status:

Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention.The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words.This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and expre the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expreion of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions.Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences.The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities

and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..

Research Tendency:

21st century’s color words study should stre the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad.The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.

Research Significance and Objectives:

I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.

Outline

A.Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms

1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

1.1 Black Is Aociated With the Solemn and the Dignified

1.2 Black Is Aociated With Profit

1.3 Black Is Aociated With the Black People

2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

2.1 Black Is Aociated With the Death

2.2 Black Is Aociated With the Evil and Unfortunate

2.3 Black Is Aociated With the Shame and Disgraceful

2.4 Black Is Aociated With Anger

B.Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms

1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

1.1 White Is Aociated With the Pure and Lucky

1.2 White Is Aociated With Integrity and Honesty

2.Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms

2.1 White Is Aociated With Death and Poor

2.2 White Is Aociated With Worthle and Timid

C.Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms

1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

1.1 Red Is Aociated With Honor and Love

2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

2.1 Red is Aociated with the Obscenity

2.2 Red Is Aociated With Revolution and Socialism.

2.3 Red Is Aociated With Danger and Lo

D.Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms

1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

1.1 Yellow Is Aociated With the Noble

1.2 Yellow Is Aociated With the Joy and Miing

2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

2.1 Yellow Is Aociated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative

2.2 Yellow Is Aociated With the Coward and Disease

Difficult Points

With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically

opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem.As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult.Poible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles

written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.

Bibliographies

[1] Baugh, A.C.& Thomas Cable.A History of the English Language [M].Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pre, 2001.

[2] Eckersley, C.E.Brighter English [M].London: Longman, 1979.

[3] Gill, R.Mastering English Literature [M].London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.

[4] Hornby, A.S.Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z].London: Oxford University, 1974.

[5] Knowles, G.A Cultural History of the English Language [M].U.S.A.: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.

[6] Lott, B.A Course in English Language and Literature [M].U.S.A.: Edward Arnold, 1989.

[7] Lyons, J.Language and Linguistics [M].London: Longman, 1981.

[8] Wales, K.Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M].London: Cambridge University Pre, 2006.

[9] Wu Weizen.History and Anthology of English Literature [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pre, 2001.

[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan.Modern English Lexicology [M].Peking: Metallurgical Industry Pre, 2007.

[11] 陈永烨．“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J]．《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7)．

[12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊《新编简明英语语言学教程》.[A].上海：上海外语出版社,2002.

[13] 邓炎昌，刘润清．《语言与文化》[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991．

[14] 蒋栋元．“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]．《四川外语学院学报》，2002，

(3)．

[15] 唐振华．“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J]．《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2).

姓名：田敏

:200940210109论文开题报告学号

班级：阜阳师范学院外国语学院2009级英语一班

推荐第5篇：英语论文开题报告

一、论文题目：claroom interaction and oral english teaching

二、研究现状：

对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在：(1)构建主义模式它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手，强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。(2)角色扮演模式徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用，对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。(3)以学生为中心模式这一模式被单独研究的较少，黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析，提倡“以学生为中心”，实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”，促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”，提高口语交际能力。(4)合作性学习模式这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行，它兴起于美国，在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式，从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中，他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则，对待新的理念，指导英语口语教学。(5)情景设置模式它主要是根据gillian brown & george yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当，会影响学生用目标语进行交流，进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”，及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类，进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”，为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。

三、研究的目的及意义：

通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。

四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：

本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。

五、提纲：

introduction

chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction

1.1 definition of interaction

1.2 theoretical basis of interaction

1.3 some main interactive modes in the present claroom

chapter two the neceity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode

2.1 the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode

2.2 the neceity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode

2.3 oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles

chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching

3.1 the relationship between the teacher and students

3.2 two types of personal interaction

3.3 claroom climate

3.4 claroom size

chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode

4.1 some principles should follow when evaluating

4.2 the concept of evaluating

4.3 the technology of evaluating

conclusion

六、参考文献

jonen, dh..thinking technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational technolgy.3 (1994): 34-35.littlewood, william.communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university pre .1981.

卢艳春, 路雅琴.“构建主义与大学英语口语教学.” 前沿杂志.11 (XX):98-100.

司洪海.“构建主义理论与英语口语教学.” 基础英语教育.4 (XX):8-9.

吴蕾.“构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用.” 东华大学学报(社科版).7 (XX年):23-24.

范雄飞, 黄玉兰.“把角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学之中.”读与写杂志.9 (XX):35-37.

徐志敏, 王瑛.“大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究.” 外语研究.8 (XX):56-57.

黄影秋.“以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂效果.” 济南职业学院学报.3 (XX年): 81-88.

何亚娟.“中学英语课堂互动教学的探索与实践.” 渭南师院学报.12 (XX): 72-73.

顾晓乐, 黄芙蓉.“合作学习与情景剧表演.” 国外外语教学.2 (XX):55-56.

黄艳.“合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用.” 长沙大学学报.10 (XX年):145-146.

慕东文.“合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略.” 甘肃农业.6 (XX):304-305.

孙边旗,张舍茹.“英语口语教学的情景设置.” 教育理论与实践 8 (XX):37-39.

孙久荣.“论英语口语课的情景教学.” 辽阳师专学报 21 (XX):87-89.

推荐第6篇：英语论文开题报告

一、论文题目：claroom interaction and oral english teaching

二、研究现状：

三、研究的目的及意义：

四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：

五、提纲：

introduction

chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction

1.1 definition of interaction

1.3 some main interactive modes in the present claroom

xiexiebang.com范文网【www.daodoc.com】

chapter two the neceity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode

2.1 the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode

2.2 the neceity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode

2.3 oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles

chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching

3.1 the relationship between the teacher and students

3.2 two types of personal interaction

3.3 claroom climate

3.4 claroom size

chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode

4.1 some principles should follow when evaluating

4.2 the concept of evaluating

4.3 the technology of evaluating

conclusion

六、参考文献

jonen, dh..thinking technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational technolgy.3 (1994): 34-35.

littlewood, william.communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university pre .1981.

卢艳春, 路雅琴.“构建主义与大学英语口语教学.” 前沿杂志.11 (xx):98-100.

司洪海.“构建主义理论与英语口语教学.” 基础英语教育.4 (xx):8-9.

吴蕾.“构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用.” 东华大学学报(社科版).7 (xx年):23-24.

共2页,当前第1页12

推荐第7篇：英语论文开题报告 111

Research Proposal

The Use of Body Language in English Teaching

By Zheng Shali

1.Introduction

As everyone knows,body language plays a very important role in communication,as well as the most common ways in English teaching.Traditional English teaching always focus on language itself,mostly,students are required to remember language and learn grammer,which result in “dumb english”.Nowadays,body language has been put on agenda.we need it promote English learning and application

Body language is an important media through which people communicate

with each other.It refers to the patterns of facial expreions and gestures that people use to expre their feelings in communication.In English education,body language has been widely used for different purposes .The teacher who can combine body language with verbal language in cla will largely improve teaching effects.this reflect in several aspects,including help well organize claroom order and enhance teaching atmosphere and promote mutual communication.Teachers’graceful body languge will have a good influence on students, teachers in high spiritual in claroom will arouse students’interests,on contralry,a serious look will upset students.what’s more,as teachers are usually respected, what or how the teachers say and do will be poibly imitated by the students (sometimes subconsciously).In a word, teachers\' graceful body language helps to improve the students\' artistic-appreciation and moral character.In this sense,the teacher play an example role.

Body language is also a very useful tool tohelp deliever difficult

knowledge for teachers.Sometimes,it is very hard to explain theory knowledge,but body language can change the theoretic and abstraction knowledge into the vivid, dramatic and an acceible gestures,which is more specific and figurative and much easier for students to understand and absorb.As a result, the students\' interest is

motivated and the effect of teaching is greatly improved.

Outline

2.1 The content of body language

In this part,I will give the most common body language used in english

claroom,and I will mainly foucus on three kind of body language:Eye

contact,guestures and body moements

2.2The neceity and advantages of using body language in English teaching In this part, I will list four advantages-----figurativene, mnemonic, imitatative, and extensive communicative of body language in English teaching and some examples will given to show the effective that body language proper used in improving the teaching effect and the students\' ability.

2.3 The concrete application of the body language in English cla

I will analyze how body language should be applied to teaching, and what

should be noticed when teacher use body language in front of students.

2.4 conclusion

45 minutes in cla is very precious and should be cherished, to exert the limited time, the use of body language is very eential which can not only help student to

learn body language and its culture,but also deliver teachers’ requirements vividly and complement what is to teach.so teachers should try to teach in english from the

beginning to the end, together with the corresponding body language.In the end, the students\' ability of English will be certainly and greatly improved.References

[1] Hu Chundiao, The English Teaching and Learning Methods[M].Higher Education Pre, 1990

[2] Liu Yongfa, Liu Xuan\'en, The Practical Body Language[M].Hua Wen Pre, 1997

[3] Wu Zongjie, Readings for Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching[M].Zhejiang Teachers\' University, 1998

[4]Hofstede G.(2001).Culture\'s Consequence.London: Sage Publications.

[5]Trompenaars F.(1993).Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Busine.London: The Economist Books.

[6]Trompenaars F.and Hampden-Turner C.(1997).Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Busine.London: Nicholas Brealey1.

[7 ]赳赳、Jonathan J.Webster：叙述文中名词回指分析，《语言教学与研究》1999年第4期。

[8]许余龙：《对比语言学概论》，上海外语教育出版社，1992。

[9]毕继万，跨文化非语言交际[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999.

[10]闰建华，刘建刚.外籍教师在中国的英语教学透视[J].四川外语学院学报，2001(2).

[11]王军.中西体态语差异的文化透析[J].四川外语学院学报，2001(3).

推荐第8篇：某英语论文开题报告

XX英语论文开题报告范文

论文题目:on teaching english to minority students in junior

middle schools in yili

浅谈伊犁地区初中少数民族学生的英语教学

abstract: recently, the number of minority students who have been educated by chinese is increasing year by year.compared with the students of han nationality, english learning of minority students has their own distinct character.this article will focus on english learning of uygur nationality and kazak nationality, in order to analyze characteristics which exist in the proce of english learning of minority students.finally, this paper will put forward the way to over coming these factors and improving the english ability.

key words: the students of minority nationality, english learning, characteristics

1.摘要：

近年来，伊犁地区接受汉语言授课的少数民族学生，逐年增加，但与汉族学生相比，少数民族学生的英语学习具有鲜明的个性。本文主要以维吾尔族和哈萨克族学生为例，分析了少数民族学生英语学习过程中所具有的特殊性因素，进而提出了克服这些因素，以提高少数民族英语水平的应有对策。

关键词：少数民族学生，英语学习，特殊性

background information

demands of the 21st century for qualified intellectuals.

the world in the 21st century is a world in which different countries depend on each other.english has become widely used in the world.knowledge of english is neceary for scientific and technological development and to contribute to the development of international trade and cultural exchange.knowledge of technological innovation is based on learning foreign languages well, especially learning english well.

demands of the information age

nowadays, science technological are developing rapidly and information is changed in the rapidly speech.computers make acce to information changed.intellectuals should have ability to get information from internet.it is inevitable for english to become an important communication to tool in the era of internet.only when having the ability to get information by means of english, intellectuals may develop continuously and have life-long education.therefore, it is important for minority students to learning a foreign language in order to meet the demands of the information era in the period of found a mental education.

learning english can help students cultivate their potential and from good quality as well as good will

children have language learning unparalleled advantages over adults.for the one hand, they are eager to learning english and have the ability to imitate and memorize what they learned.for the other hand, they are many differences between chinese and english in the respects of pronunciation, vocabulary and literature.so students in china must do more oral exercises without fear of mistakes and fight against the tendency to forget.therefore, in the proce of learning we aim at cultivate the spirit of fearing no difficulties in order to create good psychological quality.besides, learning to due with cultural differences can help students cultivate the open mined quality and the spirit of commutate and cooperate with others.

3.introduction

with entrance into wto, we open the door to the world gradually.the cooperation with other countries in the politics, economy and culture are frequent.the important of learning english are becoming more and more foregrounding.besides, the large scale development of west china makes the weston regions more active.in the xinjiang uygur autonomous region minority nationality plays an important role in the development of people’s cultural quality and society.in order to improve the people’s cultural quality and make the aims of western development come true, we really need to improve the english learning efficiently.however, minority nationality’ students have some difficulties in learning english due to the negative impacts of history, economy, culture, environment and psychology.it is necearily to analyze the current situation and put flowered the improve english ability.

problems existing in the proce of english teaching of minority students

starting to learn late and weak foundation

due to the undeveloped economy、lack of teachers and poor condition of facilities, minority students were educated late.compared with students of han nationality .as a result, there intellectual development lags behind.they started to learn english very late .before entering into junior middle school, they just learned chinese with out education in the kindergarten .but students of han nationality are different, english learning has been paid special attention for many years .owing to good condition of teachers and excellent facilities .many students of han nationality started to learn english when they went to primary school even kindergarten. 文章来源：

推荐第9篇：英语论文—毕业论文开题报告

英语论文—毕业论文开题报告范文

开题报告

下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore poible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective.Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the proce of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive.The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.Translation phenomena are noted down.With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS.“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.Function, proce and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese claic The Dream of Red Mansions.Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, proce and product.I will also discu some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 Methodolgy

I will in this part discu the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria.Some advantage will poibly be shown in this study.

2.4 Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS.Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, poible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation.Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the proce of writing.)

000

附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)

“It is therefore pointle to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods.Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wil, 1982: 217)

‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰，1990：59-60)

附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)

Wil, Wolfram.The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods.Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.Newmark, Peter.A Textbook of Translation.New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.Delabastita, Dirk.Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies.Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

张南峰(译).王尔德戏剧选.福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990.

戴炜栋.构建具有中国特色的英语教学“一条龙”体系，外语教学与研究，2001(5).附录4- 封面范例(仅供参考)(中文)

对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文

论品牌名称翻译的特殊性

专业：

研究方向：

作者：

导师：

写作时间： —

对外经济贸易大学

英语学院

(英文)

School of International Studies

University of International Busine and Economics

Pragmatic Strategies

in Advertising: Implicatures

Wang Ying

A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of

University of International Busine and Economics

In partial fulfillment of the requirement

For the degree of Master of Arts

April 2002

Beijing, China

免费开题报告范文

论文题目：中国上市公司效绩评价体系的探讨

二、课题研究的意义

我国上市公司对我国的经济发展起到越来越重要的作用，截止2001年底，我国上市公司已达到1174家，总股本超过5050亿，其中国家股和国有法人股328亿，市价总值高达

5.55万亿元，约占国民生产总值的48%，约有股民6800万人，约占城镇人口的40%,资本市场规模越来越大。据统计，截止2001年底，我国国有控股上市公司所有者权益10547亿元，实现利润1519亿元，分别占全国国有及国有控股企业的32%和63%，国有上市公司已成为我国各行业中的龙头企业，在国有资产质量上，上市公司已成为优良资产的富区，同时上市公司也成为中国人投资的主要领域。随着我国资本市场的发展和完善，上市公司不仅会得到更大更快的发展，而且会显示出更重要的作用。但也不可否认，在我国上市公司发展过程中，也出现了一些问题：一是上市公司整体业绩下滑，竞争力下降，据资料反映，2001年我国上市公司加权平均每股收益为0.1369元，比上年同期下降31.04%,加权平均净资产收益率为5.53%,比上年同期下降22.55%,有151家公司亏损,亏损面为12.67%，较上年又进一步扩大；二是部分上市公司内部违规现象严重，据了解，2001年有100家上市公司因各种违规问题而受到证监委和其他有关部门的查处；一些上市公司会计信息严重失真，虚增业绩，大

肆“圈钱”，极大地打击了投资者对上市公司的信心；三是二级市场投机行为盛行，一些机构操纵股价，牟取高利，严重地扰乱了市场秩序。为了解决我国上市公司发展中出现的问题，就需要在市场经济条件下，更好地有效发挥政府的监管职能和社会的监督职能，加快建立上市公司的优胜劣汰机制，全面净化证券市场的环境。要实现这一目标，有效的手段之一是建立上市公司的效绩评价体系。

目前，国家有关部门已经对我国国有企业制定了效绩评价制度，并正在逐步推开,但在我国上市公司中还没有建立这项制度，所以本文的研究是有实际意义的。

三．本文研究的内容

本文拟从四个方面探讨上市公司效绩评价体系的建立。

第一部分主要从六个方面阐述建立我国上市公司效绩评价体系的意义，这六个方面是：

（一）有利于国家对上市公司的监管

（二）有利于推动上市公司建立科学的约束和激励机制。

（三）有助于对上市公司经营者业绩的全面考核。

（四）有利于引导上市公司的经营行为。

（五）有利于增强上市公司的形象意识。

（六）有助于投资者的理性投资。

推荐第10篇：体育英语论文开题报告

On development of E-Sport in China

“电子竞技”是一项区别与其他竞技体育项目的特殊体育赛事，在电子竞技运动中，一切都是依赖信息技术来实现。这是电子竞技运动有别于传统体育的根本不同。但是这项运动又和传统体育有着很大的相同点那就是对抗性和高技术性。对于这项赛事的竞赛规则和其他传统体育项目并无很大的出入，都需要在一个公正公平公开的大环境下进行。伴随着中国电子信息技术的快速发展，电子竞技开始频繁出现在大众视野中并且逐步摆脱了单纯的游戏属性。有些人会把电子竞技和普通的网络游戏弄混淆，电子竞技运动与网络游戏是两个不同的概念，他们从性质、方式、项目等等各个方面，都有较大的不同。最根本的区别就是：电子竞技已经摆脱的游戏的属性并且被赋予了在专业运动竞技中的技巧性和专业性。简单的来说他已经不是游戏而是真正的运动项目。

电子竞技在中国的发展可以说是艰辛不断，在中国刚刚与世界接轨之初电子竞技被广学生家长扣上了耽误孩子健康成长的帽子并且在很长的一段时间不被国人所接受。广大青少年也将其视为课后的一种娱乐首段鲜有人将电子竞技视为一种职业。伴随着世界一体化的不断加快，放眼发达国家我们看到的是在电子竞技以及和其相关的个大产业链的蓬勃发展，与我们的万马齐喑形成了鲜明的对比。中国社会是在不断的处于进步当中，当人们认识到电子竞技可以锻炼和提高参与者的思维能力、反应能力、协调能力、团队精神和毅力，以及对现代信息社会的适应能力，从而促进其全面发展时，电子竞技的负面影响终于开始减弱。2003年11月18日，在中国北京首都中国人民大会堂召开了中国数字体育平台正式开通的仪式，参加会议的包含国务院新闻办公室、信息产业部、中国体育总局、中国体委，中国奥委会、中华全国体育总会的领导以及中信泰富的有关领导到场并发表讲话。

在本次会议上对于游戏行业最重要的一项就是，由中国体育总局正式宣布：电子竞技成为中国体育总局承认的第99个正式体育项目！由此，中国电子竞技行业将进入一个全新的阶段，在政府以及相关政策方面的支持会更加有利的促进这个行业的发展。

从此在知名的世界三大电子竞技赛事中频繁出现中国人和中国战队的身影，一个又一个的世界冠军的王冠带在了中国人的头上，和中国的传统优势与体育项目一样，五星红旗一次又一次的飘扬在举办赛事的场馆。好的成绩刺激了国内电竞界的蓬勃发展，各大媒体争相报道。在这不到十年的短短时间里，中国电子竞技有了自己的大纪实

2005年三月中旬《鲁豫有约》为电子竞技世界冠军制作专题节目。

2005年9月13日晚10点50，wNv.xiaOt将做客CCTV10的《人物》栏目。这次访谈的主题是“中国电子竞技的希望之星－孙立伟”。

2005年4月，Team World Elite 战队（简称WE)成立，是由原华人世界最大且最具专业性质的电子竞技网站 Replays NET组建而成的中国首家职业电子竞技俱乐部。 2005年底和06年中，wNv先后两次问鼎CS世界冠军(2005年WEG第三赛季CS项目世界冠军、2006年WEG Master大师杯赛CS项目世界冠军。这是中国CS战队第一次问鼎世界。

2005年6月19日第一届StarsWar在上海卢湾体育馆举行，当时刚成立的WE中国和韩国队员全部到场，吸引4000观众到场观看，比赛从中午1点进行到凌晨1点，现场仍有大量观众坚持到最后。

2006年1月21日-22日，第二届Stars War在上海长宁国际体操中心举行，两天的比赛有一万人次的观众到现场观看，25万独立IP的网络直播，预计有300万人收看，创下中国现场观众人数最多的记录，并掀起了明星邀请赛网络直播的新热潮。

2006年6月17日-18日，第三届Stars War在西安交通大学思源活动中心进行，现场8000人次的观看和网络28万独立IP播放的记录，让Stars War成功完成跨区域举办，让很多电子竞技偶像第一次进入中国内陆地区，与爱好者近距离接触。

2005-2006年 WCG war3项目李晓峰（Sky）蝉联冠军

2006年12月，蝉联WCG2005，2006魔兽项目冠军的电竞选手李晓峰入选中央电视台2006体坛十大风云人物评选

2006年12月11日 WEG大师杯赛上中国的wNv在决赛中以2比1的比分战胜韩国战队最终获得cs的冠军

2007年10月8日，WCG世界总决赛，中国选手沙俊春（PJ）获得星际项目亚军。这是我国首次打破韩国在这一项目上的垄断。

优异的竞技成绩进一步刺激了电竞事业在中国的蓬勃发展，电竞界的世界冠军和传统的体育的世界冠军一样被人们所追捧。优异的成绩同样受到了体育总局的重视。电子竞技在运动项目中的地位被逐步提高。2008年，国家体育总局整合合并我国现有的体育项目，并将电子竞技重新定义为我国的第78号体育运动项目。为电子竞技的开展开创了新纪元，从此电子竞技开始飞速发展，成绩也是稳中有生。

2009年11月15日，WCG2009 世界总决赛来自中国的WE.Pepsi.Infi与MouZ.Fly100%会师魔兽争霸三项目的最终决赛，这也是WCG历史上首次在魔兽争霸项目中有来自同一个国家的选手同时进入决赛。

2009年11月，国家体育总局正式宣布：体育信息中心成式成为中国电子竞技运动的管理机构，这标志着组建于2001年的国家体育总局体育信息中心将由原来的体育后勤和赛事的信息保障机构转变为类式于水上运动管理中心、登山运动管理中心的专业运动管理机构，其职能发生了重大转变，也标志着中国电子竞技由民间主导转变为类似于足球，游泳的归口管理。与此同时，中国电子竞技国家集训队的选拔以及建设国内首个大型电子竞技专业场馆两项工作将由国家体育总局旗下大型企业——中体产业集团承担。而中国电子竞技超级联赛、全国电子竞技公开赛、官网与商业网站的建设和维护、组织培训以及电子竞技运动相关的官方商业运营活动则由亚博控股传媒公司负责。从此电子竞技开始了更为规范的职业化和市场化。

虽说中国电子竞技的发展速度较快但是由于起步较晚我们和国外电子竞技的职业水平依旧有有着很大的差距，在未来的发展过程中还应多多借鉴先进的管理经验。就拿职业联赛较为成熟的韩国STAR LEAGUE 来说，高水平的选手和高额的奖金永远是收视率的保障，每一年会有三季的比赛，如果哪位选手可以在这一年的比赛里三次称雄就可以获得韩国电子竞技最高之荣誉-金鼠标，联赛中的升降级制度也很强的卖点，给比赛带来了很强的观赏性。相较于市场运营和赛事组织都较为成熟的韩国电子竞技联赛，中国的G联赛依然相对稚嫩，没有稳定的赞助商和高额的奖金在国际上影响力也逊色不少。但令人可喜的是G联赛2011第一赛季的比赛以超强的选手阵容和有史以来最高的奖金额度在电子竞技届赚足了人们的眼球，可以说是非常成功的一届赛事，为发展中国自己的电子竞技联赛打下了很好的基础。

毫无疑问，电子竞技是非常有潜力的体育项目，随着国际电子的技术和网络传媒技术的广泛发展电子竞技的发展前景是不可限量的。韩国正在努力争取将电子竞技纳入亚运会的正式比赛项目，足以看出这项赛事的影响力并不比国际主流赛事差。所以我相信电子竞技在未来中国的体育领域定将处于举足轻重的项目

第11篇：英语论文的开题报告（推荐）

英语论文的开题报告范文

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore poible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

英语论文开题报告范文

系别：外语系专业：英语

所选题目名称：

English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function

课题研究现状：

English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary.The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages.Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function).Another scholar, Fernando C.(1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expreion_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.

Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng (1995, 1996, 1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.

课题研究目的：

This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them.It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discuion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.

课题研究内容：

As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken.This diertation includes the following five aspects:

1.Introduction

2.A General Study of English Idioms

2.1The Definition of English Idioms

2.2Features of English Idioms

3.Cohesive Function of English Idioms

3.1Cohesion

3.2Functional Categories

3.3Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms

3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms

4.The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics

4.1 Syntactic Cohesion

4.2 Pragmatic Function

5.Conclusion

课题研究计划：

January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials

March 11-March 25:analysis of the materials and writing of an outline

March 26-April 30:completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice

May 1?June 10:refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion

June 11?June 22:finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence主要参考文献：

[1] Fernando, C.Idioms and Idiomaticity.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Pre, 2000

[2] Halliday, M.A.K.and R.Hason.Cohesion in English.Longman Pre, 1985

[3] Lakoff, G.and M.Johnson.Metaphors We Live By.University of Chicago Pre, 1980

[4] Makkai, A.Idiom Structure in English.The Hague Pre,1972

[5] 林承璋.英语词汇学引论[M].武汉大学出版社，1987

[6] 陆国强.现代英语词汇学[M].上海外语教育出版社, 1999

[7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟.英语词汇学教程[M].上海外语教育出版社, 1999

指导教师意见：

签字：年月日

领导小组意见：

签字：年月日

第12篇：英语论文开题报告的例文

英语论文开题报告范文例文

论文题目the Application and Innovation of Gothicism in Wuthering eights

一、选题的意义和研究现状

1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义

本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•

2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况

二、研究方案

1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）

研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。

预期的结果（大纲）: 1．A Survey of Gothic 1.1 Definition of Gothic 1.2 the Origin of Gothic Novels 1.2.1 Historical Reasons 1.2.1.1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality 1.2.1.2 Drama in the Renaiance 1.2.1.3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity 1.2.2 Development of the Novel Itself 1.2.2.1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism 1.2.2.2 Sublime and Beautiful 2.Emily’s Gothic Heritage

2.1 Theme 2.1.1 Good and Evil 2.1.2 Revenge 2.2 Characters Description 2.2.1 Villain-hero 2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl 2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot 2.3.1 Terror 2.3.2 Mystery 2.3.3 Supernatural 3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation

3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism 3.1.1 Change of the Background 3.1.2 Use of Symbolism 3.1.3 Stream of Consciousne 3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousne 3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2．拟采用的研究方法

主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法

3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题

研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足; (2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。

三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1．研究进度安排

（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。

（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。

（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。

（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿

（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。

（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。

2.应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条）

[1] Bronte, Charlotte.1907.Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights.London: J.M.Dent Sons Ltd.p.20.[2] Gerin, Winifred.1971.Emily Bronte [M].New York: Oxford University Pre.[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts.ed.1998.The handbook to gothic literature [A].New York: New York University Pre.p.83.[4] Punter, David.1980.The Literature of Terror [M].London: Longman.p.6.[5] 方平.1993 .希望在人间?论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M].上海译文出版社.第24页.[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人.2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M].张淑荣等译.北京: 团结出版社.第11?12页.[7] 肖明翰.2001.英美文学中的哥特传统[J].外国文学评论第3期.[8] 鲜于静.2003.神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA].中国学位论文全文库.

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore poible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

2.2 Methodolgy

I will in this part discu the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

2.4 Case study

2.5 Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, poible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation.Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the proce of writing.)

000

附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)

‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰，1990：59-60)

附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)

Wil, Wolfram.The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods.Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.

Newmark, Peter.A Textbook of Translation.New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Delabastita, Dirk.Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies.Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

张南峰(译).王尔德戏剧选.福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990.

戴炜栋.构建具有中国特色的英语教学“一条龙”体系，外语教学与研究，2001(5).

附录4- 封面范例(仅供参考)(中文)

对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文

论品牌名称翻译的特殊性

专业：

研究方向：

作者：

导师：

写作时间： —

对外经济贸易大学

英语学院

(英文)

School of International Studies

University of International Busine and Economics

Pragmatic Strategies

in Advertising: Implicatures

Wang Ying

A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of

University of International Busine and Economics

In partial fulfillment of the requirement

For the degree of Master of Arts

April 2002

Beijing, China 系别：外语系专业：英语学生姓名

陈婷婷

学号

02091502

毕业论文（设计）题目：

English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function 英语习语及其衔接功能

毕业论文（设计）内容：

习语是英语中非常重要的组成部分，对英语习语进行研究具有重要的理论和现实意义，它可以帮助我们更好的学习和应用英语习语。传统的英语习语研究主要关注习语的分类、用法、句法特征和语义等层面，对其功能尤其是衔接功能的探讨为数不多。文章可以依据韩礼德（1976，1985）提出的语言三大功能理论，着力探讨英语习语的衔接功能，包括语法结构的衔接功能、语义衔接功能和语用衔接功能等。

毕业论文（设计）要求及应完成的工作：

1、广泛查阅相关文献，了解本领域研究现状；

2、要有鲜明的观点，立论有据，并运用一定的逻辑方法分析论证；

3、在老师指导下按时独立开题和撰写初稿，不断修改完善直至定稿，严禁抄袭剽窃；

4、论文必须用英文书写，字数不少于5000英语单词；

5、行文必须符合学术论文规范，定稿须按院系统一要求打印和装订；

6、按照规定完成论文答辩。

进度安排

毕业论文（设计）各阶段名称

起止日期 1 指导教师根据选题向学生下达任务书；学生根据任务书查阅相关文献，收集资料并拟定写作提纲 1月22日---3月10日

2 进一步分析整理资料，完成开题报告,开始论文写作 3月11日---3月25日

3 写作并完成初稿，接受中期检查 3月26日---4月30日

4 根据导师的修改和建议，进一步补充和润色，直至定稿；论文评阅 5月1日---6月 10日

5 完成答辩后规范打印并装订成册；综合评定成绩 6月11日---6月22日

应收集的资料、主要参考文献及实习地点：

[1] Fernando, C.Idioms and Idiomaticity.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Pre, 2000 [2] Halliday, M.A.K.& R.Hason.Cohesion in English.Longman Pre, 1985 [3] Makkai, A.Idiom Structure in English.The Hague Pre,1972 [4] 林承璋.英语词汇学引论[M].武汉大学出版社，1987 [5] 陆国强.现代英语词汇学[M].上海外语教育出版社, 1999

指导教师签字: 年月日

系主任签字：年月日

系别：外语系专业：英语学生姓名

陈婷婷

学号

02091502

指导教师

高瑞阔

职称

讲师

所选题目名称：

English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function 英语习语及其衔接功能

课题研究现状：

课题研究目的：

课题研究内容：

As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken.This diertation includes the following five aspects: 1.Introduction 2.A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms 3.Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion 3.2 Functional Categories 3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms 4.The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5.Conclusion

课题研究计划：

January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence 主要参考文献：

[1] Fernando, C.Idioms and Idiomaticity.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Pre, 2000 [2] Halliday, M.A.K.and R.Hason.Cohesion in English.Longman Pre, 1985 [3] Lakoff, G.and M.Johnson.Metaphors We Live By.University of Chicago Pre, 1980 [4] Makkai, A.Idiom Structure in English.The Hague Pre,1972 [5] 林承璋.英语词汇学引论[M].武汉大学出版社，1987 [6] 陆国强.现代英语词汇学[M].上海外语教育出版社, 1999 [7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟.英语词汇学教程[M].上海外语教育出版社, 1999 指导教师意见：签字：年月日

领导小组意见：签字：年月日

备注：

选题的目的和意义

欧?亨利（O.Henry, 1862-1910）, 原名威廉?西德尼?波特（William Sydney Porter），是美国最著名的短篇小说家之一，曾被评论界誉为曼哈顿桂冠散文作家和美国现代短篇小说之父。他出身于美国北卡罗来纳州格林斯波罗镇一个医师家庭。他的一生富于传奇性，当过药房学徒、牧牛人、会计员、土地局办事员、新闻记者、银行出纳员。当银行出纳员时，因银行短缺了一笔现金，为避免审讯，离家流亡中美的洪都拉斯。后因回家探视病危的妻子被捕入狱，并在监狱医务室任药剂师。他在银行工作时，曾有过写作的经历，担任监狱医务室的药剂师后开始认真写作。1901年提前获释后，迁居纽约，专门从事写作。欧?亨利善于描写美国社会尤其是纽约百姓的生活。他的作品构思新颖，语言诙谐，结局常常出人意外；又因描写了众多的人物，富于生活情趣，被誉为“美国生活的幽默百科全书”。代表作有小说集《白菜与国王》、《四百万》、《命运之路》等。其中一些名篇如《爱的牺牲》、《警察与赞美诗》、《带家具出租的房间》、《麦琪的礼物》、《最后一片藤叶》等使他获得了世界声誉。这些小说诞生于同一时期，且所描写的主人公遭受的悲剧又极其的相似，那么这些作品是想向我们表达什么呢？它表达了什么样的社会现实呢？通过文章的分析，我们可以了解到这些主人公的悲剧是由那个时代造成的，也就是资本主义生产关系造成的。在资本主义兴盛发展时期，最得利还是资本家，人民大众还是受苦者。

国内外研究的现状

Many scholars have studied O.Henry’s works from different perspectives, such as the theme, the characteristics and also the personal background.By analyzing the theme of O.Henry’s fiction, i.e., “smile with tears” and “tears with smile”, Zhao Shuying gave us a unique impreion of O.Henry’s works.What’s more, Ruan Wenlin thinks highly of the humanity after commenting on O.Henry’s works.As for The Gift of the Magi, Liu Wencui carefully analyzed the characters of this short story.Wei Rongcheng studied the numbers, the allusion of the Holy Bible and also the theme of his works.What’s more, many over-sea scholars have also done some research on O.Henry’s works.For example, in 1986, Trueman E.O’Quinn and Jenny Linder Porter published an article on the Eakin Magazine Pre, entitled “How William Sydney Porter Became O.Henry”. 要解决的问题

通过对作者写作的艺术手法的研究进一步掌握作者的现实主义概念

研究思路

主人公悲剧是由那个时代造成的，同时他们的悲剧命运也反映了那个时代特征。通过研究反讽，包括字面反讽，结构反讽和命运反讽在他作品中的具体体现来揭示反讽这一修辞手法的功用及其产生的种种根源。这对我们研究欧?亨利现实主义，进一步认识他的创作成就和文学地位，学习与借鉴他的语言艺术和创作风格有着积极的作用。

参考文献目录

BIBLYOGRAPHY E.Hudson, Long.O.Henry, The Man and His Work,Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pre, 1949.

Donald F.A, Peel.Critical Stories of O.Henry, Northwest Miouri State College Studies 25:4,1961.E.O’Quinn, Trueman, and Porter, Jenny Lind.How William Sydney Porter Became O.Henry, Austin, Eakin Pre, 1986.Arthur, Vo.The American Short Story: A Critical Survey, Norman: Oklahoma University Pre, 1973.陈华，何晓曦.《四百万》[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1988.6.郭燕华.从《警察与赞美诗》看“欧•亨利笔法”[J].武汉教育学院外语系高等函授学报(哲学社会科学版), 2000.10 13（5）.胡晓梅, 郭雪华.纽约的镜子?谈欧•亨利的《四百万》[J].浙江工商职业技术学院学报, 2003.3 2(1).金文丽.绕梁余音三日不绝?《最后一片叶子》的结构特色及其必然性[J].丽水师范专科学校学报, 1999.8 21(4).康明强.欧•亨利短篇小说选[M].译林出版社, 1998.5(1).刘文翠.从《麦琪的礼物》看欧•亨利的写作手法[J].东疆学刊，2001.3 18（1）.任诚刚, 王玉敏.杰作里的真正杰作?欧•亨利短篇小说《最后一片叶子》赏析[J] .山东师范大学外国语学院学报, 2001(2).阮温林.高扬人性美的主旋律?欧•亨利爱情小说艺术论[J].皖西学院学报，2004.4 18（2）.韦荣臣.《麦琪的礼物》新探-数字，《圣经》典故和作品主题[J].四川大学外语学院学刊，2001.5 17（3）.赵莉，黄春妮.欧•亨利作品导读[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社，2003.8. 赵书颖.“含泪的笑”与“含笑的泪”?浅析欧•亨利小说的主题[J].黑龙江教育学院学报，2004.3 23（2）.Introduction

1.Irony and Its Claification in O.Henry\'s Fiction 1.1 Definition 1.2 Claification 1.2.1 Verbal Irony 1.2.2 Structural Irony 1.2.3 Cosmic Irony 2.Function of Irony

2.1 Critical Exposure of The Theme

2.2 Distinctive Portrait of The Characters 2.3 Perfect Construction of The Plot

2.4 Adequate Impreion of The Temperament 3.The Underlying Causes of the Recurrence of Irony in O.Henry\'s Fiction 3.1 Life of O.Henry

3.2 The Democratic Mind of O.Henry 3.3The Influence of Others Conclusion Bibliography 作品如下：

The Gift of the Magi and A Service of Love

The Cop and the Anthem The Cop and the Anthem The Last Leaf

The Romance of a Busy Broker

An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese

试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异课题来源

Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor

一、课题背景及意义（课题的立题依据及研究意义）

Research Background: A language not only exprees facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc.People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world.Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside.In a word, language is a mirror of culture.When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself.Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different aociations in people, because of cultural differences.In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use.In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life.Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same .Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words.The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.

二、课题研究现状及发展趋势（课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向）

Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention.The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words.This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and expre the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expreion of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions.Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences.The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stre the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad.The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.

三、研究内容及研究目标（对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标） Research Contents: A.Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms 1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Black Is Aociated With the Solemn and the Dignified 1.2 Black Is Aociated With Profit 1.3 Black Is Aociated With the Black People 2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Black Is Aociated With the Death

2.2 Black Is Aociated With the Evil and Unfortunate 2.3 Black Is Aociated With the Shame and Disgraceful 2.4 Black Is Aociated With Anger B.Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 White Is Aociated With the Pure and Lucky 1.2 White Is Aociated With Integrity and Honesty 2.Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms 2.1 White Is Aociated With Death and Poor 2.2 White Is Aociated With Worthle and Timid C.Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Red Is Aociated With Honor and Love 2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Red is Aociated with the Obscenity

2.2 Red Is Aociated With Revolution and Socialism.2.3 Red Is Aociated With Danger and Lo D.Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms 1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Yellow Is Aociated With the Noble

1.2 Yellow Is Aociated With the Joy and Miing 2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Yellow Is Aociated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative 2.2 Yellow Is Aociated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.

四、预计的研究难点（课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点） With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem.As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult.Poible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.

五、创新点（选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点）

The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words.What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords.

六、进度计划（根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排）

1.Nov.16th —

Nov.22nd , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2.Nov.23rd —

Dec.20th , 2008

Data gathering 3.Dec.21st —

Jan.10th , 2009

Opening report & detailed outline 4.Jan.11th

—

Feb.8th, 2009

Literature review 5.Feb.9th

—

Mar.14th, 2009

First draft 6.Mar.15th —

Apr.10th, 2009

Second draft 7.Apr.11th —

Apr.20th, 2009

Final version 8.Apr.27th —

May 14th, 2009

Printing 9.May 17th —

May 25th, 2009

Thesis debate

七、资料来源（指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料）

[1] Baugh, A.C.& Thomas Cable.A History of the English Language [M].Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pre, 2001.[2] Eckersley, C.E.Brighter English [M].London: Longman, 1979.[3] Gill, R.Mastering English Literature [M].London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.[4] Hornby, A.S.Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z].London: Oxford University, 1974.[5] Knowles, G.A Cultural History of the English Language [M].U.S.A.: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.[6] Lott, B.A Course in English Language and Literature [M].U.S.A.: Edward Arnold, 1989.[7] Lyons, J.Language and Linguistics [M].London: Longman, 1981.[8] Wales, K.Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M].London: Cambridge University Pre, 2006.[9] Wu Weizen.History and Anthology of English Literature [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pre, 2001.

[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan.Modern English Lexicology [M].Peking: Metallurgical Industry Pre, 2007.[11] 陈永烨．“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J]．《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7)．

[12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊《新编简明英语语言学教程》.[A].上海：上海外语出版社,2002.[13] 邓炎昌，刘润清．《语言与文化》[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991． [14] 蒋栋元．“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]．《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3)．

[15] 唐振华．“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J]．《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2).

第13篇：英语论文《苔丝悲剧成因》开题报告

1.Research Intention

Te of the D’urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Te.In this novel, we can see Te resist her unjust fate again and again, suffer setbacks again and again, till to be destroyed.We can not help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear.At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable.The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Te should suffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? This paper will try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy.

2.Literary Review

From the later nineteenth century until now,Thomas Hardy and his works have been the important topics of the criticism for a long time.After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Te of the D’urbervilles and Thomas Hardy’s other novels from various perspectives.For instance, Profeor Webster begins with a discuion of Hardy’s intentions in writing Te.According to his views, Te of the D’urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy’s war against man’s inhumanity.Arnold Kettle takes a different point of view.For him the subject of Te of the D’urbervilles is not the tragedy of a “pure woman”, but rather the destruction of the English peasantry.Mr.Kettle sees it as complete as a social novel.In China, Prof.Zhang and Wu have published their own books on Hardy’s novels and other works.There are

3.Research Proce

This paper comprises three parts dealing respectively with several main factors that lead to Te’s final tragedy, including the background, the social environment, two persons who are very closely related to Te’s fate and finally the weakne of the central character’s personalities.Besides, Te’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious and incidental factors.The following is the outline of the paper.Part 1.Introduction

This part is a brief introduction to the author and his masterpiece.

1.1Thomas Hardy and his works

1.2Te of the D’urbervilles

Part 2.Causes for the tragedy of Te

The cause of Te’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Te should suffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroine’s tragedy.

2.1 The impoverishment and decay of small farmers

This novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.The writer truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who become hired field hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job.These laborers are mercilely exploited by the rich landowners.In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.

2.2Alec and Clare

In this novel, Hardy describes how Te was killed by the times she lived in clearly.There are two persons who are very closely related to Te’s fate.She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec--- the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare --- the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy.It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Te, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tees more cruelly.

2.3 The weakne of her character

Apart from fierce Alec and hypocritical Clare, it is the weakne of her character that leads to her sad fate.Te was able to fight against the unfairne of the society.She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles.She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles.On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustne, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.

2.4 Some mysterious and incidental factors

The last but not the least, Te’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious

and incidental factors.Examples of the fateful incidents abound in the novel.Part 3.Conclusion

It is the times she lived in and the weakne of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakne of her character became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Te herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.

4.Conclusion

Through studying the representative workTe of the D’urbervilles, we will be able to have a better appreciation of the great achievements of Thomas Hardy.It seemed that if there were no unexpected happenings, she might have a happy life; maybe she would finish her life peacefully.It appeared there were unexpected factors in her every important life stage, those factors lead to her tragedy.But in fact, just as we infer from our previous discuion, it is the times she lived in and the weakne of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakne of her character became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Te herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.

Bibliography

［1］Chen Jia.Selected Readings in English Literature(Volume 2)［M］.The Commercial Pre, 2004

［2］Chenxia.Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “Te of the D’Urbervilles”

［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China (social societies), 1998(2):100-102

［3］Huangjing.On the causes of the tragedy of Te［J］.Journal of Northwest

Minorities University (social science), 2002, (3):95-98

［4］Li Jian, Yuanjing.The Reasons of the Tragedy of Te［J］.Journal of Daqing

Teachers’ College, 2005, (2):65-66

［5］Liu Yafei.Doomed from the start ［6］Thomas Hardy.Te of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation

& Translation Pre, 2004

［7］Wang Lili.Comments on the Tragedy of Tea［J］.Journal of Chengde

Vocational College, 2005(4)：26-27

［8］Zhang Xiaodong.Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］.

Journal of Chaohu College, 2004, (6):74-77

第14篇：英语论文《格列佛游记》开题提纲

1.Orientation of the research:

Literature

2.Brief introduction:

Gulliver\'s Travels is a fairy tale written by Jonathan Swift, The work purports to be a travel book, and describes the shipwrecked Gulliver\'s encounters with the inhabitants of four extraordinary places: Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa, and the country of the Houyhnhnms.it contains an astute analysis of the nature of Swift\'s satire.Gulliver\'s Travelerves as a biting satire, and Swift ensures that it is both humorous and critical, constantly attacking British and European society through its descriptions of imaginary countries.

3.Outline:

I.Introduction

A.Introduction of Jonathan Swift,

B.Introduction the main content of Gulliver\'s Travels

II.Analysis of Ideal society

A.Voyages described in the book

1.Lilliput

2.Brobdingnag

3.Laputa

4.Houyhnhnm

B.Major Themes of Gulliver\'s Travels

1.Education

2.Death 3.Law

4.Power and Property III.Conclusion

第15篇：英语论文开题报告：The Proposal of Skills in English Reading and Listening

英语论文开题报告：The Proposal of Skills in English Reading and Listening 关键词：Thesis ProposalSkillsEnglish ReadingListening

Thesis Proposal of Skills in English Reading and Listening

1.Research Background and Significance

In four http://www.daodoc.comtechniques of English learning (listening, speaking, reading, writing), listening and reading are the types of input, speaking and writing are the types of output.As long as the correct information is input, the effective output can be ensured.A research shows, in the daily life, people is listening 40%-50% of the time a day, 25%-30% time is speaking, 11%-16% is reading, only about 9% is writing(Rivers,1984.).This proves that people largely are to feel this world by their ears listened and eyes watched.Listening and reading are eential not only in the daily life but also in the foreign language learning.According to second language acquisition theory，language input is the most eential condition of language acquisition．

Listening is the first language mode that children acquire．It provides the foundation for all aspects of language and cognitive development，and it plays a life-long role in the procees of communication．As the development of society, listening plays an important role in today‟s information society.As long as you can hear correctly, clearly, then you can speak correctly, clearly and well.It is impoible to give an answer without correct information received.For example, when you meet a foreigner, you want to have a talk with him or he wants you to help him, even though your oral English is good, you can not understand what he is saying or what he wants you to help, which is so mournful.

Reading comprehension is the ability to understand a written paage.It‟s answering “yes” to the question “Did you „get‟ what you read?”.It is what allows the reader to interact with the text in a meaningful way.Students have to learn to use reading skills in every single subject they ever study and in almost every aspect of life.For example, students need to comprehend challenging science textbooks as well as directions and word problems on texts.Nowadays is the globalization age.The foreign busine of China is very active.The usual way to do busine is to exchange busine letters, telegrams, and e-mails.Many contracts, reports law, descriptions and other else paper documents are involved.To understand these, you have to have the strong ability of reading comprehension.You can not make a right decision unle you can understand its meaning clearly.Or you have to explain it to your bo and give him the correct suggestion.

Listening comprehension and reading comprehension already become the standard to measure a people‟s language level.Actually, reading comprehension and listening comprehension are the eential parts in nowadays various proficiency test, no matter English or the other language.Make a general observation on today‟s English national proficiency tests or some standardized level test of English, the score value of reading comprehension and listening comprehension are the higheat two parts in the test paper.

It can be said, as long as the students can get a high score in these two parts, they will a high chance to pa the test.Therefore, the problem how to improve students‟ ability of reading comprehension and listening comprehension became a very attentive problem.

However, it does not mean that with the cognition improved, the students‟ English level also improved.Th

ere are many students fear of reading comprehension and listening.The traditional teaching of English focuses on vocabulary and grammar.There is very le chances to train students‟ reading and listening in ordinary leons, except for the last few weeks before examination.Lack of training or skills is one of the reasons which retard their improvement.As the old saying goes，to give a man a fish，he can only eat for a short time．If you tell him how to fish，he will benefit by this for an age．We should teach them how to master the effective skills and methods to improve themselves.They should learn to use the skills to handle variety questions, obtain and analyse information, such as skills of forecasting, taking notes in listening comprehension, calculating word‟s meaning, finding topic sentence in reading comprehension, etc.Mastering the right skills, then the students can face different questions of reading and listening smoothly and reach the purpose of improving English level.

Therefore, this thesis analyzes the current situation of English majors‟ reading and listening, some factors that hinder the development of the students‟ ability and accordingly provides some solutions．It shows that students should be given instructions of study strategies and training of reading and listening skills．I hope these skills can help students to get rid of fear of reading comprehension and listening comprehension, pa all tests by these skills, and finally, meet the purpose of improving English ability.2.Research Questions, Methods, and Steps

Research Methodology:

At first, this thesis introduces the importance of reading comprehension and listening comprehension.Every English learner should take these two sections seriously.They connect with the effect of learning.Secondly, I analyze some factors of affecting.These factors are very common among students.Because of these factors, students‟ performance could not be increased.Then some skills of improvement are came up with against the factors of affecting.These skills can help students overcome their weakne and improve their effect of learning.Follow these methods and skills, have more and more practice in reading and listening, students‟ ability will be greatly improved.Then to pa all kinds of English proficiency test is not a difficult problem.

Research Proce:

At the preparation stage, I searched for many materials on Internet database and went to Guangzhou Library to collect the related words.I did much research of the documents, words and theses that related to my thesis.I read all the materials seriously that I had found and did a detailed reading note.I screened all the materials, summarized the useful information.Then, the article review came out.Next, I thought about the thread of thesis.The questions of this thesis want to discues are “What is hindering students‟ improvement in reading and listening?” “Some useful skills can help students improving their reading and listening comprehension.” The purpose and significance, background and prospect, procedure and main component of this thesis were established.Every week, I handed in my report of my work to directive teacher and asked her suggestion about what I had done.Under my teacher‟s guide, I entered into writing stage.

In order to make the affecting factories and improving skills introducing in this thesis are more practical, beside refer to the materials on paper, I have also co nsulted my clamate in university for some practical advices.Such as, which factories they think are more important? Which Skills they think are more effective? Finally, combine with the materials that I sum up, I established the contents as follows:

Abstract (English version)

内容摘要 (Chinese version)

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 The Importance of reading and Listening

Chapter 3 The factors affecting reading comprehension and listening comprehension

3.1 Factors affecting reading comprehension

3.1.1 Vocabulary

3.1.2 Reading habits

3.1.3 Quantity of reading

3.2 Factors affecting listening comprehension

3.2.1 Phonetics

3.2.2 Memory ability

3.2.3 Psychology

Chapter 4 Skills of improvement

4.1 Skills on reading comprehension

4.1.1 Improving reading speed

4.1.2 Gueing words

4.1.3 Clear direction of questions

4.2 Skills on listening comprehension

4.2.1 Forecasting

4.2.2 Finding key words

4.2.3 Taking simple notes

Chapter 5 Conclusion

Bibliography

Acknowledgements 3.Expected Results

This thesis not only manages to introduce some reading skills to students，but also wants to making them grasp the skills freely．At the same time through cultivating reading skills in English reading and listening comprehension，students‟ ability will be greatly improved.And it can heighten their confidence to take the examination and the English proficiency tests, banish fear and anxiety of reading and listening comprehension.

As the saying goes, Rome is not built in one day.To improve reading and listening comprehension also can not be succeful in a short time.It is impoible to have an immediate magical result.It needs a procedure step by step, from easy to the difficult.We have to do the practice as much as poible combine the useful skills.Perseverance, it will be effective.

The skills of reading and listening comprehension improvement mentioned in this thesis are more effective and practical.They were came out by my research and my clamates‟ opinion.We have the real experience about it.Reading comprehension and listening comprehension are the important parts in all English proficiency tests.I think, if students do more practice using these skills and master them well; their ability of reading and listening can be improved greatly.To help them to obtain a good score in two parts which take the important scoring value in test paper, then pa the test succefully.

4.References

[1] 刘明，A Study of English Majors‟ Listening Comprehension Barriers and Solutions，西南大学高校教师硕士学位论文，2008

[2] 周海如，Some Suggestions of Teaching Listening Skills，中国基础教育研究，2008

[3] 韩彦枝，大学英语阅读技巧探析，湖北广播点数大学学报，2009

[4] 徐江萍，培养学生阅读技巧的新尝试，山西科技，2008

[5] 曹维忠，词汇及阅读技巧---提高英语阅读理解能力的关键，无锡商业职业技术学院学报，2006

[6] 陈禹，学好英语当先“搞定”阅读---谈英语阅读技巧的提高，中国科教创新导刊，2009

[7] 卢洁，听读效果差异相关因素分析，湖北省社会主义学院学报，2004

[8] 赵建萍，如何提高大学英语听力技巧，楚雄师范学院学报，2002

[9] 陈爱武，英语听力教学困扰因素浅析素质教育论坛，2009

[10]卜巧玲，影响英语听力理解的因素及对策，宿州学院学报，2009

[11] 吴志莹，运用听力技巧提高英语听力水平，广西广播电视大学学报，2001

[12] 王纪元，影响学生英语听力理解的因素及提高技巧，安阳工学院学报，2006

[13] 徐义云, 胡宜平，英语阅读理解应试技巧初探，茂名学院学报，2001

[14] 陈寒晴，影响英语阅读的障碍因素与策略研究，现代企业文化，2009

5.Time Schedule

Initial stage (from 14th week, 7th semester ~ 20th week, 7th semester)

In this stage, I meet the tutor, and receive instructions on how to write.Finish the thesis proposal, the intern report, and the thesis outline; prepare to write the first draft of the thesis.

Middl e stage (from 1st week, 8th semester ~ 5th week, 8th semester)

In this stage, the first draft and the second draft will be finished.I will keep in touch with my tutor, hand in report to her in time, and revise my draft following thetutor‟s guide.

Ending stage (from 6th week, 8th semester ~ 10th week, 8th semester)

In this stage, I will finish the third draft and hand in to tutor.After tutor‟s modification, my final draft 英语论文网will be established.And I will prepare for my thesis oral defense, make the PPT.and presentation for oral defense.

第16篇：英语论文中期报告

中期报告

题目：英语论文中期进度报告报告人：洪静

一、进展情况

截至目前，已经熟读并翻译《2012: the year We Did Our Best to Abandon the Natural World》一文，同时，《How will Climate Change Impact on Fresh Water Security?》文章的理解及翻译正处于进行中。

《2012: the year We Did Our Best to Abandon the Natural World》属于新闻题材的文章，以报道2012年6月举行的“里约+20峰会”为新闻点，与读者阐述、探讨地球资源及环境保护的重大社会课题，作者向我们展示了一系列严峻的数字及各国首脑不同的心态、行为，引发读者对未来生存环境的担忧与希冀，旨在加深全人类对环保的反思和重视。本文因为是新闻体裁，很多新词汇需要我脱离书本的条条框框，去查阅大量的资料，包括背景、现状、词义等。譬如，Rio+20是在什么社会背景下，召开何类主题的会议，从政治角度看，又具备何种的社会意义？与此关联的各国民众的心态又是怎样的？等等。通过对很多词汇的查阅、理解，明确其正确的涵义，以保障交出出色的答卷。

在未来的时间里，对其余两篇文章的作业进度，不仅要加快效率，更要以课堂所学的知识去解惑，争取在4月初完成全部论文的翻译和后期整理。

二、指导教师意见

指导教师填写

指导教师：

年

月

日

第17篇：英语论文

[1]李航.大学英语教学中存在的问题及其应对策略[J].安徽文学(下半月).2007年06期.

[2]杨红梅.大学英语四六级考试对英语教学的反拨效应[J].安康师专学报.2004年05期.

[3]张俊英.大学英语多维互动教学模式行动研究[D].上海外国语大学.2010年.

[4]冯莉莉.课堂教学中如何运用发展性评价[J].考试(教研).2010(08).

[5]韩丽萍.大学英语多元教学评价体系的构建[J].广东技术师范学院学报.2009(10).

[5]张晓松.大学英语课程评价机制的研究与实践[J].黑龙江教育(高教研究与评估).2009(05).

[6]柏会力.英语全球化背景下我国《大学英语课程教学要求》分析及教材研究[J].中国高教研究.,2008(05).

[7]王晓玲,王国鹏.关于大学英语课程改革的研究[J].辽宁工学院学报(社会科学版).2007(05).

[8]隋晓冰.网络环境下大学英语课堂教学优化研究[D].上海外国语大学.2013.

[9]张家政.大学英语教学改革的文化哲学研究[D].西南大学 2010

[10]康莉.跨文化视角下的大学英语教学：困境与突破[D].华中科技大学 2012

[11]张蕴.混合式学习法在大学英语教学中的实施[D].上海外国语大学 2010

[12]李箭.共和国大学英语教学研究（1949-2007）[D].华东师范大学 2008

[13]田丹.大学生批判性思维能力培养方式探索[D].上海外国语大学 2012

四、研究过程与方法

⒈研究过程

本文对英语教学存在的问题既结合了以往关于大学英语教学的一些相关研究总结，更以当今社会经济发展的要求为前提条件，对英语教学的独特之处进行了分析，找出了问题，成因和解决措施。首先，综合自身的实践和所查找的资料，主要是通过查找网络数据库，学校图书馆及公共图书馆等，找到写作过程中所需要的相关的国内外文献，将大学英语教学中存在的问题进行归类总结，找出不利于学生学习英语的一些因素。其次，根据学习过程中所学得的一些相关理论及多方咨询，对问题进行深层次的分析和探讨，找到其中的原因，包括教师自身、学生的学习态度、学校方面的重视程度等。

⒉研究方法

⑴ 收集、整理资料。查找国内外已有资料，并将同类研究文献进行综合整理并做出分析；

⑵文献法

文献法即历史文献法，就是收集和研究各种现存的有关文献资料，从中取得信息，达到调查研究的目的。本文通过查阅相关的图书，利用网络资源了解到大学英语教学的研究现状。分析归纳出本文的研究问题、原因及对策。

⑶产品分析法

指对调查对象的各种笔记、作业、日记和文章等进行分析研究，了解情况，发现问题，把握特点及规律。本文通过研究总结学生平时的单词作业、翻译作业、阅读作业等课后作业，发现大学生在英语学习中存在的问题从而找到了解决对策。

五、总结

综上所诉，本文主要针对大学英语教学中存在的问题进行了分析，通过研究发现大学英语教学中存在着诸如学生心理，学习态度，教师队伍建设等问题。最后本文就问题的成因及问题本身提出了解决问题的对策，即改变现有的教学模式，建立强有力的教师团队，加强教师的培养，创建良好的学习环境，树立端正的学习态度，与时俱进的发展大学英语教学。由于研究的条件限制，只是对所在学校进行了研究，并不能完全代表其他院校学生的水平，具有一定的局限性。不过，只要不断进行研究和创新，英语教学一定会更加符合当今快速的经济发展，培养出更多的人才。

参考文献：

[1]束定方，陈素燕。大学英语教学成功之路-宁波诺丁汉大学“专业向导”英语教学模式的调查[M].上海；上海外语教育出版社，2010.

[2]邹琼。大学英语教学论[M].长沙；湖南师范大学出版社，2006.

[3]陈雄一。论创新型教师及其创新素质的培养[M]。东南亚纵横，2002.

[4]于志明。论英语教师的素质及培养[J]-新西部，2008.

[5]黄汉生。大学英语教学改革方法与途径[M].北京；外语教学与研究出版社，2006.

[6]刘小娟。普通高校大学英语教学改革研究[D];长春；东北师范大学，2006.

[7]贡美芳。大学英语教学模式的整合与应用[J].上海工程技术大学教育研究，2009.

[8]Gardner, R.C.Motivation and Second Language Acquisition

[M].Porter Linguarum,2007

[9]Eva, Lai.Promoting English Learning in a Self-acce Center

[J].Rearch in Foreign Language&Literature,2003.

[10]大学英语教学大纲（修订本）[M].北京；高等教育出版社，2004.1．2本文研究的主要思路及方法

（一）主要思路

⒈大学英语教学中存在的问题

① 执行“大学英语课程教学要求”不坚决，效果不好； ② 师资队伍质与量的不足；

③ 评价、考试体系不科学

④ 教学模式单

一、教学缺乏分类指导

⒉大学英语教学存在的问题的原因分析

① 学校性质对英语教学的影响

② 学生对英语学习态度的不明确性

③ 教材选取的不合理性

④ 师资结构的不完整性

⒊解决大学英语教学中存在问题的对策

① 更新大学英语教学的理念

② 加强教师能力的培养

③ 进一步完善考试与评估制度

④ 加强英语教学模式的改革与创新

（二）方法

⒈查找国内外资料；

⒉历史文献法；

⒊产品分析法。

这些方法在下面会一一讲述。

第18篇：英语论文

广告英语的语言特色

王龙

（西安翻译学院国关院710105）

摘要：广告为了凸显其特殊的劝说功能,广告商用尽各种策略,修辞则是其中重要策略之一。修辞作为一门劝说的艺术能帮助广告商实现其预期的目标。本文将从心理语言学的角度,探讨多种修辞格运用的心理语言学基础。

关键词: 广告英语;修辞格;心理语言

Abstract : Ad —writers employ all kinds of strategies to fulfil the special function —persuasion of advertisements。Rhetorical devices are the important strategies , which contribute to the realization of expected aims of the ad - writers。The paper will probe into rhetorical devices in adverting English on the basis of psycholinguistics 。

Key words :Advertising English ; Rhetorical devices ;Psycholinguistics

当今社会广告无处不在,作为引进国外科学技术和介绍国内产品的一座桥梁,广告英语也愈来愈被人们关注。由于广告的劝说功能,使得广告英语在文体方面具有特色。为了能够成功地劝说受众,能激起大众的兴趣以期最终采取购买行为。广告商运用各种策略,而运用修辞格则是其中策略之一。修辞是一门劝说艺术,一种可以控制或改变他人信念乃至行为的工具、技巧或手段。各种修辞格的运用使得广告能更具说服力。心理语言学是通过研究语言和言语,从而进一步了解心智的本质和结构的科学。广告商运用了多种修辞格使得广告能产生较好的效果,本文将以此为基点,探讨其心理语言学基础。

一、隐喻

隐喻研究源远流长,有人说,隐喻是一种修辞格;有人说,隐喻是一种范畴错置。本文将把隐喻作为一种修辞格来看待。Carroll (1999∶145) 指出,隐喻的理解首先要从心理词汇 1

(lexicon) 中提取消息,选择适当的那部分意义,最后识别本体与喻体之间的关系。束定芳(2000∶17) 指出,隐喻中的喻体对说话者或听话者来说要比本体更为熟悉。而在两者发生互动反应时,通常是更为熟悉的事物的特点和结构被影射到相对陌生的事物上,因而喻体可以帮助认识本体的特点和结构,因而也具有了认知的功能。由此可看出,隐喻中喻体与本体的相似性应该说是构成隐喻的基础,对于不能很好地直接地表达出的意义,运用隐喻也就更易被理解。

HighEfficiencyOur Big Bird can be fed even at night2) Kodak is Olympic color

第一则为法国货运航空公司的广告标题。公司的班机被比作随时待命的巨鸟,而货物则是喂“鸟”的食物。如果用“Our planes Pairlines ”代替“Our BigBird”,那么标题显得平淡无特色,喻体“Big Bird”的运用能使人们产生诸如雄鹰展翅等很多的联想! 使得广告更生动。第二则是柯达彩色相片的广告,喻体“Olympic”首先给予受众是“最好”的直觉,且会联想到运动场上角逐激烈,瞬息万变,精彩的刹那本不易捕捉,但柯达则能快速、精确地把这些灿烂瞬间拍摄下来。

二、双关

一般来说,人们为了清楚地表达自己,常常要避免歧义,但歧义并不都是只有负面影响,如果正确地利用,适当的控制则能使歧义产生很好的语言效果。广告商运用的多是词义双关而非句法双关。Carroll (1999∶123 —125) 指出,在语句的理解过程中,歧义的多种意义暂时都激活,但歧义的主要意义和上下文会很快消除歧义性。当上下文和歧义词主要意义都指向同一方面:即都偏向同一主要意义,那么词汇的歧义性对语句的理解不会有何影响,在这种情况下似乎第二种意思都不被激活。因此,在歧义不会影响语句理解的前提下,而且其双关意义被受众解读后能留下深刻印象,不难看出广告商为何如此青睐双关修辞格。

（一）语义双关

利用词语的多义性使语句表达的内容有两种不同的理解时就是语义双关(Homographic pun) 。

1、I’m More satisfied” More”首先被解读为一个副词修饰过去分词“satisfied”, 显示此种烟的优良质量。接着, 由于“More”的第一个字母大写使读者很快想到此烟的品牌名,因此这句广告词就被理解为:“是摩尔烟使得我更满意”。

品牌名和词的主要意义之间的双关,在广告中甚为常见。

2、Give a Timex to all , and to all a good time这则手表广告的关键词是“time”。人们首先反映是“此表能给我们提供正确的时间”,然后其延伸意义很快也反映出来:“a good

time”即表达“此表能给予你特别的快乐”。

（二）谐音双关

当利用词语之间的同音关系使词语有两种不同的理解时就是谐音双关(Homophonic Pun) 。

1、Seoul Food这一则南朝鲜餐馆的广告,Seoul 即指汉城,又暗指Soul (心灵) ,受众一领会到此种涵义,广告印象也就更加深刻。

2、More sun and air for your son and heir在这则旅游广告中“sun”和“son”同音,“air ”与“heir”同音,受众一读到这广告就会有押韵的感觉,增加了对广告的记忆,再解读广告意义:“这里会给予你的儿子、继承人更多的太阳和空气”,受众对此诱惑更难以抗拒。

三、夸张

夸张此词源自于希腊语huperbole ,意义exce(超过) 。通俗地说, 夸张就是言过其实。Carroll(1999∶148) 指出,话语的相互影响内容(interactional content) 即传达说话者态度的内容,对话语的保留和记忆是非常重要的因素。有些语句仅仅对听者传达信息,而有些对听话者传达了说话者的态度。话句的相互影响内容含量高,那么这话语容易被记忆、保留。夸张手法的运用就是向听者传达态度的一个典型。英语中有使用数词、使用形容词或副词的最高级形式,使用短语和使用动词等等来进行夸张。广告英语最常使用的是形容词或副词的最高级形式和数词。

（一） The richest , f rashest , Irises taste in all the world

这则酒广告连续运用了三个形容词的最高级,以此来体现该产品的优良品质和口味。而且这三个形容词都以Pist P结束,使得该广告有很高的记忆价值。We’ve hidden a garden of vegetables whereyou′d never expect ,in a pie.这则馅饼广告的夸张体现在“a garden of ”一词上,这个数量词的用法比程度副词“much ,a lot of ”等等都更形象、更具体,更能体现“很多蔬菜”。

四、仿拟

李诗平(1998∶82) 指出,parody 一词源于希腊语paroidia ,意为“mock —song”。即故意模仿某一著名的诗歌、某一名言、警句或某一谚语,改动部分词语而表达一种新的思想,从而达到讽刺、嘲弄或幽默的目的。从语言的理解与记忆角度来看,因为警句、谚语已被理解熟知,如果改动其部分词语而使其成为广告词,因为人们头脑对警句、谚语有了已知的信息,这样的

新广告词由于已知的信息而容易理解,且新的广告词的新增添的内容能加深已有信息,使得新广告词的记忆更为深刻。因此,我们不难看到仿拟在广告中的广泛运用。

（一） One man’s disaster is another man’s delight !The sale is now on这一广告是仿拟谚语:“One man’s meat is anoth2er man’s poison”(对甲有利的未必对乙也有利) 而来的。广告以“disaster ”和“delight”这两个词巧妙地替换了原谚语中的“meat”和“poison”,一方面这样的广告更易被人们理解,同时也告知人们商店大甩卖对店主是“灾”,但对顾客来说却是“福”。这种模仿就使得广告有一种幽默而又俏皮之感,使得人们对此的记忆能更加深刻。

（二） When it pours , it reigns

例10 为水晶酒具广告,是对英语谚语“ When itrains , it pours”的仿拟。广告撰写者把原谚语巧妙的调换了位置,且使用“rain”的同音词“reign”,即保留了谚语原来的语法结构,同时新增加的语义使得广告更具注意价值,此广告的记忆价值也同样得到提高。对警句、谚语的仿拟以上已做阐述,其实,仿词这一策略在广告中同样是被受欢迎。仿词( noncewords) 是特意地在某特定场合对人们熟知的词语进行派生,新杜撰出来的词语不生疏,且具有新的语义。

（三） We know Eggsactly How to Sell Eggs

第11 例为鸡蛋广告。受众读到新造词Eggsact2ly ,就能猜到其意义是“exactly”。而且在此广告中广告产品“egg”被两次重复,加强了对产品的促销。just coined it to describe those Data Proceing Acces2sories without which your computer can’t function wellwith full efficiency.例12 中的新造词“Compuceories ”派生于两个为人熟知的词“ computer”和“acceories”。此新造词不仅意思很容易被解读,而且因为是由“ computer”和“acceories”两词派生而来,给人留下新的印象。

五、排比

广告商使用各种策略来使广告达到预期的效果,对广告的记忆充分体现广告的效果。Carroll (1999∶149) 指出,精细复述(elaboration) 是指新接收的信息和已存在长久记忆的信息相关,因此加深了对新信息的记忆的这一过程。越是复述得详细,那么对词、句、语篇的记忆将保持得越好。排比、反复修辞格是这一种策略的典型体现。

排比(parallelism) 是将结构相同或相似、意义并重,语气一致的语言成份排列在一起。

（一）Think Once , Think Twice , Think Bike14) Don’t show me any other , just show meBlack sister

这上面两例都为排比句在广告中的运用,它们语言简练,结构平衡匀称,声调铿锵有力,意义鲜明突出,给人以一气呵成之感。此外反复( repetition) 修辞格的运用也体现了同样的心理语言学基础。反复不等于累赘和罗嗦,而是对某个词或语言成分进行重复,借以加强语气和感情,增加感染力。

（二）Everything is ext raordinary , Everythingtempt s.16) Dish after dish after dish , People expect us tobe better.

第15 例为卡地亚饰品(Cartier) 广告意为“件件超凡脱俗,样样都吸引诱人。”因为此品牌是为人熟知,因此只须强调“ext raordinary”就能增强感染力。在第16 例广告中,“dish”重复使用三次,给人刻画出一幅极为生动、妙不可言的画面:一碟碟佳肴美味,使人如见其色,如嗅其香,感染力非同小可。

结束语随着中国加入世贸,与国际接轨越来越密切,广告英语成为了非常重要的工具。对广告英语的研究也就愈发显得重要。本文仅仅浅谈了某些修辞格的心理语言学基础,其实还有更多的修辞格值得从此角度去研究,总之，希望广告英语能让我们的生活变得更加丰富多彩！Take time to indulge．尽情享受吧！（雀巢冰激凌）。

参考文献：

[1]Carroll , D.W.1999 .Psychology of Language [ M] 3rdedition .Beijing : Foreign Language Teaching and Re2search Pre.

[2]Scovel , T.1998.Psycholinguistics [ M] Oxford : Oxford University Pre.

[3] 李诗平.英语修辞手册[M] .湖南人民出版社,1998.

[4] 彭聃龄.语言心理学[M] .北京师范大学出版社,1991.

[5] 束定芳.隐喻学研究[M] .上海外语教育出版社,2001.

第19篇：英语论文

内容摘要: 到了21世纪，科学技术迅猛发展

, 随着经济的急速发展, 知识信息与日俱增, 中国人必须掌握至少一门外语, 以适应时代的需求。英语作为国际性语言的地位日益提高，掌握并能运用英语已成为当代中国人必备的技能。但在农村, 由于经济不发达, 学生知识面狭窄, 以及家长不重视，使教师对学生进行英语教学存在很大困难。本文通过分析当前农村中学学生学习过程中存在的一些问题 , 积极探索解决途径,改进教学方法,为学生提供更多的语言实践机会 , 努力提高农村英语教学的质量。

关键词: 让时间

给机会

育品质

在农村中学从事英语教学二十多年，其中的艰辛真的难以言表。一直以来农村中学的英语教学质量都是比较差的, 特别是农村的初中英语。现在是大力推广课改阶段, 在农村中学如何进行课改 ? 如何稳步提高农村初中英语教学的质量 ? 这些都是广大英语教师值得深思的问题, 也是摆在我们老师面前十分艰巨的任务。农村的学生对学习英语的积极性不高, 有的甚至不愿意学习英语, 这种情况对初中英语教学质量影响极大，危害甚重。我想出现这样的主要原因有下面几点: 一是同学们自身对英语学习目的没有清楚的认，“我在家里劳动, 又不出国, 学习英语没有多大用”的影响 ; 二是农村的学生家长不懂，也不重视; 三是小学开设英语参差不齐，进入初中，仅仅初一，学生两极分化就相当严重，造成学困生越来越多; 四是学困生存在着严重的逆反心理 , 随着知识难度的加大，造成很多人掉队, 丧失了学习信心, 这样严重地影响英语教学质量的全面提高; 五是教师的教法问题, 有些教师没有抓住新的教学理念 , 仍然采用传统的教学方法，满堂灌，不直观，不形象，不创设情境，不能充分调动学生学习英语的积极性；六是部分学校领导重视不够, 把学生分数看得很重, 把教师所教班级的考试成绩作为最主要的甚至是唯一的标准, 只重视应试教育, 没有真正地认识素质教育的意义, 致使部分学生偏科。鉴于以上这些情况, 作为一名农村英语老师该如何解决农村初中英语教学中存在的问题呢？又如何培养学生兴趣，提高学生学习积极性? 我个人认为应根据自己学生的实际情况, 面对学生, 认真把握好他们的心理特点, 在思想教育上和教学教育上双管齐下, 采取有效的教育教学措施, 达到全面提高英语教学的质量。

一、正确引导学生, 积极提高兴趣

随着科学技术迅速发展, 各行各业越来越需要英语了, 特别是自从我国加入世界贸易组织后, 就需要更多的英语专业人才。所以, 学习英语将成为一个重要的任务, 全社会都在重视它。大量的事实证明, 学习英语并不是无用的, 在家劳动并不是不需要英语,例如现在很多的家用电器用法操作都是英语, 不学英语是没法操作了。因此，英语学习、英语教学越来越受到人们的普遍重视。随着时代的发展和社会的进步，英语已从一种工具变成了一种思想，一种知识库。没有掌握英语犹如缺乏一种思想，缺少了一个重要的知识源泉。可以这样说，学会英语，不但多了一双眼睛，一对耳朵，和一条舌头，甚至是多了一个头脑 ! 因为语言是人类思维的工具，认识世界的工具，掌握一种语言也即掌握了一种观察和认识世界的方法和习惯。怎样提高学生学英语的兴趣呢？

靠持续不断的语言知识，而不是“玩”来培养学生持久的兴趣。

到了初中，英语教学是要重视兴趣的培养，但单靠唱歌游戏不能培养学生持久的兴趣。新鲜劲儿一过，孩子们就会厌倦。所以，唱歌游戏应该作为初中学生学习英语语言知识、技能的一些手段，而不是培养兴趣的手段。我们可以采用多种手段帮助学生在记忆力强的时期多记单词，多学习语言规则，并尽可能多创造模仿的机会，提高学生的语音和语调。在英语学习中，听、说、读、写四种能力是可以互补的，真正要做到听说先行，读写跟上，光听说不读写，很难收到高效。只靠模仿不培养学习能力，也难减轻学习负担。所以初中学生还是应当认真进行语言学习。在学习过程中经常帮助他们, 教师要充分利用学生的成功愿望, 在课堂教学中让机会给每个学生，使他们都能得到成功的体验, 在不断获得成功的过程中, 产生快感, 从而调动了他们学习英语的积极性, 并使他们树立起学好英语的信心和决心。让他们成为“我要学习”的主体, 不断提高学习英语的兴趣。

二、改进教学方法, 提高课堂效率

要提高教学质量, 我们教师必须改进教学方法和教学理念 , 教师上课不能再采用传统的“填鸭式”教学了。如教教单词、背背课文、讲讲语法, 天天如此, 这样不能激起学生学习英语的兴趣, 学生没有兴趣学习英语, 更不能调动学生学习英语的积极性。我们除了钻研教学大纲, 认真吃透课本, 不惜花时间精心设计授课计划、方法和步骤，认真备好课, 备好学生外，作为英语教师，我们还应该具备以下意识：

一，中学英语教师应有发展意识

一直以来，人们认为中学英语教师的语言知识能力要求不高，中学英语简单，不需要太好的语言功底，只要有良好的教学技能就可以了。其实时代在进步，社会在发展，同样英语作为人们最广泛的交际用语之一，更是随着高科技的迅猛发展而日新月异地变化着。如果我们的英语教师故步自封，不求进取，那么不但自己的语言知识很快陈旧落伍，误人子弟，而且会被时代所淘汰。现代英语的变化，特别是口语方面的变化尤其突出。主要表现在下面几个方面：

1、随着人们生活节奏的不断加快，更因为国际互联网的形成，人们之间的交际变得越来越简捷。说话简单快捷，使用网络语言，是现代人生活的一大特征。现代英语在这方面的变化表现为“一字多用”。

2、随着现代科学技术的迅猛发展，现代英语词汇急剧增加，并且我们发现，现代英语词汇有相当一部分是取得新义的旧词，如，mouse”(鼠标)，“input”(输入电子计算机的数据)，“store”(电子计算机的储存器)，“drive”(计算机驱动器)等。

3、英式英语和美式英语之间的距离越来越大。也许是美国对世界政治、经济影响日益强大的原因，美式英语的影响也越来越大，特别是青少年，他们以使用美语和发美国音为时髦，而且大多数英语影像都偏向美式读音。

4、口语不断侵入书面语。学过英语的人都知道，英语有正式、非正式；书面语，口语；方言，俚语之分，然而当今它们之间相互渗透的现象越来越普遍。我们的英语教师如不跟上时代的步伐，不坚持不断地学习和接受新事物，不了解现代英语发展的现状和趋势，那么，我们所教出来的学生一旦离开学校走向社会，他们会发现他们所学的英语是多么书呆子气。而教师自己则很可能连学生们所津津乐道的一些常用语也可能会出现理解性的错误。有一次我与学生网聊就被他发的“3KU”弄的满头雾水。

二，中学英语教师应有文化意识

语言有丰富的文化内涵，英语也是如此。要学好英语离不开对文化的学习和理解。英语学习与文化意识的形成是相辅相成的。很多中学英语教师忽视了文化对语言的影响，而导致了一些语言情景的不真实，和虚假的语言的产生。跨文化交际意识的培养，是英语教学的一个重要组成部分。词汇是文化信息的主要浓缩。对英语词汇的准确理解，和对语言环境的认识、创设和把握，需要对文化的比较深刻的理解。老师注重了文化差异，加强学生对中外文化比较的意识，也便于帮助学生在学习和日常交际中注意这些异同，避免因文化因素造成交际障碍。

三，中学英语教师应有情感意识

从教育心理学的角度看，学习过程既是认知活动，又是情感活动。英语本身是表达和交流情感的工具。学习英语的目的之一就是与使用英语的人进行情感沟通，增近交流。近几十年来，人们越来越意识到在英语学习过程中，学习者的情感因素，包括动机和态度等对英语学习的效果乃至成败起到相当大的作用。如何将素质教育理论引入外语教学是当前外语教学战线的一大课题。英语学习成功的因素中，除了智力因素外，更重要的是那些非智力因素的作用。

英语教师的教学重点是放在教学内容，教学大纲和考试形式上呢，还是将教学注重点转移到学生的性格、兴趣、情绪等方面的培养和控制 ? 这是，现代教育思想转变的重大原则问题。事实证明，平静、友好、体贴、乐于助人、聪明、富于逻辑性和快乐的学生，其学习英语成功的可能性要大得多。另外，在外语学习过程中，由于外界因素的影响，学习者会出现焦虑沮丧烦躁不安等情况，英语教师作为教学活动的组织者，应注意对外语学习者情感因素的培养和控制。尤其在初中阶段，英语教师要培养对学生的亲近感。在课堂教学中英语教师要十分尊重学生，注意激励学生，关注学生学习过程。在当前“减负”工作中，尤其要注意体察学生在课堂上的心理感受，亲近学生，使学生首先喜爱上你-----英语教师，而后英语课，从而提高英语课堂教学的效益。

三，教方法，给时间，育品质

英语课程具有工具性和人文性双重性质，英语教学的目的就是为学生的继续学习和终身发展奠定基础。因此提高学生的英语素养，帮助学生掌握学习方法和形成良好的学习习惯是我们英语教师的责任。

英语应用能力的提高需要大量的词汇，“不学习语言规则、不掌握相当数量的词汇，英语应用能力就是空中楼阁”。目前在初中英语教学中，学生掌握词汇的效率相当低，学生们死记硬背，鹦鹉学舌。由于学生们没有相应的读音规则训练，不熟悉词汇的拼写规则，单词的音、形、意三者不能有效的结合在一起，因而导致了单词记忆的困难，并成了中学生学英语的瓶颈。

我们教师应该善导学生开动脑筋, 独立思考, 多听多说, 多让学生进行口头练习, 增加课堂教学兴趣以及做到课后预习和复习。例如,我在教初中英语八年级UNIT3 I am outgoing than my sister.时,先让学生说出文中人物性格,然后对照书上讲的性格特征,把自己的特征和最好的朋友的特征写出来, 再让十多位学生分别用形容词的级将自己或朋友与文中人物作比较。学生可以把书本上的东西运用在实践中。这样做可以引导他们开口、动手 , 以便创造情景进行直观教学, 使同学们上课精力高度集中,做到人人开口, 个个动脑、动手, 达到提高学生的口头表达能力和笔头练习的目的, 增强他们学习的信心, 这样一来,个个投入到学习中, 产生良好的学习氛围。只要我们长期坚持下去, 我相信同学们的成绩一定能上升, 也一定能提高我们的英语教学质量。

四、营造情境氛围,发展学生个性

学好一门语言, 关键是要有一个氛围, 要学好英语,提高教学质量, 仅仅靠课堂40分钟的学习是远远不够的, 还需要学生在课外坚持不懈的学习和练习, 要多听、多说,多读、多写。以听、说、读、写为中心开展多种形式的学习和练习活动, 创造良好的学习环境。人教版英语教材中有不少涉及社会热点和焦点问题的课文, 如野生动物保护、环境保护、残疾人问题、自然灾害、慈善公益活动、科技、旅游等, 教师可在课堂上留出一定的时间, 引出课文以外的话题, 创设问题情境, 让学生相互交流,提出自己独特见解。平时多给学生听录音, 看影碟,看幻灯,看英语短片电影, 多以现代的教学手段为平台。在家，建议学生在洗漱，吃饭，做家务时听听英语歌等一些英语材料。开展书法、朗诵、阅读理解等课外活动。我们的活动可以根据学生平时的成绩分组参加。分层次布置任务，这样成绩差的同学也可以多开口。另外还要求学生在每节课前进行简短的口语对话, 也就是通常的值日生汇报，要求他们学会坚持用英语写日记或周记, 教师批改后,将写得好的日记、周记刊出在黑板报或墙报上, 这样做学生既可以互相学习, 又可以提高实际运用知识的能力。

以上是我个人之见解, 不足之处，望大家指正。总之, 通过教师的多方努力, 不断地探索教学方法和教学模式 ,在新课程理念指导下, 做到因材施教, 因地施教，因时施教, 因人施教, 因类施教。多与学生接触交谈, 进行思想沟通,了解学生, 指导学生, 坚持下去, 我想我们农村的初中英语教学质量就一定能提高。

。

第20篇：英语论文

英语论文

Difference between Chinese and Western food dietetic

culture Abstract:The difference between Chinese and Western food dietetic culture were introduced.Food dietetic customer,food dietetic idea,dish proceing,seat arrangement and western fast food were also compared respectively.The development trend of the Chinese and Western food dietetic culture were pointed out.Keywords:Chinese culture

Food dietetic culture

Differences between Chinese and Western culture

英语论文

Contents Introduction …………………………………………………1 Diet custom …………………………………………………1 Nutrition and delicious ……………………………………3 table manners ………………………………………………4 Conclusion …………………………………………………5 Works Cited ………………………………………………7

英语论文

Introduction:In the world ,based on the different standard can put people into yellow white and black people or into Asians, Africans Europeans,but we have the same body structure.People have the same origin.But the difference between the way of thinking has led to the cultural differences between people.Differences between Chinese and Western cultures has created differences between Chinese and Western food culture.China has a abundant food culture，Western has a convenient and refinement diet civilization.This thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture.9 In the complex world culture, the dietary culture plays an extremely important role in the world culture.The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture.Different countries have their own dietary cultural.Traditional Chinese culture is agricultural culture and land culture, while traditional western culture is animal husbandry culture and ocean culture.These two kinds of cultures reflect diverse life styles in which food is the most representative aspect.In variously cultural contexts, whether it is in concept, objects, kitchen ware, table ware, or table manners these differences are obvious.1 Diet custom Westerners always maintained during cooking practicality of food,They think from nutritional value, food should be contend with the human bod body\'s health.Westerners don`t pay attention to the style of

- 1

英语论文

according to the chef\'s personal characteristics are different.Is the same Chef a menu, despite its own generating method, but may vary according to different seasons, different, eat different identity, to be adjusted (such as rich in winter, light in the summer, the wedding to be colorful,4 ). 2 Nutrition and delicious

In China, cooking is an art, which embodies the unity of the rigor and improvisation, so cooking has been extremely interesting to attract the Chinese diet for the pleasures of life.A variety of cooking methods, fried, fried, explosion, bombing, slip, simmered, steamed, boiled, stewed, roasted, braised.While we pay attention to diet, a healing cuisine, food, attention to diet to keeping fit, but we cook in search of delicious as the first requirement, resulting in many nutrient loes in the proce. Contrast to focus on the taste of Chinese food, Western food are more meticulous and absorb nutrition with emphasis on the nutritional value of diet, focusing on the food contains vitamins, protein, calories, and whether it is fully absorbed, with or without other side effects, while not unduly the pursuit of the taste of food Westerners eat nutrition, and more understanding of the diet from a nutritional point of view.Cook about nutrition in the West at the expense of taste, at least for primary purpose is not to taste enjoy.

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英语论文

information changes.It can not only enhance the mutual understanding and enjoy the different feeling from different food, but also strengthen the communication, complementation（互补） and fusion in culture6.

As the improvement of the living quality and standard, Chinese begin focusing on the food nutrition, health and science of cooking while westerners start to develop from the artistic realm of color, smell, taste, meaning and shape of Chinese food.Only if the dietary culture communicates in common development can people enjoy the more delicious, convenient, nutritional and healthy food.The communication of dietary culture exists in our daily life as the hinge of diverse cultures in the proce of integration in economic and cultural globalization.The dietary culture has become a type of cultural impact which is strengthening step by step.Moreover, it exerts a huger effect than any other power on globalization and changing the world softly.It is poible to anticipate that the dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will become more and more charming under the communication and fusion8.

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