推荐第1篇：中英文摘要
中英文摘要
作者姓名：段小洁
论文题目：单壁碳纳米管的AFM操纵、形变及相关拉曼光谱研究
作者简介：段小洁，女，1980年2月出生，2002年9月师从于北京大学刘忠范教授，于2007年7月获博士学位。
中文摘要
对形变碳纳米管（CNTs）的研究，包括研究其在应力存在下的结构演化、应力对其各种光电性质及电子能带结构的影响等，不仅对CNTs在复合材料、纳电子和纳机电器件、以及应力传感器等中的应用具有重要意义，还对相关理论的发展有巨大推动作用。本论文发展了对表面上单壁碳纳米管（SWNTs）的原子力显微术（AFM）可控操纵方法，基于此AFM可控操纵，研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的屈曲行为，以及SWNTs在扭转和拉伸两种形变下的共振Raman光谱特征。主要成果包括：
1.发展了对表面上SWNT的AFM可控操纵方法；
通过对操纵过程中针尖运动路径的合理设置、SWNT上操纵位置和针尖下压距离的选择，可以向SWNT中引入各种类型的应力。SWNT中产生的应力由其和基底间的相互作用力保持。发展了基于Si的AFM氧化的SWNT纳米焊接术，以增加AFM操纵的可控性。当对表面有SWNT的基底Si进行AFM氧化时，新生成的SiOx会对SWNT进行包覆，从而可以将SWNT在氧化点有
效的固定到基底表面。而且SWNT的存在会对Si基底的AFM氧化有明显的增强作用，相同条件下，表面有SWNT的Si氧化后产生的SiOx，比没有SWNT时更多，这种增强作用有利于对
SWNT的焊接固定。焊接的强度可以通过改变氧化偏压、针尖运动速率（氧化时间）等进行调节，提高氧化偏压、降低针尖移动速率有利于增强纳米焊接的强度。空气中热氧化实验和拉曼光谱的表征均证明，此焊接过程对SWNT的化学结构无明显影响。在某些点对SWNT进行焊接固定后，AFM操纵引入的形变的大小和分布可以被有效地控制，从而大大增加AFM操纵的可控性。
采用更强的AFM氧化条件，可以实现SWNT和Si的同时氧化，从而可以在任意位点对SWNT进行切割。结合AFM纳米切割、焊接和操纵等操作，可以构筑各种复杂形状的SWNTs，体现
了AFM作为纳米工具箱的作用。
2.研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的屈曲行为；
通过选择合适的操纵位点、被操纵的CNT片段长度、操纵路径并优化针尖下压距离，可以严格控制弯曲CNT的角度，这样通过AFM操纵对同一CNT的可控弯曲，获得了一系列弯曲角度逐渐增大的CNT。CNT被操纵以后，与基底相互作用力会有明显减小，这使得CNT的有效弯曲区域，位于与基底只有vdW相互作用的被操纵部分，在AFM表征下表现为固定部分和被操纵部分的交点。有效弯曲部分与基底间仅有vdW相互作用，其长度在整个弯曲过程中几乎保持不变。
通过记录弯曲“点”在弯曲角度逐渐增大过程中的高度变化，研究了CNTs在弯曲形变下的结构演化和屈曲行为。发现不同CNTs在弯曲过程中，表现出“突变”和“渐变”两种屈曲模式，分别对应于弯曲“点”高度的突跃、均匀弯曲向屈曲结构的直接转化，和弯曲“点”高度的逐渐增大、均匀弯曲向屈曲结构的逐渐转化。“渐变”屈曲导致一系列屈曲过渡态的出现。“突变”多发生于小直径管，而“渐变”更常见于大直径管。通过对CNTs的层数和厚度等的估算，发现一般情况下，“渐变”屈曲模式的CNTs比“突变”模式的CNTs具有更大的厚度直径比。对“突变”屈曲模式的CNTs，临界屈曲角度随CNTs直径的增大而减小。
分子动力学模拟发现，（1）所研究的CNTs中，SWNTs均为“突变”屈曲模式，而双壁和三壁管均采取“渐变”屈曲模式；（2）“渐变”屈曲过程对应弯曲角度逐渐增大时，多壁管从最外层到最内层的逐渐屈曲，和各管层屈曲程度的逐渐增加，这是由其多层结构导致的各层壁屈曲行为的不同步，和管壁间vdW相互作用对屈曲的阻碍造成的，这说明MWNTs的多层结构是导致其“渐变”屈曲的主要原因；（3）基底的vdW相互作用对CNTs的屈曲行为没有明显影响。从导致两种屈曲模式的机理考虑，除直径外，CNTs的层数对其屈曲行为也有重要影响，这预示了在CNTs的力学性质中，存在不同于传统尺寸效应的双尺寸效应，即直径和层数共同决定CNTs力学行为。
本工作利用AFM可控操纵，在实验上几乎全程观察了CNTs在弯曲过程中的结构演化和屈曲形成过程，其所揭示的两种屈曲模式的形成规律，不仅对大量存在的CNTs形变的理论工作提供了支持和参考，一定程度上填补了实验上的空白，还对CNTs在复合材料、纳电子和纳机电器件、以及应力传感器等中的应用具有重要意义，
3.研究了扭转和拉伸形变下单根SWNTs的共振Raman光谱行为；
AFM操纵可以向超长SWNT中同时引入扭转和拉伸应力，由于拉伸形变比扭转形变的传输距离更远，在操纵点附近扭转和拉伸两种形变同时存在，距离操纵点较远的区域，只有纯拉
伸形变存在。扭转形变的产生证明了SWNT在AFM操纵下滚动的发生。
扭转和拉伸形变都会导致SWNTs拉曼模振动频率的变化。研究发现：（1）扭转形变下，RBM变大，位于～1600 cm-1的G+(E2(g))模振动频率发生较大的红移，而其他在1590 cm-1～1560
cm-1范围内的大部分G模会发生轻微的蓝移，振动频率发生红移的G模的位移量，一般远远大于发生蓝移的G模的位移量；（2）拉伸形变下，RBM和G+(E2(g))模振动频率不变，而在1590 cm-1～
1560 cm-1范围内的大部分G模会发生明显的红移。（3）不同Raman活性模对形变的敏感度不同，扭转形变下，RBM、位于～1600 cm-1的G+( E2(g))模比其他G模更敏感，而在拉伸形变下，
其他G模却具有更高的敏感度。这与形变导致的发生变化的C-C键是否与各模的原子位移模式相关联有关；（4）通过对SWNTs中形变量大小和Raman频率对形变变化率d/d地计算，发现RBM振动频率对扭转形变的变化率d(RBM)/dt，随SWNTs手性角的增大几乎线性增大。
某些SWNTs中，扭转形变导致的对称性破缺还会导致Raman模的分裂或新模的出现。按照预测，这种分裂或新模的出现最可能发生在锯齿形和椅形SWNTs中。扭转和拉伸形变都会导致SWNTs共振拉曼振动模强度的变化，这体现了形变对SWNTs电子跃迁能Eii的影响。根据
共振拉曼理论和RBM峰的IAS/IS，可以计算扭转和拉伸形变对Eii影响的方向和大小。
应力对SWNTs共振Raman光谱的影响一直是人们关注的重要问题，本工作首次在实验上研究了扭转形变下SWNTs共振Raman振动频率和强度的变化。利用AFM操纵在单根SWNTs水平上的研究，可以排除不同直径和手性带来的平均效应，从而有利于揭示SWNTs的本征性质。对拉伸和扭转形变在同根SWNT中的比较，也为理解不同应力对SWNTs拉曼影响的不同提供了有利条件。
4.AFM操纵引入的应力沿SWNT管轴分布的分析和调控，及SWNTs相关力学性质的比较；分析了超长SWNT中，AFM操纵引入的应力的传输和分布，由于SWNT与基底间摩擦力的存在和AFM操纵后应力的部分驰豫，扭转和拉伸应力沿SWNT管轴都呈“”形分布，应力分布的各特征量，如应力的最远传输距离、最大应力点的位置和最大应力值、应力线性分布的斜率等，决定于AFM针尖施加到SWNT的力的大小、SWNT的剪切模量或弹性模量、以及SWNT与基底间摩擦力的大小；通过控制AFM操纵和采用图案化基底，对SWNT中应力的大小及分布进行了调控；通过比较不同SWNTs的应力分布特征量，在单根SWNT水平上，研究比较了它们的各力学参量，如剪切模量、杨氏模量，以及与基底间摩擦力的相对大小。各力学参量对SWNTs的直径无单调关系，说明了SWNTs手性对力学性质的影响。
关键词：单壁碳纳米管，AFM操纵与加工，形变，屈曲，共振拉曼光谱
AFM Manipulation, Deformation and Related Raman Spectroscopy of
Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Duan Xiaojie
ABSTRACT
The study on deformed carbon nanotubes (CNTs), including the study of their structure evolution and properties change under strain, is important not only for the application of CNTs in composite materials, strain sensors, nanoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical devices, but also for the development of related theory.In this thesis, we have developed controlled atomic force microscopy (AFM) manipulation techniques for single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on surfaces.Using this controlled AFM manipulation, the buckling behavior of CNTs under bending, and resonance Raman spectroscopy of SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial strains, have been studied.The main results are listed as followings:
1.Controlled AFM manipulation techniques for SWNTs on surfaces have been developed By defining proper tip path, manipulation position on SWNT, and choosing optimal tip preing distance, different kinds of deformation can be induced into SWNT.The deformation is stabilized by the interaction between SWNTs and substrate.
To get controlled AFM manipulation, a new kind of nanofabrication---nano-welding has been invented based on the AFM oxidation of Si substrate.When the Si substrate with SWNT on top of it is oxidized by the AFM tip, the newly formed SiOx will grow around the tube, effectively fixing that site of SWNT onto the Si substrate.The existence of SWNT can enhance the oxidation of Si.With same oxidation condition, more SiOx can be produced with the presence of SWNT than the case where there is no SWNT.This is helpful for the fixing.The intensity of the welding can be modulated by changing the oxidation voltage and the tip moving speed.With higher voltage and slower tip moving, stronger welding can be obtained.From the thermal oxidation of SWNTs in air and the Raman characterization, it was found that this nano-welding has no obvious influence on the chemical structure of SWNTs.Together with this nano-welding, the magnitude and distribution of strain induced into SWNT by AFM manipulation can be well controlled.
Both SWNT and Si can be oxidized when using stronger oxidation condition (much higher voltage and lower tip moving speed), thus the SWNT can be cut at well defined position.Combining this AFM cutting, nano-welding and manipulation, complex SWNT-based structures can be constructed, proved the function of AFM as a nano-toolbox.
2.The buckling behavior of CNTs under bending has been studied
By choosing proper manipulation site on SWNT, the length of the fragment which is being manipulated, manipulation path, and optimal tip preing distance, the angle can be well controlled when SWNT is bent by AFM manipulation.Based on this controlled bent of CNT by AFM manipulation, A CNT with a series of different bending angles has been obtained.The interaction between manipulated SWNT fragment and substrate is largely decreased after the manipulation.And the effective bending region is located at the fragment where Only vdW interaction exists between it and the substrate.It appears as the cro point between the fixed SWNT part and
manipulated SWNT part in the AFM image.Only vdW force exists between the effective bending region and substrate, and its length keeps constant when changing the bending angle.
Through recording the height change at the effective bending region when changing the bending angle gradually, The structural evolution and buckling behavior has been investigated under the bending.Two distinct „abrupt‟ and „gradual‟ buckling modes have been revealed in different CNTs.For the „abrupt‟ buckling mode, the height of the bending „point‟ has a sudden increase, and an abrupt transition from the uniform bending to buckling happens.While the „gradual‟ mode corresponds to a gradual increase of the height at the bending „point‟, with a gradual transition from uniform bending to buckling.The „gradual‟ buckling results in a series of buckling intermediate formation.„Abrupt‟ buckling mode is mostly found for small diameter CNTs, while for large diameter CNTs, the „gradual‟ mode is more common.Through the estimation of the wall numbers and thickne of CNTs, it was found that the CNTs with „abrupt‟ buckling mode has smaller thickne diameter ratio than the CNTs with „gradual‟ buckling mode.The critical buckling angle decreases with the increase of CNT diameter for the „abrupt‟ buckling mode.
The buckling behavior has also been investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.It was found: (1) for all the CNTs studied, the SWNTs have “abrupt” buckling mode, and double and three walled CNTs take “gradual” buckling modes; (2)the “gradual” buckling corresponded to the proce that different tube walls of MWNTs buckled at different bending stages, and the buckling degree of individual tube walls gradually increased along with the bending strain increase.This is caused by the unsynchronization of the buckling for different walls caused by the multi-shell character, and the retarding of buckling by the inter-wall vdW force.The study on the formation of the two buckling modes found that the multi-shell structure of MWNTs accounts for the “gradual” buckling modes; (3) The MD studies also proved that the vdW interaction with substrate has no remarkable effect on CNTs buckling behavior.The study on the buckling mechanism suggests that except for the diameter, the wall number also determines the buckling behavior.This means for the mechanical properties of CNTs, a special “dual-size” effect may exists, that is, both the size and the thickne determine the CNTs mechanical behavior.
By using controlled AFM manipulation, the work here observed the structural evolution and buckling formation almost in the whole bending proce.The founding about the two buckling modes, not only provides support and reference for the relevant theoretical study, fills the gap between theory and experiment, but also is important for the application of CNTs in composite materials, nanoelectronics and NEMs, and strain sensors.
3.The resonance Raman spectroscopy of individual SWNTs under torsional and uniaxial
strain has been investigated
The AFM manipulation can induce both torsional and uniaxial strains into the ultra-long straight SWNTs.Because the longer propagation distance of uniaxial strain than the torsional strain, only pure uniaxial strain exists at region far from the manipulation point.While at region close to the manipulation sites, both the two strains happen.The formation of torsional strain suggested the rolling of SWNT under the present AFM manipulation.
Both uniaxial and torsional strain can change the Raman vibrational frequency.It was found that:
(1) the RBM and G-band spectra responded differently to the two types of strains.Under torsional strain, RBM frequency RBM was found to upshift and one of the modes aigned to E2 symmetry in the G+ band, which occurs at ~1600 cm-1( G+(E2(g))), downshifted significantly, whereas the rest G
modes located in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are slightly upshifted.The redshift of the (G+(E2(g)), ismuch larger that the buleshift of other G modes; (2) Under uniaxial strain, RBM and G+(E2(g)) do not have noticeable response and the rest of the G modes in the range of 1590 cm-1～1560 cm-1 are downshifted.(3) Different Raman modes have different sensitivity to both strains.RBM and G+(E2(g)) is more sensitive to torsion than other G modes.Whereas under uniaxial strain, other G modes have larger sensitivity than RBM and G+(E2(g)).This is related to the correlation between the C-C bond change and the atom vibrational displacement of different modes; (4) The
calculation on the strain magnitude and frequency shift of Raman modes per strains d/d found that, under torsional strain, d(RBM)/dt nearly linearly increased along with the increase of the tube chirality angle.
G-band was found to split into multiple sub-bands in some cases, presumably due to broken symmetry induced by torsion.This splitting is most likely found in zig-zag and armchair SWNTs.Both the uniaxial and torsional strains can change the intensity of resonant Raman peaks.This is originated from the influence of strains on electronic tranision energy Eii.From this change, the
modulation direction and magnitude of strains on the electronic transition energy of SWNTs can be calculated.
The influence of strain on the resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs has drawn much attention recently.The work here firstly experimentally studied the torsional strain effect on resonant Raman spectra of SWNTs.And the study in the single SWNT scale by AFM manipulation can exclude the average effect originated from different diameter and chiraligy.This helps to reveal the intrinsic property of SWNts.The comparison of uniaxial and torsional strain for same SWNT, also benefit the understanding of the influence of different strains on SWNTs.
4.The analysis and modulation of strain distribution along SWNTs axis, and the comparison
of related mechanical parameters of different SWNTs
It was found that after AFM manipulation, both the torsional and uniaxial strain would have a “” shaped distribution along the SWNT axis, due to the friction between SWNTs and the substrate, and the partial relaxation of strain.The characteristics of the distribution, including the propagation distance of strain, the maximum strain and its position, and the slope of the strain distribution, are determined by the force exerted on SWNT by AFM tip, the elasticity modulus E and the shear modulus G, and the friction between SWNT and surface.By controlling the AFM manipulation and using patterned substrate with different components, the magnitude and distribution of strain in SWNT has been modulated.With the comparison of strain distribution in different SWNTs, their mechanical properties, such as E and G, and the friction with the substrate have been compared, on the single SWNTs scale.It was found that there is no monomial relationship between these parameters and the SWNTs diameter, this suggests that the chirality of SWNTs also has important effect on SWNTs mechanical properties.
Key words:Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs), AFM manipulation and fabrication, deformation (strain), buckling, resonance Raman spectroscopy
推荐第2篇：摘要(中英文)
摘要
本次的毕业设计以工程实例为研究对象，设计过程包括结构部分，概预算部分以及施工组织部分。本工程名称为中学实验楼，建设地点为农八师132团。地基承载力特征值为fak =400Kpa。采用砖混结构，设计基准期50年，安全等级为
二级，抗震设防烈度为7.5度。 本工程占地面积约512.08平方米，建筑面积2601.9平方米。本建筑五层，总高度17.1米，室内外高差为1.5 米，女儿墙高
1.5米和0.9米。
本计算书包括的内容：
结构设计部分：一.毕业设计任务书；二.工程概况及结构布置说明；三.结构计算部分：1.荷载清理（包括屋面和楼面荷载以及墙体）；2.现浇构件计算（包括梁，板，）；3.基础设计（包括砌体部分条基设计以及独立柱基的设计）；4.砌体部分（墙体高厚比，墙体承载力验算及局部承压计算；5.抗震验算；6.楼梯计算（斜板的计算，平台梁的计算，平台板的计算）；7.过梁的选择。
概预算设计是在结构设计的基础上，先计算并统计出分项工程的工程量，再运用广联达造价软件进行人，材料，机械三方面经济计算以达到对本工程的工程造价控制。
施工组织设计是针对已经形成的建筑施工图，结构施工图，结合相应的定额规范，进行各分部分项工程的工程量计算，做出工程量计算表，根据表格内各部分内容，结合时间定额和产量定额，进行劳动量的计算，在固定工期内合理的组织施工，绘制横道图，双代号网络图，时标网络图和施工平面布置图，以及人工，材料，机械需要量计划。
在设计过程中，通过查阅大量有关资料，与同学交流经验和自学，并向老师请教等方式，使自己学到了不少知识，也经历了不少艰辛，但收获同样巨大。此次设计成果有：①结构施工图10张，包括手绘5张，机绘5张；②结构计算书一本；③双代号、时标网络图一张。而且大大提高了动手的能力，充分体会到了在创造过程中探索的艰难和成功时的喜悦。虽然这个设计做的也不太好，但是在设计过程中所学到的东西是这次毕业设计的最大收获和财富，使我终身受益。最后感谢指导老师悉心的指导和帮助。
关键词：毕业设计；砖混结构；结构设计；工程量计算；施工组织设计。
Abstract
The project is a complex building named Experiments in middle school building in farming 8 division 132 groups .The build adopt reinforced concrete brick structure，the design base year is 50 years , the safe grade is 2 , and the earthquake intensity sale is 7.5 .The total building area is more than 2601.9square meters.The main body is five frame
constructions.Total height is 17.1 meters.The indoors and outside height is 1.5 meters.Parapets are 1.5 meters .
This thesis includes content:
Structure design:Graduate design task;Shows the engineering survey and layout of the structure;Calculation of structure: 1 Load cleaning; calculation of; 2 Cast member; 3 Basic design ;4 Ratio of height to thickne; 5 Seismic checking calculation; 6 Stairs; 7 Beam selection.
Over budget in the structural design of the design on the basis of the cost of the use of succe software in order to control of the project cost.
Construction organization design used the architectural working drawings,structural drawings and combined with the corresponding norms, calculationed the engineering of the each.According to the sub-pat of the engineering project, combined with time, production scale, quantity of labor, work in a reasonable period of reasonable construction
organizationgs, drawn-on-arrow network diagram, net work time scale layout plant and construction plants.
The design results are as follows: the construction of Figure 10, including hand 5, machine drawing 5; the structure calculation book; ③, AOA time-scaled network diagram a.But also greatly improve the ability to operate, fully realized in the creative proce of exploration,
hardships and the joy of succe.Although the design do not too good, but what is learned in the design proce that is the biggest harvest and the wealth of the graduation design, benefit from my life.Finally, thanks to my teacher\'s guidance and help.
Keywords: graduation design; masonry structure; structural design; engineering calculation; construction organization design.
推荐第3篇：摘要中英文
摘要
随着石油工业的快速发展，压力储罐越来越受到人们重视。它是在石油化学工业、能源工业、科研和军工等国民经济的各个部门都起着重要作用的设备。而二氧化碳储罐的发展，更为让人们关注。二氧化碳压力储罐一般由筒体、封头、法兰、密封元件、开孔和接管、支座等六大部分构成容器本体。此外，还配有安全装置、表计及完成不同生产工艺作用的内件。压力容器于密封、承压及介质等原因，容易发生爆炸、燃烧起火而危及人员、设备和财产的安全及污染环境的事故。目前，世界各国均将其列为重要的监检。所以设计者应该本着严格扶着人的态度对待每一次设计。保障自己及他人的安全。
1174326778 2013/7/16 10:59:40
实习心得 在6月29号到7月18号这段日子里，装备三个班分两组每组四天半到金属结构厂参观学习，在校期间，通过录像学习和小组讨论，同学们认真完成实习报告。在本次实习过程中，金属结构厂为同学们展现了许多活生生的知识，是书本所不能给与的。同学们看到了巨大的罐体，椭圆风头及球罐的制作过程，看到了手工焊埋弧焊及气体保护焊机器及工人操作，参观了无损检测车间，看到了本学期刚刚学过的射线检测， 磁粉检测以及当前流行的TOFD等无损检测方法。通过分组讨论及学习，使同学们进一步提高团结协作的能力，并在小组中追求提高自身素质，总而言之，我相信本次实习，使每一位同学获益非浅，感谢学校及老师给我们的这次实习机会。
Abstract
With the rapid development of the oil industry, more and more peopletake more attention to preure veels.It plays an important role in the petrochemical industry, energy industry, scientific research，militaryand the various sectors of the national economy.Of course the development of carbon dioxide veels would take more attention.Preure tanks generally by carbon dioxide cylinder, head, flanges, seals, open-cell and take over, bearing six major container main body.In addition, also equipped with safety devices, meter and completion within different production procees.Preure veels due to the seal, preure and the media and other reasons, is easy to explode, burn fire and endanger the safety of personnel, equipment and property and environmental protection pollution accidents.At present, Countries all over the world use it as an important inspection items.Therefore, designers should be in strict responsible attitude toward every design.Protect the safety ofothers and themselves.
推荐第4篇：中英文摘要
榆林学院毕业论文
俄国文学中“小人物”悲剧命运成因探析
肖世涛
（榆林学院中文系陕西榆林719000）
摘要：
19世纪俄国“自然派”作家正式提出了写“小人物”的口号。他们在作品中描述小人物的悲惨命运和内心痛苦，从而使文艺成为“社会的一面忠实的镜子”。“小人物”在社会中官阶、地位极其低下，生活困苦，但又逆来顺受、安分守己、性格懦弱、胆小怕事，因此成为“大人物”统治下被侮辱的牺牲者。但通过对作家普希金、果戈理、契诃夫、陀斯托耶夫斯基等关于小人物的作品及其主人公的分析，我们不难发现“小人物”的悲剧命运并非仅限于官僚统治欺凌等外在的社会原因，同时还有“小人物”自身固有的内在原因，其中，因循守旧不思转变观念的思维模式是酿成“小人物”悲剧命运的思想原因，软弱怯懦、不思反抗的逃避行为是酿成“小人物”悲剧命运的性格原因。作者再现“小人物”保守思想和懦弱性格的目的，在于通过对“小人物”灵魂的拷问，完成人格形态的批判，把他们从沉睡中唤醒。对“小人物”寄寓有限的同情，但更多地倾注了对其劣根性哀其不幸，怒其不争的抨击。揭示现实中小人物存在的具体现象，生活在现代社会的人们，应该静下心来反思一下，是不是自己身上也能找到小人物的影子，指出文章对现实的警示意义。
关键词:俄国文学小人物悲剧命运外在原因内在原因
I
俄国文学中“小人物”悲剧命运成因探析
An analyze on the cause of tragic destiny of ＂no man＂
in Ruian literature
XiaoShitao
(Chinese Department， Yulin College ，Yulin ，Shaanxi719000)
Abstract：In 19th century the writer of ＂the natural faction＂in Ruia proposed a slogan to write the life of ＂the no man＂．They described the tragic destiny and inner world pain of ＂the no man＂，and it made the literary arts to become ＂a faithful mirror of the society＂．These ＂no man＂had a low position in the society and lead a miserable life，but at the same time， they all content with things as they are and had cowardly charcuter，therefore，they became the prey who were insulted under the domination of＂the great man＂．However，according to the author＇s analyze on the work which were wrote by Pushkin，Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol，Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky，we can easily find the reason of tragic destiny of the＂no man＂is not only some external causes but also some internal causes．Among all this reasons，the thought pattern of stick to old ways is their tragic destiny＇s thought reason．The author reproduce their conservative thinking and cowardly character in order to crieicize the personality from of the＂no man＂and awake them from deep sleep．In this thesis，the author gives the no man limited sympathy，but pay more attention to attack their sadne and not the behaviors of struggle for their angry．According to reveal the phenomanon of existence of＂no man＂in real life，the author hopes the people live in real life can introspect thenselves and shows the significance to the reality．
Key words：Ruian literature；No man； Tragic destiny； External causes；Internal
causes
II
推荐第5篇：如何写中英文摘要
敬请重视和写好论文的中英文摘要
1.写好中英文摘要的重要性
（1）中文文摘是沟通国内读者和作者之间的桥梁。在知识爆炸的今天， 读者不可能通过直接浏览刊物的方式去获取全面的信息，只能通过专业的二次文献数据库， 检索相应文章的文摘， 再提取原文。
（2）英文文摘是作者和国际同行进行交流的必经之路。在当今的科技领域,英语已经成为事实上的国际交流语言。世界各国学者想追踪了解某一学科的发展情况， 都会用英文工具书和数据库进行检索。
2.如何写好中英文摘要
（1）摘要应概括正文的要点。一般来说， 应包括研究对象(目的)、研究方法(所用的设备，材料)、结果和结论。写英文摘要时， 不能因为某些内容不好翻译就弃掉要点。
（2）摘要要尽量简短， 尽可能删掉课题研究的背景信息。
（3）摘要中出现的数据应该是最重要和最关键的数据。
（4）不需要目己标榜自己的研究结果。
（5）二次文献信息将脱离原文而独立存在， 因此摘要中不能出现图表参数据。
（6）摘要中的内容应在正文中出现， 不能对原文进行补充和修改。
（7）摘要中的缩写名称在第一次出现时要有全称(众所周知的缩写词除外)。
（8）摘要的句子应尽量简短， 主谓语要搭配。
推荐第6篇：论文中英文摘要
摘要
随着信息时代的到来，信息高速公路的兴起，全球信息化进入了一个新的发展时期。人们越来越认识到计算机强大的信息模块处理功能，使之成为信息产业的基础和支柱。
车辆管理系统用计算机管理机动车辆的档案，运营管理以及驾驶员信息的一种计算机应用技术的创新，在计算机还未普及之前车辆管理都是由工作人员手工抄写的方式来操作的。现在一般的车辆管理都是采用计算机作为工具的实用的计算机智能化车辆管理程序来帮助工作人员进行更有效的机动车辆管理。车辆管理系统是典型的信息管理系统(MIS)，其开发主要包括后台数据库的建立和维护以及前端应用程序的开发两个方面。对于前者要求建立起数据一致性和完整性强、数据安全性好的库。而对于后者则要求应用程序功能完备，易使用等特点。经过分析，我们使用 MICROSOFT公司的 VISUAL BASIC开发工具,利用其提供的各种面向对象的开发工具，尤其是数据窗口这一能方便而简洁操纵数据库的智能化对象，首先在短时间内建立系统应用原型，然后，对初始原型系统进行需求迭代，不断修正和改进，直到形成用户满意的可行车辆管理系统系统。
关键字: 车辆管理系统; 数据库; 信息管理系统; 智能化
Abstract
Along with the rise, world information that coming of information ages, information superhighway entered a new development period.People more and more know the mighty information of calculator to handle the function, and make the foundation that it become information industry with pillar.
Vehicle Management System Computer used motor vehicles archives management, operation and management of a driver information computer applications innovation, Management has not yet popular in the computer before the vehicles are from the staff manual transcription to operate.Now the general management of the vehicles are used as a tool for computer computer intelligent vehicle management procedures to help staff more effective management of motor vehicles.Vehicle management system is a typical management information system (MIS), including its main development background to the establishment and maintenance of the database and front-end application development two.The request for the establishment of strong data consistency and integrity, good for the security of the data.For the latter request applications functions, such as easy to use features.After analysis, we use Microsoft visual basic development tool companies, the use of its various object-oriented development tools, especially data that can be easily acceible and concise window manipulation database intelligent objects, the first prototype application system in a short time and then, computation of the initial prototype system needs to constantly revise and improve until the formation of a viable system of user satisfaction.
keywords :Vehicle management system; database; information management system; intelligentize
推荐第7篇：论文中英文摘要
论文中英文摘要
作者姓名：毛建猛
论文题目：Pushover分析方法的改进研究
作者简介：毛建猛，男， 1983年10月出生，2005年8月师从于中国地震局工程力学研究所谢礼立教授，于2008年8月获博士学位。
中文摘要
如何选择合适的工程结构抗震分析和设计方法一直是地震工程领域引人关注的重要问题。随着基于性态抗震设计思想的提出和发展，作为一种简化的实现性态设计分析的方法，Pushover方法引起了广大学者和工程人员的兴趣，并得到了广泛的研究。本文针对以往Pushover方法的研究中存在的缺点和不足，对Pushover方法进行了改进，主要包括对模态Pushover方法的改进、对钢筋混凝土框架结构Pushover位移反应的修正、Pushover荷载模式与结构性态指标相关性的探讨、基于模态Pushover分析方法确定结构滞回耗能计算四个方面的问题。本论文主要研究内容和成果包括以下几个方面：
1.模态Pushover分析方法的一个重要假定是，结构在强震作用下进入非线性状态时，作用于结构的Pushover荷载模式保持不变；可是众所周知，结构发生屈服后，结构的动力特性会发生改变，结构遭受的地震荷载也会发生变化，因此各阶振型采用固定不变荷载模式的模态Pushover方法存在不足。本文提出将结构的第一振型荷载模式改进为两阶段加载模式，高阶振型荷载模式保持固定不变，对结构进行改进的模态Pushover分析。
2.建议了一种计算钢筋混凝土框架结构动力弹塑性位移反应的简便方法。通过对5个不同高度的钢筋混凝土框架结构在四类场地上80条地震动作用下的动力和静力弹塑性位移反应进行统计分析，给出了结构由静力弹塑性方法得到的目标位移估计动力时程方法得到的目标位移的修正公式。结果表明：场地条件对钢筋混凝土框架结构静力弹塑性位移反应和动力时程位移反应之间的关系影响显著；对于II类和III类场地，可以直接采用结构的静力弹塑性方法计算结果替代动力时程计算结果；对于I类场地和IV类场地，须采用修正公式对结构的静力弹塑性结果进行修正。
3.通过对4个不同高度的钢筋混凝土结构，分别进行了中等硬度场地上15条地震动作用下的非线性动力时程分析和不同荷载模式下的静力弹塑性分析，求解了结构的几个重要反应指标，包括能力曲线、顶端位移角及层间位移角、以及塑性铰分布，探讨了不同荷载模式对钢筋混凝土低层和高层结构反应指标的影响程度，建议了适用于钢筋混凝土低层和高层结构的Pushover荷载模式。
4.提出基于模态Pushover分析的结构滞回耗能计算方法。首先采用模态
Pushover分析计算结构各阶模态单自由度体系的特征参数，然后计算结构各阶模态单自由度体系对应的滞回耗能，并将其进行线性组合进而确定结构的滞回耗能，并与结构通过动力时程分析计算得到的滞回耗能进行比较，从而给出一种物理概念简单、计算操作方便的确定结构滞回耗能的方法。另外，为了便于计算结构各阶模态单自由度体系的滞回耗能，本文选取了国内外四类场地土上总计320条强震记录作为地震记录数据库，在统计分析的基础上，给出了对应于不同场地土和不同烈度区的单自由度体系等强度滞回耗能设计谱。
关键词：Pushover方法；能力谱方法；模态Pushover分析；水
平荷载模式；滞回耗能
Improvements on Pushover Analysis Procedure
Mao Jianmeng
ABSTRACT
How to select the adequate procedure for seismic analysis and design of structures is an eential problem in earthquake engineering field.With the development of Performance-based Seismic Design, Pushover Analysis procedure has attracted many scientists’ and engineers’ attentions and been widely used for its conceptual simplicity and computational attractivene.To overcome the limitation of Pushover Analysis procedure, some improvements on this procedure were performed in this paper, including the improvement on Modal Pushover Analysis, the revision of target displacement from the pushover analysis for reinforced concrete frame, the correlation of structural response parameters with different lateral load patterns, and the computation of the structural hysteretic energy based on Modal Pushover Analysis etc.The main contents of this diertation are as follows.
1.There is an important aumption that the pushover load patterns keep unchanged even after the structure yields in Modal Pushover Analysis procedure.Recognized the adoption of invariable lateral force distributions in the Modal Pushover Analysis procedure, an improved modal pushover analysis procedure is presented in this paper to estimate the seismic demands of structures, considering the redistribution of inertia forces.It is suggested that after establishing the idealized bilinear curve, a pushover analysis is once again conducted for the first mode in two phases: before and after the structure yields.For the two phases, the structural elastic natural mode and the floor displacement vector at the initial yielding point are used as the displacement shape vector, respectively.
2.The approximately estimating method of displacement of reinforced concrete (RC) frame from static pushover analysis (POA) is developed with that from non-linear response history analysis (RHA).Based on the statistic analyses of the RHA and POA results for five RC frames with different height under 80 ground motions recorded at four site conditions, the revised formula of displacements from POA is presented from RHA.The results show that the site soil condition has an important effect on the relation between RHA and POA response results.And the POA results for I and IV site condition should be revised with the formula given in this study while the POA results for II and III site condition can be approximately considered as same to the RHA results.
3.The RHA under 15 ground motions recorded on the medium site condition and POA with different lateral load patterns are performed for four RC structures with different height.Several important response quantities are obtained from the RHA and POA, including capacity curves, top displacement ratios and story drift ratios, and location of plastic hinges.The influence of different load patterns on the structural performance demands is discued for the low- and the high-wise structures.And the rational load patterns for the low- and the high-wise structures are also suggested.
4.A simple procedure is presented in this paper for estimating hysteretic energy demands of MDOF systems based on the modal pushover analysis (MPA).Firstly, the characteristic parameters of the modal SDOF systems of structures are computed, and the hysteretic energy is calculated for the modal SDOF systems, then the hysteretic energy demand of structures is obtained by combining these modal demands.In addition, with statistic results of nonlinear analysis of SDOF for 320 ground motions recorded at four site conditions, the equal-strength hysteretic energy design spectra are presented for different site condition and intensity regions.
Key words: pushover analysis procedure, capacity spectrum method, the
modal pushover analysis, lateral load patterns, hysteretic
energy
推荐第8篇：电子商务论文中英文摘要
内容摘要
随着INTERNET的迅速发展，人类正经历一场重大的技术变革，即电子商务的变革。电子商务源于电子数据交换，网络技术的发展为电子商务注入了勃勃生机。由信息技术引发的电子商务虽然还处于发展阶段，但它一经进入国际贸易领域，就对传统的贸易方式产生了巨大的冲击。传统的贸易活动每一笔交易涉及的主体一般包括买卖双方、银行、运输、海关、税务、商检等众多部门，业务流程十分繁杂，效率低下，越来越不适应当今国际贸易业务快速发展的需要，电子商务则可以通过互联网将交易各方连成一体，把其中部分或本文所提及的电子商务主要指国际电子商务，文章首先阐述了电子商务与国际贸易的关系，包括电子商务的经济特征及在国际贸易领域中的功能和优势。接下来是文章的主体部分——介绍电子商务对国际贸易的影响。分别从国际贸易理论和国际贸易现实两方面予电子商务是一个庞大的命题，而本文力求阐述清楚的核心问题是：在电子商务环境中，国际贸易理论有哪些新发展，国际贸易活动有哪些新变化，以及如何对这些新问题进行解释和说明。然而由于电子商务是一种迅速发展的崭新的经济形态，人们对它的认识是一个不断深化的过程，也由于本人知识所限，所以本文更多地是从理论层面阐述电子商务与国际贸易之间的关系，以期为他人提供一些可供争辩和讨论的问题全部业务处理过程转移到网上，从而极大降低企业成本，提高企业效率。
关键词：电子商务 国际贸易理论 国际贸易现实 影响
Abstract
With the rapid development of Internet，the society is facing a great technical change， which is the change of E-commerce.As a fully new economy mode，
E-commerce has shown the powerful strength and it takes on competitive situations in the whole world.EC came from EDI.The development of IT facilitated the
development of EC.The increasing development of IT has the international trade proce is low efficient，long term and slow responsive.E-commerce could connect all the participants on the Internet，transfer part of the international proce to the E-commerce which mentioned in this article is International E-commerce.In this article , the author firstly expounds the relations of E-commerce and international trade, including the economic feather of EC and its functions and advantages in international trade.And the following part is the main part of the article, which
introduces the influence of EC to international trade, respectively from international trade theories and proce.E-commerce economy is a large research project, and the core question of the article is，on the condition of e-commerce economy，what new development do international trade theory and police have proceeded? And how can we get explanations to all these questions? We all know understand its
characteristics .What\'s more，because of author’s knowledge is limited，the research is fundamental.In this article，author provides a poible way for further research on the E-commerce economy and some questions for discuion.a large influence on the international trade.The typical international trade activity usually that E-commerce economy is a developing and changing economy, we have a long way to Internet，which decline the cost of trade companies and improve efficiency.
Keywords: E-commerce; international trade theory; international trade reality ; influence
推荐第9篇：旅游毕业论文中英文摘要
摘 要
人类旅游活动在本质上是一种文化活动，是自由生命表现的一种形式，属于精神性的享受，是文化驱使的结果。在多维文化视野中，现代旅游愈益突出了文化的内涵与价值。
但伴随着旅游业的快速发展，各种旅游经营者盲目开发建设、监管部门保护不力以及旅游者对旅游环境的破坏等，导致我国旅游资源遭到了极大的破坏，其原有的内涵与价值正在逐步降低直至消失。从文化的独特视野，本文首先分析了我国旅游资源保护问题的提出，并阐述了其保护现状，最后论文着重提出了如何对我国旅游资源进行保护的有效措施。
关键词： 文化；文化视野；旅游资源；旅游资源保护
I
Abstract
Human tourist activity is a kind of cultural activity in eence and which is a form of the expreion of free life, it belongs to the spiritual enjoyment, which is the result that the culture drives.In the vision of multi-culture, modern tourist has highlighted the connotations and values of the culture.
With the rapid development of tourism, unreasonable and blind development and construction of the resources conducted by various sorts of tourist proprietors, the inefficient preservation the supervising sections provide and the destruction tourists bring to the tourist resources have led to the great damage to our country’s tourist resources, which gradually diminish and consume the original connotations and values of culture.In the unique prospect of culture, firstly, this paper analyzes the preservation problems of our country’s tourist resources and explains the current situation of it.In the end of the paper, it emphatically comes up the measures to the preservation of the tourist resources in our country.
Key words: culture；culture prospect；tourist resources；the protection of tourism resources
II
推荐第10篇：建筑工程专业中英文摘要
摘要
1.项目概况
本工程名为楚汉大学图书馆，工程选址位于市郊区内。本工程集阅览室、书库、办公室、会议室、多功能厅于一体，主要为全校师生员工的教学和科研服务。 施工单位：中国建筑第五工程局有限公司
设计单位：湖南大学建筑设计研究院
监理单位：湖南大学建设监理有限公司
2.建筑设计部分
本工程主楼为地上十层、地下一层的建筑，裙楼为二层建筑。本工程总建筑面积11743.51m2 ，房屋长65.070m，宽度为32.000m，房屋主体高度为41.4m。主楼地下室层高为4.8米，二三层层高3.3米，其余每层层高3.9米。裙楼一层层高为3.9米，二层层高为5.4米。室内外高差0.45 米,高差由台阶连接，室内地面标高为±0.000,建筑使用年限50年。
本图书馆属于一类建筑，抗震设防烈度为7度，耐火等级为一级，屋面防水采用二级防水，场地类别：Ⅱ类。
3.结构设计部分
基础：采用钢筋混凝土独立基础。
结构工程：钢筋混凝土框架结构体系，抗震设防烈度为7度，设计地震分组为一组，框架结构抗震等级为二级。
墙体：除外墙采用烧结多空砖外，其余墙体采用混凝土空心砌块，M5混合砂浆砌筑，墙厚240mm。
主要构件截面尺寸：柱：1100mm×1100mm；框架梁：400mm×800mm；次梁： 250mm×550mm，仅沿纵向布置；一层楼板和其余楼板的厚度分别为为160mm 及120mm。
主要计算方法：采用迭代法计算竖向荷载下的结构内力，采用D值法计算横向荷载作用下的框架结构的内力和侧移。
主要材料选用： 混凝土：基础垫层采用C15混凝土，其它主要构件均采用C30混凝土； 钢筋：受力纵筋采用HRB400 (fy360N/mm2)， 箍筋采用HPB300 (fy270N/mm2)。
设计荷载： 基本风压：0.35kN/m2； 基本雪压：0.45kN/m2；屋面活载：2.0kN/m2；楼面活载：2.5kN/m2；书库活载：5.0kN/m2。
4.施工组织设计部分
随着建筑业管理体制改革的深化，工程项目施工管理越来越受到人们的重视，其管理水平的高低成为制约企业生存与发展的第一要素，而质量、进度、成
本控制是其中最为重要的管理要点。
本文以施工项目为实例，结合实际情况，对项目的各分部分项工程施工方案
进行了详细设计。运用进度控制的基本理论知识，从项目管理者的角度出发，对项目从开工准备到竣工验收全过程进行了系统的进度规划设计，使用横道图和网络图对进度计划进行分析，并根据实际情况提出了具体的保证进度计划实施的措施；质量和安全方面，制定了严格的技术、组织措施，针对施工项目中常见问题、重点问题进行了规划，建立相应的管理组织机构，以保证质量与安全计划得以很好的实现。
关键词：钢筋混凝土，框架结构，D值法，图书馆，施工项目管理，进度规划
ABSTRACT
1.Overview of the buiding
This building is named Chuhan University library, which is to be located in the suburb area.This building gathers the reading room, stack, office,conference room, multi-function hall at the integral whole and main contributes efforts to the teaching and research srevice of the entire school teachers and the students.
Construction unit : China construction fifth engineering division corp.,LTD
Design unit : Hunan University Architecture building design institute
Supervision unit : Hunan University Construction Supervision Co.
2.Specification of Architectural Design
The main building includes a basement and 10 storey building and the podium is a two-story building.The total area of this project is 12036m2 .The building, with ten stories, the dimension of which is 65.070m × 32.000m , and its total height is 41.4m .Among these ten stories, the height of the sub-story is 4.8m ，while the height of the first to the tenth one is 3.9m .The first story of the Skirt building is 4.2 meters in height and the height of the second story is 5.4m.The difference between the interior level and exterior level is 0.45m ,which is linked by the step, The indoor ground elevation is ±0.000 and the building\'s design life for 50 years.
This construction belongs to the first cla building.The intensity of an
earthquake resistance of buildings is 7, and fire-resistant Grade I.The waterproof roof
is the second grade.Site claification: Ⅱcla.
3.Specification of Structural Design
Foundation: The foundation of the building uses independent footing.
Structure engineering: The structure system of this building is Reinforced
concrete frame structure.The seismic fortification intensity is 7 degrees, to design the first group of seismic group.Frame structure seismic grade is two .
Wall : Except outside wall using fired perforated brick outside, the rest wall body
adopts concrete hollow carve a piece, the M5 hybrid sand syrup carves to build, the wall is thick 240 mm.
Cro section size of the elements : column, 1100mm×1100mm; frame girder, 400mm×800mm.Disposal of junior beams which cro section size is 250mm×550mm follows vertical direction simply.The thicknees of the first roof slab is 160mm,while the other floor\'s is 120 mm .
The main method of calculation: the Iteration is used to compute the interior
force which under the vertical loads.The interior force and lateral which is made by the horizontal loads is calculated by D-value method.
Critical materials :
Concrete: Foundation-bedC15
Foundation, foundation beams, beams, slab and columnC35
Steel:Reinforcing steel bar is HRB400(fy360N/mm2)
Stirrup is HPB300 (fy270N/mm2)
Load:Basic wind preure0.35 kN/m2;
Basic snow preure0.45 kN/m2;Live load of roof2.0 kN/m2;
Live load of floor2.5kN/m2
Live load of stack\'s floor5.0kN/m2;
4.Specification of Graduation Design
With the deepening of the reform of the construction management system, the pro
ject construction management more and more attention by people, the management le
vel of enterprise\'s survival and development constraints become the first elements, and quality, schedule and cost control is one of the most important management points.Based on the construction project as an example, the University with actual situation of the project, the construction of each division subdivisional work detailed design scheme.Using the basic theory of progre control from the project management knowledge, the Angle of the project, the completion acceptance from start to prepare for the progre of the whole proce system planning design, use a bar chart and network diagram analysis on schedule, and according to the actual situation proposed the concrete measures to ensure schedule implementation; Quality and security, has formulated strict technology, organizational measures for construction projects, faqs, key problems and set up a corresponding management planning organization, to ensure the quality and safety plans well implemented.
Keywords: Construction project management, Schedule planningreinforced concrete, frame structure, D value method, library
第11篇：论文中英文摘要格式
附件6
校优博、优硕学位论文中英文摘要格式 作者姓名：张三 （宋体 四号）
论文题目：xxxxxxxxxxxx的研究（宋体 四号）
作者简介：：张三，男， xxxx年xx月出生，xxxx年xx月师从于xx大学xxx教授，于xxxx年xx月获博士学位。
中文摘要
在XXXXXXXXX技术中，具有较强XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.其研制和开发有了长足的进展。„„„„„„„
（正文：宋体 小四，博士约三千字，硕士约2千字）
关键词：（宋体 四号）
Study on the …(英文题目 字号：“Times New Roman” 三号)
Zhang San(姓名拼音 字号：“Times New Roman” 四号)
ABSTRACT
The only high temperature superconductorxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx..This is sufficient for ………….…
（正文字号：“Times New Roman” 小四，约三千字）
Key borad:( 字号：“Times New Roman” 四号)
第12篇：论文中英文摘要注意事项
论文摘要的写作要求和注意事项
一、摘要的作用
国际标准化组织在《文献工作—--出版物的文献和文献工作》(IS0214-1976 [E])中对论文的摘要做了如下的界定：摘要“是指一份文献内容的缩短的精确的表达，而无须补充解释和说明”。
摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文，有其特别的地方。它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上，用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括，留主干去枝叶，提取论文的主要信息。作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解，这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。好的摘要便于索引与查找，易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。
二、摘要的要求
1．字数：中文摘要字数不少于200个汉字，英文摘要为150-180个实词，中、英文摘要内容要相对应。
2．内容：摘要应概括说明全文的主要内容，包括研究目的、方法、结果、结论4个方面，这4个方面的具体要求为：
目的：主要说明此项研究、研制的前提、目的和任务所涉及的主要范围或要解决的问题。
方法：主要说明工作过程及所采用的技术手段或方法，也包括理论、假设或边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。对新技术手段则应描述其基本原理、应用范围及所达到的精度、误差等。
结果和结论：作者在此工作过程最后得出的结果和结论。可含应用的情况或潜在的用途。可以是所获得的实验结果，也可以是理论性成果等。
写作时，应简写目的，写明采用的具体方法，详细写所得到的结果和结论。总之，摘要应写得内容充实，不要过分抽象或空洞无物，不作自我评价。
三、注意事项
（一）编写论文摘要，要注意以下几个方面：
1．编写时要客观、如实地反映一次文献，切不可加进文摘编写者的主观见解、解释或评论。
2．要着重反映文稿中的新观点。
3．不要重复本学科领域已成常识的内容。
4．不要简单地重复题名中已有的信息。信息量要大。摘要包括的信息量应与论文基本相符，使读者即使不读全文，通过摘要也能基本了解文章的观点和研究的基本结论。
5．书写要合乎语法，尽量同文稿的文体保持一致。
6．结构要严谨，表达要简明，语义要确切。一般不分段落。摘要应该具有独立性，应该是可以被引用的完整短文，先写什么，后写什么，应有逻辑顺序，句子之间要上下连贯、互相呼应，句型应力求简单， - 1 -
少用或不用长句。
7．要用第三人称的写法。
（二）摘要应尽量避免以下几个问题：
1.重复文章题名中已经有的信息。
2.摘要应具有自明性，不必使用“本文”、“作者”、“文章”等作为主语。建议采用“对„„进行了研究”、“报告了„„现状”、“进行了„„调查”、“提出了„„”句型。
3.出现引文或图表。
4.用语不规范，出现生冷偏僻、自己杜撰的名词、术语或符号等。
（三）写摘要时容易出现以下问题:
1.把摘要写成了提示，只提出了文中所研究的问题，没有写出研究的结果或结论。例如：“本文通过个性形成的特征，探讨在体育教学中怎样使学生的个性得到健康的发展”.类似这样的摘要，只起到提示人们去看正文的作用，而摘要本身没有概括出正文的主要内容。
2.把摘要写成了正文的补充或评语。
3.在摘要中出现了“见图x”、“见表x”、“根据文献x”等语句，而这些图、表和参考文献是正文中才有的，这样摘要就没有独立性，人们看完摘要之后还要看正文才能了解文章的主要内容。
摘要内容可以简单地概括为以下常见的行文格式：
用......方法，对......问题进行了研究(实验、探讨或分析)。有......主要发现(观点、新创见或结果)。此处应突出论文的新见解部分，这是摘要的核心内容。有些论文的摘要还应写明有无延伸探讨(争议、不成熟或不十分把握)的内容。批驳性的文章应写明就„„问题，与„„人商榷。
四、英文摘要
有关对应的英文摘要注意事项主要以《EI》对英文摘要的要求介绍如下：
（一）《EI》对英文摘要的基本要求
英文摘要的完整性
1.目前，大多数作者在写英文摘要时，都是把论文前面的中文摘要翻译成英文。这种做法忽略了这样一个事实：由于论文是用中文写作的，中文读者在看了中文摘要后，不详之处还可以从论文全文中获得全面、详细的信息，但由于英文读者(如《EI》的编辑)一般看不懂中文，英文摘要成了他唯一的信息源。因此，这里要特别提出并强调英文摘要的完整性，即英文摘要所提供的信息必须是完整的。通过英文摘要就能对论文的主要目的，解决问题的主要方法、过程，及主要的结果、结论和文章的创新、独到之处,有一个较为完整的了解。
2.注重定量分析是科学研究的重要特征之一，这一点也应该体现在英文摘要的写作中。在写作英文摘要时，要避免过于笼统的、空洞无物的一般论述和结论。要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法、过程、结果和结论，这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路，又可以使你的论述言之有物、有根有据，使读者对你的研究工作有一个清晰、全面的认识 。
《EI》中国信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的目的(Purposes)，主要的研究过程(Procedures)及所采用的方法(Methods)，由此得到的主要结果(Results)和得出的重要结论(Conclusions)表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题：
1.本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)
2.解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)
3.主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)
4.本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)
（三）英文摘要各部分的写作
根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，能反映原始文献的主要信息。
1.目的（What I want to do?） ：主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。在这方面，《EI》提出了两点具体要求：
1）Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)，
2）Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。
2.过程与方法(How I did it?)：在英文摘要中，过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题之后，接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题，最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物，只有定性的描述，使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。
3.结果和结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)：代表着文章的主要成就和贡献，论文有没有价值，主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。
因此，在写作结果和结论部分时，一般都要尽量结合实验结果或仿真结果的图、表、曲线等来加以说明，使结论部分言之有物，有根有据；同时，对那些看不懂中文的英文读者来说，通过这些图表，结合英文摘要的说明就可以比较清楚地了解论文的结果和结论。也只有这样，论文的结论才有说服力。如有可能，在结尾部分还可以将论文的结果和他人最新的研究结果进行比较，以突出论文的主要贡献和创新、独到之处(回答What is new and original in this paper)。
（四）提高英文摘要的文字效能
《EI》很看重英文摘要的文字效能。为了提高文字效能，应尽量删去所有多余的字、句。在这方面，《EI》提出了两个原则：
1.Limit the abstract to new information(摘要中只谈新的信息)，
2.Try for brevity(尽量使摘要简洁)：
1.尽量用短句(use short sentences)
2.描述作者的工作一般用过去时态(因为工作是在过去做的)，但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时，应该用现在时态。
3.使用动词的主动语态，如：写成A exceeds B比写成B is exceeded by A更好。
第13篇：高线中英文摘要
摘要
介绍了我国高线生产的发展、技术进步，全面分析了我国高线轧机所采用的先进技术，综述了我国高线轧机的发展趋势及特点。
关键词：高线轧机；高速线材；技术进步；发展趋势 1.我国热连轧带钢生产的回顾
线材是热轧材中断面尺寸最小的一种，由于轧钢厂需将线材在热状态下圈成盘卷并一次交货，故又称之为盘条。
自20世纪60年代中期高速线材轧机及轧后控冷技术问世以来，随着线材生产技术本身的日臻完善和相关技术的进步，高速线材轧机的产品在品种规格范围、盘重、尺寸精度、表面质量及内在质量上比以往的线材轧机产品均有长足的进步，能更好的满足经济和技术发展的需要。
线材不仅用途很广而且用量也很大，它在国民经济各部门中占有重要的地位。据有关资料统计，各国线材产量占全部热轧材总量的5.3%～15.3%。美国约占5%，日本约占8%，英国约占9%，法国约占14%，我国约占20%左右。线材的用途概括起来可分两大类：一类是线材产品直接被使用，主要应用在钢筋混凝土的配筋和焊接结构件方面。另一类是将线材作为原料，经过再加工后使用，主要是通过拉拔成各种钢丝，在经过捻制成为钢丝绳，或在经过编制成钢丝网；经过热锻或冷锻成铆钉；经过冷锻及滚压成螺栓，以及经过各种切削加工及热处理制成机器零件或工具；经过缠绕成型及热处理制成弹簧等。
近年来由于我国经济的快速发展，使用线材为原料的小型工厂日益增加，社会对高质量的线材产品的需求越来越大。目前，由于资金以及冶炼技术的落后，我国仅有为数不多的几家线材厂能生产出高档次的线材产品，因此我国还不时需要从国外进口少部分的胎圈钢丝、钢绞线、镀锌钢丝等硬线产品。
我国的高速线材生产虽然取得了较好的成绩，但仍然存在着一些问题，主要表现为；
1.钢线材品种中Q215和Q235比重仍然较大，优质钢线材中合金钢线材的比例仍然偏低。
2.产品的质量仍有较大问题，如钢的纯净度不高，线材通条性能不够稳定，含碳量的偏差较大。
3.我国已有多条世界一流的生产线，但产品的品种质量还达不到世界一流水平。
4.高质量的合金钢线材，纯净钢线材、易切钢线材如合金弹簧钢、不锈钢等还存在着品种和质量方面的诸多问题，每年仍需进口。
5.高线的日历作业率和机时产量与先进国家的生产线相比，普遍有较大的差距，造成日历作业率和机时产量低的原因除坯料供应不足外，主要是生产准备和更换尺寸所用的工时较长，设备备件寿命低且储备不足，设备维护检测手段不够完善，从而造成故障停机和检修工时长。
6.中热装率、燃耗、电耗等方面与先进国家的生产线相比也同样存在着一定的差距。
7.表面质量方面的主要问题；
1)由于自动监测装置的失准以及轧件温度不均，调整不及时或方法不当等原因造成产品尺寸超差。
2）由于辊环破缺，轧槽磨损或是坯料表面缺陷等原因造成产品表面产生折叠。
3）由于连铸坯皮下气泡严重或是轧槽严重磨损致使轧件凸起部分被叠轧造成产品表面结疤。
4）由于轧辊质量差，表面硬度不一或吐丝温度过高，冷却速度过慢，盘条表面受到严重氧化或钢坯加热不当，局部或全部严重脱碳等原因造成产品表面麻面。
2.我国高线生产所采用的先进技术及发展趋势
2.1采用连铸坯热送热装工艺
为进一步节能，有的高线厂又采用了连铸坯热送热装工艺，进一步降低了燃料消耗，提高加热质量，减少金属损耗。热装温度一般在 600℃左右，德国 BSW 厂达到 650℃～920℃。热装要求无缺陷连铸坯，连铸坯缺陷较多的现场，就不宜使用热装。 2.2加热炉
加热炉是保证产品质量、产量和降低能耗的关键设备。因此，加热炉炉型选择和装备水平，应与车间规模和轧线工艺设备装备水平相匹配。对于高速线材轧机，轧制速度较高，除进行控制冷却外，还需降低开轧温度。因此，加热温度的确定，应与轧机、轧制速度和控轧控冷要求相结合。 2.3无头轧制
无头轧制是应用在小型棒线材轧制领域的一项最新技术。其要点是将刚出加热炉的钢坯的头部与前一根钢坯的尾部焊接起来进行无头轧制，从而消除头尾的无张力段，尤其减少中间切头和咬入事故，提高了成材率和金属收得率，提升轧机生产效率。线材的分卷在集卷筒内进行，可根据用户需求选定线材的分卷盘重。日本NKK公司东京制铁高松工厂的棒线材轧机上已采用了无头轧制这项技术。国内也有厂家试验焊接无头轧制，但焊接质量不理想，造成损失更大。 2.4粗、中轧机组的平/立布置
粗轧轧件短，全连轧时速度慢。有些现场采用三辊轧机轧制，也能与后续连轧匹配。但刚度差，不利于生产高精度线材。也有现场采用全水平粗轧，中间轧件扭转。采用单线布置，轧机就容易平/立交替安装，使轧件无扭行进，减少了因轧件扭转造成的表面和内部缺陷及废品，而且可以选用高刚度轧机，适合高档次产品的生产。
2.5预精轧机的“微型无扭轧机”
以往预精轧机组为平/立交替布置的单独传动的悬臂机架或无牌坊轧机。悬臂轧机体积小、专门安装硬质辊环，但轧机刚度很差。无牌坊轧机是短应力线高刚度轧机，但轧辊只能使用硬质钢辊，耐磨性不足。为此新建高线将精轧机组的成组传动概念扩展到预精轧机组。这是高速线材轧机的最新进展之一。它是将预精轧的后四架改为大号悬臂轧机，顶交90°布置，油膜轴承[13]。轧机两架一组集体传动，故叫“微型无扭轧机”。其优点是安装碳化钨辊环，延长孔型寿命，主电机和传动装置由4套减为2 套，比常规独立预精轧机可减少 22%成本，而轧件断面小，轧制力小，悬臂轧机刚度不足的缺点不用考虑。我国鞍钢线材厂在预精轧区每线采用了两台Φ230mm “微型无扭轧机”，杭钢、包钢、银水新建的高速线材厂预精轧机都采用了“微型无扭轧机”方式，取得良好效果。
2.6重型和超重型 V型结构
因为轧制速度的提高和规格范围增大，高速无扭轧机组的最后一架的成品尺寸有时很大，其上限已加大到Φ26mm，这时进线尺寸相应加大，再加上采用低温轧制和又要适用于轧制合金钢产品等因素，都使轧制负荷急剧增加。为此，通过对油膜轴承的改进，相继研制开发了重负荷及超重负荷V型结构的无扭精轧机组，V型是指轧辊箱嵌入V型底座，安装更简捷，稳定性更好。其中Φ230mm重负荷机架设计轧制力达到 295KN。我国近些年引进的美国摩根制造的几套 100m/s 级的精轧机均为重负荷型。 2.7采用低温轧制技术
粗中轧采用高刚度轧机，预精轧和精轧采用重型及超重型无扭轧机，为高线生产采用低温轧制创造了条件。低温轧制可降低燃料消耗，减少脱碳、烧损，改善轧件表面质量。这时需要电机功率也相应提高。目前最新的轧件开轧温度可低至850℃，进无扭精轧机温度也可低至 850℃。 2.8减定径机与精密轧制
1.减定径机组
减定径机组是近年来在高速线材轧机上采用的一项最新技术。主要是用来提高线材的轧制精度，以满足用户对产品质量包括尺寸精度、表面质量和机械性能等进一步提高的要求。在这种客观需要下，美国摩根公司和意大利达涅利公司相继开发出了线材定径机组。摩根公司的定径机组（RSM）由 4 架组成。前两架为减径机组，后两架为定径机组。由一台3200KW左右的调速电机经两级减速箱驱动。机架型式均与无扭精轧机架相同，为悬臂式结构，碳化钨辊环。前两架辊径 Φ230mm，后两架为 Φ150mm。前两架不设轴向调整机构，后两架有轴向调整及预加载机构，以保证精确对中。
2.减径机组
为减少投资，摩根公司还推出了只有两机架的减径机组方案，有的资料把它称为双机架泰克森（Tekisun）高精度轧机，安装在无扭精轧机和夹送辊之间，与现有无扭精轧机配合使用。成品精度可以达到±0.1mm。在这种情况下，粗、中、预精机、精轧就需要2 套孔型系统。 2.9吐丝机头部定位
目前，常用的吐丝机头部定位法有两种：精轧前飞剪延时剪切；改变吐丝机运行速度。我们采用改变吐丝机运行速度实现吐丝机头部定位控制。
改变吐丝机运行速度的原理：系统根据吐丝机位置偏差值（吐丝机的实际角度与设定角度之间的偏差）来调整吐丝机的转速，在吐丝的时候使线材转到预定位置。这要求吐丝机的转速调节和恢复工艺转速必须在线材头部进入吐丝管之前完成。
3.结语
高速线材生产发展到今天，其技术已经相当成熟，国内线材的生产技术已代表了世界先进水平。但各个企业还要根据市场需求和本企业能力确定自己的发展方向；追求高附加值产品要量力而行，根据本企业技术水平、资金能力、市场需求、竞争中所处地位选择项目和确定产品，发挥本企业的用户群优势、地域优势、技术优势等。有力地推动国民经济快速发展。
ABSTRACT The development of China\'s high-wire production, technological progre, a comprehensive analysis of the advanced technology used in high speed wire rod mill in China, reviewed the trends and characteristics of China\'s high-speed wire rod mill.Keyword: high-speed wire rod mill; high-speed wire; technological progre; development trends 1.Review of the Hot Strip Mill production The wire is the minimum section size of a hot-rolled material, wire rod rolling mill need to wire in the hot state circle, coil and the first delivery, it is also known.Since the 1960s, the mid-speed wire rod mill and rolling and controlled cooling technology came with the wire production technology itself is getting more sophisticated and technological advances, high-speed wire rod mill product varieties and specifications range, plate weight, dimensional accuracy, surface quality and internal quality wire rod mill products than in the past have made great progre, and to better meet the needs of economic and technological development.The wire is not only very versatile but also a great amount of, it occupies an important position in the various departments of the national economy.According to statistics, the national wire production accounts for 5.3% to 15.3% of all hot-rolled material of the total.About 5 percent in the United States, Japan, about 8 percent, about 9 percent in the United Kingdom, France accounted for about 14%, China accounted for about 20%.To sum up the use of wire can be divided into two categories: one is the wire directly, the main applications of reinforcement in reinforced concrete and welding pieces of aspects.The other is the wire as raw material, after reproceing, mainly by drawing into a variety of wire, after twisting into rope, or in the preparation of the steel wire mesh; after hot forging or cold forging into the rivet; after cold forging and rolling into the bolt, and made through a variety of machining and heat treatment of machine parts or tools; after winding and heat treatment made the spring.Small factories in recent years due to China\'s rapid economic development, the use of wire rod as raw material is increasing, growing social demand for high-quality wire products.Present, due to the backwardne of the funds as well as smelting technology, only a few number of wire rod plant capable of producing high-grade wire products, China is not imported from abroad, a small part of the bead wire, steel wire strand, plated zinc wire and other hard-line products.China\'s high-speed wire rod production achieved good results, but there are still some problems, mainly as; (1) steel wire varieties Q215 and Q235 is still larger proportion is still low, the proportion of high quality steel wire, alloy steel wire.
(2) the quality of the product there is still a large problem, such as the purity of steel wire through the performance is not stable enough, the deviation of the carbon content.
China has a number of world-cla production line, but the variety and quality of the product has not yet reached world cla level.4 high-quality alloy steel wire, pure steel wire, free cutting steel wire rod imports also there are many problems of the variety and quality, such as spring steel alloy, stainle steel a year still.
Compared to the operating rate of high-line calendar and production of advanced countries in the machine production line, generally the larger the gap, resulting in low yield in the calendar of the operating rate and the machine because In addition to the lack of billet supply, mainly for production preparation and replacement size used for longer working hours, low life expectancy of equipment, spare parts and lack of reserves, equipment maintenance, testing means are inadequate, resulting in downtime and maintenance and long working hours.
Production line in hot charging rate, fuel consumption, electricity consumption in advanced countries than there are also a gap.
Surface quality of the main iues;
1) automatic monitoring device inaccurate, and the rolling temperature is uneven, adjustments are not timely or improper causes the product size is ultra-poor.
2) due to the roller ring breaking, rolling groove wear or blank surface defects and other reasons caused by the product surface folding.
3) Due to the the the billet subcutaneous bubbles serious or rolling groove is badly worn resulting in rolling convex part of the Roll caused by the product surface scarring.
4) Due to the quality of the roll surface hardne different or the spinning temperature is too high, the cooling rate is too slow, wire rod surface by severe oxidation or billet is heated properly, part or all of the serious decarburization causes the hemp side of the surface of the product.2.high line used for the production of advanced technology and development trends 2.1 billet hot delivery and hot charging proce In order to further energy conservation, some high-wire factory uses a billet hot charging proce, further reducing fuel consumption and improve the heating quality, reduce metal lo.Hot charging temperature is generally at about 600 ℃, Germany BSW plant reached 650 ℃ ~ 920 ℃.Defect-free billet hot charging requirements, more billet defect site, it would be inappropriate to use the hot charging.2.2 furnace The furnace is to ensure product quality, yield, and reduce the energy consumption of key equipment.Therefore, the furnace furnace selection and level of equipment, should match the scale and rolling line of the workshop proce equipment and equipment level.For high-speed wire rod mill, the rolling speed is high and needs to reduce its open rolling temperature controlled cooling.Therefore, the heating temperature, combining with the rolling mill, rolling speed and controlled rolling and cooling requirements.2.3 no head rolling Without a head rolling is one of the latest technology applications in the field of small bar and wire rod rolling.The point is that just left the furnace and billet head welded to the rear of the former a billet without a head rolling, thereby eliminating the tension-free section of the head and tail, in particular, to reduce the intermediate cutting head and bite into the accident, and improve the finished product rate and the metal yield, enhance the production efficiency of the mill.Wire the sub-volumes in the set rolls, wire sub reel weight can be selected according to user needs.Takamatsu factory in Japan\'s NKK Corporation Tokyo Steel wire rod and bar mill has endle rolling this technology.There are also a factory test welding without a head rolling, welding quality is not satisfactory, resulting in a greater lo of.2.4 coarse, medium rolling mill group of flat / vertical layout Crude Rolling short, the whole rolling slow.Some site using a three-roll mill rolling, and subsequent rolling match.But the stiffne is not conducive to the production of high precision wire.Live a full level of rough rolling, intermediate rolling to reverse.The single-line layout, mill on the flat / vertical alternate installation, the rolling, twisting road, reducing rolling to reverse the result of surface and internal defects and waste, and can choose to use the high stiffne mill, suitable for the production of high-grade products.2.5 pre-finishing mill \"micro-twist mill\" Pre-finishing mill in the past as a separate drive / vertical alternating arrangement cantilever rack with or without arch mill.The cantilever mill small size, specifically to install the hard roll rings, but the poor mill stiffne.St.Paul mill is the high rigidity of the Short Stre mill roll can only use the hard steel roller, wear resistance.To this end the new High Line will be the finishing mill group drive to extend the concept pre-finishing mill.This is one of the latest progre of the high-speed wire rod mill.It is pre - finishing four to large cantilever rolling mill, the top cro the 90 ° arrangement, the oil film bearings [13].The mill two groups of collective drive, so called \"mini-no twist mill.The advantage is tungsten carbide roll rings installed to extend the pa life, the main motor and gear reduction from four sets of two sets, 22% le cost than conventional independent pre-finishing mill, and rolling section, rolling force, cantilever shortcoming mill stiffne without considering.China\'s Anshan Iron and Steel wire rod plant in each line of the pre-finishing area using two Φ230mm micro no twist mill Hangzhou Iron and Steel, Baotou Steel, silver water new high-speed wire rod factory pre-finishing mill uses a micro no twist mill \"approach, achieved good results.2.6 of the heavy and super heavy-duty V-shaped structure The rolling speed increases and the size range increases, high-speed twisting mill group last one finished size is sometimes great, its upper limit has been increased to Φ26mm, when the size of the line corresponding increase, coupled with low temperature rolling and also applies to the rolled alloy steel products and other factors, a sharp increase in the rolling load.To this end, the improvement of the oil film bearing, have developed a V-shaped structure of the heavy-duty and heavy load no-twist finishing mill, V-is the roll box embedded in a V-shaped base, the more simple to install, better stability.Rolling force of the Φ230mm heavy duty rack designed to achieve 295KN.Morgan manufactured in China in recent years the introduction of several sets of 100m / s-cla finishing mill are heavy duty.2.7 The low temperature rolling technology Crude and rolled high stiffne mill, pre-finishing and finishing with the heavy and super heavy-duty twist mill, using low temperature rolling to create the conditions for the production of high-speed wire.Low temperature rolling can reduce fuel consumption, reduce decarburization, burning to improve the rolling surface quality.Then need to motor power has correspondingly increased.The latest rolling on rolling temperature can be as low as 850 ° C into the twist finishing mill temperature as low as 850 ℃.2.8 minus sizing and precision rolling 1 Le sizing unit Reducing and sizing unit is a latest technology in recent years, high-speed wire rod mill.Is mainly used to improve the rolling precision, in order to meet the requirements of the user to further improve the quality of products, including dimensional accuracy, surface quality and mechanical properties of the wire.This objective needs, Morgan, and Danieli, Italy have developed a wire sizing unit.Sizing unit (RSM), the Morgan 4.Before the two reducing units, two sizing units.Gear box driven by two speed motor by a 3200KW about.Rack-type finishing stands with no twist, the cantilever structure, the tungsten carbide roll ring.Former two roller diameter Φ230mm, after two Φ150mm.The former two no axial adjustment of the body, after the two axial adjustment and pre-loading mechanism to ensure that accurate right.2 reducing unit In order to reduce investment, Morgan has also launched only two rack reducing unit program, some information it called dual rack the Taike Sen (Tekisun) high-precision rolling mill, installed in the non-twist finishing mill and the pinch roller used in conjunction with the existing no-twist finishing mill.The finished accuracy of ± 0.1mm.In this case, crude, pre-finishing machines, finishing on two sets of pa system.2.9 silking machine head positioning At present, the spinning machine head positioning method, there are two: finishing before flying shear delay shear; change the speed of the spinning machine.We change the speed of the spinning machine spinning machine head positioning control.
Change the speed of the spinning machine principle: The system according to the deviation between the actual angle and setting angle of deviation of the location of the spinning machine (spinning machine) to adjust the speed of the spinning machine, spinning when the wire to the predetermined position.This requires that the speed of the spinning machine adjustment and recovery speed of the proce must be completed before the wire head into the spinning tube.
3.Concluding remarks
Development of high-speed wire rod production to today\'s technology is quite mature, domestic wire rod production technology on behalf of the world advanced level.Various enterprises but also according to market demand and the ability of enterprises to determine their own direction of development; the pursuit of high value-added products to do what, according to the technical level of the enterprise, financial capacity, market demand, their status in the competition to select an item and determine the product play the advantage of the user base, geographical advantages, technical advantages.A strong impetus to the rapid economic development.
第14篇：土木工程毕业论文摘要(中英文)
摘要
随着社会经济的不断发展，房地产的开发处于上升空间。伴随而来的是人们对商业用房、住宅越来越高的要求，这主要表现在环境、经济、功能和舒服度等方面。所以现在对项目编制者来说有了更高的要求。工程项目的开发一般分为项目前期计划阶段，项目实施阶段和项目竣工交付使用段。在编制项目策划书过程中，我们要详细介绍这三个阶段考虑的问题以及解决方案。项目的前期策划主要是识别项目的需要，确定项目的方向，对项目作出决策，是项目的孕育阶段。工程项目前期策划过程中可以按以下方法：项目构思的产生和选择、项目目标设计和项目定义、可行性研究、评价和决策。同时在这个阶段中对项目实施的成本和工期有一定的计划。项目实施阶段是把平面实现立体复杂的过程，里面包含了项目的管理模式和技术要领。确立这些关键性的事物才能高效的实现目标。项目实施过程中主要考虑到工程进度控制、工程成本控制以及工程项目质量管理。最后，项目经过各方验收达到标准以后交付使用。在接下去的章节中详细项目策划书的各个过程。
关键字：项目概况；项目计划；工作目标；成本控制；工作程序；工程管理；
Abstract
With the continuous development of the socio-economic, the real estate development is raising space.Accompanied by the pursuit of commercial buildings, residential increasing, this was reflected in the environmental, economic, functional and comfortable degree.So now,on project preparation for higher requirements.Project development generally divided into pre-project planning phase, the project implementation stage and project complete consign is used section.In the proce of compiling project planning book, we will detail the three stage considering problems and solutions.The planning stage of the project is to identify the needs of the project, to determine the direction of the project, to make decisions on the project, is a nascent stage of the project.Project early in the planning proce by the following methods: idea generation and selection of the project, the design of the project objectives and the project definition, feasibility study, evaluation and decision-making.At the same time in the stages of project implementation cost and time limit for a project has a certain plan.The project implementation phase plane dimensional complex proce, contains the project management mode and technical main point.We establish these critical things to achieve goals efficiently.In the proce of project implementation main consideration to project progre control, engineering cost control and project quality management.Finally, project delivered after the acceptance of all parties to achieve the standard.Project planning book described in detail in the next chapter.
Key words：Project Overview；Project plan；Work target； Cost control；Working procedures； Project management；
第15篇：会计中英文论文摘要
摘要：
本文主要针对我国固定资产会计准则与国际财务报告准则之间的差异进行比较及分析。文章首先介绍了我国固定资产新旧准则的主要变化。进而比较我国固定资产准则与其相对应的国际财务报告准则之间的差异，着重分析了两者之间在后续计量模式、减值损失转回处理以及对持有待售资产的终止确认处理三方面的重要差异。最后就完善我国固定资产准则进行了思考并提出了自己的见解。
关键词：
固定资产 成本模式 重估价模式减值损失转回 持有待售资产
Abstract
This eay mainly focuses on the differences between \"Enterprise Accounting Standards No.4 -- fixed aets\" and \"International Financial Reporting Standards No.16 -- realestate, plant, and equipment\" to make comparisons and simple analyses.First of all, the eay gives an introduction of primary changes between the new accounting guidelines and the old ones.Then, theeay compares the differences between \"Enterprise Accounting Standards No.4 \" and \"International Financial Reporting Standards No.16 \", mainly focusing on the analysis of the major differences in measurement after recognition, reverse of impairment lo and derecognition of held for sell aets.Finally, the eay puts forward opinions and suggestions on the improvement of \"Enterprise Accounting Standards \".
第16篇：会计毕业论文中英文摘要
摘要
我国作为当今世界上最大的发展中国家，随着经济的飞速发展和工业化、城镇化的加快，能源的供需矛盾尖锐，能源利用率低、能源浪费严重、能源开发结构不合理化等问题层出不穷。如何构建可持续发展的资源体系来支持经济的快速发展成为当今社会的巨大挑战。
税收政策是政府筹集财政资金，干预、调控经济的重要工具之一，在促进能源可持续发展中起到不可替代的作用。以能源可持续发展为目标的制定的能源税收政策主要是弥补市场缺陷，纠正传统不合理的经济发展模式，达成节约和保护能源的目的。本文将理论分析和现实环境分析相结合，运用比较研究的方法，在实践国内外实践经验的基础上，提出健全并完善我国绿色税收体系的建议。
文章分为五个部分。首先从我国的能源和经济发展现状出发，提出可持续发展与绿色税收相结合的战略。其次，站在促进能源可持续发展的角度上，简述和列举我国现行税收政策中存在的一些问题和缺陷。第三部分中，主要阐述绿色税收的含义，分析国外有关能源税收政策，总结对我国有利的启示。第四部分中，对我国绿色税收的政策手段做出论述，分别结合不同的税种提出健全和完善我国税收政策促进能源可持续发展的基本想法和建议。最后，在总论中为了更全面的理解可持续发展在税收政策中的作用，笔者另外对绿色税收政策做了进一步的说明。
关键词：可持续发展；税收政策；绿色税收
Abstract
China as the world\'s largest developing country, with the rapid development of economy and the industrialization, the urbanization speeding up, the contradiction between supply and demand of energy sharp, low energy efficiency, energy wasted serious, energy development structure is reasonable and problems emerge in endlely.How to construct a system of sustainable development of resources to support the rapid development of economy as the great challenge in today\'s society.
Tax policy is the government to raise finance capital, intervention, one of the important tool to manage the economy in promoting the sustainable development of energy plays an irreplaceable role.With energy sustainable development as the targets for energy tax policy is mainly make up for market defect, correct traditional not reasonable model of economic development, and achieve the purpose of energy saving and protection.This paper will the theoretical analysis and the realistic environment analysis in this paper, using the comparison, in practice at home and abroad on the basis of practical experience, put forward and improve and perfect our country\'s green tax system suggestion.
The article is divided into five parts.From the first in China energy and economic development present situation, are put forward for sustainable development and green tax combination of strategy.Second, standing in promoting sustainable energy development point of view, this paper describes the list of the existing tax policy and the problems and defects.The third part, mainly expounds the meaning of green taxes, analysis of overseas tax policy for energy, and summarizes the enlightenment of the favorable to our country.The fourth part, to our country tax policy to green means, this paper put forward respectively with different categories of taxes and perfect the taxation policy to promote the sustainable development of energy basic ideas and Suggestions.Finally, in general to more fully in the understanding of sustainable development in the role of the tax policy, the author in addition to green tax policy was further instructions.
Key words: Sustainable development; Tax policy; Green tax
第17篇：5、毕业论文中英文摘要
某某大学2008届毕业论文
互动——广播新闻发展的必然选择
摘要：在当今时代，互动已成为构成传播意识的重要元素，并逐渐成为各类媒体的发展趋势。它不仅是新闻节目制作的突出亮点，更是新闻节目中增添生气活力和提升传播效应的原动力。在现今激烈的媒体竞争之下，广播新闻应如何发挥自身优势，提升互动意识、增强互动效应就成了值得广播媒体人思考的重要问题。本文以广播新闻为切入点，由挖掘互动广播新闻的内涵入手，分析了广播新闻节目为何要互动的原因以及互动的途径，通过对其前景所作展望得出结论，互动确实是广播新闻发展的必然选择。
关键词：互动，广播，新闻
某某大学2008届毕业论文
Interaction: The Inevitable Choice of the Development of
Broadcast News
Abstract: Nowadays, interactive communication has become an important element and has gradually become a trend of media.It is not only a prominent bright spot in news program production, but is also the driving force to increase vitality and enhance the diemination.Thus, in the highly competitive media today, how broadcast news play their own advantages, enhance interaction awarene and strengthen the interactive effect become important iues.This paper excavates the conception of the interactive broadcast news, and analyzes the reasons and ways of interaction in programmers.Furthermore, by making a summary of its prospect, we could get a conclusion that interaction is the inevitable choice of the development of broadcast news.
Key words: interaction, broadcast, news
以上为往届同学论文的中英文摘要格式示例，需要大家根据自己文章的实际撰写内容以相同格式书写。
第18篇：城市规划设计中英文摘要
扬州大学本科生毕业设计
摘要
城市公园作为城市的“绿肺”,它既是城市绿地系统和城市生态环境建设的一部分,也是一项与城市可持续发展紧密联系的工程措施。它为城市生长提供了新鲜空气和舒适的环境,也抵御无序的灾害。随着衡水市经济建设的发展，人们对城市生活环境的品质的要求越来越高。近年来衡水市兴建了大量的游园绿地及郊野公园，较迅速地提高了城市绿化率，改善了城市环境，有力地促进了衡水市建设生态园林城市的工作。为了进一步满足城市居民休闲、游憩、娱乐等需求，市委市政府决定在衡水湖畔新建一处滨湖公园。本文主要从项目概况、项目构思、功能分区与空间布局、植物景观营造、园林小品的类型及作用五方面具体阐述衡水湖滨湖公园的规划设计方案。
关键词：项目概况，项目构思，功能分区，空间布局，植物景观营造，园林小品
ABSTRACT
Urban park as a city\'s \"green lung\", it is both urban green space system and urban ecological environment construction, but also a part of the sustainable development of urban close contact with the engineering measures.It provides a fresh air of urban growth and comfortable environment, but also against the chaotic disaster.With the development of economic construction in Hengshui City, people\'s quality of urban environment have become increasingly demanding.In recent years, Hengshui City, the construction of a large number of garden green space and country parks, a more rapid rate of increase of the urban greening and improving the urban environment, and effectively promoted the construction of ecological garden city of Hengshui City work.In order to meet the urban leisure, recreation, entertainment and other needs, the municipal government decided to create a lake in the Hengshui Lake Park.This article from the project profiles, project ideas, functional and spatial layout, plant landscape construction, garden ornaments and the role of the type specifically addreed five areas of Hengshui Lake Lakeside Park Planning and Design.KEYWORDS：project profiles, project ideas, functional, spatial layout, plant landscape construction, garden ornaments
第19篇：新型农村养老保险中英文摘要
内容摘要：我国作为一个人口大国，农村人口占到了大多数。农村社会养老保险制度是农村社会保障制度的重要组成部分，是最基本、最核心的一项保障制度。而新型农村社会养老保险制度是建立在老农保的基础上，先进行试点探索，再全面推广，以达到完善农村社会保障体系，保障农村老年人口的基本生活的迫切需求，适应老龄化速度加快的发展要求。本文通过结合新农保在试点执行情况，以甘肃酒泉为例，分析新农保在实施过程中存在的问题，提出较为合理的完善建议。
关键词：养老保险；新型农村养老保险；新农保基金
I Abstract: China is a country with a large population, the rural population accounts for the majority of.Rural social endowment insurance system is an important part of the rural social security system, is a security system is the most basic, core.And the new type of rural social endowment insurance system is established on the basis of the farmer, the first pilot studies, and comprehensive promotion, in order to improve the rural social security system, the basic life of rural elderly population in urgent need of security, to adapt to the development of accelerated aging requirements.Through the combination of the new agricultural insurance pilot implementation, taking Gansu of Jiuquan as an example, analysis of the new agricultural insurance in the implementation proce problems, put forward reasonable suggestions.
Key Words: Endowment insurance；The new rural endowment insurance；The new agricultural insurance fund
II
第20篇：毕业论文中英文摘要互译
随着轻轨的发展,噪声的污染越来越严重。声屏障作为一种降低交通噪声有效而经济的方法,将会在一定程度上得到发展。现在,人们对轻轨噪声关注程度的增加,如何有效地设置轻轨声屏障,使其更好地发挥降噪效果已经成为一个亟待研究的课题。从分析声屏障的降噪原理出发,研究声屏障的高度、位置、敷设的吸声材料等对轻轨降噪效果的影响。本文初设两套方案,声源为无限长线声源,采用德国shall 03类型（轨道中心线）,用直立型单侧吸声型声屏障,隔声材料为钢及钢化玻璃,吸声材料为纤维多孔吸声材料超级玻璃棉。方案一,声屏障高4m,一楼到七楼插入损失为19.41dB（A）～15.97dB（A）；方案二,声屏障高4.5m,一楼到七楼插入损失19.97dB（A）～15.99dB（A）。由降噪效果和经济性,确定方案一为最佳方案。通过分析得出：在尽量靠近声源处设置声屏障,增加声屏障的高度,在声屏障内侧敷设吸声材料,都将有利于取得更好的降噪效果。最后,介绍声屏障的设计目标值及计算方法并对其主要承重部件-立柱进行强度和连接校核。要求
With the development of the light railway,the noise pollution becomes very important problem.Sound barrier,an effective and comparatively inexpensive measure of controlling noise,will be developed to some degree.Recently,people pay more attention to the light railway noise.How to install the sound barrier effectively so as to make the noise reduction more effective has become an urgent research topic.Starting with the analysis of the noise reduction principle,this paper studied the influence of light railway sound barrier on light railway’s noise reduction effect in the three aspects：height,position,sound absorbing material.Thia page have worked out two precepts,the source is infinite line source,which use shall 03 shape of Germany(the centye of the railway);this two precepts use englong shaped and absorbing noise barrier,insulate material is steel and gla, absorbing material is super gla cotton with fibre holes.The first precept,the hight of noise barrier is 4m,the insert lo from the first floor to the senventh floor is 19.41dB（A）～15.97dB（A）;the second precept,the hight of noise barrier is 4.5m,the insert lo from the first floor to the senventh floor is19.97dB（A）～15.99dB（A）.the first precept is better,because the effect of noise reduction and the economy effect.From the analysis,we can achieve:the effect of noise reduction will more better,when the noise barrier is installed as near as the source,enhight the barrier, sound absorbing material is laid the inside of the barrier.At the last,this page introduces the design object and the calculate method of the barrier,and checks the main bearing aembly’s intension and connection if satisfied the require of using.
