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总统杜鲁门范文(精选多篇)

发布时间:2022-09-11 21:02:12 来源:其他范文 收藏本文 下载本文 手机版

推荐第1篇:“痴情清廉的总统”杜鲁门[优秀]

“痴情清廉的总统”杜鲁门

杜鲁门,在我国建国初期,这名字是战争狂人或妖魔鬼怪的同义词。六十年过去,再回过头去看,此公退休后的生活,以一总统之尊,竟如此亲民清廉,令人感慨!

杜鲁门之名,早先并不为世界所熟知。1945年4月,随着罗斯福总统突然病逝,杜鲁门以副总统身份继位成为美国第33任总统,他的大名才一夜间传遍世界。继之,“小男孩”、“胖子”两颗原子弹投掷日本的长崎与广岛,旋又以联合国名义扩大朝鲜战争迫使中国不得不出兵等等,让中国人开始熟知此人。这本来也没有什么,古往今来,世界各国的政要权贵数不胜数,卓有成就者、平庸无能者、行为怪诞者、荒谬绝伦者……多了去了,人们早已见怪不怪。不过,多数国人以前所了解的杜鲁门,并不一定是全面的杜鲁门,读过本文,相信你会有新的发现。

1300多封情书成就一生美满婚姻

1890年,一个6岁的男孩在教会举办的星期日学校初次遇到一个5岁的女孩,他发现这是一个非常可爱的女孩。此时,小男孩尽管还不懂什么是爱情,可他却一见钟情,深深爱上了这个小女孩。光阴荏苒,男孩日渐长大,可一直没有机会向这个心仪已久的女孩表达爱意,直到20年后,也就是男孩26岁时才有机会第一次向这位女孩写了首封求爱信。这个女孩名叫贝丝?华莱士,而这个男孩就是哈里?杜鲁门 。

贝丝?华莱士出生显赫,自小就非常漂亮,小学开始,她就总是身着最流行的服装,具有高贵典雅气质,成绩也十分优异,更擅长多项体育活动。因此,她理所当然受到无数男孩的仰慕与追求。杜鲁门在暗恋20年后第一次去信求爱时,贝丝还不了解这个名叫哈里的青年,所以她委婉地拒绝了杜鲁门的求婚。

然而,杜鲁门是一个十分“痴情”的人,初次求婚受挫,他非但没有放弃和退缩,反而就此展开了更为真诚热烈的求爱攻势。

果然是“皇天不负有心人”。杜鲁门持续的痴情终于打动了贝丝,1919年6月28日,杜鲁门和心仪已久的姑娘走进了渴望已久的婚姻殿堂,喜结连理。

哲人说:爱情的真谛在于奉献,在于经营。这句话用于杜鲁门恰如其分。

杜鲁门从政以后,事务繁忙,辗转各地之间也成了家常便饭,但对于自己来之不易的婚姻相当珍视。每当出差在外,总不忘给贝丝写信,尤其在结婚纪念日这天。这里摘录数段,供今人参阅。

1919年在欧洲期间,杜鲁门在信中写道:“亲爱的贝丝,你知道我的上衣有两个贴胸的口袋。自然,你能猜到我左边的口袋里珍藏着谁的照片……妈妈的照片放在另一只……”在1933年的一封信中,他对贝丝说:“亲爱的贝丝,明天我就49岁了……回顾过去,总的来说,我感到没有虚度。如果有可能,我愿意再来一次。我在铁路上、金融界和农场里都干过,也在政坛上经历过起起落落,然而,我一点都不气馁;我相信我的爱人是我的梦中情人,我的女儿则是她妈妈的化身……我在数着日子等待我们的重逢。”

1945年7月,杜鲁门在波茨坦给留在家里的贝丝写信道:“昨天上午同你通话后,我愈发想家。虽然我们远隔6000英里,可你仿佛就在屋子的某个角落。通话后,一整天我都在想,什么会晤啊,不如赶紧回家算了……” 毫无疑义,人类史上美满动人的爱情故事不少,但持之以恒,数十年如一日的美满婚姻恐怕寥寥无几;而婚后如初,情意缠绵,依然忠于爱情,一生共给爱人奉上1300多封情书,终身“罗曼蒂克”的,说不定唯杜鲁门总统一人。

没想到能当上总统的“率性”总统

根据美国宪法和惯例,美国副总统其实只是个“华丽摆设”,不仅难以进入权力核心圈,而且再竞选总统的成功概率极小。所以,杜鲁门原本并没有想到自己有一天能当上总统。罗斯福第四次蝉联总统职位时,杜鲁门作为副总统,他连总统都很少见到,也从来没有进过白宫作战室。在罗斯福手下,他充其量就是一件不引人注目的政治装饰品而已。

1945年4月12日,杜鲁门“应卯”参加议会会议,为打发时间他便乘机给母亲写信。会议结束,当这位60岁的副总统信步走到众院议长那里刚拿起酒杯想喝杯酒时,白宫新闻秘书打来紧急电话请他马上到白宫去。开始,他以为罗斯福已从温泉休养回来,有什么事情要和他面谈。此时,他对总统病逝毫不知情。到了白宫,当被告知“总统已经逝世,按照法律规定即刻起由副总统继位”时,杜鲁门才意识到自己已经成了美国总统。

总统职位降临得如此突然,毫无思想准备的杜鲁门在当晚举行的就职典礼中只能“任人摆布”。一番忙乎,典礼终于结束,已挨饿了大半天的新总统一家还不懂如何去支配白宫的厨师。幸亏他们所住的那幢公寓的邻居戴维斯太太,热情招待贝丝和女儿吃了一顿晚饭,并给了杜鲁门“一大块火鸡火腿三明治和一杯牛奶”。

翌日,初登“大宝”的杜鲁门开始了当总统的首个工作日。一切都是那么新鲜,一切又是那么不习惯。刚出门,他就忘了自己的总统身份。在一群特工人员簇拥下登上汽车时,看见一个老朋友站在近旁,杜鲁门便邀请此人坐到汽车里去,然后一起驶向白宫。到了市中心,杜鲁门又坚持步行到银行去。结果消息传开,人们涌来看热闹,以至造成了空前严重的交通阻塞。

杜鲁门有早起外出散步的习惯,无论寒冬酷暑还是雨天从不间断。入主白宫后,他本不想改变这种习惯。

一次,他只带了1名特工就溜出白宫西南门,急得白宫值勤警察向安全勤务局打“特急”电话,两名特工随后飞奔赶去,足足奔跑了半个小时才追上了他。这使两位白宫警卫队的老手惊愕不已,因为历史上还从来没有过一位总统只带一名特工就去闹市散步的情形。

很长一段时间里,杜鲁门秉性不改,行车途中,只要瞥见熟人,他会立即让司机停车,与熟人说几句话,有时即使是不认识的人也会凑上去开开玩笑。一次他去自己的家乡,在距目的地还有100英里时,飞机上的一只发动机突然熄了火。在这生死攸关的时刻,大家心情都很沉重,可杜鲁门却若无其事。幸好驾驶员技术高超,飞机安全降落。

又有一次,特工处得到秘密消息,据说有人蓄谋在总统观看陆、海军足球赛时用高效狙击步枪行刺。按以往惯例,每当陆海军足球赛时,作为总司令的总统应该前半场坐在陆军队一边,后半场穿过球场坐在海军队一边。出于安全考虑,这次特工部门建议总统不要穿过球场,可杜鲁门坚持按惯例做。无奈,特工处只好加倍采取防范措施,他们在整个体育场内每个可能隐藏杀手的地方都配备了人员。上半场结束后,杜鲁门若无其事地大踏步穿过球场,微笑着向人群频频招手致意。还好,直到球赛结束平安无事。

对杜鲁门总统来说,这也许是他的性格,他不愿高高在上脱离民众,虽贵为总统,可他还想保持常人本色。

这份率真,原本是非常难能可贵的。不过,1950年11月1日发生的可怕事件,让杜鲁门不得不改变他的“率性”。

在布莱尔大厦险遭暗杀

1950年6月20日,朝鲜战争爆发。27日,美国军队正式参战。10月25日,中国人民志愿军出兵朝鲜。对于中国军队的参战,杜鲁门深感忧虑。正当他全神贯注于这场战争时,美国“后院”发生了“骚乱”:波多黎各只有千余名党员的独立党试图武装夺取这个国家的亲美政权。骚乱很快被镇压,但谁也没想到这件事差点会要了杜鲁门的命。

10月31日,独立党派了两名乔装打扮的刺客科里亚索和托列索拉,悄悄溜进了华盛顿。

当时白宫正在修缮。于是,总统及其家人不得不搬进了白宫对面的国宾馆――布莱尔大厦暂住。

布莱尔大厦原是美国第一任军医局长洛弗尔博士于1824年建造的,后来卖给了布莱尔。布莱尔家族曾在这里款待过多任总统:杰克逊、林肯、塔夫脱等。这里还住过多位内阁成员。1942年,布莱尔一家为使这座房子成为家族历史的纪念,卖给了美国国务院。

布莱尔大厦陈设相当讲究,所有的家具都是真正的古董,居住条件也非常舒适。然而它面临繁华大街,对安全十分不利。

杜鲁门总统搬进大厦后,白宫特工处曾担心总统容易遭到攻击,为此,他们对总统的安全保卫作了周密的安排部署。

11月1日下午1时,杜鲁门忙完白宫事务返回驻地与夫人和岳母共进午餐(女儿正在外地旅行演出)。午餐后,杜鲁门与往常一样去二楼休息。

这是一个晚秋闷热的日子,人极易困乏,总统回房不久就睡着了。

2时左右,刺客科里亚索和托列索拉悄悄来到布莱尔大厦前。

科里亚索到东岗亭时,岗亭里的警察戴维逊与值日警员博林正在聊天。也许是博林站在门口挡住了观察视线,也许是他们根本没有想到此刻会有刺客出现,科里亚索混在经过的行人中,悄悄绕过岗亭,来到了大厦正门的台阶前。

守卫在大门台阶岗亭里的是警员伯泽尔。此刻,他正侧身站着,背朝着科里亚索。机会难得,刺客迅速扣动扳机。“卡嗒”!枪没有打响。感觉身后有异动,伯泽尔惊讶地转过身来,发现是刺客,立即伸手摸枪。说时迟,那时快,科里亚索立刻扣动了扳机,“啪!啪!”子弹击中伯泽尔的左膝,但未致命。伯泽尔忍着剧痛,转身向大街跑去。科里亚索急忙连开数枪,但都没有击中,便转身往台阶上冲去。东岗亭里的戴维逊和博林听到枪响,发现刺客正往台阶上冲,马上开枪,科里亚索立即回击,对射激烈进行。终于,一颗子弹击中刺客胸部,他摇摇晃晃跌倒在地,手枪也摔在了人行道上。

几乎同时,另一名刺客托列索拉装出问话模样接近西岗亭执勤警员科费尔特,突然掏出手枪,趁科费尔特还没有反应过来之前扣动了扳机。“啪!啪!啪!”连开三枪,枪枪命中,科费尔特倒在地上昏死过去。

继之,托列索拉又对刚从地下室走出的一名警员连开两枪,对方尚未反应就倒在了血泊中。

随后,托列索拉迅速向大门冲去。他瞥见已受重伤的伯泽尔正举枪向同伴瞄准,就立即向伯泽尔开了一枪,不偏不倚击中右膝。伯泽尔两腿中弹,跌倒在地,再也不能参加战斗了。

眼看托列索拉就要冲进大厦,被击中3枪的科费尔特正好从昏迷中醒来,他以惊人的毅力,忍受着极大的痛苦,从岗亭里爬了出来,把臂膀靠在岗亭边沿,用尽生命的最后一点气力,举枪瞄准,向正在装子弹的托列索拉头部开了一枪,子弹十分准确地射进了刺客脑壳,托列索拉顿时倒在地上,再也没有爬起来,科费尔特也静静地死去了。

初时,杜鲁门不知道外面究竟发生了什么,他正在卧室里穿衣服,准备参加下午的活动。总统夫人中午没有休息,但她也不清楚。听到嘈杂声,她匆匆跑下楼来急问工作人员发生了什么事?当她听到有人向警察开枪后,已意识到可能发生了严重事件,就迅速跑回楼上,走进总统卧室,拉开窗帘,从窗口观察下面的情况,发现伯泽尔横卧在大街上,受伤的腿还在流着鲜血。“哈里,有人枪击我们的警察!”听夫人这样说,杜鲁门十分吃惊,立即冲到窗前探出头想看个究竟。这时,外面交火正在激烈进行。一名特工从院内发现了杜鲁门,急得使劲挥动着双臂,大声喊道:“回去!回去!”此时,总统已明白了问题的严重,他马上离开窗口。事后,人们埋怨说,当时如果托列索拉发现了总统,或者还有一名刺客藏在人群里的话,总统就有可能被枪法极好的刺客轻易击毙。

这场枪战,持续了3分钟,暗杀虽然没有成功,但激烈程度在暗杀史上实属罕见。正所谓“吃一堑长一智”。杜鲁门心里明白:过去的习惯不改不行了。

从此以后,杜鲁门一改往日习惯,完全听命于特工处对自己的安排。从布莱尔大厦去白宫办公室也不再徒步,更不在华盛顿大街上散步锻炼。

夫唱妇随退休总统过清贫生活

中国有句俗话:“梁园虽好非久留之地。”杜鲁门1953年离开白宫,那时,总统退休后没有退休金,也没有其他特殊照顾,他们夫妇所靠收入唯有因参加一战的兵役退休金每月不足120美元。他生性耿直,拒绝将总统荣誉商业化,既不马上写回忆录,也不去各地演讲收受大笔酬金。当总统时制度约束,没有任何额外收入。因此他退休后,邻居们惊讶地发现这位前总统居然还住在祖辈留下的陋宅中,生活简单,犹如平民。

实际也确实如此,自退休始,杜鲁门夫妇就视自己为普通公民,过着与所有普通人一样的生活。1953年8月,夫妇俩开着旧车周游全国19天,投宿的是三级汽车旅馆,那时,汽车旅馆每晚的住宿费仅5元。为省钱,有时还到朋友家借宿。生活则十分节俭,只在公路旁的小食店用餐。某次他们走进一家正式餐馆用饭,点了炸鸡,每份0.7元。厨子曾在二战末服役,认识前总统,消息一出,小镇居民都来用餐,一时间餐馆客满。

到纽约后,夫妇俩恢复了上街散步习惯。很多出租车司机见到,就在车内伸出手亲热的打招呼。熟悉的老百姓见到他们,也从不忘问声好。

50年代末,杜鲁门由于家境困难,不得不出售祖传农田。此事引起民众震撼,于是国会通过决定:总统退休金每年2.5万元,另加5万元办公室费用。自此,杜鲁门一家才不必再为生活发愁。

杜鲁门家只有三口人:即他本人、他的太太、他的女儿。他太太不仅长得美,而且修养好,在美国所有总统夫人里面,最为低调,从不招摇。她自嫁给杜鲁门后,无论丈夫当总统,还是退休做平民;无论衣食无忧,还是生活清贫;始终一如既往,夫唱妇随。杜鲁门女儿是一个音乐家、歌唱家,虽然经常外出演唱,可也从不“拉大旗作虎皮”借助父亲捞取名利。他们都极重家庭亲情,因此,杜鲁门一家虽不富有,却和睦幸福。

读史至此不由人不感慨万千。事实证明:只要制度科学,官员是可以做到能上能下的,也是可以做到清廉自守的(即使贵为总统亦如此),何至于腐败“野火烧不尽,春风吹又生”!

(作者单位:陕西省汉中行政学院)

责任编辑:谢建平

推荐第2篇:杜鲁门总统就职演讲1949全稿(中英版)

杜鲁门总统就职演讲1949:四项主要的行动方针

Inaugural Addre of Harry S.Truman THURSDAY, JANUARY 20, 1949

Mr.Vice President, Mr.Chief Justice, and fellow citizens, I accept with humility the honor, which the American people have conferred upon me.I accept it with a deep resolve to do all that I can for the welfare of this Nation and for the peace of the world.In performing the duties of my office, I need the help and prayers of every one of you.I ask for your encouragement and your support.The tasks we face are difficult, and we can accomplish them only if we work together.

Each period of our national history has had its special challenges.Those that confront us now are as momentous as any in the past.Today marks the beginning not only of a new administration, but of a period that will be eventful, perhaps decisive, for us and for the world.

It may be our lot to experience, and in large measure to bring about, a major turning point in the long history of the human race.The first half of this century has been marked by unprecedented and brutal attacks on the rights of man, and by the two most frightful wars in history.The supreme need of our time is for men to learn to live together in peace and harmony.

The peoples of the earth face the future with grave uncertainty, composed almost equally of great hopes and great fears.In this time of doubt, they look to the United States as never before for good will, strength, and wise leadership.

It is fitting, therefore, that we take this occasion to proclaim to the world the eential principles of the faith by which we live, and to declare our aims to all peoples.

The American people stand firm in the faith, which has inspired this Nation from the beginning.We believe that all men have a right to equal justice under law and equal opportunity to share in the common good.We believe that all men have the right to freedom of thought and expreion.We believe that all men are created equal because they are created in the image of God.

From this faith we will not be moved.

The American people desire, and are determined to work for, a world in which all nations and all peoples are free to govern themselves as they see fit, and to achieve a decent and satisfying life.Above all else, our people desire, and are determined to work for, peace on earth--a just and lasting peace--based on genuine agreement freely arrived at by equals.

In the pursuit of these aims, the United States and other like-minded nations find themselves directly opposed by a regime with contrary aims and a totally different concept of life.

That regime adheres to a false philosophy which purports to offer freedom, security, and greater opportunity to mankind.Misled by this philosophy, many peoples have sacrificed their liberties only to learn to their sorrow that deceit and mockery, poverty and tyranny, are their reward.

That false philosophy is communism.

Communism is based on the belief that man is so weak and in adequate that he is unable to govern himself, and therefore requires the rule of strong masters.

Democracy is based on the conviction that man has the moral and intellectual capacity, as well as the inalienable right, to govern himself with reason and justice.

Communism subjects the individual to arrest without lawful cause, punishment without trial, and forced labor as the chattel of the state.It decrees what information he shall receive, what art he shall produce, what leaders he shall follow, and what thoughts he shall think.

Democracy maintains that government is established for the benefit of the individual, and is charged with the responsibility of protecting the rights of the individual and his freedom in the exercise of his abilities.

Communism maintains that social wrongs can be corrected only by violence.

Democracy has proved that social justice can be achieved through peaceful change.

Communism holds that the world is so deeply divided into opposing claes that war is inevitable.

Democracy holds that free nations can settle differences justly and maintain lasting peace.

These differences between communism and democracy do not concern the United States alone.People everywhere are coming to realize that what is involved is material well-being, human dignity, and the right to believe in and worship God.

I state these differences, not to draw iues of belief as such, but because the actions resulting from the Communist philosophy are athreat to the efforts of free nations to bring about world recovery and lasting peace.

Since the end of hostilities, the United States has invested its substance and its energy in a great constructive effort to restore peace, stability, and freedom to the world.

We have sought no territory and we have imposed our will on none.We have asked for no privileges we would not extend to others.

We have constantly and vigorously supported the United Nations and related agencies as a means of applying democratic principles to international relations.We have consistently advocated and relied upon peaceful settlement of disputes among nations.

We have made every effort to secure agreement on effective international control of our most powerful weapon, and we have worked steadily for the limitation and control of all armaments.

We have encouraged, by precept and example, the expansion of world trade on a sound and fair basis.

Almost a year ago, in company with 16 free nations of Europe, we launched the greatest cooperative economic program in history.The purpose of that unprecedented effort is to invigorate and strengthen democracy in Europe, so that the free people of that continent can resume their rightful place in the forefront of civilization and can contribute once more to the security and welfare of the world.

Our efforts have brought new hope to all mankind.We have beaten back despair and defeatism.We have saved a number of countries from losing their liberty.Hundreds of millions of people all over the world now agree with us, that we need not have war--that we can have peace.

The initiative is ours.

We are moving on with other nations to build an even stronger structure of international order and justice.We shall have as our partners countries which, no longer solely concerned with the problem of national survival, are now working to improve the standards of living of all their people.We are ready to undertake new projects to strengthen the free world.

In the coming years, our program for peace and freedom will emphasize four major courses of action.

First, we will continue to give unfaltering support to the United Nations and related agencies, and we will continue to search for ways to strengthen their authority and increase their effectivene.We believe that the United Nations will be strengthened by the new nations what are being formed in lands now advancing toward self-government under democratic principles.

Second, we will continue our programs for world economic recovery.

This means, first of all, that we must keep our full weight behind the European recovery program.We are confident of the succe of this major venture in world recovery.We believe that our partners in this effort will achieve the status of self-supporting nations once again.

In addition, we must carry out our plans for reducing the barriers to world trade and increasing its volume.Economic recovery and peace itself depend on increased world trade.

Third, we will strengthen freedom-loving nations against the dangers of aggreion.

We are now working out with a number of countries a joint agreement designed to strengthen the security of the North Atlantic area.Such an agreement would take the form of a collective defense arrangement within the terms of the United Nations Charter.

We have already established such a defense pact for the Western Hemisphere by the treaty of Rio de Janeiro.

The primary purpose of these agreements is to provide unmistakable proof of the joint determination of the free countries to resist armed attack from any quarter.Each country participating in the se arrangements must contribute all it can to the common defense.

If we can make it sufficiently clear, in advance, that any armed attack affecting our national security would be met with over whelming force, the armed attack might never occur.

I hope soon to send to the Senate a treaty respecting the North Atlantic security plan.

In addition, we will provide military advice and equipment to free nations that will cooperate with us in the maintenance of peace and security.

Fourth, we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progre available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas.

More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery.Their food is inadequate.They are victims of disease.Their economic life is primitive and stagnant.Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas.

For the first time in history, humanity poees the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people.

The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques.The material resources that we can afford to use for the aistance of other peoples are limited.But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantly growing and are inexhaustible.

I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples thebenefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help the mrealize their aspirations for a better life.And, in cooperation with other nations, we should foster capital investment in areas needingdevelopment.

Our aim should be to help the free peoples of the world, throughtheir own efforts, to produce more food, more clothing, more materialsfor housing, and more mechanical power to lighten their burdens.

We invite other countries to pool their technological resources inthis undertaking.Their contributions will be warmly welcomed.Thihould be a cooperative enterprise in which all nations work togetherthrough the United Nations and its specialized agencies whereverpracticable.It must be a worldwide effort for the achievement ofpeace, plenty, and freedom.

With the cooperation of busine, private capital, agriculture, andlabor in this country, this program can greatly increase the industrialactivity in other nations and can raise substantially their standardsof living.

Such new economic developments must be devised and controlled tobenefit the peoples of the areas in which they are established.Guarantees to the investor must be balanced by guarantees in theinterest of the people whose resources and whose labor go into thesedevelopments.

The old imperialism--exploitation for foreign profit--has no place in our plans.What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair dealing.

All countries, including our own, will greatly benefit from a constructive program for the better use of the world\'s human and natural resources.Experience shows that our commerce with other countries expands as they progre industrially and economically.

Greater production is the key to prosperity and peace.And the key to greater production is a wider and more vigorous application of modern scientific and technical knowledge.

Only by helping the least fortunate of its members to help themselvescan the human family achieve the decent, satisfying life that is theright of all people.

Democracy alone can supply the vitalizing force to stir the peoplesof the world into triumphant action, not only against their humanoppreors, but also against their ancient enemies-- hunger, misery, and despair.

On the basis of these four major courses of action we hope to helpcreate the conditions that will lead eventually to personal freedom andhappine for all mankind.

If we are to be succeful in carrying out these policies, it isclear that we must have continued prosperity in this country and wemust keep ourselves strong.

Slowly but surely we are weaving a world fabric of international security and growing prosperity.

We are aided by all who wish to live in freedom from fear--even by those who live today in fear under their own governments.

We are aided by all who want relief from the lies of propaganda-- who desire truth and sincerity.

We are aided by all who desire self-government and a voice in deciding their own affairs.

We are aided by all who long for economic security--for the security and abundance that men in free societies can enjoy.

We are aided by all who desire freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom to live their own lives for useful ends.

Our allies are the millions who hunger and thirst after righteousne.

In due time, as our stability becomes manifest, as more and morenations come to know the benefits of democracy and to participate ingrowing abundance, I believe that those countries which now oppose uswill abandon their delusions and join with the free nations of theworld in a just settlement of international differences.

Events have brought our American democracy to new influence and newresponsibilities.They will test our courage, our devotion to duty, andour concept of liberty.

But I say to all men, what we have achieved in liberty, we will surpa in greater liberty.

Steadfast in our faith in the Almighty, we will advance toward a world where man\'s freedom is secure.

To that end we will devote our strength, our resources, and ourfirmne of resolve.With God\'s help, the future of mankind will beaured in a world of justice, harmony, and peace. 【中文译文】:

四项主要的行动方针

哈里-杜鲁门 就职演讲

星期四,1949年1月20日

我国历史上的各个时期都面临过特殊的挑战。我们现在面临的挑战和过去面临的任何挑战一样严重,今天不仅标志着一届新政府的起点,而且标志着一个新时期的开始。对我们来说,对整个世界来说,这个时期特是个多事之秋,也许还将是决定性的岁月。也许命运注定我们要去体验,或者在更大程度上是去促成人类漫长历史中的一个重大转折。本世纪上半叶的特点是,人权遭到史无前例的粗暴践踏,并经历了历史上最可怕的两场战争。我们这个时代最迫切的需要是学会和睦相处。

世界各国人民都怀着忐忑不安的心情面对着未来,他们既充满希望又满腹忧虑。在这疑虑的时刻,他们比以往任何时候更期待着合众国的善意、力量以及明智的领导。

因此,我们审时度势,利用这一时机向全世界宣布指导我们生活的信念的基本原则,向所有的民族宜布我们的目标。

在今后几年,我们的和平自由纲领将着重于四项主要的行动方针。

第一,我们将继续坚定不移地支持联合国及其有关机构,继续寻求各种方法来加强这些机构的权威和增加这些机构的效率。今天,不少新的国家正在成立,正在民主原则的指引下向自治方向迈进,我们相信,联合国将因这些新国家而得到加强。

第二,我们将继续执行我们制定的世界经济复兴计划。

这意味着我们必须首先全力支持欧洲复兴计划。对于世界复兴中这一重大事业的成功,我们充满了信心。我们相信,通过这项工作,我们的伙伴将再一次取得自给国家的地位。此外,我们还必须执行为减少世界贸易壁垒、增加世界贸易额而制定的计划。经济复兴与和平本身都取决于世界贸易的增加。

第三,我们要加强热爱自由的国家的力量,以抵御侵略的威胁。

我们和许多国家一起,正在为增加北大西洋地区的安全面起草一项共同协议。这种协议将根据联合国宪章的规定,采取集体防御协定的形式。

我们已经根据里约热内卢公约为西半球建立了这样一个防御同盟。

这些协议的主要目的是明确表示自由国家抵抗来自任何地方的武装进攻的共同决心。参加这些协议的每个国家必须为共同防御贡献出全部力量。

如果我们能预先充分地表明,任何影响到我们国家安全的武装进攻必将遭到强大的抵抗,那么武装进攻也许就永远不会发生。

我希望关于北大西洋安全计划的条约不久将呈送参议院。

此外,我们还将向在维护和平与安全时同我们进行合作的自由国家,提供军事顾问和军事装备。

第四,我们必须着手拟定一项大胆的新计划,使不发达地区的进步与发展能受益于我们的先进的科学和发达的工业。

全世界半数以上的人口正濒临悲惨的境地,他们食不果腹、疾患加身。他们的经济生活原始落后,滞缀不振。无论对于他们自己还是对于比较繁荣的地区来说,他们的贫困既是一种阻碍又是一种威胁。

人类有史以来第一次掌握了能解除这些人苦难的知识和技术。

合众国在工业和科学技术发展方面居各国之首。尽管我们用来援助其他国家人民的物质资源是有限的,但我们在技术知识方面的资源却是无法估量的,是不断增长和用之不竭的。

我认为,为了帮助各爱好和平民族实现他们对美好生活的愿望,我们应该使他们受惠于我们丰富的技术知识。同时,我们还应该和其他国家合作,支持对急待开发的地区进行投资。

我们的目标应该是帮助世界上各个自由民族通过他们自己的努力,生产更多的食物,更多的衣物,更多的建筑材料,以及更多的机器来减轻他们的负担。

我们吁请其他国象汇集他们的技术力量以进行这项工作。我们热烈欢迎他们作出贡献。这应该是一种合作事业,所有国家通过联合国及其专门机构在任何可行的方面为此共同工作。这必须是在世界范围内为实现和平、繁荣和自由而作出的努力。

在我国企业、私人资本、农业和劳工等方面的协作下,这一计划能够极大促进其他国家的工业活动,从实质上提高他们的生活水平。

这种新的经济发展必须加以规划和控制,从而使被开发地区的人民有所得益。在保证投资者利益的同时,必须兼顾人民的利益,因为在这些经济发展中倾注着人民的才智和劳动。

在我们的计划中,剥削他国利润的老牌帝国主义没有立足之地。我们拟定的是一个以民主的公平交易的概念为基础的发展规划。

所有国家,包括我国在内,将极大地受益于为更合理地使用世界上的人力资源和自然资源而制定的一项建设性计划。经验证明,我们同其他国家的贸易将随着这些国家在工业和经济上的发展而扩大。

提高生产是繁荣与和平的关键,而提高生产的关键是更广泛、更积极地运用现代科学技术知识。

人类大家庭只有通过帮助最不幸的成员自助,才能享受体面的、令人满意的生活,而所有人郁有权过上这样的生活。

只有民主政治才能产生生机勃勃的力量,以激励世界人民不仅为反抗人类的压迫者,而且压力反抗人类古老的敌人——饥饿、贫困、失望——而斗争。

根据这四项主要的行动方针,我们希望有助于创造各种条件,最终实现个人自由和全人类的幸福。

推荐第3篇:杜鲁门就职演说

美国历届总统就职演说(Harry S.Truman )

Inaugural Addre of Harry S.Truman THURSDAY, JANUARY 20, 1949 Mr.Vice President, Mr.Chief Justice, and fellow citizens, I accept with humility the honor which the American people have conferred upon me.I accept it with a deep resolve to do all that I can for the welfare of this Nation and for the peace of the world.In performing the duties of my office, I need the help and prayers of every one of you.I ask for your encouragement and your support.The tasks we face are difficult, and we can accomplish them only if we work together.Each period of our national history has had its special challenges.Those that confront us now are as momentous as any in the past.Today marks the beginning not only of a new administration, but of a period that will be eventful, perhaps decisive, for us and for the world.It may be our lot to experience, and in large measure to bring about, a major turning point in the long history of the human race.The first half of this century has been marked by unprecedented and brutal attacks on the rights of man, and by the two most frightful wars in history.The supreme need of our time is for men to learn to live together in peace and harmony.The peoples of the earth face the future with grave uncertainty, composed almost equally of great hopes and great fears.In this time of doubt, they look to the United States as never before for good will, strength, and wise leadership.It is fitting, therefore, that we take this occasion to proclaim to the world the eential principles of the faith by which we live, and to declare our aims to all peoples.The American people stand firm in the faith which has inspired this Nation from the beginning.We believe that all men have a right to equal justice under law and equal opportunity to share in the common good.We believe that all men have the right to freedom of thought and expreion.We believe that all men are created equal because they are created in the image of God.From this faith we will not be moved.The American people desire, and are determined to work for, a world in which all nations and all peoples are free to govern themselves as they see fit, and to achieve a decent and satisfying life.Above all else, our people desire, and are determined to work for, peace on earth--a just and lasting peace--based on genuine agreement freely arrived at by equals.In the pursuit of these aims, the United States and other like- minded nations find themselves directly opposed by a regime with contrary aims and a totally different concept of life.That regime adheres to a false philosophy which purports to offer freedom, security, and greater opportunity to mankind.Misled by this philosophy, many peoples have sacrificed their liberties only to learn to their sorrow that deceit and mockery, poverty and tyranny, are their reward.That false philosophy is communism.Communism is based on the belief that man is so weak and inadequate that he is unable to govern himself, and therefore requires the rule of strong masters.Democracy is based on the conviction that man has the moral and intellectual capacity, as well as the inalienable right, to govern himself with reason and justice.Communism subjects the individual to arrest without lawful cause, punishment without trial, and forced labor as the chattel of the state.It decrees what information he shall receive, what art he shall produce, what leaders he shall follow, and what thoughts he shall think.Democracy maintains that government is established for the benefit of the individual, and is charged with the responsibility of protecting the rights of the individual and his freedom in the exercise of his abilities.Communism maintains that social wrongs can be corrected only by violence.Democracy has proved that social justice can be achieved through peaceful change.Communism holds that the world is so deeply divided into opposing claes that war is inevitable.Democracy holds that free nations can settle differences justly and maintain lasting peace.These differences between communism and democracy do not concern the United States alone.People everywhere are coming to realize that what is involved is material well-being, human dignity, and the right to believe in and worship God.I state these differences, not to draw iues of belief as such, but because the actions resulting from the Communist philosophy are a threat to the efforts of free nations to bring about world recovery and lasting peace.Since the end of hostilities, the United States has invested its substance and its energy in a great constructive effort to restore peace, stability, and freedom to the world.We have sought no territory and we have imposed our will on none.We have asked for no privileges we would not extend to others.We have constantly and vigorously supported the United Nations and related agencies as a means of applying democratic principles to international relations.We have consistently advocated and relied upon peaceful settlement of disputes among nations.We have made every effort to secure agreement on effective international control of our most powerful weapon, and we have worked steadily for the limitation and control of all armaments.We have encouraged, by precept and example, the expansion of world trade on a sound and fair basis.Almost a year ago, in company with 16 free nations of Europe, we launched the greatest cooperative economic program in history.The purpose of that unprecedented effort is to invigorate and strengthen democracy in Europe, so that the free people of that continent can resume their rightful place in the forefront of civilization and can contribute once more to the security and welfare of the world.Our efforts have brought new hope to all mankind.We have beaten back despair and defeatism.We have saved a number of countries from losing their liberty.Hundreds of millions of people all over the world now agree with us, that we need not have war--that we can have peace.The initiative is ours.We are moving on with other nations to build an even stronger structure of international order and justice.We shall have as our partners countries which, no longer solely concerned with the problem of national survival, are now working to improve the standards of living of all their people.We are ready to undertake new projects to strengthen the free world.In the coming years, our program for peace and freedom will emphasize four major courses of action.First, we will continue to give unfaltering support to the United Nations and related agencies, and we will continue to search for ways to strengthen their authority and increase their effectivene.We believe that the United Nations will be strengthened by the new nations which are being formed in lands now advancing toward self-government under democratic principles.Second, we will continue our programs for world economic recovery.This means, first of all, that we must keep our full weight behind the European recovery program.We are confident of the succe of this major venture in world recovery.We believe that our partners in this effort will achieve the status of self-supporting nations once again.In addition, we must carry out our plans for reducing the barriers to world trade and increasing its volume.Economic recovery and peace itself depend on increased world trade.Third, we will strengthen freedom-loving nations against the dangers of aggreion.We are now working out with a number of countries a joint agreement designed to strengthen the security of the North Atlantic area.Such an agreement would take the form of a collective defense arrangement within the terms of the United Nations Charter.We have already established such a defense pact for the Western Hemisphere by the treaty of Rio de Janeiro.The primary purpose of these agreements is to provide unmistakable proof of the joint determination of the free countries to resist armed attack from any quarter.Each country participating in these arrangements must contribute all it can to the common defense.If we can make it sufficiently clear, in advance, that any armed attack affecting our national security would be met with overwhelming force, the armed attack might never occur.I hope soon to send to the Senate a treaty respecting the North Atlantic security plan.In addition, we will provide military advice and equipment to free nations which will cooperate with us in the maintenance of peace and security.Fourth, we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progre available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas.

More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery.Their food is inadequate.They are victims of disease.Their economic life is primitive and stagnant.Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas.For the first time in history, humanity poees the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people.The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques.The material resources which we can afford to use for the aistance of other peoples are limited.But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantly growing and are inexhaustible.I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life.And, in cooperation with other nations, we should foster capital investment in areas needing development.Our aim should be to help the free peoples of the world, through their own efforts, to produce more food, more clothing, more materials for housing, and more mechanical power to lighten their burdens.We invite other countries to pool their technological resources in this undertaking.Their contributions will be warmly welcomed.This should be a cooperative enterprise in which all nations work together through the United Nations and its specialized agencies wherever practicable.It must be a worldwide effort for the achievement of peace, plenty, and freedom.With the cooperation of busine, private capital, agriculture, and labor in this country, this program can greatly increase the industrial activity in other nations and can raise substantially their standards of living.Such new economic developments must be devised and controlled to benefit the peoples of the areas in which they are established.Guarantees to the investor must be balanced by guarantees in the interest of the people whose resources and whose labor go into these developments.

The old imperialism--exploitation for foreign profit--has no place in our plans.What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair-dealing.All countries, including our own, will greatly benefit from a constructive program for the better use of the world\'s human and natural resources.Experience shows that our commerce with other countries expands as they progre industrially and economically.Greater production is the key to prosperity and peace.And the key to greater production is a wider and more vigorous application of modern scientific and technical knowledge.Only by helping the least fortunate of its members to help themselves can the human family achieve the decent, satisfying life that is the right of all people.Democracy alone can supply the vitalizing force to stir the peoples of the world into triumphant action, not only against their human oppreors, but also against their ancient enemies-- hunger, misery, and despair.On the basis of these four major courses of action we hope to help create the conditions that will lead eventually to personal freedom and happine for all mankind.If we are to be succeful in carrying out these policies, it is clear that we must have continued prosperity in this country and we must keep ourselves strong.Slowly but surely we are weaving a world fabric of international security and growing prosperity.We are aided by all who wish to live in freedom from fear--even by those who live today in fear under their own governments.We are aided by all who want relief from the lies of propaganda-- who desire truth and sincerity.We are aided by all who desire self-government and a voice in deciding their own affairs.We are aided by all who long for economic security--for the security and abundance that men in free societies can enjoy.We are aided by all who desire freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom to live their own lives for useful ends.Our allies are the millions who hunger and thirst after righteousne.In due time, as our stability becomes manifest, as more and more nations come to know the benefits of democracy and to participate in growing abundance, I believe that those countries which now oppose us will abandon their delusions and join with the free nations of the world in a just settlement of international differences.Events have brought our American democracy to new influence and new responsibilities.They will test our courage, our devotion to duty, and our concept of liberty.But I say to all men, what we have achieved in liberty, we will surpa in greater liberty.Steadfast in our faith in the Almighty, we will advance toward a world where man\'s freedom is secure.To that end we will devote our strength, our resources, and our firmne of resolve.With God\'s help, the future of mankind will be aured in a world of justice, harmony, and peace.

推荐第4篇:杜鲁门主义的英文演讲稿

The Truman Doctrine speech by Harry S Truman

Mr.President, Mr.Speaker, Members of the Congre of the United States.

The gravity of the situation which confronts the world today neceitates my appearance before a joint seion of the Congre.The foreign policy and the national security of this country are involved.

One aspect of the present situation, which I present to you at this time for your consideration and decision, concerns Greece and Turkey.

The United States has received from the Greek Government an urgent appeal for financial and economic aistance.Preliminary reports from the American Economic Miion now in Greece corroborate the statement of the Greek Government that aistance is imperative if Greece is to survive as a free nation.

I do not believe that the American people and the Congre wish to turn a deaf ear to the appeal of the Greek Government.

Greece is not a rich country.Lack of sufficient natural resources has always forced the Greek people to work hard to make both ends meet.Since 1940, this industrious, peace loving country has suffered invasion, four years of cruel enemy occupation, and bitter internal strife.

When forces of liberation entered Greece they found that the retreating Germans had destroyed virtually all the railways, roads, port facilities, communications, and merchant marine.More than a thousand villages had been burned.Eighty-five percent of the children were tubercular.Livestock, poultry, and draft animals had almost disappeared.Inflation had wiped out practically all savings.

As a result of these tragic conditions, a militant minority, exploiting human want and misery, was able to create political chaos which, until now, has made economic recovery impoible.

Greece is today without funds to finance the importation of those goods which are eential to bare subsistence.Under these circumstances the people of Greece cannot make progre in solving their problems of reconstruction.Greece is in desperate need of financial and economic aistance to enable it to resume purchases of food, clothing, fuel and seeds.These are indispensable for the subsistence of its people and are obtainable only from abroad.Greece must have help to import the goods neceary to restore internal order and security so eential for economic and political recovery.

The Greek Government has also asked for the aistance of experienced American administrators, economists and technicians to insure that the financial and other aid given to Greece shall be used effectively in creating a stable and self-sustaining economy and in improving its public administration.

The very existence of the Greek state is today threatened by the terrorist activities of several thousand armed men, led by Communists, who defy the government’s authority at a number of points, particularly along the northern boundaries.A Commiion appointed by the United Nations Security Council is at present investigating disturbed conditions in northern Greece and alleged border violations along the frontier between Greece on the one hand and Albania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia on the other.

Meanwhile, the Greek Government is unable to cope with the situation.The Greek army is small and poorly equipped.It needs supplies and equipment if it is to restore authority to the government throughout Greek territory.

Greece must have aistance if it is to become a self-supporting and self-respecting democracy.

The United States must supply this aistance.We have already extended to Greece certain types of relief and economic aid but these are inadequate.There is no other country to which democratic Greece can turn.

No other nation is willing and able to provide the neceary support for a democratic Greek government.

The British Government, which has been helping Greece, can give no further financial or economic aid after March 31.Great Britain finds itself under the neceity of reducing or liquidating its commitments in several parts of the world, including Greece.

We have considered how the United Nations might aist in this crisis.But the situation is an urgent one requiring immediate action, and the United Nations and its related organizations are not in a position to extend help of the kind that is required.

It is important to note that the Greek Government has asked for our aid in utilizing effectively the financial and other aistance we may give to Greece, and in improving is public administration.It is of the utmost importance that we supervise the use of any funds made available to Greece, in such a manner that each dollar spent will count toward making Greece self-supporting, and will help to build an economy in which a healthy democracy can flourish.

No government is perfect.One of the chief virtues of a democracy, however, is that its defects are always visible and under democratic procees can be pointed out and corrected.The government of Greece is not perfect.Neverthele it represents 85 percent of the members of the Greek Parliament who were chosen in an election last year.Foreign observers, including 692 Americans, considered this election to be a fair expreion of the views of the Greek people.

The Greek Government has been operating in an atmosphere of chaos and extremism.It has made mistakes.The extension of aid by this country does not mean that the United States condones everything the Greek Government has done or will do.We have condemned in the past, and we condemn now, extremist measures of the right or the left.We have in the past advised tolerance, and we advise tolerance now.

Greece’s neighbour, Turkey, also deserves our attention.

The future of Turkey as an independent and economically sound state is clearly no le important to the freedom-loving peoples of the world than the future of Greece.The circumstances in which Turkey finds itself today are considerably different from those of Greece.Turkey has been spared the disasters that have beset Greece.And during the war, the United States and Great Britain furnished Turkey with material aid.

Neverthele, Turkey now needs our support.

Since the war Turkey has sought additional financial aistance from Great Britain and the United States for the purpose of effecting that modernization neceary for the maintenance of its national integrity.

That integrity is eential to the preservation of order in the Middle East.

The British Government has informed us that, owing to its own difficulties, it can no longer extend financial or economic aid to Turkey.

As in the case of Greece, if Turkey is to have the aistance it needs, the United States must supply it.We are the only country able to provide that help.

I am fully aware of the broad implications involved if the United States extends aistance to Greece and Turkey, and I shall discu these implications with you at this time.

One of the primary objectives of the foreign policy of the United States is the creation of conditions in which we and other nations will be able to work out a way of life free from coercion.This was a fundamental iue in the war with Germany and Japan.Our victory was won over countries which sought to impose their will, and their way of life, upon other nations.

To ensure the peaceful development of nations, free from coercion, the United States has taken a leading part in establishing the United Nations.The United Nations is designed to make poible lasting freedom and independence for all its members.We shall not realize our objectives, however, unle we are willing to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against aggreive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes.This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian regimes imposed upon free peoples, by direct or indirect aggreion, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States.

The peoples of a number of countries of the world have recently had totalitarian regimes forced upon them against their will.The Government of the United States has made frequent protests against coercion and intimidation, in violation of the Yalta Agreement, in Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria.I must also state that in a number of other countries there have been similar developments.

At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life.The choice is too often not a free one.

One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppreion.

The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority.It relies upon terror and oppreion, a controlled pre and radio, fixed elections, and the suppreion of personal freedoms.

I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside preures.

I believe that we must aist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.

I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is eential to economic stability and orderly political procees.

The world is not static, and the status quo is not sacred.But we cannot allow changes in the status quo in violation of the Charter of the United Nations by such methods as coercion, or by such subterfuges as political infiltration.In helping free and independent nations to maintain their freedom, the United States will be giving effect to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations.

It is neceary only to glance at a map to realize that the survival and integrity of the Greek nation are of grave importance in a much wider situation.If Greece should fall under the control of an armed minority, the effect upon its neighbour, Turkey, would be immediate and serious.Confusion and disorder might well spread throughout the entire Middle East.

Moreover, the disappearance of Greece as an independent state would have a profound effect upon those countries in Europe whose people are struggling against great difficulties to maintain their freedoms and their independence while they repair the damages of war.

It would be an unspeakable tragedy if these countries, which have struggled so long against overwhelming odds, should lose that victory for which they sacrificed so much.Collapse of free institutions and lo of independence would be disastrous not only for them but for the world.Discouragement and poible failure would quickly be the lot of neighbouring peoples striving to maintain their freedom and independence.

Should we fail to aid Greece and Turkey in this fateful hour, the effect will be far reaching to the West as well as to the East.

We must take immediate and resolute action.

I therefore ask the Congre to provide authority for aistance to Greece and Turkey in the amount of $400,000,000 for the period ending June 30, 1948.In requesting these funds, I have taken into consideration the maximum amount of relief aistance which would be furnished to Greece out of the $350,000,000 which I recently requested that the Congre authorize for the prevention of starvation and suffering in countries devastated by the war.

In addition to funds, I ask the Congre to authorize the detail of American civilian and military personnel to Greece and Turkey, at the request of those countries, to aist in the tasks of reconstruction, and for the purpose of supervising the use of such financial and material aistance as my be furnished.I recommend that authority also be provided for the instruction and training of selected Greek and Turkish personnel.

Finally, I ask that the Congre provide authority which will permit the speediest and most effective use, in terms of needed commodities, supplies, and equipment, of such funds as may be authorized.

If further funds, or further authority, should be needed for the purposes indicated in this meage, I shall not hesitate to bring the situation before the Congre.On this subject the Executive and Legislative branches of Government must work together.

This is a serious course upon which we embark.

I would not recommend it except that the alternative is much more serious.

The United States contributed $341,000,000,000 toward winning World War II.This is an investment in world freedom and world peace.

The aistance that I am recommending for Greece and Turkey amounts to little more than 1/10 of 1 percent of this investment.It is only common sense that we should safeguard this investment and make sure that it was not in vain.

The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want.They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife.They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died.

We must keep that hope alive.

The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms.

If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world – and we shall surely endanger the welfare of this Nation.

Great responsibilities have been placed upon us by the swift movement of events.

I am confident that the Congre will face these responsibilities squarely.

推荐第5篇:1949年美国总统杜鲁门就职演说(英文版)(材料)

Inaugural Addre of Harry S.Truman

THURSDAY, JANUARY 20, 1949

Mr.Vice President, Mr.Chief Justice, and fellow citizens, I accept with humility the honor which the American people have conferred upon me.I accept it with a deep resolve to do all that I can for the welfare of this Nation and for the peace of the world.

In performing the duties of my office, I need the help and prayers of every one of you.I ask for your encouragement and your support.The tasks we face are difficult, and we can accomplish them only if we work together.

Each period of our national history has had its special challenges.Those that confront us now are as momentous as any in the past.Today marks the beginning not only of a new administration, but of a period that will be eventful, perhaps decisive, for us and for the world.

It may be our lot to experience, and in large measure to bring about, a major turning point in the long history of the human race.The first half of this century has been marked by unprecedented and brutal attacks on the rights of man, and by the two most frightful wars in history.The supreme need of our time is for men to learn to live together in peace and harmony.

The peoples of the earth face the future with grave uncertainty, composed almost equally of great hopes and great fears.In this time of doubt, they look to the United States as never before for good will, strength, and wise leadership.

It is fitting, therefore, that we take this occasion to proclaim to the world the eential principles of the faith by which we live, and to declare our aims to all peoples.

The American people stand firm in the faith which has inspired this Nation from the beginning.We believe that all men have a right to equal justice under law and equal opportunity to share in the common good.We believe that all men have the right to freedom of thought and expreion.We believe that all men are created equal because they are created in the image of God.

From this faith we will not be moved.

The American people desire, and are determined to work for, a world in which all nations and all peoples are free to govern themselves as they see fit, and to achieve a decent and satisfying life.Above all else, our people desire, and are determined to work for, peace on earth--a just and lasting peace--based on genuine agreement freely arrived at by equals.

In the pursuit of these aims, the United States and other like- minded nations find themselves directly opposed by a regime with contrary aims and a totally different concept of life.

That regime adheres to a false philosophy which purports to offer freedom, security, and greater opportunity to mankind.Misled by this philosophy, many peoples have sacrificed their liberties only to learn to their sorrow that deceit and mockery, poverty and tyranny, are their reward.

That false philosophy is communism.

Communism is based on the belief that man is so weak and inadequate that he is unable to govern himself, and therefore requires the rule of strong masters.

Democracy is based on the conviction that man has the moral and intellectual capacity, as well as the inalienable right, to govern himself with reason and justice.

Communism subjects the individual to arrest without lawful cause, punishment without trial, and forced labor as the chattel of the state.It decrees what information he shall receive, what art he shall produce, what leaders he shall follow, and what thoughts he shall think.

Democracy maintains that government is established for the benefit of the individual, and is charged with the responsibility of protecting the rights of the individual and his freedom in the exercise of his abilities.

Communism maintains that social wrongs can be corrected only by violence.

Democracy has proved that social justice can be achieved through peaceful change.

Communism holds that the world is so deeply divided into opposing claes that war is inevitable.

Democracy holds that free nations can settle differences justly and maintain lasting peace.

These differences between communism and democracy do not concern the United States alone.People everywhere are coming to realize that what is involved is material well-being, human dignity, and the right to believe in and worship God.

I state these differences, not to draw iues of belief as such, but because the actions resulting from the Communist philosophy are a threat to the efforts of free nations to bring about world recovery and lasting peace.

Since the end of hostilities, the United States has invested its substance and its energy in a great constructive effort to restore peace, stability, and freedom to the world.

We have sought no territory and we have imposed our will on none.We have asked for no privileges we would not extend to others.

We have constantly and vigorously supported the United Nations and related agencies as a means of applying democratic principles to international relations.We have consistently advocated and relied upon peaceful settlement of disputes among nations.

We have made every effort to secure agreement on effective international control of our most powerful weapon, and we have worked steadily for the limitation and control of all armaments.

We have encouraged, by precept and example, the expansion of world trade on a sound and fair basis.

Almost a year ago, in company with 16 free nations of Europe, we launched the greatest cooperative economic program in history.The purpose of that unprecedented effort is to invigorate and strengthen democracy in Europe, so that the free people of that continent can resume their rightful place in the forefront of civilization and can contribute once more to the security and welfare of the world.

Our efforts have brought new hope to all mankind.We have beaten back despair and defeatism.We have saved a number of countries from losing their liberty.Hundreds of millions of people all over the world now agree with us, that we need not have war--that we can have peace.

The initiative is ours.

We are moving on with other nations to build an even stronger structure of international order and justice.We shall have as our partners countries which, no longer solely concerned with the problem of national survival, are now working to improve the standards of living of all their people.We are ready to undertake new projects to strengthen the free world.

In the coming years, our program for peace and freedom will emphasize four major courses of action.

First, we will continue to give unfaltering support to the United Nations and related agencies, and we will continue to search for ways to strengthen their authority and increase their effectivene.We believe that the United Nations will be strengthened by the new nations which are being formed in lands now advancing toward self-government under democratic principles.

Second, we will continue our programs for world economic recovery.

This means, first of all, that we must keep our full weight behind the European recovery program.We are confident of the succe of this major venture in world recovery.We believe that our partners in this effort will achieve the status of self-supporting nations once again.

In addition, we must carry out our plans for reducing the barriers to world trade and increasing its volume.Economic recovery and peace itself depend on increased world trade.

Third, we will strengthen freedom-loving nations against the dangers of aggreion.

We are now working out with a number of countries a joint agreement designed to strengthen the security of the North Atlantic area.Such an agreement would take the form of a collective defense arrangement within the terms of the United Nations Charter.

We have already established such a defense pact for the Western Hemisphere by the treaty of Rio de Janeiro.

The primary purpose of these agreements is to provide unmistakable proof of the joint determination of the free countries to resist armed attack from any quarter.Each country participating in these arrangements must contribute all it can to the common defense.

If we can make it sufficiently clear, in advance, that any armed attack affecting our national security would be met with overwhelming force, the armed attack might never occur.

I hope soon to send to the Senate a treaty respecting the North Atlantic security plan.

In addition, we will provide military advice and equipment to free nations which will cooperate with us in the maintenance of peace and security.

Fourth, we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progre available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas.

More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery.Their food is inadequate.They are victims of disease.Their economic life is primitive and stagnant.Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas.

For the first time in history, humanity poees the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people.

The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques.The material resources which we can afford to use for the aistance of other peoples are limited.But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantly growing and are inexhaustible.

I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life.And, in cooperation with other nations, we should foster capital investment in areas needing development.

Our aim should be to help the free peoples of the world, through their own efforts, to produce more food, more clothing, more materials for housing, and more mechanical power to lighten their burdens.

We invite other countries to pool their technological resources in this undertaking.Their contributions will be warmly welcomed.This should be a cooperative enterprise in which all nations work together through the United Nations and its specialized agencies wherever practicable.It must be a worldwide effort for the achievement of peace, plenty, and freedom.

With the cooperation of busine, private capital, agriculture, and labor in this country, this program can greatly increase the industrial activity in other nations and can raise substantially their standards of living.

Such new economic developments must be devised and controlled to benefit the peoples of the areas in which they are established.Guarantees to the investor must be balanced by guarantees in the interest of the people whose resources and whose labor go into these developments.

The old imperialism--exploitation for foreign profit--has no place in our plans.What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair-dealing.

All countries, including our own, will greatly benefit from a constructive program for the better use of the world\'s human and natural resources.Experience shows that our commerce with other countries expands as they progre industrially and economically.

Greater production is the key to prosperity and peace.And the key to greater production is a wider and more vigorous application of modern scientific and technical knowledge.

Only by helping the least fortunate of its members to help themselves can the human family achieve the decent, satisfying life that is the right of all people.

Democracy alone can supply the vitalizing force to stir the peoples of the world into triumphant action, not only against their human oppreors, but also against their ancient enemies-- hunger, misery, and despair.

On the basis of these four major courses of action we hope to help create the conditions that will lead eventually to personal freedom and happine for all mankind.

If we are to be succeful in carrying out these policies, it is clear that we must have continued prosperity in this country and we must keep ourselves strong.

Slowly but surely we are weaving a world fabric of international security and growing prosperity.

We are aided by all who wish to live in freedom from fear--even by those who live today in fear under their own governments.

We are aided by all who want relief from the lies of propaganda-- who desire truth and sincerity.

We are aided by all who desire self-government and a voice in deciding their own affairs.

We are aided by all who long for economic security--for the security and abundance that men in free societies can enjoy.

We are aided by all who desire freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom to live their own lives for useful ends.

Our allies are the millions who hunger and thirst after righteousne.

In due time, as our stability becomes manifest, as more and more nations come to know the benefits of democracy and to participate in growing abundance, I believe that those countries which now oppose us will abandon their delusions and join with the free nations of the world in a just settlement of international differences.

Events have brought our American democracy to new influence and new responsibilities.They will test our courage, our devotion to duty, and our concept of liberty.

But I say to all men, what we have achieved in liberty, we will surpa in greater liberty.

Steadfast in our faith in the Almighty, we will advance toward a world where man\'s freedom is secure.

To that end we will devote our strength, our resources, and our firmne of resolve.With God\'s help, the future of mankind will be aured in a world of justice, harmony, and peace.

来源:http://www.daodoc.com/Article/200902/63275.shtml

推荐第6篇:韩国总统

朴槿惠赢得韩国大选 当选首任女总统

2012韩国大选新华网2012-12-19 21:48 我要分享

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18 腾讯微博 QQ空间 朋友 新浪微博 人人 QQ邮箱 开心网

12月18日,朴槿惠在首尔一投票站外接受记者采访的资料照片。新华社发(朴真熙摄)

新闻人物:朴槿惠——立志做韩国的撒切尔夫人

时长:2\'5\'\' 来源:未知版权

新华社快讯:据韩国联合通讯社19日报道,韩国第18届总统选举开票完成70%,新国家党总统候选人朴槿惠以51.6%的得票率确认赢得选举。

相关报道:

朴槿惠的“光环”与“阴影”

朴槿惠1952年2月2日出生在韩国南部大邱市。朴正熙1961年发动军事政变上台,朴槿惠时年9岁,成为“第一女儿”。

20世纪末亚洲金融危机时,朴槿惠步入政坛。1998年4月,她自称“为完成父亲未完成的事业尽一点力”,参与大邱达城郡补缺选举,以明显优势当选国会议员。

2006年5月,韩国地方选举期间,朴槿惠以新国家党前身大国家党党首身份在首尔助选,遭一名男子袭击,脸部遭文具刀划伤,缝了17针。这一事件帮助大国家党拉到不少同情票从而大获全胜,也让朴槿惠个人声望看涨。

她当年辞去党首职务,次年宣布竞选总统,但在党内败于现任总统李明博。 熟悉朴槿惠的人说,她讲话明快简洁,非常重视原则和信用。加入大国家党后,她先后出任这一主流保守派政党的副党首、党首,数次率领大国家党险中求胜,连续5次当选国会议员,获称“选举女王”。

大国家党去年遭受一系列打击:首都首尔市长选举失利,选举委员会网站遭遇黑客袭击,党首选举陷入贿选丑闻。为挽回负面影响,大国家党更名为新国家党并重组,朴槿惠以非常对策委员长身份再度出山,带领全党改善形象,在今年4月国会选举中逆转。在与时任最大在野党民主统合党党首韩明淑的“女强人对决”中,朴瑾惠亦击败了对方。 韩明淑是韩国历史上首名女总理。总理是韩国女性至今出任的最高行政职务。

今年是韩国20年来首次在同一年选举国会议员和总统。赢得国会选举这场青瓦台争夺战的“热身赛”,朴槿惠巩固了保守派“盟主”地位,为自己再次竞选总统打下坚实基础。

8月20日下午,新国家党举行全党大会。朴槿惠获得84%的支持率,大比分领先其他4名党内对手,成为新国家党参加第18届总统选举的候选人。

朴槿惠的得票率创下新国家党,即大国家党历届总统选举候选人最高纪录。先前纪录是由前总理李会昌2002年参选时创下的68%。

朴槿惠的当选创下多个“第一”。她是第一名当选总统候选人的前总统后代,也是韩国第一名代表主要政党参选的女性候选人。当然,如果赢得选举,她将变身真正的“女王”,成为韩国历史上第一名女总统。

推荐第7篇:美国 总统

自1789年乔治华盛顿担任美国第一任总统起,迄今已有43人担任美国总统;共有54届(克林顿为美国第52-53届总统)。

由於开国元勋华盛顿只担任两届总统,故形成政治惯例:每位当选总统最多只能担任两届总统。此项惯例在美国总统富兰克林•罗斯福任内被打破,罗斯福总统因国内政治的需要和国际政治的需要,又因众望所归连续担任四届美国总统,最后死於总统任内。后美国宪法以修正案形式明确规定了总统任期为两届。

据统计,美国历史上共有五位总统死於任内。他们是:第9任总统威廉•H•哈裏森(总统任期:1841年3月4日-1841年4月4日;因患感冒,后转成肺炎,不治身亡。)、第12任总统扎卡裏•泰勒(任期:1849年3月4日-1850年7月9日;因参加7月4日举行的华盛顿纪念碑典礼仪式中暑后病倒,5天后去世。)、第16任总统亚伯拉罕•林肯(任期:1861年3月4日-1865年4月15日,在剧院观剧时遭南方奴隶制分子暗杀。)、第20任总统詹姆斯•A•加菲尔德(任期:1881年3月4日-1881年9月19日,在火车站被一位寻求领事职位未遂的律师开枪射中,两个多月后因感染和内出血而去世。)、第25任总统威廉•麦金莱(任期:1897年3月4日-1901年9月14日,在泛美博览会的欢迎队列前遭一无政府主义者开枪,8天后去世。)、第32任总统富兰克林•罗斯福(任期1933年3月4日-1945年4月12日,因脑溢血死在任内)、第35任总统约翰•F•肯尼迪(任期:1961年1月20日-1963年11月22日在达拉斯遭枪杀。)。

在美国历史上唯一的一位总统的儿子当总统是第6任总统约翰• 昆西•亚当斯,他是美国第二任总统约翰•亚当斯的儿子。而第32任总统富兰克林•罗斯福是第26任总统西奥多•罗斯福的堂弟,他的夫人埃莉诺•罗斯福又是西奥多•罗斯福的侄女,是老罗斯福给他们主持婚礼的。如果这次总统竞选结果是由小布希当选,那麼,他将是美国历史上第二位总统儿子当选总统的例子。

第37任总统裏查德•尼克松是唯一一位在总统任期裏因水门事件面临国会众议院的弹劾而被迫辞职的总统。同样的事情也发生在美国第10任总统约翰•泰勒身上,众议院的一个委员会指控泰勒总统滥用否决权而对他提出弹劾,但是这项决议未获通过。

附:历届美国总统 American presidents

by Date of Service

1.George Washington 乔治·华盛顿: 1789-1797

2.John Adams 约翰·亚当斯: 1797-1801

3.Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰斐逊 : 1801-1809

4.James Madison 詹姆斯·麦迪逊: 1809-1817

5.James Monroe 詹姆斯·门罗: 1817-1825

6.John Quincy Adams约翰·昆西·亚当斯 : 1825-1829

7.Andrew Jackson 安德鲁·杰克逊: 1829-1837

8.Martin van Buren 马丁·范布伦: 1837-1841

9.William Henry Harrison 威廉亨利·哈里森: 1841-1841

10.John Tyler 约翰·泰勒: 1841-1845

11.James K.Polk 詹姆斯·波尔克: 1845-1849

12.Zachary Taylor 扎卡里·泰勒: 1849-1850

13.Millard Fillmore 米勒德·菲尔莫尔: 1850-1853

14.Franklin Pierce 富兰克林·皮尔斯: 1853-1857

15.James Buchanan 詹姆斯·布坎南: 1857-1861

16.Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕·林肯: 1861-1865

17.Andrew Johnson 安德鲁·约翰逊: 1865-1869

18.Ulyes S.Grant 尤利塞斯·格兰特: 1869-1877

19.Rutherford B.Hayes 拉塞福德·海斯: 1877-1881

20.James A.Garfield 詹姆斯·加菲尔德: 1881-1881

21.Chester A.Arthur 切斯特·阿瑟: 1881-1885

22.Grover Cleveland 格罗弗·克利夫兰: 1885-1889

23.Benjamin Harrison 本杰明·哈里森: 1889-1893

24.Grover Cleveland 格罗弗·克利夫兰: 1893-1897

25.William McKinley 威廉·麦金利 : 1897-1901

26.Theodore Roosevelt 西奥多·罗斯福: 1901-1909

27.William H.Taft 威廉·塔夫脱: 1909-1913

28.Woodrow Wilson 伍德罗·威尔逊: 1913-1921

29.Warren G.Harding 沃伦·哈定: 1921-1923

30.Calvin Coolidge 卡尔文·柯立芝: 1923-1929

31.Herbert C.Hoover 赫泊特·胡佛: 1929-1933

32.Franklin D.Roosevelt 富兰克林·罗斯福: 1933-1945

33.Harry S.Truman 哈里·杜鲁门: 1945-1953

34.Dwight D.Eisenhower德怀特·艾森豪威尔: 1953-1961

35.John F.Kennedy 约翰·肯尼迪: 1961-1963

36.Lyndon B.Johnson 林顿·约翰逊: 1963-1969

37.Richard M.Nixon 理查德·尼克松: 1969-1974

38.Gerald Ford 杰拉尔德·福特: 1974-1977

39.Jimmy Carter 小詹姆斯·卡特: 1977-1981

40.Ronald Reagan 罗纳德·里根 : 1981-1989

41.George Bush 乔治·布什: 1989-1993

42.Bill Clinton 比尔·克林顿 : 1993-2001

43.George W.Bush 乔治·W·布什: 2001-

推荐第8篇:总统之声

龙源期刊网 http://.cn

总统之声

作者:

来源:《视野》2008年第16期

1.不冒险就是最大的冒险。

——法国总统萨科奇

2.在正义和和平之间,我选择正义。

——美国总统西奥多·罗斯福

3.政府不能解决问题,它本身就是问题。

——1981年1月20日,里根发表总统就职演说

4.做总统实在有点好处,我当选后第二天,便把中学成绩列为最高机密。

——里根总统

5.我们最大的恐惧不是来自于我们的不足,而是因为我们超常的强大。通常让我们受到威胁的不是我们的弱点,而是我们的长处。

——南非首位黑人总统纳尔逊·曼德拉

6.如果让我(一届任期)工作7年,会耗费我全部的精力,那简直会让人发疯。——普京反对修改宪法延长总统任期

推荐第9篇:总统介绍

Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826), as a memember of drafting committee with John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, drew up the first draft of The Declaration of Independence of U.S.

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809- April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States of America.He served as President from March 4, 1861, until April 15, 1865 (he was re-elected in 1864).Lincoln\'s Vice-President was Andrew Johnson (1808-1875).

Auming the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depreion, Franklin D.Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves.He brought hope as he promised prompt, vigorous action, and aerted in his Inaugural Addre, \"the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.\"

William Jefferson Clinton, born on August 19, 1946, was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001.Before his presidency, Clinton served nearly twelve years as the 50th and 52nd Governor of Arkansas.

推荐第10篇:总统演讲

总统演讲,每次都精彩!

奥巴马就拉登之死讲话

不与伊斯兰为敌(全文)

2011年05月02日14:27

今晚,我可以向美国民众和全世界宣布,美国已经完成了消灭基地组织头目本-拉登的行动,此人是屠杀数以千计无辜男女老少的恐怖分子。

将近十年前,9月一个阳光明媚的早晨,美国民众遭受了历史上最严重的袭击。9-11袭击的一幕幕在我国民众记忆中挥之不去。遭劫持的飞机划破了9月云淡风轻的天空;世贸中心双子塔瞬间倒塌;黑烟从五角大楼滚滚上升;坠毁在宾夕法尼亚州尚克斯维尔的93号航班残骸,乘客们的英勇行为避免了更多惨剧和摧毁的发生。

然而我们知道,最惨痛的是那些未向全世界播出的画面:餐桌旁空空如也的椅子;失去父母的儿童们;再也无法体会孩子拥抱的父母们。将近3000名市民离开了我们,同时在我们心中留下巨大空洞。

2001年9月11日,在我们这个悲痛的时刻,全体美国人走到了一起。我们向邻居们伸出援手,为受伤者献血。我们相互之间的关系更加牢固,我们对社区和国家的爱更加浓烈。 在那一天,不管我们来自何处、不管我们向哪一位神灵祈祷,也无论我们的种族如何,我们都团结在一起,整个美国就像一个大家庭。我们有着共同的决心,即矢志保卫我们的国家,并把那些发动了这场邪恶袭击的人绳之以法。

我们很快查明,发动9-11袭击的是基地组织,该组织以奥萨马-本-拉登为首,他们早已公开对美国宣战,并在我们国家和全球其他地方杀害无辜人民。为了保护我们的公民、我们的朋友以及我们的盟友,我们展开了针对基地组织的战争。

过去十年以来,得益于我们军队和专业反恐人员不知疲倦的英勇工作,我们在打击基地组织方面取得了巨大进展。我们挫败了多起恐怖袭击,强化了本土安全。

在阿富汗,我们推翻了向本-拉登和基地组织提供庇护伞和支持的塔利班政府。在世界范围内,我们与友邦盟国共同合作逮捕或者击毙大量的基地组织恐怖分子,包括那些参与9-11袭击的。

但是奥萨马-本-拉登逃脱了追捕,从阿富汗边境潜逃进入巴基斯坦。与此同时,基地组织继续在阿巴边境地区以及通过其分支机构在全球地区活动。

我就任美国总统后不久,就曾命令中央情报局局长莱昂-帕内塔把击毙或者抓捕本-拉丹作为打击基地组织战争的首要任务。我们也加强努力破坏、分解和打击拉丹的恐怖网络。

去年八月,在我们的情报部门历经数年的艰苦工作之后,我获悉已经有了本-拉丹的线索,尽管那时还远远无法确定。我们花费了数月才得以顺藤摸瓜。

我多次同国家安全人员会谈,也有更多信息锁定本-拉登就藏在巴基斯坦的一座建筑内。 终于在上周,在我们有了充分的情报之后,我下令对奥萨马-本-拉登采取行动,将他绳之以法。

今天,在我的指示下,美军对巴基斯坦阿巴德的一处目标实施了有针对性的行动。本次行动的执行者是一小队有着非凡勇气和能力的美国士兵,并没有造成任何美国人伤亡。双方交火后,美国士兵打死了奥萨马-本-拉登,并且掌握了本-拉登的尸体。

在过去的二十年里,本-拉登一直是基地组织的头目和象征,并且不断地策划针对我们国家、朋友和盟友的袭击。

本-拉登之死是我们在打击基地组织的努力中,迄今为止取得的最为重要的成就。

本-拉登的死并不意味着我们工作的结束。毫无疑问,基地组织将会继续对我们实施攻击。因此,我们必须并且继续对国内外的情况保持警惕。

如我们做的那样,我们还必须重申美国没有也绝对不会对伊斯兰发动战争。正如小布什总统

在9-11事件之后我曾经明确表示,我们的战争并非针对伊斯兰。本-拉登并非一个穆斯林领袖,相反,他屠杀了大量的穆斯林人民。事实上,基地组织在包括美国在内的很多国家都屠杀了许多穆斯林。

所有爱好和平并相信人之尊严者都会为他的死而欢欣鼓舞。在过去的数年里,我一再重申,如果我们确认本拉丹在巴基斯坦境内栖身,我们将采取行动。我们这次就是这么做的。 这里我们必须指出同巴基斯坦在反恐上的合作在这次行动中帮助我们找到并确认了本-拉登的藏身之所。事实上,本-拉登早已对巴基斯坦宣战并且命令采取行动袭击巴基斯坦人民。 今晚我已经同扎尔达里总统通了电话,同时我的同事也与巴基斯坦方面的相应官员进行了交流。我们一致认为今天对美巴两国人民来说都是一个值得纪念的日子。双方都同意未来巴基斯坦还将同美国一起展开针对基地组织及其分支机构的行动。美国人民并不想要这场战争,这一切都源于一场对美国本土无辜平民的无端残杀。10年的斗争和牺牲,使我们深切体会到这场战争的代价。

作为美国三军统帅,每次在给阵亡士兵家人的信上签名,每次看到被重伤军人的眼睛,我都感到沉重的压力。

美国人民清楚战争必然会有伤亡,知道战争必然要我们付出代价。但是作为一个国家,我们更是绝对不能容忍有人威胁我们的安全,也不能看着我们的人民被杀害还坐视不管。我们将坚持不懈地保护美国公民、朋友和盟友。我们将永远坚持那些我们所认可的价值。这个晚上,让我们对那些因基地恐怖分子而失去亲人至爱的家庭说,正义终于得到了伸张。

我们要感谢那些情报和反恐界的专业人士,正是他们孜孜不倦的工作才促成了今天的胜利。美国人民看不到他们的工作,也不知道他们的名字。但是在这个晚上,这些人能够真切地感受到付出得到回报、正义得以伸张的满足。我们还要感谢那些参与了这次行动的军人,他们是所有为国尽忠的士兵们的代表,展现出了专业、爱国和无可比拟的勇气。他们在9-11之后承担了最重的责任。

最后,我还要对那些在9-11恐怖袭击中失去至亲至爱的家庭说,我们从来没有忘记过你们的损失,我们也从来没有动摇所做出的承诺,那就是竭尽全力让国家免遭新的袭击。

这个夜晚,让我们重新回顾在9-11袭击发生后美国上下紧密团结的情景,我知道那种团结在有些时候已经淡化。但是今天的成就证明了美国的伟大和美国人的决心。

请记住,保卫我们国家的事业并没有终结。但是今天我们再次印证只要美国下定决心,这个国家想做的事情就一定能够实现。这是我们国家的历史:不管是为了人民的繁荣还是国民的平等,我们对全球传递美国价值观的承诺不变,我们为世界安全宁愿自我牺牲的承诺不变。 我们要牢记,做这些并仅是为了财富或者权势,而是因为我们生来如此,我们生来要为所有人争取自由和公正。

感谢你们,上帝保佑大家,上帝保佑美利坚合众国。

第11篇:世界末日总统演讲词

I adre you tonight not as the president of the United States,not as lead of the country,but as a citizen of humanity,we are face the very gravest of challenges.The Bibel call this day Armageddon,the end of all things.And yet,for the first time in the history of the plant,a species has a techonlogy to prevent its own exctinction.All of prarying with us need to know that everything that can be done to prevent this disaster is being calling into servke.The human thirst for excellence and knowledge,every step up the ladder of science,every adventurous reach into space,all of our combined modern technologies and immaginations,even the wars that we have fought,have provided us the tools to wage terrible battle.Through all the chaos that is our history,through all the wrongs and the discort,through all the pain and suffering,through all of our times,there is one thing that has nourished our souls and elevated our specis above its origins and that is our courage.The dreams of an entire planet are focused tonight on those 14 brave souls traveling into the heavens.And may we all ,citizen of world over,see these events through.God speed and good luck to you.\"

第12篇:林肯总统就职演说

林肯总统第一次就职演说(1861年3月4日)

林肯

[学术交流网按:林肯是美国人民和政治家推崇的伟大人物之一,他的维护国家同意,反对分裂的主张,反对扩张奴隶制的主张尤其受到广泛赞扬。自2005年3月1日起发布林肯总统有关维护国家统

一、反对分裂的演说、信件、咨文的内容。] 合众国的同胞们: 1861年3月4日

按照一个和我们的政府一样古老的习惯,我现在来到诸位的面前,简单地讲几句话,并在你们的面前,遵照合众国宪法规定一个总统在他“到职视事之前”必须宣誓的仪式,在大家面前宣誓。

我认为没有必要在这里来讨论并不特别令人忧虑和不安的行政方面的问题。

在南方各州人民中似乎存在着一种恐惧心理。他们认为,随着共和党政府的执政,他们的财产,他们的和平生活和人身安全都将遭到危险。这种恐惧是从来没有任何事实根据的。说实在的,大量相反的证据倒是一直存在,并随时可以供他们检查的。那种证据几乎在现在对你们讲话的这个人公开发表的每一篇演说中都能找到。这里我只想引用其中的一篇,在那篇演说中我曾说,“我完全无意,对已经存在奴隶制的各州的这一制度,进行直接或间接的干涉。我深信我根本没有合法权利那样做,而且我无此意图。”那些提名我并选举我的人都完全知道,我曾明确这么讲过,并且还讲过许多类似的话,而且从来也没有收回过我已讲过的这些话。不仅如此,他们还在纲领中,写进了对他们和对我来说,都具有法律效力的一项清楚明白、不容含糊的决议让我接受。这里我来对大家谈谈这一决议:

“决议,保持各州的各种权利不受侵犯,特别是各州完全凭自己的决断来安排和控制本州内部各种制度的权利不受侵犯,乃是我们的政治结构赖以完善和得以持久的权力均衡的至为重要的因素;我们谴责使用武装力量非法入侵任何一个州或准州的土地,这种入侵不论使用什么借口,都是最严重的罪行。”

我现在重申这些观点:而在这样做的时候,我只想提请公众注意,最能对这一点提出确切证据的那就是全国任何一个地方的财产、和平生活和人身安全决不会在任何情况下,由于即将上任的政府而遭到危险。这里我还要补充说,各州只要符合宪法和法律规定,合法地提出保护要求,政府便一定会乐于给予保护,不管是出于什么原因一一而且对任何一个地方都一视同仁。

有一个争论得很多的问题是,关于逃避服务或引渡从劳役中逃走的人的问题。我现在要宣读的条文,也和任何有关其它问题的条款一样,明明白白写在宪法之中:

“凡根据一个州的法律应在该州于服务或从事劳役的人,如逃到另一州,一律不得按照这一州的法律或条例,使其解除该项服务或劳役,而必,须按照有权享有该项服务或劳役当事人的要求,将其引渡。”

毫无疑问,按照制订这一条款的人的意图,此项规定实际指的就是,对我们所说的逃亡奴隶有权索回;而法律制订人的这一意图实际已成为法律。国会的所有议员都曾宣誓遵守宪法中的一切条款——对这一条和其它各条并无两样。因此,关于适合这一条款规定的奴隶应 1 “将其引渡”这一点,他们的誓言是完全一致的。那么现在如果他们心平气和地作一番努力,他们难道不能以几乎同样完全一致的誓言,制订一项法律,以使他们的共同誓言得以实施吗? 究竟这一条款应该由国家当局,还是由州当局来执行,大家的意见还不完全一致;但可以肯定地说,这种分歧并不是什么十分重要的问题。只要奴隶能被交还,那究竟由哪一个当局来交还,对奴隶或对别的人来说,没有什么关系。任何人,在任何情况下,也决不会因为应以何种方式来实。现他的誓言这样一个无关紧要的争执,他便会认为完全可以不遵守自己的誓言吧? 另外,在任何有关这一问题的法律中,应不应该把文明和人道法学中关于自由的各项保证都写上,以防止在任何情况下使一个自由人被作为奴隶交出吗?同时,宪法中还有一条规定,明确保证“每一州的公民都享有其它各州公民所享有公民的一切特权和豁免权”,我们用法律保证使这一条文得以执行,那不是更好吗? 我今天在这里正式宣誓,思想上决无任何保留,也决无意以任何过于挑剔的标准来解释宪法或法律条文。我现在虽不打算详细指出国会的哪些法令必须要遵照执行;但我建议,我们大家,不论以个人身份还是以公职人员的身份,为了有更多的安全,我们最好服从并遵守现在还没有废除的一切法令,而不要轻易相信可以指之为不合宪法,便可以逃脱罪责,而对它们公然违反。

自从第一任总统根据国家宪法宣誓就职以来,七十二年已经过去了。在这期间,十五位十分杰出的公民相继主持过政府的行政部门。他们引导着它度过了许多艰难险阻;一般都获得极大的成功。然而,尽管有这么多可供参考的先例,我现在将在宪法所规定的短短四年任期中来担任这同一任务,却.面临着巨大的非同一般的困难。在此以前,分裂联邦只是受到了威胁,而现在却是已出现力图分裂它的可怕行动了。

从一般法律和我们的宪法来仔细考虑,我坚信,我们各州组成的联邦是永久性的。在一切国民政府的根本大法中永久性这一点,虽不一定写明,却是不言而喻的。我们完全可以肯定说,没有一个名副其实的政府会在自己的根本法中定出一条,规定自己完结的期限。继续执行我国宪法所明文规定的各项条文,联邦便将永远存在下去——除了采取并未见之于宪法的行动,谁也不可能毁灭掉联邦。

还有,就算合众国并不是个名副其实的政府,而只是依靠契约成立的一个各州的联合体,那既有契约的约束,若非参加这一契约的各方一致同意,我们能说取消就把它取消吗?参加订立契约的一方可以违约,或者说毁约;但如果合法地取消这一契约,岂能不需要大家一致同意吗? 从这些总原则出发,我们发现,从法学观点来看,联邦具有永久性质的提法,是为联邦自身的历史所证实的。联邦本身比宪法更为早得多。事实上,它是由1774年,签订的《联合条款》建立的。到1776年的《独立宣言》才使它进一步成熟和延续下来。然后,通过1778年的“邦联条款”使它更臻成熟,当时参加的十三个州便已明确保证要使邦联永久存在下去。最后,到1787年制订的宪法公开宣布的目的之一,便是“组建一个更为完美的联邦”。 但是,如果任何一个州,或几个州也可以合法地把联邦给取消掉,加这个联邦可是比它在宪法制订以前还更不完美了,因为它已失去了它的一个至关重要因素——永久性。 从这些观点我们可以认定,任何一个州,都不可能仅凭自己动议,便能合法地退出联邦——而任何以此为目的的决议和法令在法律上都是无效的;至于任何一州或几州的反对合众国当

2 局的暴力行为,都可以依据具体情况视为叛乱或革命行为。

因此我认为,从宪法和法律的角度来看,联邦是不容分裂的;我也将竭尽全力,按照宪法明确赋于我的责任,坚决负责让联邦的一切法令在所有各州得以贯彻执行。这样做,我认为只是履行我应负的简单职责;只要是可行的,我就一定要履行它,除非我的合法的主人美国人民,收回赋予我的不可缺少的工具,或行使他们的权威,命令我采取相反的行动。我相信我这话决不会被看成是一种恫吓,而只会被看作实现联邦已公开宣布的目的,它必将按照宪法保卫和维持它自己的存在。

要做到这一点并不需要流血或使用暴力,除非有人把它强。加于国家当局,否则便决不会发生那种情况。赋予我的权力将被用来保持、占有和掌管属于政府的一切财产和土地。征收各种税款和关税;但除开为了这些目的确有必要这外,决不会有什么入侵问题——决不会在任何地方对人民,或在人民之间使用武力。任何内地,即使对联邦政府的敌对情绪已十分严重和普遍,以致妨害有能力的当地公民执行联邦职务的时候,政府也决不会强制派进令人厌恶的外来人去担任这些职务。尽管按严格的法律规定,政府有权强制履行这些职责,但一定要那样做,必然非常使人不愉快,也几乎不切实际,所以我认为最好还是暂时先把这些职责放一放。

邮政,除非遭到拒收,仍将在联邦全境运作。在可能的情况下,一定要让各地人民,都享有完善的安全感,这十分有利于冷静思索和反思。我在这里所讲的这些方针必将奉行,除非当前事态和实际经验表明修改或改变方针是合适的。对任何一个事件和紧急问题,我一定会根据当时出现的具体形势谨慎从事,期望以和平手段解决国内纠纷,力图恢复兄弟爱手足情。

至于说某些地方总有些人不顾一切一心想破坏联邦,并不惜以任何借口图谋不轨,我不打算肯定或否定;如果确有这样一些人,我不必要再对他们讲什么。但对那些真正热爱联邦的人,我不可以讲几句吗? 在我们着手研究如此严重的一件事情之前,那就是要把我们的国家组织连同它的一切利益,一切记忆和一切希望全给消灭掉,难道明智的做法不是先仔细研究一下那样做究竟是为了什么?当事实上极有可能你企图逃避的祸害并不存在的时候,你还会不顾一切采取那种贻害无穷的步骤吗?或者你要逃避的灾祸虽确实存在,而在你逃往的地方却有更大的灾祸在等着你;那你会往那里逃吗?你会冒险犯下如此可怕的一个错误吗? 大家都说,如果宪法中所规定的一切权利都确实得到执行,那他也就会留在联邦里。那么,真有什么如宪法申明文规定的权利被否定了吗?我想没有。很幸运,人的头脑是这样构造出来的,没有一个党敢于如此冒天下之大不韪。如果可能,请你们讲出哪怕是一个例子来,说明有什么宪法中明文规定的条款是没有得到执行的。如果多数派完全靠人数上的优势,剥夺掉少数派宪法上明文规定的权利,这件事从道义的角度来看,也许可以说革命是正当的——如果被剥夺的是极为重要的权利,那革命就肯定无疑是合理行动。但我们的情况却并非如此。少数派和个人的一切重要权利,在宪法中,通过肯定和否定、保证和禁令;都一一向他们作了明确保证,以致关于这类问题,从来也没有引起过争论。但是,在制订基本法时却不可能对实际工作中出现的任何问题,都一一写下可以立即加以应用的条文。再高明的预见也不可能料定未来的一切,任何长度适当的文件也不可能包容下针对一切可能发生的问题的条文。逃避劳役的人到底应该由联邦政府交还还是由州政府交还呢?宪法上没有具体规定。国会可以在准州禁止奴隶制吗?宪法没有具体规定。国会必须保护准州的奴隶制吗?宪法也没有具体规定。

从这类问题中引出了我们对宪法问题的争端,并因这类问题使我们分成了多数派和少数派。如果少数派不肯默认,多数派便必须默认,否则政府便只好停止工作了。再没有任何别的路可走;要让政府继续行使职权,便必须要这一方或那一方默认。在这种情况下,如果一

3 个少数派宁可脱离也决不默认,那他们也就开创将来必会使他们分裂和毁灭的先例;因为,当多数派拒绝接受这样一个少数派的控制的时候,他们中的少数派便必会从他们之中再脱离出去。比如说,一个新的联盟的任何一部分,在一两年之后,为什么就不会像现在的联邦中的一些部分坚决要脱离出去一样,执意要从从那个新联盟中脱离出去。所有怀着分裂联邦思想的人现在都正接受着分裂思想的教育。难道要组成一个新联邦的州,它们的利益竟会是那样完全一致,它们只会有和谐,而不会再出现脱离行动吗? 非常清楚,脱离的中心思想实质就是无政府主义。一个受着宪法的检查和限制的约束,总是随着大众意见和情绪的慎重变化而及时改变的多数派,是自由人民的唯一真正的统治者。谁要想排斥他们,便必然走向无政府主义或专制主义。完全一致是根本不可能的;把少数派的统治作为一种长期安排是完全不能接受的,所以,一旦排斥了多数原则,剩下的便只有某种形式的无政府主义或某专制主义了。

我没有忘记某些人的说法,认为宪法问题应该由最高法院来裁决。我也不否认这种裁决,在任何情况下,对诉讼各万,以及诉讼目的,完全具有约束力,而且在类似的情况中,—应受到政府的一切其它部门高度的尊重和重视。尽管非常明显,这类裁决在某一特定案例中都很可能会是错误的,然而,这样随之而来的恶果总只限于该特定案件,同时裁决还有机会被驳回,不致成为以后判案的先例,那这种过失比起其它的过失来当然更让人容易忍受。同时,正直的公民必须承认,如果政府在有关全体人民利害的重大问题的政策,都得由最高法院的裁决,作出决定那一旦对个人之间的一般诉讼作出裁决时,人民便已不再是自己的主人,而达到了将他们的政府交给那个高于一切的法庭的地步了。我这样说,决无意对法院或法官表示不满。一件案子按正常程序送到他们面前,对它作出正当裁决,是他们的不可推卸的责任;如果别的人硬要把他们的判决用来达到政治目的,那并不是他们的过错。

我国有一部分人相信奴隶制是正确的。应该扩展,而另一部分人又相信它是错误的,不应该扩展。这是唯一的实质性的争执,宪法中有关逃亡奴隶的条款,以及制止对外奴隶贸易的法

律,在一个人民的道德观念并不支持该法的,社会里,它们的执行情况也许不次于任何一项法律所能达到的程度。在两种情况下,绝大多数的人都遵守枯燥乏味的法律义务,但又都有少数人不听那一套。关于这一点,我想,要彻底解决是根本不可能的;如果寸巴两个地区分离。以后,情况只会更坏。对外奴隶贸易现在并未能完全加以禁止,最后在一个地区中必将全面恢复;对于逃亡奴隶,在另一个地区,现在送回的只是一部分,将来会完全不肯交出来了。

就自然条件而言,我们是不能分离的。我们决不能把我们的各个地区相互搬开,也不可能在它们之间修建起一道无法逾越的高墙。一对夫妻可以离婚,各走各的路,彼此再不见面。但我们国家的各部分可无法这么办。它们只能面对面相处,友好也罢。仇视也罢,他们仍必须彼此交往。我们维道能有任何办法使得这种交往在分离之后,比分离:之前更为有利,更为令,人满意吗?难道在外人之间订立条约,比在朋友之间制订法律还更为容易吗?难道在外人之间履行条约,比在朋友之间按法律办事还更忠实吗?就算你们决定。诉诸战争,你们,总不能永远打下去吧;最后当两败俱伤而双方都一无所获时,你们停止战斗,那时依照什么条件相互交往,这同一个老问题仍会照样摆在你们面前了。

这个国家,连同它的各种机构,都属于居住在这里的人民。任何时候,他们对现存政府感到厌倦了,他们可以行使他们的宪法权利,改革这个政府,或者行使他们的革命权利解散它或者推翻它。我当然知道,现在就有许多尊贵的、爱国的公民极于想修订我们的宪法。尽管我自己不会那么建议,我却也完全承认他们在这个问题上的合法权利,承认他们可以按照宪法所规定的两种方式中的任何一种来行使这种权利;而且,在目前情况下,我不但不反对,而倒是赞成给人民一个公正的机会让他们去行动。

4 我还不禁要补充一点,在我看来,采取举行会议的方式似乎更好一些,这样可以使修订方案完全由人民自己提出,而不是只让他们去接受或拒绝一些并非特别为此目的而选出的一些人提出的方案,因为也可能那些方案恰恰并不是他们愿意接受或拒绝的。我了解到现在已有人提出一项宪法修正案——这修正案我并没有看到,但在国会中已经通过了,大意说,联邦政府将永远不再干涉各州内部制度,包括那些应服劳役者的问题。为了使我讲的话不致被误解,我现在改变我不谈具体修正案的原来的打算,明确声明,这样一个条款,既然现在可能列入宪法,我不反对使它成为明确而不可改动的条文。

合众国总统的一切权威都来之于人民,人民并没有授于他规定条件让各州脱离出去的权力。人民自己如果要那样干,那自然也是可以的;可是现在的行政当局不能这样做。他的职责,是按照他接任时的样子管理这个政府,然后,毫无损伤地再移交给他的继任者。 我们为什么不能耐心地坚决相信人民的最终的公道呢?难道在整个世界上还有什么更好的,或与之相等的希望吗?在我们今天的分歧中,难道双方不都是认为自己正确吗?如果万国的全能统治者,以他的永恒的真理和公正,站在你们北方一边,或你们南方一边,那么,依照美国人民这一伟大法官的判决,真理和公正必将胜利。

按照目前我们生活其下的现政府的构架,我国人民十分明智;授于他们的公仆的胡作非为的权力是微乎其微的;而且同样还十分明智地规定,即使那点微乎其微的权力,经过很短一段时间后,就必须收回到他们自己手中。

由于人民保持他们的纯正和警惕,任何行政当局,在短短的四年之中,也不可能用极其恶劣或愚蠢的行为对这个政府造成严重的损害。

我的同胞们,请大家对这整个问题平心静气地好好想一想,真正有价值的东西是不会因从容从事而丧失的。如果有个什么目标使你迫不及待地要取得它,你采取的步骤是在审慎考虑的

情况下不会采取的,那个目标的确可能会由于你的从容不迫而达不到;但一个真正好的自标是不会因为从容从事而失去的。你们中现在感到不满的人,仍然必须遵守原封未动的老宪法,新个敏感的问题上,仍然有根据宪法制订的法律;而对此二者,新政府即使想要加以改变,它自身也立即无此权力。即使承认你们那些心怀不满的人在这一争执中站在正确的一边,那也丝毫没有正当的理由要采取贸然行动。明智、爱国主义、基督教精神,以及对从未抛弃过这片得天独厚的土地的上帝的依赖,仍然完全能够以最理想的方式来解决我们当前的一切困难。

决定内战这个重大问题的是你们,我的心怀不满的同胞们,而并非决定于我。政府决不会攻击你们。只要你们自己不当侵略者,就不会发生冲突。你们并没有对天发誓必须毁灭这个政

府,而我却曾无比庄严地宣誓,一定要“保持、保护和保卫”这个政府。

我真不想就此结束我的讲话,我们不是敌人,而是朋友。我们决不能成为敌人。尽管目前的情绪有些紧张,但决不能容许它使我们之间的亲密情感纽带破裂。回忆的神秘琴弦,在整个这片辽阔的土地上,从每一个战场,每一个爱国志士的坟墓,延伸到每一颗跳动的心和每一个家庭,它有一天会被我们的良知所触动,再次奏出联邦合唱曲。

5 第二任就职演说Second Inaugural Addre

亚伯拉罕.林肯(ABRAHAM LINCOLN)

在这第二任的就职宣誓典礼中,并不需要像第一任就职时那样发表长篇演说。那时,对当时所要采取的方针政策多少作一些详细说明,似乎是适当的。现在四年任期届满,在这期间于战争的每个重要时刻和阶段──这场战争至今仍为举国所关注、并且占用了国家的大部分力量──我都经常发布文告,所以现在也提不出什么新的主张。我们的军事进展,是一切其它问题的关键所在,大家对其情形和我一样明了,而且我相信进展的情况可以使我们全体人民有理由感到满意和鼓舞。既然将来很有希望,那么我也无须在这方面作什么预言了。 四年前,在与此相同的时刻,所有人的思想都焦虑地集中在一场即将来临的内战上。谁都害怕内战,都想尽办法去避免它。当我在这个地方作就职演说时,我曾想尽量不诉诸战争而保存联邦,然而反叛分子的代理人却设法在这个城市里以不打仗的方式(推毁联邦──他们力图以谈判的方式来瓦解联邦,分享财物。双方都声称反对战争,可是有一方宁愿打仗而不愿让国家生存,另一方则宁可接受战争而不愿让国家灭亡,于是战争就来临了。 我们全国人口的八分之一是黑奴,他们并不是遍布于全国,而是局部地分布于南方。这些奴隶形成一种特殊而重大的利益。大家都知道这种利益可说是这场战争的原因。为了加强、永久保持并扩大这种利益,反叛分子会不惜以战争来分裂联邦,而政府只不过要限制这种利益的地区扩张。当初,任何一方都没有想到战争会发展到目前这么大的范围,持续这么长的时问,也没有料到冲突的原因会随冲突本身终止而终止,甚至会在冲突本身终止以前而终止。双方都在寻求一个较轻易的胜利,都不期盼有什么带根本性的或惊人的结果。双方都诵读同样的圣经,向同一个上帝祈祷,甚至每一方都祈求同一个上帝的帮助以反对另一方。人们竟敢要求公正的上帝来帮助他们夺取他人以血汗换来的面包,这看来似乎很奇怪。可是,我们还是别评判人家,以免别人来评判我们。双方的祈祷都无法如愿,而且从没全部如愿以偿。万能的上帝自有他自己的意旨:“世界由于罪恶而受苦难,因为世界总是有罪恶的,然而那个作恶的人,要受苦难。”假如我们认为美国的奴隶制是这种罪恶之一,而这些罪恶按上帝的意志又在所不免,但既经持续了他所指定的一段时间,他现在便要消除这些罪恶。假如我们认为上帝把这场惨烈的战争加在南北双方的头上,作为对那些作恶的人的责罚,难道我们可以由此认为这有悖于虔奉上帝的信徒们所归诸上帝的那些圣德吗?我们殷切地希塑,热忱地祈祷,但愿这战争的重罚会很快过去。可是,假使上帝要让战争再继续下去,直到二百五十年来奴隶无偿劳动所积聚的财富化为乌有,并像三千年前人们所说的那样,直至被鞭苔所流的每一滴血为刀剑下流的每一滴血所偿付为止,那么,我也只好说:“主的裁判是完全正确而公道的。”

我们对任何人都不怀恶意,我们对任何人都抱好感。上帝让我们看到哪一边是正确的,我们就坚信那正确的一边。让我们继续奋斗,以完成我们正在进行的工作,去治疗国家的创伤,去照顾艰苦作战的战士和他们的遗孀遗孤,尽一切努力实现并维护我们自己之间以及我国与他国之间的公正和持久的和平。

盖兹堡献仪演说--亚.林肯1863年

距进八十七年以前,我们的先辈在这个大陆之上曾经缔造了一个新的国家,这个国家孕育于自由,并以人人生而平等之主张为其奋斗宗旨。目前,我们正在进行一场伟大的国内战争,其结果必将表明,一个如此孕育与如此奋斗而建成的国家(乃至任何这类的国家),是否能够运作久长。我们今天集会的地方就是这场战争中的伟大战场,而我们来此则是为向那为国捐生因而国赖以存的烈士英灵,恭行献土之仪;从中辟地一方,以为他们殓骨归骸之所。我们这样做乃是完全必要,完全恰当的。但是,从一种更深广的意义来讲,我们却又深感这种献仪的不足,崇仰的不足,至于为墓地增光,就更说不上。一切曾经在这里奋战过的英勇的人们,不论是生者死者,他们所作的奉献之大,远远不是我们所能妄加损益。世人对我们

6 在这里所说的种种,未必会给予注意,或者很快忘记,但对他们所成就的一切,却将永志不忘。对于我们生者来说,有所报效,似更应奋力于他们一向坚贞以赴、多所推进的事业,奋力于留待我们去完成建树的伟绩殊勋;诚能这样,我们必将更能从英魂那里汲引壮志,奋发忠诚,而他们正是为了我们的事业而肝脑涂地,竭尽忠诚;这样,我们必将益发坚信这些死者之不枉牺牲,这样,这个国家,上帝之鉴,必将在自由上重获新生,而这样,一个民有,民治与民享的政府必将在世界上永远立于不败之地。

That we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people ,for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

主耶稣基督欣赏“简单”之美。

宁可住在房顶的角上,不在宽阔的房屋,与争吵的妇人同住。

你要尽心、尽性、尽意、尽力爱主你的神。其次,就是说,要爱人如己。

救恩的得着,简单的法门,只要“信”。虽然救恩的设立,是一道复杂的过程,但神费尽心思,把救恩的得着,简化成一个“信”字。

——所罗门

第13篇:里根总统演讲稿

January 20, 1981

Senator Hatfield, Mr.Chief Justice, Mr.President, Vice president Bush, Vice President Mondale, Senator Baker, Speaker O\'Neill, Reverend Moomaw, and my fellow citizens:

议员海特菲尔德先生、法官先生、总统先生、副总统布什、蒙代尔先生、议员贝克先生、发言人奥尼尔先生、尊敬的摩麦先生,以及广大支持我的美国同胞们:

To a few of us here today, this is a solemn and most momentous occasion; and yet, in the history of our Nation, it is a commonplace occurrence.The orderly transfer of authority as called for in the Constitution routinely takes place as it has for almost two centuries and few of us stop to think how unique we really are.In the eyes of many in the world, this every-4-year ceremony we accept as normal is nothing le than a miracle.

今天对于我们中间的一些人来说,是一个非常庄严隆重的时刻。当然,对于这个国家的历史来说,却是一件普通的事情。按照宪法要求,政府权利正在有序地移交,我们已经如此“例行公事”了两个世纪,很少有人觉得这有什么特别的。但在世界上更多人看来,这个我们已经习以为常的四年一次的仪式,却实在是一个奇迹。

Mr.President, I want our fellow citizens to know how much you did to carry on this tradition.By your gracious cooperation in the transition proce, you have shown a watching world that we are a united people pledged to maintaining a political system which guarantees individual liberty to a greater degree than any other, and I thank you and your people for all your help in maintaining the continuity which is the bulwark of our Republic.

总统先生,我希望我们同胞们都能知道你为了这个传承而付出的努力。通过移交程序中的通力合作,你向观察者展示了这么一个事实:我们是发誓要团结起来维护这样一个政治体制的团体,这样的体制保证了我们能够得到比其他政体更为广泛的个人自由。同时我也要感谢你和你的伙伴们的帮助,因为你们坚持了这样的传承,而这恰恰是我们共和国的根基。

1The busine of our nation goes forward.These United States are confronted with an economic affliction of great proportions.We suffer from the longest and one of the worst sustained inflations in our national history.It distorts our economic decisions, penalizes thrift, and crushes the struggling young and the fixed- income elderly alike.It threatens to shatter the lives of millions of our people.

我们国家的事业在继续前进。合众国正面临巨大的经济困难。我们遭遇到我国历史上历时最长、最严重之一的通货膨胀,它扰乱着我们的经济决策,打击着节俭的风气,压迫着正在挣扎谋生的青年人和收入固定的中年人,威胁着要摧毁我国千百万人民的生计。

Idle industries have cast workers into unemployment, human misery and personal indignity.Those who do work are denied a fair return for their labor by a tax system which penalizes succeful achievement and keeps us from maintaining full productivity.

停滞的工业使工人失业、蒙受痛苦并失去了个人尊严。即使那些有工作的人,也因税收制度的缘故而得不到公正的劳动报酬,因为这种税收制度使我们无法在事业上取得成就,使我们无法保持充分的生产力。

But great as our tax burden is, it has not kept pace with public spending.For decades, we have piled deficit upon deficit, mortgaging our future and our children\'s future for the temporary convenience of the present.To continue this long trend is to guarantee tremendous social, cultural, political, and economic upheavals.

尽管我们的纳税负担相当沉重,但还是跟不上公共开支的增长。数十年来,我们的赤字额屡屡上升,我们为图目前暂时的方便,把自己的前途和子孙的前途抵押出去了。这一趋势如果长此以往,必然引起社会、文化、政治和经济等方面的大动荡。

You and I, as individuals, can, by borrowing, live beyond our means, but for only a limited period of time.Why, then, should we think that collectively, as a nation, we are not bound by that same limitation? We must act today in order to preserve tomorrow.And let there be no misunderstanding--we are going to begin to act, beginning today.

作为个人,你们和我可以靠借贷过一种人不敷出的生活,然而只能维持一段有限的时期,我们怎么可以认为,作为一个国家整体,我们就不应受到同样的约束呢?为了保住明天,我们今天就必须行动起来。大家都要明白无误地懂得--我们从今天起就要采取行动。

2/ ◆The economic ills we suffer have come upon us over several decades.They will not go away in days, weeks, or months, but they will go away.◆They will go away because we, as Americans, have the capacity now, as we have had in the past, to do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom.In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem.Government is the problem.

我们深受其害的经济弊病,几十年来一直袭击着我们。这些弊病不会在几天、几星期或几个月内消失,但它们终将消失。它们之所以终将消失,是因为我们作为现在的美国人,一如既往地有能力去完成需要完成的事情,以保存这个最后而又最伟大的自由堡垒。

在当前这场危机中,政府的管理不能解决我们面临的问题。政府的管理就是问题所在。

From time to time, we have been tempted to believe that society has become too complex to be managed by self-rule, that government by an elite group is superior to government for, by, and of the people.But if no one among us is capable of governing himself, then who among us has the capacity to govern someone else?

我们时常误以为,社会已经越来越复杂,已经不可能凭借自治方式加以管理,而一个由杰出人物组成的政府要比民享、民治、民有的政府高明。可是,假如我们之中谁也管理不了自己,那么,我们之中谁还能去管理他人呢。

All of us together, in and out of government, must bear the burden.The solutions we seek must be equitable, with no one group singled out to pay a higher price.

我们大家--不论政府官员还是平民百姓--必须共同肩负起这个责任,我们谋求的解决办法必须是公平的,不要使任何一个群体付出较高的代价。

We hear much of special interest groups.Our concern must be for a special interest group that has been too long neglected.It knows no sectional boundaries or ethnic and racial divisions, and it croes political party lines.It is made up of men and women who raise our food, patrol our streets, man our mines and our factories, teach our children, keep our homes, and heal us when we are sick--profeionals, industrialists, shopkeepers, clerks, cabbies, and truckdrivers.They are, in short, \"We the people,\" this breed called Americans.

我们听到许多关于特殊利益集团的谈论,然而。我们必须关心一个被忽视了大久的特殊利益集团。这个集团没有区域之分,没有人种之分,没有民族之分,没有 政党之分,这个集团由许许多多的男人与女人组成,他们生产粮食,巡逻街头,管理厂矿,教育儿童,照料家务和治疗疾病。他们是专业人员、实业家、店主、职 员、出租汽车 司机和货车驾驶员,总而言之,他们就是\"我们人民\"--这个称之为美国人的民族。

Well, this administration\'s objective will be a healthy, vigorous, growing economy that provides equal opportunity for all Americans, with no barriers born of bigotry or discrimination.Putting America back to work means putting all Americans back to work.Ending inflation means freeing all Americans from the terror of runaway living costs.All must share in the productive work of this \"new beginning\" and all must share in the bounty of a revived economy.With the idealism and fair play which are the core of our system and our strength, we can have a strong and prosperous America at peace with itself and the world.

本届政府的日标是必须建立一种健全的、生气勃勃的和不断发展的经济,为全体美国人民提供一种不因偏执或歧视而造成障碍的均等机会,让美国重新工作起 来,意味着让全体美国人重新工作起来。制止通货膨胀,意味着让全体美国人从失控的生活费用所造成的恐惧中解脱出来。人人都应分担\"新开端\"的富有成效的工 作,人人都应分享经济复苏的硕果。我国制度和力量的核心是理想主义和公正态度,有了这些,我们就能建立起强大、繁荣、国内稳定并同全世界和平相处的美国。

So, as we begin, let us take inventory.We are a nation that has a government--not the other way around.And this makes us special among the nations of the Earth.Our Government has no power except that granted it by the people.It is time to check and reverse the growth of government which shows signs of having grown beyond the consent of the governed.

因此,在我们开始之际,让我们看看实际情况。我们是一个拥有政府的国家--而不是一个拥有国家的政府。这一点使我们在世界合国中独树一帜,我们的政府 除了人民授予的权力,没有任何别的权力。目前,政府权力的膨胀已显示出超过被统治者同意的迹象,制止并扭转这种状况的时候到了。

It is my intention to curb the size and influence of the Federal establishment and to demand recognition of the distinction between the powers granted to the Federal Government and those reserved to the States or to the people.All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did not create the States; the States created the Federal Government.

Now, so there will be no misunderstanding, it is not my intention to do away with government.It is, rather, to make it work-work with us, not over us; to stand by our side, not ride on our back.Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster productivity, not stifle it.

我打算压缩联邦机构的规模和权力,并要求大家承认联邦政府被授予的权力同各州或人民保留的权利这两者之间的区别。我们大家都需要提醒:不是联邦政府创立了各州,而是各州创立了联邦政府。因此,请不要误会,我的意思不是要取消政府,而是要它发挥作用--同我们一起合作,而不是凌驾于我们之上;同我们并肩 而立,而不是骑在我们的背上。政府能够而且必须提供机会,而不是扼杀机会,它能够而且必须促进生产力,而不是抑制生产力。

If we look to the answer as to why, for so many years, we achieved so much, prospered as no other people on Earth, it was because here, in this land, we unleashed the energy and individual genius of man to a greater extent than has ever been done before.Freedom and the dignity of the individual have been more available and aured here than in any other place on Earth.The price for this freedom at times has been high, but we have never been unwilling to pay that price.

如果我们要探究这么多年来我们为什么能取得这么大成就,并获得了世界上任何一个民族未曾获得的繁荣昌盛,其原因是在这片土地上,我们使人类的能力和个 人的才智得到了前所未有的发挥。在这里,个人所享有并得以确保的自由和尊严超过了世界上任何其他地方。为这种自由所付出的代价有时相当高昂,但我们从来没有不愿意付出这代价。

It is no coincidence that our present troubles parallel and are proportionate to the intervention and intrusion in our lives that result from unneceary and exceive growth of government.It is time for us to realize that we are too great a nation to limit ourselves to small dreams.We are not, as some would have us believe, loomed to an inevitable decline.I do not believe in a fate that will all on us no matter what we do.I do believe in a fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.So, with all the creative energy at our command, let us begin an era of national renewal.Let us renew our determination, our courage, and our strength.And let us renew; our faith and our hope.

我们目前的困难,与政府机构因为不必要的过度膨胀而干预、侵扰我们的生活同步增加,这决不是偶然的巧合。

我们是一个泱泱大国,不能自囿于小小的梦想, 现在正是认识到这一点的时候。我们并非注定走向衰落,尽管有些人想让我们相信这一点。我不相信,无论我们做些什么,我们都将命该如此,但我相信,如果我们 什么也不做,我们将的确命该如此。

为此,让我们以掌握的一切创造力来开创一个国家复兴的时代吧。让我们重新拿出决心、勇气和力量,让我们重新建立起我们的信念和希望吧。

We have every right to dream heroic dreams.Those who say that we are in a time when there are no heroes just don\'t know where to look.You can see heroes every day going in and out of factory gates.Others, a handful in number, produce enough food to feed all of us and then the world beyond.You meet heroes acro a counter--and they are on both sides of that counter.There are entrepreneurs with faith in themselves and faith in an idea who create new jobs, new wealth and opportunity.They are individuals and families whose taxes support the Government and whose voluntary gifts support church, charity, culture, art, and education.Their patriotism is quiet but deep.Their values sustain our national life.

我们完全有权去做英雄梦。那些评论我们现在是一个没有英雄的时代的, 他们只不过没有仔细看。看吧! 每一天进出工厂大门的工人,辛勤耕作为我们提供食物的农民们,站在柜台后的服务生们;尽心尽业打拼为社会创造财富,提供就业机会的企业家们。交纳赋税,以维持国家运作的公民们。所有支持慈善事业,教会,文化及教育的人们,他们的举动是无声的,但爱国心却是不言自明的。他们的价值造就了我们的国家。

I have used the words \"they\" and \"their\" in speaking of these heroes.I could say \"you\" and \"your\" because I am addreing the heroes of whom I speak--you, the citizens of this bleed land.Your dreams, your hopes, your goals are going to be the dreams, the hopes, and the goals of this administration, so help me God.

我刚才用了“他们”这个人称来形容这些英雄们,其实我也可以用”你们”这个人称。在这个上帝眷顾的国家,你们的梦想,你们的希望,你们的追求就是这个国家存在的理由。

We shall reflect the compaion that is so much a part of your makeup.How can we love our country and not love our countrymen, and loving them, reach out a hand when they fall, heal them when they are sick, and provide opportunities to make them self- sufficient so they will be equal in fact and not just in theory?

Can we solve the problems confronting us? Well, the answer is an unequivocal and emphatic \"yes.\" To paraphrase Winston Churchill, I did not take the oath I have just taken with the intention of presiding over the diolution of the world\'s strongest economy.

我们的天性包含了同情。倘若我们热爱这个国家,怎么会不热爱自己的同胞们。当他们挫折时,扶他们一把,当他们生病时,给予关照。对于弱者,给予体面的帮助,使其自立.我们是否战能胜现在摆在面前的问题?我说,回答是毫不含糊的“能!”

In the days ahead I will propose removing the roadblocks that have slowed our economy and reduced productivity.Steps will be taken aimed at restoring the balance between the various levels of government.Progre may be slow--measured in inches and feet, not miles--but we will progre.Is it time to reawaken this industrial giant, to get government back within its means, and to lighten our punitive tax burden.And these will be our first priorities, and on these principles, there will be no compromise.

在未来的日子里,我们要扫清经济停滞和工业发展的路障,政府的各项政策要平衡。我们要一步步塌实缓慢的前进。该是唤醒这个工业巨人的时候了,削减沉重的赋税,让政府回归理性。这是我们原则,没有妥协的余地。

On the eve of our struggle for independence a man who might have been one of the greatest among the Founding Fathers, Dr.Joseph Warren, President of the Maachusetts Congre, said to his fellow Americans, \"Our country is in danger, but not to be despaired of....On you depend the fortunes of America.You are to decide the important questions upon which rests the happine and the liberty of millions yet unborn.Act worthy of yourselves.\"

Well, I believe we, the Americans of today, are ready to act worthy of ourselves, ready to do what must be done to ensure happine and liberty for ourselves, our children and our children\'s children.

在国家立国的前夕,我们的建国先贤之一,马塞诸萨州州长约瑟夫*沃伦对他的同胞们说“我们的国家正在危险之中,但我们丝毫不需绝望--------美国的前途就在我们手中。这个无限自由的幸福的国度即将诞生,让我们行动吧!”

我相信,同胞们,今天,为了我们孩子的孩子的自由和幸福,我们一定也准备好了,让我们行动吧!

And as we renew ourselves here in our own land, we will be seen as having greater strength throughout the world.We will again be the exemplar of freedom and a beacon of hope for those who do not now have freedom.

To those neighbors and allies who share our freedom, we will strengthen our historic ties and aure them of our support and firm commitment.We will match loyalty with loyalty.We will strive for mutually beneficial relations.We will not use our friendship to impose on their sovereignty, for or own sovereignty is not for sale.

我们庆祝重振美国的此时,全世界的人们都在关注着,我们依旧是那些尚未获得自由的人民心中的自由灯塔!

对于我们的邻居,自由世界的同盟们,我们将进一步加强联络,保证我们承担的义务。我们将以心换心,但我们决不会干涉你们的主权,希望你们也不会干涉我们。

As for the enemies of freedom, those who are potential adversaries, they will be reminded that peace is the highest aspiration of the American people.We will negotiate for it, sacrifice for it; we will not surrender for it--now or ever.

Our forbearance should never be misunderstood.Our reluctance for conflict should not be misjudged as a failure of will.When action is required to preserve our national security, we will act.We will maintain sufficient strength to prevail if need be, knowing that if we do so we have the best chance of never having to use that strength.

对于自由世界的敌人,我们潜在的对手。我们要使其明白,和平是美国人最高愿望。我们可以与你们谈判,妥协,但我们决不会屈服,永远不会。

请你们不要误会我们的忍耐,我们努力避免冲突但绝不代表我们的屈服。当我们的国家安全受到威胁,我们会采取行动。我们将保持拥有压倒性对手的武力,因为我们知道,只有拥有了足够的武力,才能确保我们不会使用这些武力。

Above all, we must realize that no arsenal, or no weapon in the arsenals of the world, is so formidable as the will and moral courage of free men and women.It is a weapon our adversaries in today\'s world do not have.It is a weapon that we as Americans do have.Let that be understood by those who practice terrorism and prey upon their neighbors.

首先,我们必须认识到世界上没有任何武器能比自由人民的道义和勇气更强大。这恰恰是我们,美国人民所具备的,而我们的对手没有的武器。这一点,所有支持恐怖主义和觊觎弱小国家的都要明白。

I am told that tens of thousands of prayer meetings are being held on this day, and for that I am deeply grateful.We are a nation under God, and I believe God intended for us to be free.It would be fitting and good, I think, if on each Inauguration Day in future years it should be declared a day of prayer.

我听说今天各地举行了数以万计的祷告会,我衷心的感到欣慰。我们是上帝统治的国度,上帝给了我们自由。如果以后每一届的就职日都能成为祷告日,那是很好的事情。

This is the first time in history that this ceremony has been held, as you have been told, on this West Front of the Capitol.Standing here, one faces a magnificent vista, opening up on this city\'s special beauty and history.At the end of this open mall are those shrines to the giants on whose shoulders we stand.

Directly in front of me, the monument to a monumental man: George Washington, Father of our country.A man of humility who came to greatne reluctantly.He led America out of revolutionary victory into infant nationhood.Off to one side, the stately memorial to Thomas Jefferson.The Declaration of Independence flames with his eloquence.

And then beyond the Reflecting Pool the dignified columns of the Lincoln Memorial.Whoever would understand in his heart the meaning of America will find it in the life of Abraham Lincoln.大家都知道,这是历史上第一次在白宫西走廊举行的就职典礼。在这里,我们能看到整个首都的风貌。而在这广场另一端就是我们先贤们的圣坛。我的正前方就是乔治*华盛顿纪念碑,我们伟大的国父。是他领导了独立革命战争的胜利,并创建了这个国家。在其旁边则是另一位伟大的先贤,托马斯*杰弗逊,--独立宣言>的作者。而在水池的尽头,是雄伟的林肯纪念堂。从林肯的一生你能体会出什么是美国的精神。

Beyond those monuments to heroism is the Potomac River, and on the far shore the sloping hills of Arlington National Cemetery with its row on row of simple white markers bearing croes or Stars of David.They add up to only a tiny fraction of the price that has been paid for our freedom.

Each one of those markers is a monument to the kinds of hero I spoke of earlier.Their lives ended in places called Belleau Wood, The Argonne, Omaha Beach, Salerno and halfway around the world on Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Pork Chop Hill, the Chosin Reservoir, and in a hundred rice paddies and jungles of a place called Vietnam.

在这些古迹旁是缓缓流淌的波托马可河,而岸边的斜斜的山坡正是我们的阿灵顿公墓。这些小小的十字架,六芒星下的墓志铭,述说着我们赢取自由而付出的代价。

每一个墓志铭都是我刚才说的英雄的事迹。这些英雄的生命倒在贝洛森林,阿尔贡丘陵,奥马哈海滩,萨勒诺,半个地球外的瓜岛,塔拉瓦岛,上甘岭,长津湖,以及遍地是稻田丛林的叫越南的地方。

Under one such marker lies a young man--Martin Treptow--who left his job in a small town barber shop in 1917 to go to France with the famed Rainbow Division.There, on the western front, he was killed trying to carry a meage between battalions under heavy artillery fire.

We are told that on his body was found a diary.On the flyleaf under the heading, \"My Pledge,\" he had written these words: \"America must win this war.Therefore, I will work, I will save, I will sacrifice, I will endure, I will fight cheerfully and do my utmost, as if the iue of the whole struggle depended on me alone.\"

在这些墓碑中,有一个叫Martin Treptow的年轻人,他在1917年辞掉了小镇的理发店工作,跟随著名的“彩虹师\"去了法国,在西线,他在为营长传递命令时,被重炮击中牺牲.后来,在他的尸体上我们发现了一本日记。在扉页上,他写到”我发誓,美国必须赢的这场战争,所以,我会奋斗,我会拯救,我会牺牲,我会忍受,我会勇奋战斗,就好比所有挣扎都将由我一个人来肩负。”

The crisis we are facing today does not require of us the kind of sacrifice that Martin Treptow and so many thousands of others were called upon to make.It does require, however, our best effort, and our willingne to believe in ourselves and to believe in our capacity to perform great deeds; to believe that together, with God\'s help, we can and will resolve the problems which now confront us.

And, after all, why shouldn\'t we believe that? We are Americans.God ble you, and thank you.

今天我们面临的危机并不要求我们像 Martin Treptow作出如此的牺牲。但我们也要竭尽全力,有所作为。拥有上帝的协助,我们能度过危机。

最后,我们有什么理由不相信呢?记住!我们是美国人。 上帝保佑你们,谢谢你们。

第14篇:总统思考故事

人们普遍持有这样一种观点:处在梯子底部的芸芸众生,受其位置和眼界所限,所思所为必然都是一些没有多大意义的琐碎事情;而处在梯子顶端的少数大人物,才总在关注、思考、实践一些具有重要意义的大事情。约翰·柯立芝是一位沉默寡言、道德和口碑俱佳的人,尽管官职越做越大,他仍然与一些平民朋友保持着联系。即使在任职美国总统期间,他仍不忘忙里偷闲地与一些老友故交聚聚。有一天,柯立芝趁着休假期间,邀请几位故友陪他一道乘坐总统专用的游艇,在著名的美国南北战争时的分界河——波托马克河上航行游玩。游艇在波光粼粼的河面上缓慢行驶着,两岸的风光尽收眼底。没过多久,几位故友就发现,总统的眼睛直勾勾地盯着远方,面色凝重,一言不发,显而易见是陷入了沉思之中。“总统一定在思考一个关乎国计民生的重大问题。”故友们都意识到了这一点,便自觉地停止了交谈,生怕打扰了总统的思路。“我敢打赌,总统一定是在思考如何进一步限制政府权限这一重大问题。”一位在联邦政府担任普通秘书的故友自信地说。“毫无疑问,总统又在考虑他的减税计划和节俭政策了。”一位在会计师事务所工作的故友断言。“想都不用想,还是共和党四分五裂的局面让总统忧心忡忡、无心游玩了。”一位身为共和党党员,对党内不团结状况极为不满的故友猜测。几位故友小心翼翼地侍立在总统身后,不敢弄出一点声响,生怕因为自己的不小心,影响总统思考国家大事。过了许久,总统转过身来,对几位故友说道:“你们过来。”几位故友赶紧向前走到栏杆前,总统待他们站定,指着远方的一个地方说道:“你们看那里,是不是有一只伏着的海鸥?”故友们循着总统指的方向望去,果然看到一只海鸥静静地伏在礁石上。“我早就留意到这只海鸥了,它伏在那里一动不动,已经足足有20分钟了。”总统对一脸困惑的故友们说道,“所以,经过我长时间的观察和思考,我敢断定,那是一只死海鸥!”

第15篇:总统班底观后感

新闻精神之一瞥

——电影《总统班底》之观后感

电影《总统班底》讲述的是,五名盗贼潜入水门大厦遭逮捕的事情。这原是一件毫不起眼的小案件,却引起美国总统尼克松的关切。两名《华盛顿邮报》的记者鲍勃·伍德沃德(Bob Woodward)和卡尔·伯恩斯坦(Carl Bernstein)深入调查,历经艰辛挫折,凭借认真负责的态度,最后揭发震惊全球的尼克松总统为求连任,不惜以不耻手段安装窃听装置并侵犯对手隐私权的劣行,从而最终促使了尼克松的辞职。在这样的一部记录美国政治历史的电影中,我却看到了更多,关于新闻精神,关于民主与自由。

水门事件曝光后,在公众心目中,大众媒体和新闻记者的地位和所扮演角色的重要性大幅度提升,是美国新闻史乃至世界新闻史上划时代的一笔。

《总统班底》的切入点很好,它既没有花篇幅去表现尼克松和他的幕僚如何商讨并掩盖真相,也没有用简单直观的双线叙述,而仅仅是以《华盛顿邮报》两位记者伍德沃德和伯恩斯坦的采访调查活动作为视点,这让我们更好地融入他们的调查过程,而且也能更好地体会到他们在调查过程中的种种困难和艰辛。这两位执着的刚进入报社的年轻人,不断地想着各种办法来获取各种各样的信息来源,他们半夜给白宫打电话、给总统办公室打电话,按着获得的名单挨家挨户的找人,这种执着让我非常动容,现实生活中我们的新闻人也许也在这样做,可是更多时候外界的阻碍以及各方面的周旋妥协总让我们离真相越来越远。而电影中这两个年轻人的主编们,那些已经头发花白只能安慰退休的主编们,却总是在说核对核对再核对,伯恩斯坦不断转动电话拨盘,伍德沃德不断找各种人去谈话,但不论如何,只要他们确定了信息来源的准确性,无论多大的风险,无论多少阻挠他们

也会本着新闻人的良心以及对着社会负责的理念把事情的真相告诉读者。

在整个“水门事件”的调查和报道过程中,《华盛顿邮报》的报纸的总编辑本·布莱徳利(Benjamin Bradlee)也起到了非常关键的作用。他一方面要追求真相、保护新闻自由,另一方面还要与国家最高权力组织进行抗衡。同时,他还肩负着维护报社生存及名誉的压力。所以刚刚发现此事件的重要性时,布莱徳利并没立刻将其放在头版,仅仅用很短的篇幅,在一个不起眼的版面进行了报道。因为他始终坚持要有充分的证据来证实和维护新闻的客观性和真实性。而在事情的全部真相即将被公布前,布莱徳利对伍德沃德和伯恩斯坦说了这样一段经典的话:“这不是什么大事,只是关系到宪法第一修正案,关系到新闻自由,也许还关系到这个国家的未来和兴衰荣辱”。(“Nothing\'s riding on this, except the First Amendment of Constitution, freedom of the pre, and maybe the future of the country.”)这句话体现的正是整部电影的核心,任何人或权力组织都不得阻碍言论与出版自由,不得违背宪法第一修正法案精神。这也是作为一个媒体人对自己新闻理想坚守最好也是最有力的见证。

《总统班底》这整部片子给我的感觉与其说是一部电影倒不如说是纪录片更恰当。它严肃冷静的风格带着一种异乎寻常的理性,呈现给我的是与平时我所看的所有好莱坞商业大片或者风格各异的文艺片完全不同的感受。卡尔,鲍勃,布莱德利他们是新闻界的英雄,是美国人民的英雄,但在片子中我们看不到他们的豪言壮语抑或壮士一去不复返的悲情,没有任何中国式的英雄主义色彩。我们能看到的只是他们对于新闻理想的忠贞,以客观真实的判断把真相带给公众。没有戏剧化的热情,一切都是那么冷静平缓,那么自然的就完成了一件我们中国人难以想象的事———两个普通的记者把总统搞下了台。可是,反观中国的新闻自由

呢?我无言,却忽然明白了,其实这样一部冷冰冰的片子呈现给我们不只是新闻的自由,更是整个国家的制度,整个社会大环境的民主与自由。这才是一切自由的前提,没有民主与自由的环境,新闻精神,新闻自由都只是空谈。

第16篇:总统班底影评

没有硝烟

今天是10月16日,晚上的课目是欣赏电影,似乎有点小激动,坐在黑乎乎的教室里,看着屏幕上两张充满活力的脸《All the President\'s Men》中文译名《总统班底》就这样开始了。不知道是资源不太好还是作者过意,开头的声音非常嘈杂对我这个近视眼来说真不是一个好消息。不过,随着剧情的慢慢展开我也开始了一次自我思想的对话,当屏幕一片漆黑的时候我觉得我应该写一点什么来纪念一下。

其实,以前我也是看不了这一类型的电影的,总喜欢看大场面、绚丽和血腥色情的场面,这一点也许大家都一样,可是后来我就不怎么喜欢看了,因为大场面如《无极》、血腥如《死神来了》、《电锯惊魂》、色情如日本AV当你看多了就觉得无聊了,尤其是恐怖片中为了营造气氛故意制造的血腥更加的让人无法接受如《咒怨》,而如《肖申克的救赎》、《沉默的羔羊》等则更加让人喜欢多看几遍,这也许是我们口味随着自己阅历的变化而发生的一种微妙的波澜吧。

好了,下面我们谈谈这不片子。总得来说,这不片子给你的东西不是剧情、不是故事、也不是大牌的明星而是其体现出来的精神价值。片中第一个主人公在知道同事写作能力比自己好,并对自己的稿件进行修改的时候,能够包容其行为并无私的分享自己的材料!这一点也许正是有后来故事的一个重要原因,从这一个细节上我们可以看到一个人要想有所成就靠一个人是不太容易的。这一方面是由于每个人擅长的事情并不一样,而一个人又不可能将所有的事情都做的很好,这样就需要别的人的帮助或辅助才能够更好的发挥自己的长处。另一方面,我们可以看到在工作中与自己志同道合的人相互合作是非常重要的事情。当然这不是我们的主题。

下面我们来谈我从这部片子中看到的最主要的两点。

首先,是新闻自由的重要性。目前实行新闻自由的国家已经越来越少了,在很多国家新闻自由都是相对的,而在类似于我们国家则新闻更加倾向于赞美自由。从片中我们可以对水门事件的剪影有一定的认识,从《华盛顿邮报》开始,5个相信自己的人用自己的直觉和收集信息的本领推动了美国历史上有名的事件。从这一点上我们可以看到新闻报到对政府行为的监督作用之大,在我们国家微博所带来的迅速和及时的报道同样也发挥着重要的作用,但是,作为主流的媒体却承担并不能承担其这些本来应该尤其承担的监督责任。因此,我觉得这部片子其实更适合教育我们的媒体,为什么国外的媒体可以起到如此重要的作用而自己却除了报到狗仔新闻什么都不会,很多报纸也只是报喜不报忧,当然这与我们国家的辛勤努力是分不开的。

其次,公务员的职业道德。很多时候我们说到职业道德都会具体到某个具体的职业,也就是所谓的三百六十行,我从来没看过什么是三百六十行但是我认为公务员作为一种职业也应该有其职业道德的。在这部片子中,主角通过自己查到的蛛丝马迹不

断的追问每一个人,而我们可以看到,在记者说明自己的身份后他们要么选择沉默、要么就回答了相关的问题。这种现象如果发生在现在的中国我只能说是童话,这一点与我们国家公务员职业道德有十分重要的作用。在民主国家公务员或者政府职员他们的作用是为政府提供自己的才智,而他们由于宗教、政治信仰、家庭出生等会会选择适合自己的政党作为自己支持的对象,正是由于这种信仰和宗教、良心的存在他们才会像公众透漏自己知道的消息。但是,反观我们的公务员,由于党员都必须坚持无神论所以大部分都没什么信仰,但是为了让自己的生活有乐趣大部分人都把钱作为自己的的追求目标,这一点其实是值得我们思考的。一个只有一百多年的思想可以在一个有五千年文明的国家大行其道却不被质疑,一个连自己的祖宗都不要的却要将一个外国人奉为理想的国家,确实是需要反思自己的。

从这部片子中我们可以看到,新闻是一场没有硝烟的战场,而在这个战场上参战的“战士”(记者)、”后勤供给”(新闻老板)、“子弹制造商”(提供新闻的人)只要任何一个停止履行自己的职责就会使战争走向失败,他带来的不仅仅是新闻公司的倒闭,而是一场新的滑铁卢,因为,在这场战争中他们要摧毁的不是对方的君王而是蒙蔽君王的佞臣,从这种意义上来讲新闻更像是一场“勤王”的战争。

第17篇:法国总统演讲

法国总统萨科奇的竞选演讲:

今天,让我们谈谈谁是法国人。

我们成为法国人,不光因为我们生在法国,更因为我们选择留在法国。

我父亲是匈牙利移民、外祖父是希腊移民,很荣幸今天可以站在这与各位以兄弟相称。

因为诸位跟我父兄一样,离开了自己生长的地方,远离了珍贵的童年、记忆、初恋,远道而来追寻更美好的未来。

因为「成为」法国人追寻的不仅是身分,更是情感上义无反顾的抉择,需要自我克服、参与、爱护法国不变的心意。

我们「选择」成为法国人,因为我们爱法国人、敬爱法国。法国是我们共同居住的大家庭,我们有共同记忆、理念、个性,喜欢彼此的优点、包容彼此的缺点。我们需要尊重彼此的习性、共享对方的历史,开创我们共同的记忆。

国家认同不需抹灭记忆

这不是要求我们忘记各自的过去、抹灭我们对故乡的记忆。成为法国人,不需建立在每个人都抛弃自己的过去,更不是建立在抹灭个人良知上。而是建立在个人以国家认同为基础的自我认同上。成为法国人,是希望多元的参与能一加一大于一,而非小于一。

对法国这个大家庭来说,我们希望每个人的加入,都能让她变得更丰盛。

今天法国的面貌,跟五十年、一百年、二百年前,都有了很大的不同。

法国也从未刻意要隐藏自己历史的进程,因为我们从来就不是由单一家族、民族或种族组成,而是由志愿选择共同生活的一群人组成。法国是一种理念,是一群有不同历史背景、记忆、经验、生活、梦想的人,共同经营的理想国度。

我希望跟诸位共有的法国,不是被囚禁在过去历史、传统中的法国,而是不断更新、与时俱进、每个人都能发挥贡献的法国。

今天的法国,有各种不同的颜色、宗教,是多元历史、文化、记忆的结合。今天的法国,是由各种不同元素组成的多元混合体。

今天,法国开始质疑自己、质疑我们的价值、我们在世界的角色、梦想、团结。这些怀疑,需要靠我们每个人进一步的思考,因为,未来的法国,是我们共同想望的共业,需要我们的参与、承诺。

民主共和需要彼此了解、尊重彼此的独立。更要每个人都觉得公平正义:每个人都有努力追求财富的自由,尽管出身低、却有向上流动的能力。

法国强调人道主义,但有时,这种人道措施却牺牲了公平正义。未来的法国应更强调公平正义,让孩子都可受教育、贫病可受照顾、老弱可独立生活、工作者受到尊敬。更重要的是,国家应承认工作才是拥有财富的正途、财富是工作努力的象征。

这样,才是个理性、进步的国家。这样,才是对不同背景、想法的人公平的做法。

让我们努力为机会平等打拚,让我们努力为弭平贫富差距打拚。未来的补助除了针对区域、房地产,更应针对个人。以往协助地方振兴的做法当然不错,但未来针对有需要的个人提供补助也是必须。虽然成本较高,但比大规模社会救济便宜,而且公平。

让我们为学校教育改革打拚,因为学校教育才是推动社会阶层流动、改善贫富差距的基础,也是父母有能力改善的地方。

若未来法国年轻人受限于所学、所思,被圈梏在单一语言、思维中,而无法跟世界上其他人沟通、交换、共同达成梦想,那真是很危险的事。

让我们为卓越的学校教育打拚。好的学校教育可以释放下一代法国人的才能、企图心,也才是推动社会阶层流动、走出种族藩篱的正途。教会孩子为平等的工作机会打拚,这才是赢取尊严、尊重的正途。

这是过去法国为我的家族、我个人做过的事,也希望未来法国可以为你们、你们的下一代做同样的事。但若你什么都不想要,你就什么都不会有。

你的未来掌握在你自己手里。

在这里,我想跟诸位承诺:希望未来到法国来移民的小男孩、小女孩们,真的会觉得法国是世上最美好的国家。

第18篇:菲律宾总统访华

菲律宾总统今起访华 将“向中国伸出友谊之手”

2016-10-18 09:50:46 来源: 中国新闻网(北京)举报

(原标题:菲律宾总统今起访华 “向中国伸出友谊之手”)

中新网北京10月18日电 菲律宾总统杜特尔特今日起将对中国展开为期4天的国事访问。此次访华,是杜特尔特就任总统以来首次访问非东盟国家。他表示,将通过此访“向中国伸出友谊之手”,展现对中国政府和中国人民的敬意,并与中方就诸多议题交换意见。

10月13日,菲律宾总统罗德里戈·杜特尔特在位于马尼拉的总统府接受中国新闻社记者专访。 中新社记者 侯宇 摄

中方期待此访推动两国关系重回正轨

应中国国家主席习近平邀请,菲律宾总统杜特尔特将于10月18日至21日对中国进行国事访问。据中国外交部介绍,杜特尔特总统访华期间,习近平主席将与他举行会谈,就改善发展双边关系,深化各领域合作以及共同关心的国际和地区问题深入交换意见。李克强总理、张德江委员长将分别会见杜特尔特总统。

中国外交部发言人表示,中方期待通过杜特尔特总统这次访问,增进中菲两国间的政治互信,通过对话妥善处理有关分歧,深化务实合作,延续传统友谊,推动两国关系重新回到健康稳定发展的正确轨道上来。

杜特尔特:将“向中国伸出友谊之手”

杜特尔特在访华前夕接受中新社专访时说,他将通过此访“向中国伸出友谊之手”,展现对中国政府和中国人民的敬意,并与中方就诸多议题交换意见。

杜特尔特表示,菲中两国必须建立良好的双边关系,要开展更多的人文交流,加强人员往来,增强两国人民间的联系,“让菲律宾人民了解中国文化,尤其是那些祖辈从中国来菲定居的人和有中国血统的菲律宾人”。

10月13日,菲律宾总统罗德里戈·杜特尔特在位于马尼拉的总统府接受中国新闻社记者专访。 中新社记者 侯宇 摄

希望能够建立起牢固的经贸关系

杜特尔特在受访时表示,希望菲中两国能够建立起牢固的经贸关系。他坦承,菲国计划建设工业园区,发展工业,但缺乏资金,菲律宾需要中国的投资和技术,“但最重要的是,我们需要中国的友谊和善意”。 杜特尔特透露说,菲方会制订新的政策,加强与中方的经济关系,通过经贸合作促进两国关系升温。据他介绍,会有一个庞大的菲律宾企业家代表团随同其访华,将与中方签署一系列合作协议。

不是为了吵架而来 会“柔和地”谈论南海问题

“我不是为了吵架而去中国,也不是为了寻求中国让步而去”,杜特尔特在接受专访时说,自己在访华时会“柔和地”谈论南海问题,促其实现“软着陆”。

杜特尔特指出,虽然菲律宾与中国在南海问题上有争议,但双方都同意通过对话协商达成协议,和平解决争议,“我们都排除用战争或暴力(来解决争议),因为这不是好的选项”。

他也谈到,菲律宾与中国的关系密切,许多菲律宾人还是华人后裔,“这些因素都促使我们愿意与中国进行对话”,“我们可以一直谈下去,谈到我们决定结束为止”。

10月13日,菲律宾总统罗德里戈·杜特尔特在位于马尼拉的总统府接受中国新闻社记者专访。 中新社记者 侯宇 摄

中方:对菲对话的大门始终是敞开的

针对南海问题,中国外交部发言人华春莹17日在回答记者有关提问时说,中国始终致力于同包括菲律宾在内的有关当事国通过磋商和谈判和平解决有关争议。这既是中菲双方早已达成的协议,也是地区国家的共识和共同愿望。

华春莹表示,中国对菲对话的大门始终是敞开的。杜特尔特总统近期多次表达了愿同中方进行对话、妥善处理有关问题的积极意愿。中方愿继续致力于同包括菲律宾在内的南海有关国家积极探讨在南海开展务实合作,共同致力于维护南海地区和平稳定,实现南海有关国家共同发展。

人物小传:菲律宾总统杜特尔特

杜特尔特1945年3月28日出生于莱特省马阿辛市,1972年在马尼拉的圣贝达法学院取得律师资格后,跟随其父维森特踏上政坛。

在随后的几十年,杜特尔特扎根南部棉兰老岛最大城市达沃市。1986年-1988年,杜特尔特担任达沃市代理市长,1988年正式当选市长。此后,杜特尔特担任达沃市长长达20多年,并曾担任达沃市众议员和副市长等职务。 2015年底,杜特尔特宣布参选总统。他在竞选时坚称,将以铁腕手段打击全国范围的犯罪活动。

2016年5月,菲律宾举行全国大选。杜特尔特在选举中赢得1660多万张选票,成功当选总统。6月30日,杜特尔特正式宣誓就职,开始为期6年的任期。

第19篇:第二场总统辩论

第二场总统辩论:火药味浓,川普止血

2016-10-10 作者:柯振兴

谁能想到,在第二次总统辩论前的48小时内会发生那么多事情:共和党方面,川普先是被爆出非常露骨的羞辱女性的言论,以致于大批共和党人要求川普退出竞选,川普向民众道歉但是表示自己不会退选,民主党方面,维基解密突然又披露希拉里有偿演讲的部分语录。因此,在第二次总统辩论之前,观众也被调高了胃口。在第二场电视辩论中,希拉里能否乘胜追击,凭借稳健的表现再度拉高民调,特别是稳定住关键州的领先优势?在共和党的巨大压力下,川普能否以自己的表现稳定自己的军心,为自己的选情止血?川普在被提问这些事情时,会不会被激怒而失态,从而再次自损形象?有人甚至预测如果川普在本场表现糟糕,选举就将提前一个月结束。

在总统辩论前,川普还带着Paula Jones、Kathy Shelton、Juanita Broaddrick 和 Kathleen Willey四位女士召开了一场小型新闻发布会,Jones,Broaddrick和Willey都声称前总统比尔·克林顿曾性骚扰或者强奸她们(但是法院都没有支持)。这也是川普对希拉里阵营的反击,试图抹黑比尔·克林顿来打击希拉里的选情。在辩论开始之前,双方入场后也没有握手,在观众席上的比尔 克林顿也一脸严肃。这也预示着本场辩论将充满火药味。

1 在第一场辩论中,电视辩论的主持人设计了“美国的前进方向”,“实现繁荣”和“保障美国安全”三个模块,分别辩论了经济问题,种族问题和国家安全与外交问题。本次辩论中,很多选题则是从选民和网民的建议中筛选出来。本次辩论的另一个特点是采用市政厅(Town Hall)的方式,类似一个小剧场,一些被随机选择的至今还未确定投票给谁的观众坐在两边,根据主持人的安排向舞台中间的两位候选人提问,而两位主持人负责控制时间以及促进讨论。在这种小剧场,两位候选人也不用像上一场一直站在麦克风前回答问题,他们可以走动,特别是走到观众前回答问题。

晚上的问题基本可以分为两类,一类是政策性的,一类是非政策性的,也就是关于候选人的自身事务。从正常上看,关于自身事务的问题比重较大,气氛也比较紧张,剑拔弩张。

和之前预料的一样,从第二个问题开始,川普就开始面对关于他羞辱女性言论的质问。川普首先强调这是一个在私密空间的玩笑,然后再次向民众道歉。而希拉里先是引用第一夫人米歇尔奥巴马的名言:“你们可以没有底线,我们不能跟着作恶”,暗示自己不会像川普那样无中生有捏造事实攻击。接着,她指出类似的言论已经不止一次,川普曾经攻击穆斯林烈士家属,仅仅因为种族而攻击一个拉丁裔法官,以及编造奥巴马出生在国外的阴谋论,川普从来不会道歉,像他这样的人根本没有资格当总统。而川普除了反复强调这是一个私密空间的玩笑,也把话题转移到了比尔 克林顿,称比尔虐待女性,而自

2 己仅仅是言辞,比尔的事情比自己的事情严重得多。川普还强调自己将任命一个特别检察官去重新调查比尔过去的案件。希拉里回应说,幸好这个国家不是川普掌权,也川普也回呛,是啊,因为你会被投入监狱。川普的这一出格言论也瞬间上了各大媒体的头条。很多人也指出,这是史上最肮脏的辩论。

希拉里也指川普在过去的十八年没有缴纳联邦所得税,就像上一次辩论中所说的,川普没有为自己的国家做过贡献。川普除了强调自己的公司缴纳了各种税款,也承认了自己利用税法规则避税。不过川普也不忘拉上希拉里的好友和捐款人沃伦 巴菲特和乔治 索罗斯,称这些富豪也通过这些行为避税。

在辩论中,川普也不断抓住机会攻击希拉里。首先是邮件门,希拉里在家里私自架设服务器,并且用自己的邮箱发邮件。川普一直指责希拉里应该对此感到羞辱,而希拉里除了道歉,强调自己一直注意信息保密,也反唇相讥说她知道川普今天晚上一直想转移注意力,因为共和党的队伍正在离开他。这几个来回,川普除了不断打断希拉里,还和主持人发生口角,指两位主持人在暗中帮着希拉里,在辩论中他是以一敌三。在希拉里新的邮件门上,川普又发起攻击。维基解密最新公布的邮件显示,希拉里承认自己的公共立场和私人立场可能不一致。在主持人希望希拉里解释后,希拉里引用了林肯的行为为自己辩护。而川普则嘲笑希拉里称林肯从来不撒谎,这是林肯和希拉里的最大差别。希拉里还表示,是俄罗斯在背后支持维基解密的黑客行为:

3 “在美国选举历史上,从来没有其他国家,特别是对美国有敌意的国家影响美国的大选结果。”此外,希拉里曾经在一个月前说川普的支持者中有一半是可悲的人,他们不是种族主义就是排外主义或者歧视女性,在现场, 希拉里也再次对这一言行表示道歉,这番话是针对川普的阵营而不是川普的支持者,是川普阵营的言行导致了民众的分裂和互相憎恨。

双方除了针对对方个人言行进行攻击,也对一些国家政策阐述了各自的看法。

首先是奥巴马医疗改革。川普直称奥巴马医疗改革是一场灾难。川普提出了一个更加分散并且价格也更便宜的医疗保险计划,他认为希拉里主张单一支付医疗保健制度(single payer),也就是联邦政府来运作医疗改革。而希拉里则为奥巴马改革辩护,她认为奥巴马医疗改革让一些穷人能加入医疗保险,而自己现在正在完善它。她还为前些天比尔 肯林顿称奥巴马医疗方案是一个疯狂的制度的言论辩护,称他只是想完善奥巴马方案。

减税也是本次大选的热门话题。而川普和希拉里的方案也代表了两个政党的传统意识形态。川普主张减税以吸引投资,藏富于民,而希拉里主张对富人增税,希拉里指他的方案将有利于中产阶级,而川普的方案只会造福富人。

4 今年二月份,最高院大法官斯卡利亚大法官去世后,空缺的位置一直没有填补,希拉里表示将提名一位捍卫堕胎权利和婚姻平等权利的法官,而川普称赞斯卡利亚大法官是一位伟大的法官,强调最高院法官必须遵守宪法,特别是和持枪权有关的第二修正案。

在外交议题上,两位候选人也表现了较大的分歧。首先叙利亚问题,希拉里认为叙利亚现在的情况可谓是灾难性的,她提出设立禁飞区等方案,而川普则指责当年是奥巴马和希拉里把中东问题搞的一团糟,他为俄罗斯辩护,认为俄罗斯正在帮助叙利亚打击ISIS,他认为要先解决ISIS问题再解决叙利亚的问题。需要注意的是,他的竞选搭档迈克 彭斯一直主张对俄罗斯的强硬立场,川普也承认他并不同意彭斯的观点。

而最后一个话题则稍微有点轻松,现场观众要求两位候选人各自说出对方的一个优点,希拉里夸奖了川普的几个子女,川普也表示了他为他的子女感到自豪,他也赞赏希拉里是一个斗士,永不退出。大概是最后一个话题缓和了气氛,在辩论结束后,两个人终于握了一下手。

纵观整个场面,首先,本场辩论被打断的次数大大减少,使得辩论更加流畅。在上一次辩论中,川普打断希拉里高达51次,其中在前26分钟内就打算希拉里25次,辩论后川普也被批评不够绅士,而本场辩论,川普有所改观,打断的次数明显减少,支持人对时间的控

5 制也掌握的比较好。其次,个人认为川普的表现也是好于预期,在上一次辩论中,大概是因为没有准备,川普一直被希拉里的话题带着走,一直为税表等问题辩护,辩护的也不好。而这次,川普首先没有被希拉里激怒,像羞辱女性言论等事情,没有像外界所预计的会失态,也在电视观众前再度揭开希拉里邮件门等事件。而希拉里的表现也很稳健,回答川普的问题也是绵里藏针。

在辩论结束后,双方阵营都宣布自己一方获胜。笔者认为,本场辩论的结果对于希拉里是锦上添花,希拉里的良好表现将继续吸引选民,CNN的民意调查也显示,有57%的受访者认为希拉里获胜,而只有34%的受访者认为川普获胜。对川普来说,晚上的辩论结果是雪中送炭,持续地攻击希拉里有利于稳定基本盘,而对各种负面新闻的辩护也可以稍微改善自己的形象,过去的两周对他来说简直是一个噩梦,民调急跌。而对于共和党的高官和国会议员,则要继续在纠结中度过。川普的表现稍微稳定了选民,共和党的高官和国会议员到底是继续支持川普还是放弃川普,这真是一个哈姆雷特式的难题。

第20篇:美国历任总统

美国历任总统

【专题】美国

1.乔治·华盛顿George Washington(1789—1797)美国开国元勋,领导美国人民赢得独立,制订宪法,创建国家,担任首任总统,公众尊称他为“国父”、“摩西第二”。

2.约翰·亚当斯John Adams(1797—1801)极力赞成13州宣布独立,并积极参与起草和领导辩论而通过独立宣言,公众尊称他为“独立擎天柱”、“革命建筑师”。

3.托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson(1801—1809)他参与起草独立宣言,当选总统之后,坚信个人权力和自由,把民主政治向前推进一大步,公众尊称他为“革命斗士”、“民主巨擘”。

4.詹姆斯·麦迪逊James Madison(1809—1817)他对宪法制定、通过、批准尽力最多,公众尊称他为“宪法之父”。

5.詹姆斯·门罗James Monroe(1817—1825)他是革命战争年代最后一位任总统的人,人们尊称他为“革命先贤最后一人”。

6.约翰·昆西·亚当斯John Quincy Adams(1825—1829)他是一个道德和生活都很严谨的人,人们称其为“清教徒”。

7.安德鲁·杰克逊Andrew Jackson (1829—1837)他在战争中立下汗马功劳,在新奥尔良之役打败英军,成为举国闻名的英雄,当选总统后,具有领袖魅力,深受人民爱戴,被公众尊称为“老英雄”和“人民的总统”。

8.马丁·范布伦Martin Van Buren(1837—1841)他从当纽约州长到协助杰克逊当选总统并出任国务卿,进而当副总统、总统,人称“小大人物”(身高1.67米左右)、“老练政客”。

9.威廉·亨利·哈里森William H.Harrison(1841) 1811年,他在印第安纳州打败肖尼印第安人,人称“提帕卡农英雄”。他不久即患肺炎,在他宣誓就职后1个月即告去世

10.约翰·泰勒John Tyler (1841—1845)

11.詹姆斯·K·波尔克James K.Polk(1845—1849)他是美国政治历史上第一匹“黑马”总统候选人,任职期间孜孜不倦,人称“黑马波尔克”、“辛苦工作的波尔克”。

12.扎卡里·泰勒Zachary Taylor(1949—1850)他军旅生涯40年,屡建奇功,人称他当总统“老粗而管用”。

13.米勒德·菲尔莫尔Millard Fillmore (1850—1853)

14.富兰克林·皮尔斯Franklin Pierce (1853—1857)他因容貌英俊,被人称为“美男子富兰克林”。

15.詹姆斯·布坎南James Buchanan (1857—1861)他终生未娶,人称“老光棍”。

16.亚伯拉罕·林肯Abraham Lincoln (1861—1865)他不矫揉造作,说话、办事老实。1863年发布奴隶解放令,公众尊称他为“诚实的老亚伯”和“伟大的解放者”。他在连任期内遇刺身亡

17.安德鲁·约翰逊Andrew Johnson (1865—1869)

18.尤利塞斯·S·格兰特Ulyes S.Grant(1869—1877)每战必胜,公众称他为“无敌尤利西斯”,又因他接受李将军投降,结束4年内战,被称为“阿波麦托克斯英雄”。

19.拉瑟福德·B·海斯Rutherford B.Hayes (1877—1881)内战期间,他表现勇敢,数次受伤,人称“勇敢的拉塞福德”。

20.詹姆斯·A·加菲尔德James A.Garfield (1881)他遵母命奋发读书当了总统,人称“运河少年郎总统”。于1881年7月2日被一位曾经申请领事职务未获批准的失业者吉托开枪击中,同年9月去世。

21.切斯特·A·阿瑟Chester A.Arthur (1881—1885)任内款待宾客有术,被华府社交界称为“好客巨子”。

22.格罗弗·克利夫兰Grover Cleveland (1885—1889)他公、私均极诚实,人称“好人格罗夫”,又因在第一任4年行使414次否决权,超过从华盛顿到阿瑟21位前总统行使总和的两倍有余,人们戏称他为“否决总统”。

23.本杰明·哈里森(1889—1893)他因维护退伍军人权益而获“军人之友”的美称。

24.格罗弗·克利夫兰Grover Cleveland (1893—1897)

25.威廉·麦金莱William McKinley(1897—1901)他在总统任期间,使经济复苏,国家繁荣,工人收入增加,人称他为“繁荣的先驱”和“工人的最佳友人”。次年他出席泛美博览会时,遭到一个名叫乔尔戈什的无政府主义者的枪击,于同年去世。

26.西奥多·罗斯福Theodore Roosevelt(1901—1909)他因美西战争战功卓著,而获称“圣胡安山英雄”。

27.威廉·H·塔夫脱William H.Taft(1909—1913)他是个笑口常开,跟谁都要好的人,人们称他为“微笑的比尔”

28.伍德罗·威尔逊Woodrow Wilson(1913—1921)他是美国惟一一位学者从政、竞选总统的人,他提出的“新自由”经济计划,恢复竞争,赢得人们欢心,后称他为“学者从政”和“人民总统”。

29.沃伦·G·哈定Warren G.Harding(1921—1923)他作风平易近人,被称为“逢人便攀谈

的人”。于1923年病逝。

30.卡尔文·柯立芝Calvin Coolidge(1923—1929)他因谨言慎行而被称为“谨言慎行的卡尔”。

31.赫伯特·C·胡弗Herbert Hoover (1929—1933)第一次世界大战期间,他从事国际救济工作卓有成效,被称为“伟大的人道主义者”。

32.富兰克林·罗斯福Franklin D.Roosevelt(1933—1945)小罗斯福, 他因领导第二次世界大战取得胜利,被称为“赢得战争的总统”。罗斯福第3次连任美国总统,1944年他再次获胜,成为美国历史上惟一连续4次当选的总统。同年4月,他因中风而去世。

33.哈里·S·杜鲁门Harry S.Truman(1945—1953)他发表杜鲁门主义,面对危机从不退缩,被称为“美国最伟大的平民总统”。

34.德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔Dwight D.Eisenhower(1953—1961)他是五星上将,二战英雄,人称“高耸云霄的艾森豪威尔”

35.约翰·F·肯尼迪John F.Kennedy(1961—1963)他当选总统后成功解决了古巴导弹危机,被称为“60年代风云人物”和“林肯之后最年轻、最机智、最具领袖魅力、死后最受怀念的总统”。于1963年遇刺身亡

36.林登·B·约翰逊Lyndon B.Johnson (1963—1969)他被人称为“精力充沛的得克萨斯人”。

37.理查德·M·尼克松Richard M.Nixon (1969—1974)他推动对苏缓和,同中国关系正常化,人称“最有争议,最善于自我宣传,最难捉摸的总统”。

38.杰拉尔德·R·福特Gerald R.Ford (1974—1977)他为人诚实体贴,被称为“好好先生”,又因他当副总统和总统都不是竞选的,又称“意外副总统和意外总统”。

39.吉米·卡特Jimmy Carter (1977—1981)他被称为“读书最勤,品行端庄,诚实无欺的总统”。

40.罗纳德·里根Ronald Reagan (1981—1989) 1981年他就职时70岁,人称“年龄最大的总统”。

41.乔治·布什George Bush (1989—1993)他获称为“最有外交经验的总统”。

42.比尔·克林顿Bill Clinton (1993—2000)他喜欢折哀,不喜欢对抗,遇事绕圈子,使对方捉摸不透,被称为“圆滑的比尔”、“惟一历经四门(白水门、奶妈门、差旅门、州警门)而屹立不动”,最终因“拉链门及斯塔尔门而倒霉的总统”。

43.乔治 布什George W.Bush Jr.(2000-)小布什,他是一位遭到大毁大誉的人物,有人赞美他是“坚定有力的反恐斗士”,有人指责他是“只会蛮干的牛仔”。

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四位总统被暗杀:亚伯拉罕·林肯 Abraham Lincoln (1865),詹姆斯·A·加菲尔德 James Garfield (1881), 威廉·麦金莱William McKinley (1901), 约翰·F·肯尼迪John F.Kennedy (1963)。

四位总统任职其间病故:安德鲁·约翰逊Andrew Johnson ( 1868 年受众议院弹劾,在参议院未通过,继续任职),尼可松 Richard Nixon ( 1974 年辞职), 比尔克林顿Bill Clinton ( 1998年受众议院弹劾,1999年在参议院未通过,继续任职 )。

约翰·昆西·亚当斯 John Quincy Adams 是唯一一位卸任后当选众议院议员的总统。

安德鲁·约翰逊 Andrew Johnson 是唯一一位卸任后当选参议院议员的总统。

格罗弗·克利夫兰 Grover Cleveland 是唯一一位在职其间结婚的总统。并且是唯一非连任当选两次的总统。

本杰明·哈里森 Benjamin Harrison 是唯一一位祖父也是总统的总统。

42岁的西奥多·罗斯福Theodore Roosevelt 是美国历史上当选时最年轻的总统 。

威廉·H·塔夫脱 William H.Taft 是唯一一位卸任后在联邦最高法院任职的总统 。

德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔Eisenhower是第一位就职典礼通过电视转播的美国总统 。

约翰·F·肯尼迪John F.Kennedy 总统任职六天后第一个通过电视现场直播举行记者招待会 。

69岁当选的罗纳德·里根 Ronald Reagan 是美国历史上任职时年龄最大的总统并且是唯一演员出身的总统 。

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乔治·W·布什

新当选的第54届美国总统乔治-沃克-布什是美国第51届总统乔治·布什的儿子。小布什1946

年7月6日出生于康涅狄格州的纽黑文,在得克萨斯州的米德兰和休斯敦长大。在父母眼里,他就像一个永远长不大的孩子。他的父亲、美国前总统布什的一个朋友说:“不是小布什有反叛的精神,他只是比父母所预想的要野一些而已。”

小布什的性格决定了他拒绝为未来做任何打算,当然也包括竞选总统。他说:“我生活在现在。”翻译成中国的俗话,就是“今朝有酒今朝醉”。小布什承认,他年轻的时候不招父亲喜欢,但他愿意这样。小时候他十分调皮捣蛋,12岁开始学抽烟,说话带脏字,欺负自己的弟弟。去教堂碰见修女不是说:“小姐,您早!”而是说:“嗨,小妞儿,看起来够性感的呦。”气得老布什夫妇只能面面相觑。

小布什上中学时成绩奇差,好玩、喜恶作剧、见到书本就头痛。后凭借父亲的关系进入耶鲁大学,主修历史,成绩很一般,大多数课程仅得C,他还修过政治学和经济学,但成绩十分糟糕,唯有哲学和人类学成绩好一些,获B+。他在耶鲁选修《美国政治制度导论》,仅获73分,《国际关系导论》也只有71分。但布什在大学里的强项是广交朋友,四年玩乐嬉笑中结识了4000多耶鲁在校生中的四分之一,这为他日后从政打下了人际关系的基础。

1968年,小布什获得耶鲁大学学士学位,1975年拿到哈佛商学院工商管理硕士学位后回到家乡得州米德兰,创建了一家油气勘探公司,一干就是十多年。

1977年11月5日,小布什娶当地小户人家出生的淑女劳拉为妻。婚后第二年,他在竞选西得克萨斯州众议员间,被正式冠以“布什”的称号。但后来由于他的民主党对手过于强劲,小布什未能如愿。这次打击使首次涉入政坛的小布什多年异常地消沉,并染上了酗酒的恶习。在小布什最关键的时刻,是他平民出身的妻子--劳拉--一个普普通通但十分热爱生活而远离政治的女人拯救了他。奇迹终于发生了!1986年,对于小布什来说,不惑之年、戒酒、双胞胎女儿出世...许许多多使他重新审视人生,使他改变了对父亲、对家族的看法,扭转了人们对他的印象。一个政治家布什诞生了。

1988年,小布什迁往华盛顿,帮助其父竞选美国总统,并出任高级顾问。第二年与合伙人购买了得克萨斯流浪者棒球队,并担任球队总经理,期间还为球队在阿灵顿修建了一座漂亮的棒球场。

1994年11月8日,小布什旗开得胜,当选得克萨斯州州长,四年以后竞选连任成功,成为得州有史以来首位连任州长的人。

由于小布什本人的经历以及他的家庭和他个人的魅力,使他以本世纪最单薄的简历角逐美国总统这一职位的事实成为现实。同时也使芸芸众生懂得:政治原来也可以这样玩。自己的反叛经验,让他明白1992年美国人“反叛”老布什的原因,他的为人处世与父亲的不同也成为他的重要招牌,这是那些处处向父亲学习的兄弟们所不能企及的。

尽管布什家族的影响力看上去还不是那么地显赫,但一个新的王朝已悄然露出头角。小布什对《时代》周刊记者说:“‘王朝’,意味着继承。我们继承了一个好的姓氏,但我并没有继承一次投票,我必须赢得投票。”

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