推荐第1篇：英语基础写作
《英语基础写作》第一次作业
1.Say something about the occupations of you yourself and your family members.Do you like your job? What about your family member? Why did you and your family member choose the present job or jobs? (30%)
I am working as a part-time English tour guide, as I am currently a university student majoring in English.Both my parents are teachers working in a senior high school in Beijing.I like my current job, though it is an arduous work, as I sometimes I have to work until mid-night.Even so, I never complain about it, as I help so many foreign tourists to understand the culture of China.My parents, of course, like their job, as many of their students have been cultivated and become talents of China.Each year, some of my parents’ students write letters to my parents thanking them for the years’ unselfish help in their learning.
My parents, and I have enjoyed so much in whatever we are doing in our jobs, so, there is no reason to quit or change our careers.Don’t you think so?
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推荐第2篇：英语写作基础
如何提高小学生的英语写作能力
英语写作是小学英语教学中的重要内容之一。如何提高小学生英语作文教学质量，是每一位小学英语教师应着重思考的问题。所谓小学高年级英语作文写作就是让学生围绕一个主题自觉运用所学的单词、句型写一篇短小的习作，锻炼学生正确的英语表达转化的能力。提高学生语言综合运用的能力，使我们每一个英语教育工作者的职责。英语是一种语言，然而对于英语的学习都是由词到句，由句到篇，循循善诱，积累获得。而写作时小学英语教学中的一个弱点，必须从小学三年级学英语时就抓起，那么怎样才能提高学生的写作能力呢？我认为首先要从“造句”来抓起，现从以下几个方面来谈谈：
第一、口头造句 A、常规造句
1、根据所给的单词或词组造句。对于单词和词组，一般来讲，都是课本的重点，也是难点。让学生在句中练，在学中悟，从而熟悉其用法，不失为一条较好的教学方法。如用go to school , eat breakfast/lunch/dinner , play sports , have English cla等造句，让学生选择其中的一个短语进行练习，但不得重复。学生说起来饶有兴致，争先恐后，在轻松地学习气氛中学会并运用了新知，且达到了提高语言运用能力的目的。
2、根据所给的句型造句。对于重点句型，老师常采取“死讲”和“死做”的办法，往往人吃亏了，戏并不好看，那么通过造句，学生就会在句型操练的过程中逐步对其产生清晰认识，从而在“练”中“悟”出该如何运用。如用be doing造句。可以这样说：What is he/she/it doing ? What are you/they/your parents doing ? He is cooking dinner .I am reading a book .在练的过程学生会自然习得，且学得扎实，印象深刻。
3、根据所给的情景造句。教师可利用多媒体和图片设计真实场景。如教师可根据图片和动画片场景，设计一些可操作性问题，启发学生思维，让学生尽可能地用英语描述动画和图片，在训练时要浅显易懂的句子，由浅入深，由易到难，循序渐进，坚持不懈，定会取得较好的效果。
B、竞赛造句
1、一问多答。教师可用竞赛的方法，可分组让学生在短时间内用不同的短语抢答得出，组员抢答多者该组获胜。如问：What did you do on your holiday? I went hiking/climbed mountains.
2、“滚雪球”造句。用所学过的单词和句型造句。可以让学生利用所学的单词和短语，不但让学生熟悉了生词，而且提高了口头表达和写作能力。
3、拓展式造句。所谓拓展，也就是在原有的人基础上有所创新、延伸和深入。以句型What’s your favourite sports ?为例。可以把它拓展成What’s your favourite food/colour/animal/season…?Do you like…every much ?What do you like best? 第
二、笔头造句。听说读写是相辅相成、互相促进的。听说读为写服务，因此，根据口头造句得出的句子，再用笔头的形式把它写出来，学以致用，融会贯通。
1、连成造句，即把已学的句子打散，让学生重新排列。在排列的过程中引导学生要注意主语、谓语动词、时间、地点状语等成分，同时要注意单词的首字母必须大写和末尾的标点符号等。使他们了解句子的基本构成方式，为以后的句型操练做好铺垫。
2、仿写句子。在教师给出一些例子后，让学生依葫芦画瓢，用最简单的句型结构，写最简单的句子，从而鼓励学生大胆去写，帮助他们排出畏难情绪，提高写作兴趣。
3、看图写句子。利用教学卡片或者教材上的图片，让学生看图写句子。教师可先让学生口头表述或小组操练，再让学生用文字的方式把它写出来。这样，既掌握了单词的用法，又能词不离句，日积月累，学生的写作能力将会得到显著提高。
4、简要描述一天的活动。可让学生用一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时等多种时态来写。要求学生用三五句话描述，虽少但能真正起到训练的作用，也能为以后的英语学习奠定良好的语言基础。
第三、阅读、背诵是重点
1、增加阅读量。作文和阅读是相辅相成，相互促进。多读文章可以熟悉常用词语和句型，培养英语语感。学习语言首先必须要有感觉，感觉越好，学习语言就越顺利，而语感主要是通过听、读训练培养的。这样学生在自己亲自写作时就会得心应手，信手拈来。
2、强化背诵。学习英语没有既省劲又能学好的办法，实际上最有效的方法也许就是“最笨”的方法，既背课文，而且，这种背诵和记忆课文必须在一定时间内大量地、整段地背下来效果最好，可以采用中译英，英译中的多次双向翻译的方法，通过这种强化训练，不但词汇量增加，而且愈发问题也能得到很好的解决，并为写作能力的培养打下坚实的基础。通过背诵，可以增强语感，避免生搬硬套、胡拉乱扯地写一些中国式的英语。
第四、开设课外练笔，让学生有更多的写作机会。因为课堂时间有限，仅靠课堂写作训练培养学生写作能力是不够的，课外练笔便是课堂写作训练最有益的补充。可采用续写，随笔，日记，写信等多种形式。对学生的要求不能一刀切，对学习好的要求要高，对学习差的要求适当低一些。特别是要多鼓励有能力的学生写日记，可用简单的几句话来描述当天发生的事情。只要多写，就会有提高。
第五、注意评价
小学生口头表达能力差，词不达意，读音模糊不清，胆小不敢开口等现象也在情理之中，但鼓励学生大胆开口说，能说多少是多少，不怕出错，是提高学生口头表达和写作能力的法宝。在口头造句的过程中，教师不要急着纠错，给学生留一个思维发展的空间，使学生敢于开口说。待答完后，强调一个学生错的地方，提醒全班同学注意；而对于纠正学生的错误，引导学生运用正确的方法组成句子，如何注意主谓一致，时态和时间状语一致性等问题。总之，激励为主，指导为辅，多说多写，持之以恒方能提高英语写作能力。
综上所述，要提高学生的写作能力不是一朝一夕的事，它需要一个较长的过程。在日常的课堂教学中，教师应该借助教材，帮助学生从造句练气，引导学生运用各种时态进行造句操练，结合自己的教学特点和学生的实际水平，帮助学生树立写作的人信心，培养学生的自主写作能力，从而为学生今后的学习奠定良好的基础。
推荐第3篇：英语写作基础
浅析大学生英语四级写作水平现状及写作策略
【摘要】本文对大学生英语四级写作中出现的问题进行陈述和分析。并遂一提出解决
方法。最后，系统地对提高英语四级写作水平的策略从整体上进行论述。
【关键词】大学英语四级 写作问题 方法
大学英语作文是考查学生英语综合水平和应用能力的一个重要指标，也是大学四级考试中的重要组成部分。英语写作是一项层次较高，难度较大。涉及面较广的综合性语言技能。写作水平如何最能反映出学生的实际英语水平。2007年1月，采用新题型的大学生英语四级(CET_4)考试在全国范围内全面实施。写作(Writing)是新四级题中与完形填空(Cloze)一样均没有变化的一个部分。可见新四级考试依然十分重视学生英语写作能力的考核。以较高的分数通过英语四级考试是每个考生梦寐以求的事，然而如何提高四级作文水平却是广大考生头疼的问题。
一、大学生英语四级写作水平现状
（一）词汇量小
作文是由句子构成的，而句子则是由单词组成的。如果把一篇作文比作高楼，单词则是组成高楼的一块块砖石。砖石的好坏，必然决定了高楼的质量。由于词汇量小，而为了在考试规定的30分钟内完成一篇作文。有些学生不得不“生拼硬凑”。因此造成了用词不当，拼写错误等现象。例如：“婚姻”这个词，有的学生只知道“marry(v.)”,而不知道“married(adj.)”，“marriage(n.)”。这样不分词性地乱用“marry(v.)”必然会出现错误。
要解决学生词汇量小的状况，不是一朝一夕的事情，不能在短时间内改变。学生应该循序渐进，逐步积累。具体来说，学生应该在平时的英语学习过程中增大阅读量。在阅读过程中发现新词汇，积累新词汇。[1]对于新学习的词汇，应当多造句。通过造句，学生能够加深对所学词汇的印象，从而真正理解和掌握词汇。对于已经掌握的单诃，也应该经常复习，防止遗忘。
（二）病句现象严重
在四级阅卷过程中，阅卷老师经常会读到一些令人啼笑皆非的句子。病句的出现自然会影响到作文的分数。导致出现病句的原因是多种多样的：有些学生虽然学习了多年的英语，却依然固守着使用汉语来思考问题的习惯。体现在英语写作中，往往是句子语序颠倒．短语搭配不当等问题。还有些学生由于英语语法知识掌握不牢固。另外有些学 1
生是由于粗心大意，考试中贪图速度而忽略了作文质量等原因。
改掉作文中的病句现象，需要学生和教师的共同努力。学生应该在平时尽可能地多进行作文练习。写周记、日记都是很好的方法。在进行作文练习之后．如果有范文的话，学生可以通过把自己的作文与范文相比较，发现不足，改进缺点；如果没有相对应的范文的话,同学之间也可以采取互相批改，共同探讨的方式来取长补短。同时，教师在教学过程中对一些常用的语法现象应予以仔细深入地讲解，确保学生理解吸收。[2]在作文批改中，教师应对典型病句在课堂上讲解．使其他学生引以为戒。避免犯同样的错误。
（三）对作文题型分析不够透彻
四级作文可分为现象解释型，对比选择型，问题解决型，观点论证型和应用文五种题型。这五类作文题型既是对四级作文的科学分类，又是对四级作文考点的高度概括和总结。有些学生在写作文之前没有对所写作文的类型进行认真地分析，因此没能“对症下药”，导致文不对题，或者有的学生作文内容基本符合题目要求，但是不够精彩，也很难得到高分。四级作文的不同类型要求学生使用不同的写作手法，写作的具体内容也应该有所不同。学生应该具体情况具体分析。了解不同考试作文的具体要求，按照要求进行写作．学生才能写出质量较高的作文。例如：在四级作文中．现象解释型的考试作文要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释，并加以评论。其基本结构是：说明现状；阐述这种现状产生或存在的原因；做出分析，提出建议或总结观点。对比选择型是四级考试写作中常见的题型。[3]要求考生比较两种观点或做法，进而表明自己对问题或事物的态度或观点。问题解决型要求学生从试题的提示性文字或图表人手，解释提示性文字或图表，图画反映的问题，指出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性；然后对问题展开分析，提出解决问题的方案或应对措施；最后一段要求考生表明自己对待这一问题的态度、做法等。观点论证型要求考生根据题目给出论点，按照提纲的结构要求对其进行论证，然后表明自己的立场和看法。通过摆事实，讲道理的方式剖析事物，论述事物，发表意见，确立或否定某一主张。应用文，尤其是信函，也是四级作文涉及的题型之一。在这类题型中，考生会读到一个特定的场景。试题要求考生按照这个特定的场景给相关人士写一封短信，并在信中明确表达自己写信的原因和目的等。只要掌握了英语书信的
基本格式。并运用恰当的句式和语句。就一定能写出一篇好的书信。
如果在四级考试中注意改进了以上三点不足的话，学生的作文水平会有很大的提高。如何在四级考试中使作文拿到高分呢?在具体的写作过程中，每个环节都是非常重要的。
二、提高大学生英语四级写作水平的策略
(一)平时训练与积累
1．加强听力训练。通过听的渠道获得语言信息及语言感受，在外语学习中是基础的基础。为提高学生听力，使其获取更多的信息，应加强听力训练，从而为表达打下基础。
2．积累词汇。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样，词汇是说话写作的必需材料。如果一篇英语文章，有80％的词不认识，怎能理解文章所表达的信息呢?如果要写一个句子，10个词有8个词拼写不出或拼写错误，又怎么能表达自己的思想呢?可见，衡量一个学生英语水平及交际能力的高低，关键看他掌握词汇量的多少。[4]教学大纲规定的词汇是经过科学筛选的，是学生学好英语所需的最基本的词汇。大纲要求学生能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120～150个词的短文，能写短信和便条，达意思清楚、无重大语言错误。为达到大纲要求，提高学生写的能力，要求学生背诵大纲的词汇，从而学生在书面表达中，避免因单词拼写错误而丢分。
(二)解题时注意事项
1．仔细审题，吃透要求。
在作文考试中，审题是至关重要的一步。只有审题正确，才知道能保证作文不偏题，不离题，这是保证作文得高分的前提条件。在审题过程中，对题目所提供的信息一定要认真分析，弄清楚该题目究竟要表达什么，把提供的汉语提示多读几遍，理解透它的要求，并将所规定的内容及要求重新进行整理组织，使其条理化，再以合适的口气、身份从适当的角度进行表达。
2．确定写作方法。
审题正确之后。下一步就是确定写作方法。写作方法是指全文或其中的每一个段落所应采取的表现手法，即议论、说明、叙事。确定正确的写作方法。[5]主要是要正确地判断出作文考试题的类型。
3．合理地进行结构安排。
合理的结构安排，是成功地写出一篇好文章的基础。作文的结构安排主要是段落安排以及主题句、扩展句与结尾句的安排。也就是说要注意句子之间以及段落之间的过渡和衔接。考生在结构安排上应注意段落的完整性、统一性和连贯性。
4．确定主题句。主题句的好坏，直接关系到段落划分是否成功、准确，因此写好主题句非常重要。
5．材料的选择与组织。选择适当的材料可以准确、有力地表述文章中心思想。考生在选择材料时，应尽量选择具有针对性、普遍性、新颖胜、鲜明时代特色的材料。材料的组织也必须结合试题要求，按一定的逻辑顺序组织在一起。[6]组织材料的关键在于找出贯穿文章内容的一条主线。
6．注意书写。考生在注意到作文的各个细节的同时，应该注意自己的书写。字迹潦草、卷面涂改现象过多，都会影响阅卷人对文章的印象。这样的考生即使写作水平再高，也难得高分。
后记
要想在四级考试中作文取得高分，学生平生应该多下功夫，打好基础。写好
一篇作文不仅要有充实的内容．还要有扎实的语言基本功。这就要求学生在
日常的学习中努力积累知识．多学多练。同时，教师也要及时地给予指导和
帮助。只有这样，学生的四级作文水平才能真正地有所提高。
参考文献
[1]乔爱铃，张相铭．英语写作技巧[M]．青岛出版社，1996
[2]胡春洞．英语学习论[M]．南宁：广西教育出版社，1996
[3]何华清，陈文存．大学英语写作中的词汇错误分析[J].西南农业大学学报，2008(6)．
[4]邝丽蓉．英汉思维差异和大学英语写作[J]．考试周刊．2008(6)．
[5]马文惠，文秋芳．大学生英语写作能力的影响因素研究[J]．外语教学与研究，1999(4)．
[6]彭勤．从语法方面谈大学的英语写作教学[J]．内江科技，2007(11)．
Analysis of college students English level Four writing status
and writing strategies
Abstract: This paper analyzes college students\' English level Four writing appearing in the problem statement and analysis.And then propose solutions.Finally, the system to improve the English level Four writing strategies from the whole paper.
Key words:university English level Four, Problems in writing，writing method
推荐第4篇：大学英语基础写作
大学英语基础写作
大学英语几种常用文体
1.书信作文：
事务信函（busine letter）和私人信函（personal letter）
2.应用文：
便条（病假条，事假条，邀友来访，借物，订票，留言），请柬，单据，启示，海报，通知 （凌茜p110）
3.图表作文：
常考查的图：餠型图，曲线图，条形图，数据图
图表作文常用的展开模式
图表作文常用的表达方式
图表作文常用的句型
范文分析
(是文涛p91)
4.留学申请写作
个人陈述Personal Statements
推荐信 Letters of Recommendation
简历resumes
与外国大学的联系信及自述信和签证申诉信
5.CET4，CET6写作
写作要求，命题规律及评分标准
主题句
段落展开：列举法，对照法，因果推理法，分类法，举例法，综合法
语篇：结构模式和衔接方法
CET4,CET6作文分类讲解及范文分析：
论说文的结构
论说文的类型
(是文涛p91)
6.学术交流英语
SCI 写作规范
Research report and eay
教学安排
十一周：概况
十二周：书信作文，应用文
十三——十七周：CET4作文，图表作文及练习
十八周：留学申请写作
十九周：学术英语，考试
CET4，CET6写作
一． 语段
1.语段的结构：
Developing Sentence 1(扩展句)
Topic sentence (主题句) ----Developing Sentence 2(扩展句) ---- Terminator(结论句)Developing Sentence 3(扩展句)
2.写好主题句
一个好的主题句必须满足以下基本特征：
高度的概括性
主题思想表达明确
能使读者预测其段落的发展方式
一般应该是一个观点，想法或意见等
分析下列的例子：
1）It is very neceary to be a good university students.(议论主题句)
2）There are several respects of neceities to be a good university student.(说明体
的主题句)
3）What I will do in the future is the following.(描述体的主题句)
根据要求写出主题句
1）Please write about Study Habits
2）Please write about College Life
3）Please write about Your hobby
扩展下列主题句
例如这样的一篇作文：Good Health
a.Importance of good health
b.Ways to keep fit
c.My own practice(是P59)
3.段落展开
主题句是陈述段落的中心思想。因此，段落的展开（paragraph development）也就是主题句的展开。展开的方式有多种，如：列举法，对照法，因果推理法，分类法，举例法，综合法等。
列举法常用词语：first/second/third/last; firstly/secondly/finally; to begin with/to start with/inthefirstplace/then/next/in addition to/besides/also/moreover/furthermore/what’s more
以下有3篇短文的题目，请用顺序排列法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a.Many people now prefer to live in the countryside.The main reasons are… b.Watching TV at home is better than going out to a movie
c.Chatting on line has brought many problems into people’s life
Making a good impreion at an American dinner party is not difficult if you
Follow these instructions.First, you should buy a small gift, such as flowers, candy, or wine for your host or hoste.Second, arrive on time.If the dinner engagement is for 7:00, don’t arrive after 7:00 without telephone.Next, during dinner, be sure to thank your host orhoste on the meal.After you finishing eating, you should not stay more than a few hours.Finally, thank your host or hoste for the dinner when you leave.
比较对照法常用连接词 （transitions for Comparison and Contrast）
Similar to; like; different from; compared with; unlike; more… than…
以下有2篇短文的题目，请用比较对照法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a.Advantages and disavantages of living on your own and living with your family b.Life in the city is quite different from life in the suburbs
因果推理法
表结果的连接词：as a result; thus; hence; accordingly; therefore; consequently; then; so;
表原因的连接词：because; for; as; since ; owing to
以下有2篇短文的题目，请用因果推理法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a.Migrant workers enter big cities
b.Land shortage in China
分类法
常用的分类表达形式有：divide A into… claify A into… group A into… There are…kinds (groups, categories, sorts, types, claes, sections)
请用分类法的发展方式完成下列题目，每篇要求80字左右：
Write about the different kinds of universities and colleges in China.
Suggested words:
Leading university, provincial key university, local college, comprehensive, science and engineering, foreign language, humanities, public, private.
举例法
常用的引出例证的词有：for example, for instance, for another example, one example is … another example is… to illustrate.
以下有2篇短文的题目，请用举例法的发展方式完成，每篇要求80字左右： a.Give one or two examples to show the conveniences the modern communication
means have brought to us.
b.Give some examples to prove the saying “Haste makes waste” in English language learning.
综合法
综合使用两种或两种以上写扩展句的方法，称为综合法。
以下这段使用了定义，例证，对比和比较等方法。
Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning, For example, the words “stingy” and “frugal” both mean “careful with money.” However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word
frugal has a much more positive connotation.Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggreive but not puy.Therefore, you should careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.
运用综合法将下列主题句发展成80字以上短文：
a.Computer are playing an important role in modern education.
b.People in different cultures can communicate with each other.
c.I don’t think that examination can determine everything.
4.扩展段的承启方式(ling P8)
扩展段是主题句的延伸，是作文的主体部分，必须紧扣作文主题。一段由一个以上的段落组成，即使只有一个段落，也应该比开头和结尾部分长，否则将失去平衡。主体段落分别论述文章中心主题的某个方面，每个段落的主题必须欲文章的主题相呼应，每个段落都必须保持文章的整体性和连贯性。
（1.）以“举例式”展开段落
Laying-off also bring us some advantages.For example, when a company lays off a number of people, it means that the company will get more profits than ever.As another instance, if a laid-off worker wants to get a newjob, he ought to learn some kind of skill for future use.This action will pave the way for succe in another.
（2.）以“因果式”展开段落
There are two major reason for the change in people’s diet.For one thing, with the improvement in the living standard, people can afford to buy much more expensive food with better nutrition.For another, people now pay more attention to the quality of diet, because they know it is of great benefit to their health to diet in a scientific way.Therefore, they try their best to improve the structure their food.
（3.）以“递进式”展开段落
I don’t teach because teaching is not easy for me.Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways.Nor do I teach bebecause I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.In the first place, I teach because I like the pace of the acdemic calendar, which offers an opportunity for reflection, research and writing.Besides, I teach because teaching is a profeion built on change.Moreover, I teach because I can ask questions that students struggle to answer.What’s more, I teach because I can find ways of getting myself and students out of the ivory tower into the real society.
（4.）以“列举式”展开段落
Traveling benefits us in many ways.First, it is instructive.People can learn a lot about the culture and history of the place they visit.Second, it offers fun.Career people are tired of preures brought by the quickening pace of modern life.By seeing the beautiful landscape of our motherland and our countries, we get relaxed.Third, traveling offers challenge and opportunities of cultivating good character, such as independence, courage and strong-mindene.So more and morepeople are going out to visit the world.
（5.）以“比较式”展开段落
（6.）以“对照式”展开段落
（7.）以“时间标志词式”展开段落
The Effects of Exercise on Our Health（分析建议类）
1分析体育锻炼给我们带来的益处。
2.分析体育锻炼给我们带来的坏处。
3.给出如何参加体育锻炼的建议。
1) As is known to all, exercise does bring a lot of benefits to our health.
2) First, it can greatly strengthen our hearts, lungs, bones and muscles,
thereby changing our whole health for the better.3) Besides, it can make
our brains better able to react to what is going on around us.4) And best
of all, it can help us breed optimism about our tough life
5) But all the above does not mean that we can turn a blind eye to the
negative effects exercise brings about.6) If you are normally inactive and then, contrary to your usual habit, start a program of undue exercise, as a succeion of scientific
studies reveals, there are more chances that you have yourself injured.
7) In addition, the more exercise those on a fat-reducing diet take, the more
lo of iron they will suffer and the worse their health will get.8) And
worst of all, continual as well as exceive exercise can result in sudden death.
9) Therefore, a scientific approach must be adopted to the problem of exercise.
10) On the one hand, our physical exercise must be based on both progreivene and regularity.11) On the other, we must go in for physical exercise according to local as well as health conditions of our own.12) In sum, exercise can do us good or harm, all depending on how we make use of it.
With the rapid improvement of people’s living standard, in cities, many people tend to raise pets.Some people claim that pets such as dogs are dirty and dangerous.They say that raising pets should be banned in urban areas.However, personally I think the merits of raising pets outweigh its demerits.
Firstly, pets like dogs can be a guard for us.As we know, dogs have the natural ability to keep the house of its owners safe.They can send out warning to those burglars who attempt to break into the house, and sometimes even fight against them.Dogs are people’s honest friends.Secondly, pets like dogs are good fellows of people.Accompanied by a dog, old people do not feel lonely.Also children are pleased while playing with pets.They can learn how to look after others by raising pets.
To sum up, Pets give us much happine.I would say that the benefits of raising pets carry more weight than the harms of it.I also wish to suggest that the owners should take much care of their pets.
With the rapid improvement of people’s living standard, in cities, many people tend to raise pets.Some people claim that pets such as dogs are dirty and dangerous.
They say that raising pets should be banned in urban areas.However, personally I think the merits of raising pets outweigh its demerits.
Firstly, pets like dogs can be a guard for us.As we know, dogs have the natural ability to keep the house of its owners safe.They can send out warning to those burglars who attempt to break into the house, and sometimes even fight against them.Dogs are people’s honest friends.Secondly, pets like dogs are good fellows of people.Accompanied by a dog, old people do not feel lonely.Moreover,some young women usually keep their favorite pets to show off their wealth.Also children are pleased while playing with pets.They can learn how to look after others by raising pets.
On the other hand, the critics decry that pets like dogs are dangerous to people, especially to children.They point out that many people have the experience of being bitten by dogs.But I believe that it is not the responsibility of dogs.Indeed, it is the duty of their owners who deliberately train their dogs to attack people.As for the dirtine of the dogs, the owners should also take the responsibily, because they are too lazy to give baths to the dogs.
To sum up, Pets give us much happine.I would say that the benefits of raising pets carry more weight than the harms of it.I also wish to suggest that the owners should take much care of their pets.
推荐第5篇：英语写作基础教学大纲
《英语写作基础》课程教学大纲
一.教学对象
本课程的教学对象是高等专科英语专业的学生或具有同等水平的自学者.
二.教学目的与要求
通过本课程的教学, 使学生初步掌握英语写作技能, 学会用英文写叙述、说明性的短文和一般性应用文。
(1) 用英文写叙述、说明性的短文: 要求学生能根据命题列出作文提纲,在1小时内写出不少于200词的短文, 内容切题、完整,条理清楚,语句连贯通顺, 语法基本正确。
(2) 用英文写一般性的应用文: 要求学生能根据提示写出通知、贺卡、便条、申请书、邀请函、简历, 格式正确, 语言得体。
三.教学安排
本课程3个学分, 在一个学期内开设, 每周3学时,共计54学时。
四.教学内容
本课程主要教学内容如下:
(1) 文稿格式;
(2) 句子结构;
(3) 构段方式;
(4) 谋篇布局; (5) 摘要;
(6) 应用文。
五.教学原则
(1)在教学过程中, 要充分考虑成人学习的特点和本课程的特点, 注重对学生遣词造句这两种能力的培养;
(2) 在教学过程中, 教师应以指导学生自学为主, 以电视教学和课堂教学为辅, 采用多种教学手段对学生进行写作训练。
六.测试
实行全国统一的闭卷考试。关于考试，首先要说明的是本课程的终结考试形式：笔试，闭卷。允许带一本英英词典进入考场。考试的试卷由中央电大统一命题，在同一时间进行全国统一考试，卷面分值为100分，60分及格；占总成绩的70%，考试时间为120分钟（两个小时）。试卷分为三部分，卷面分值为100分：第
一、二部分主要考查学生写作应用文的能力，占30分，第三部分为短文写作，占70分，主要考查学生运用所学知识进行英语写作的能力。
推荐第6篇：专科英语基础写作试题
英语写作基础试题
I．重写句子(30 points，1.5 points each)
Revise the following sentences according to the requirement.
Example: The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many
ways.(periodic sentence)
1.My roommate closed her books when it was nearly midnight.( simple sentence ) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.We must plan our family budget carefully.The price of food has risen recently.
( compound sentence )
____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
3.His vision begins to fade.He knows he’d better get some rest.( complex sentence ) _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
4.Tom had worked at the construction site all day.He was too tired.He decided not to meet his friends at the dinner.( compound-complex sentence)
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
5.There are many exercises to do if you want to build a muscular (肌肉发达的) body.(periodic sentence )
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6.It was nearly dark.A snowmobile appeared.The snowmobile was roaring.It was running without lights.It hit Mrs.Li.( long sentence )
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7.My sister was a teacher, a school principal, and finally she became a succeful busine executive.(parallel structure)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8.He felt that the world had come to an end when he failed in the university entrance exam last year.( periodic sentence)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9.The film projector broke for a second time in the cinema.Some people in the audience hied, and others made catcalls.( compound-complex sentence)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10.English is offered only in the morning.Law can be taken at night.( complex sentence )
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11.Hockey is a sport which is popular in many countries around the world.(simple sentence)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12.Not until he croed the line and felt the tape snap against his chest did Johnson know he had won the race.(loose sentence)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13.I have checked my documents several times.I still can’t find the
problem.(compound sentence)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14.The teacher returned the homework.The teacher noticed the error.(complex
sentence)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15.When we are relieved of working preures of the office, we can enjoy happine and relaxation at home.(modifying phrase)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16.Alan paed the test.Alan had studied hard.Alan had understood the material.(complex sentence)
_____________________________________________________________________
17.Foil fuels are non-renewable.We need to find alternative energy sources.(compound sentence)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
18.We slipped on the road when we could see no lights in the heavy rain that night.(periodic sentence)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
19.At the international museum, you can find ancient Egyptian art.You can explore African artifacts there.You can discover beautiful textiles from around the world there.(parallel structure)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20.We lived in a small town when I was a small child.We moved to Shanghai later.
My father landed a better job there.(compound-complex sentence)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
II．改写病句(30points，3 points each) Correct the errors in the following sentences.
Example: After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television.I resolved never to
buy that brand again.
21.She got A’s in her math exam by using her pocket calculator.Which she was not
allowed to use at school.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22.He was staring at the girl by the vending machine (投币式自动售货机)wearing
dark glaes.
_____________________________________________________________________
23.Sara leaped up screaming a black spider was on her leg.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
24.Relieved of your responsibilities at your job, your home should be a place to relax.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25.Charlotte loved the movie Gone with the Wind, but Lyde hated it.His chief
objection being that it lasted four hours.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26.In summer, Juanna didn’t love traveling in Rome she felt it was too hot there.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
27.Shakespeare wrote comedies, tragedies, romances, and the plays which were
based on historical events.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
28.While driving on Blueberry Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree fell toward Jack’s
car.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
29.One of Jenny’s greatest joys in life is eating deerts.Such as milkshake, cookies or strawberry cake.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
30.Peter ordered the meal for his friends ranging from fried shrimp to chopped beef._____________________________________________________________________
III.Choose the more suitable word from the two provided for each
blank in the following sentences.(20 points, 2 point for each)
31.Their hard work ________ (effected, affected) rapid progre in the work.
32.The chairman made some ________ (complementary, complimentary) remarks
about the speakers.
33.She is an ________ (eminent, imminent) artist in this city.
34.Rice is the ________ (principal, principle) food of the inhabitants of this area.
35.That aristocrat often speaks in _______ (a proud, an arrogant) tone.
36.She had only two ________ (thin, slim) slices of bread for breakfast.
37.Chinese culture has a _________ (continual, continuous) history of 5 000 years.
38.I ________ (doubt, suspect) whether this plan will work.
39.This is a ________ (personal, private) visit.There is no need for formalities.
40.Reforms have brought about rapid(economic, economical) growth in China in
recent years.
III.Punctuation: using proper punctuations only where neceary to make a meaningful paragraph.You needn’t make any change where and when capitalization is needed.(10 points)
In□college□ my □friend □Beth □was □very □ambitious □not □only □for □herself □but □for □her □friends □she □was □interested □in□ foreign □relations□ in □travel □and □in □going □to □law □school □I □plan □to □be □secretary □of □state □someday □she □would □say □matter-of-factly □one □mutual □friend □to study □literature □had □planned □to □go □to □a □graduate □school □and he □would □be □the □chairman □of □the □Yale □English □department □another□ friend □was □interested □in □political □journalism □and □would □someday □edit □the □Times □magazine □I □was □a □biology □major □which □was □a □problem □Beth’s □best □friend □from □childhood □was □also □studying □biology □and □Beth □had □already □decided □she □would □win □the □Nobel □Prize□I □was □proud □of □Beth □for □her ambition □although □I □did □not □agree □to □his □fanciful □ideas □□I □had □only □one □truthful □friend □in □college□
IV.Capitalization.Write some letters in the following titles in big letters where neceary.(10 points, 2.5 points for each item)
41.where I lived, and what I lived for
42.well-known poets of the tang dynasty
43.a day for daoists to remember for ever
44.approaches to teaching english as a foreign language
推荐第7篇：英语基础写作朗读短文
英语基础写作朗读短文
1.
Spring Spring is a delightful season.The temperatures are moderate, and the blooming trees and flowers make the city bright with colors.This is the time when we can begin to wear lighter and more brightly colored clothes and go outdoors more often.Smaller children like to bring their kites out to the spacious square.Also I enjoy going back to the village on this holiday after being in the city for the winter months.
2.
Summer Summer is the great season for all sports in the open air.It is the season for football which is often called the national sport because of its popularity.I usually watch television and read the newspaper reports about the football results of the little leagues.During the summer I like to go to the beach often because it is very close to my home.I usually go there during the summer vacation to relax after many months in school in the city.I feel very comfortable with the familiar quiet life of the villagers.
3.
Autumn For me the autumn or fall starts in September when school starts its new
term.I usually do some shopping.The mild weather made it very nice to study outside under the trees in a small park close to my house.I like to look up the leaves changing colors from green to red and yellow, and then brown colors.The park also has many bright fall flowers; sometimes I see a small squirrel coming down from the tree to hunt for food on the ground.On the weekends, I sometimes like to fly my kite.Usually on the street corners you can see street peddlers selling warm baked sweet potatoes.This is a nice time of the year.
4.
Winter Winter is very cold and windy in most parts of China.I usually look forward to the Spring Festival and the winter holiday when I can go to the south where the climate is warmer during these holidays.Also, I look forward to seeing my grandparents and my friends.Winter is the time everyone is in a festive mood.In the city, I usually do a lot of reading at home in the winter because of eh cold weather outside.
5. My Career Plan During my high school years, I have found chemistry, physics, and mathematics interesting.Actually, I am interested in many subjects such as history, and English.But somehow I cannot remember the historical events or the facts in detail.I cannot remember English words well, either.
On the other hand, chemistry, physics, and mathematics are easy for me because they seem logical to me.After considering my interests and talents I feel that science or engineering might be the best choice for my career.I would like to study science or engineering in college.After graduation from college I hope to go for higher education overseas.Eventually I would like to return to school to teach.This is my career plan.
6.
What do You Want to Be When You Grow Up? This question and another similar question, \"Have you decided what you will do after you finish school?\" were among the most common questions people often asked me when I was a small child and then a student in school.Choosing the right career is very important.For this reason we should try to find out what our talents and interests are and how we can use them.There are many careers open to each of us.Many persons find their place in government service, and many others may be interested in going into the busine world.Teaching, newspaper works, medicine, engineering, science -- these and many other fields offer fascinating careers to persons with talent and training.
7. My Friend John is the most diligent student in our cla.He is one of my friends.As
a matter of fact, he gets along with his clamates.He might spend just five to ten minutes talking to you once in a long while, but he talks with enthusiasm and energy, and he likes to share his thinking and ideas with you.He is honest; he does not like to waste his time and energy.He never appears sleepy and tired in the claroom.He always hands in homework on time and also does well in his examinations, yet he has time practicing playing football and his violin skill.I admire him.I hope I can be as diligent as he is; John is persistent, attentive, and energetic.
8. Learning—A Lifelong Career
As food is to the body, so is learning to the mind.Our bodies grow and muscles develop with the intake of adequate nutritious food.Likewise, we should keep learning day by day to maintain our keen mental power and expand our intellectual capacity.Constant learning supplies us with inexhaustible fuel for driving us to sharpen our power of reasoning, analysis, and judgment.Learning inceantly is the surest way to keep pace with the times in the information age.
Learning should be a never-ending proce, from the cradle to the grave.With the world ever changing so fast, the cease from learning for just a few days will make a person lag behind.Lack of learning will inevitably lead to the stagnation of the mind. Therefore, to stay mentally young, we have to take learning as a lifelong career.
9. Perseverance 坚持不懈
Perseverance is the golden key to being succeful in anything you do. Perseverance overcomes almost everything.When you fall, perseverance tells you to get up.When you are defeated, perseverance tells you to try again.When you feel like quitting, perseverance doesn‟t let you.If at first you don‟t succeed, try, try, try again.There lies the secret to being a winner.10. Adversity Is an Advantage Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity a greater.We can always learn more from challenging times than from good times.Adversity is the catalyst that forces us to stretch.It propels us to find solutions to problems we never would have considered if not for adversity.Adversity can provide the fuel that sparks new strengths we didn\'t realize we had with in us.How we cope with adversity is also a learning experience.There are times in all of our lives where we have handled adversity well, and times where we have not.Next time adversity strikes, remember, you can use it to your advantage by learning from it.
11.Make Every Day Count 让每天过得有意义
Make every day count.Appreciate every moment and take from every event all those truths you can poibly manage, for you may never be able to experience it again.Talk with people you have never talked with before and this time, actually listen.Let yourself fall in love, break free and set your sights high.Hold your head aloft because you have earned that right.Instruct yourself to be a great individual and believe in that self, for if you don‟t believe in yourself, it will be impoible for others to believe in you.You can make of yourself anything you wish.Create your destiny and then go out and live it with absolutely no regrets.12.What can education bring us？
What can education bring us？ Is “high mark” the real destiny of education？ As researchers and scholars are investigating this subject， the accurate definition of education begins to have slight difference from what was in people„s mind before.Education， the bridge between teachers and students， the mediator between individual and society， means more than knowledge transmit， but being a wholly developed person in the society.First，education brings us basic knowledge and skill to survive.From primary school on， students learn subjects like Maths， Physics， English， or in other words， academic subjects to gain the initial
knowledge of the nature and world， which are extremely useful for our future career.Upon this， students also learn skills like sewing， cooking， and mending bicycles， which help them a lot in their future family life.To this extend， education provided us with fundamental concepts of living.Second，education can cultivate our sentiment.Apart from academic subjects， art subjects such as music and art seems more interesting toward students.From these subjects， one can enjoy the pleasure of listening to music， try to gue a composer„s emotion when writing a music chapter， or understand the meaning of a piece of drawing， from which proce they themselves are edified and aimilated， and finally have their own clear opinion on what is beauty.Third，education makes an individual adapted to the society.Being innocent and naive， young people always find it hard to immerge into the complicated environment， and feel frustrated.Through education like communication skills， students may know the eence of getting on with other people.This kind of education influences our personality and views everyone as a whole individual in the big family of society.Above all，knowledge，emotion，and personality form the most important part of the content of education.The aim of education is to teach a per son become a completely developed individual.13.Economic progre is one way to measure a country\'s succe.But
some people think other factors are also important.What are the other factors? Which factor is the most important one? (1) As a key factor in social development, economic progre has attracted full attention of policy makers in most countries of the world.However, some people suggest there are other factors that are as important as economic progre.This eay will focus on other aspects of the society that should be taken into consideration while measuring a country‟s succe.
(2) First and foremost, the succe of a country is ultimately reflected by the well-being of the people.It is true that the growth of total social wealth leads to better lives for average people in general, but we cannot deny the fact that in some countries, wealth accumulates much faster in upper claes than in the working cla.Sometimes, the gap is so wide that the poor ones actually become poorer with the currency inflation that appears along with economic growth.In other words, to ensure the healthy development of the society, economic progre should benefit everyone with a scientific distribution system.(3) Besides, the succe of a country relies on the all-round development of its younger generations.The cutting-edge scientific progre laying the path to a promising future is mostly driven by well-educated and innovative young people.For example, Mark Zackerburg, the founder of
Facebook, succefully altered the online behaviour of hundreds and millions of netizens and made unprecedented contribution to the network industry.It is similar in other industries, which urges for better education and opportunities for each one.(4) Last but not the least, a country should spare no effort to preserve its culture and traditions.For a nation, the culture identity and shared value system are eential to social stability.Only in a stable environment can the society thrive and provide sufficient space for the freedom of self-development for everyone.(5) In conclusion, other than economic growth, the succe of a country depends on various factors, among which the balanced development of all social claes plays the most important role.14.In most cities and towns, the high volume of road traffic has become a serious problem.What are the causes of this situation? What actions can be taken to solve the problem? (1) With the ever-increasing speed of urban development, the volume of road traffic in most cities and towns has grown out of control.During the rush hour, buses and private cars are always trapped in the traffic congestion where people waste hours every day just because of the poor road condition.This eay will explore the causes of this situation and some poible actions that can be taken to solve this problem.
(2) To start with, the increasing number of private cars is the main cause of traffic jams.With the fast development of social economy, more citizens are able to afford private cars, which bring them great convenience.Instead of taking the sardine-packed buses or the metro to work, people now have the option to commute in their own cars.However, this new trend inevitably worsens the traffic.(3) Another major cause of the high traffic volume is the over-population in large cities.Offering much more job opportunities with better career development, metropolises such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou have attracted millions of people from other parts of the country.Unfortunately, the public transportation systems in the cities are comparatively under-developed and cannot support the booming population, which naturally results in the traffic problem.(4) In order to alleviate the preure on road traffic in towns and cities, the following suggestions should be taken into consideration.First of all, the government can discourage the citizens from owing and driving private cars by charging higher fees.In the meantime, the public transportation system should be upgraded so as to increase the total capacity.Moreover, the government can encourage the citizens to take buses or the metro to work by lowering the ticket prices.(5) In conclusion, the over-crowding of city roads is the result of unbalanced urban development, which can be solved with the joint efforts
of both the government and the average citizens.You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.15. Some parents would like choosing a career for their children,what is your opinion about this?Why? You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas of knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.Parents generally believe it is their responsibility to plan the careers for their children.They claim that they know their children well enough to decide what kind of job suits them.Hoping that their children will go in for profeions that will bring them the greatest prestige and economic benefit, many parents think that their children are too young to see this for themselves.There are some parents who even expect their children to take over the careers of their fathers.For these reasons, many parents insist that their children should obey them in choosing careers.But many children suggest that they should be left free to choose their own careers.For one thing, parents and children may not share the same interest.A job that appeals is likely to be boring for their children.For another, children have been brought up in a different age from their parents‟, and therefore, should be allowed to cultivate a spirit of independence and self-reliance.In short, children should be free to make their own decisions as to future careers.
In my opinion, in this case as in many other things, mutual understanding is important.On the one hand, parents‟ view does reflect their concern for the well-being of their children.On the other hand, after all it is the children who will be doing the jobs.Therefore, it will be wise for parents to give them this freedom while for the children they should consult their parents when it is neceary.(249 words).
推荐第8篇：《英语写作基础》课程教学大纲
2009《英语写作基础》课程教学大纲
一、课程性质与教学目的：
《英语写作教程基础》是英语专业基础阶段一门重要的实践课程，着重培养学生英语写作的基本技能。掌握句子、段落以及应用文写作的基本理论和技巧，写出主题较为突出、内容较为完善、语言较为通顺、格式符合要求的短文。
二、教学对象
本课程的教学对象是高等专科英语专业的学生或具有同等水平的自学者.
三、教学要求：
通过系统学习和刻苦训练，使考生最终掌握教材所规定的全部写作基本概念、基本理论和基本用法。最终能写一般的书信，通知便条，请贴、问候及记叙文、说明文和个人简历等。格式正确，语言得体，内容完整，条理清楚，语法正确，快速写作速度为每小时200词。
四、教学内容：
（一）、《英语写作教程基础》教学内容为：
第一章：正确选词(Using Proper Words) 1.词类（Types of Words）_ 2.选词（Choice of Words） 3.同义词（Synonyms）
4.好字典（Some Good Dictionaries）
学习目的与要求：掌握英语的词类及如何正确选词，用词）
第二章：使句子正确有效（Making Correct and Effective Sentences ） 1.正确造句（Correct Sentences）
2.同位语从句和附属字句（Coordination and Subordination） 3.有效的句子（Effective Sentences）
学习目的与要求：掌握各种句子结构，正确有效的造句。 第三章：段落（Developing Paragraphs） 1.段落的种类（ Types of Paragraph）
2.段落的写作方法（
Ways of Developing a Paragraph） 学习目的与要求：掌握段落的写作的基本理论和基本要求，并能按照要求运用基本理论，指导自己的段落写作。对段落的主题句、统一性、连贯性等重点要熟练掌握并达到综合运用。掌握段落写作的方法，写出内容完整、层次分明、逻辑分明的段落来。 第四章：摘要的写作（Summarizing） 1.用途（Uses of Summary-Writing） 2． 写作程序（Procedure）
学习目的与要求：掌握摘要的写作要领和用途，并能写出格式正确，层次分明符合要求的摘要来。 第五章：短文的写作（Composing Eays）
1.短文的写作标准（Criteria of a Good Composition） 2.短文的写作步骤(Steps in Writing a Composition)
3.短文的三个重要组成部分（ Three Main Parts of a Composition） 4.短文的种类（Types of Writing）
学习目的与要求：重点掌握记叙文和说明文定义和写作技巧，能写出组织完整，逻辑性强，文字简洁，准确，生动有趣的文章。
第六章：应用文的写作（ Writing for Practical Purposes） 1.通知的写法（Notices）
2.问候，祝贺和正式邀请函（Greetings, Good Wishes and Formal Invitations） 3.便条的写法（Notes） 4.书信的写法（Letters）
5.个人简历的写法（ Resumes）
学习目的与要求：掌握通知、问候、便条、信函、简历等的写作方法与技巧。要求格式正确、内容充实，用词得当、表达得体。
第七章：科研论文的写法（Preparing Research Paper） 1.定义和目的（Definition and Purpose） 2.写作步骤（Steps） 3.格式（Format）
4.例文（A Sample Research Paper）
学习目的与要求：掌握科研论文的定义、目的、写作步骤和格式。，并能写出格式正确步骤正确。
第八章：抄写格式与标点（Manuscript Form and Punctuation） 1.抄写格式（Manuscript Form） 2.标点 (Punctuation) 学习目的与要求：掌握抄写格式及标点的正确使用。
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（二）、本课程的教学重点是：
．
1、教程的第五章“短文的写作”(Composing Eays)；
2、“应用文的写作”(writing for Practical Purposes)。
教材的前四章“Using proper words”，
“Making correct and effective sentences”：“Developing paragraphs”和“Summarizing”为一般教学重点，是学习英语写作不可缺少的基本内容，应结合教学重点，认真学习。
短文的写作(Composing Eays)
要求掌握记叙文和说明文这两种文体。
1、记叙文(Narration)
叙述一件事情或一系列事情的文章是记叙文。这类文体的涉及面很广，包括讲故事——真实的故事及虚构的故事，也包括传记、历史故事等。记叙文与描写文关系十分密切，因为要讲一件事(讲故事)就离不开对人物、景物等的描述。
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在写记叙文时，要注意以下几点：
(1)要开门见山。文章一开始，就要把发生的事情和主要人物及时间、地点说清楚，使读者一目了然。
(2)要言之有物。写好一件事必须要有实例及细节，但是，细节描写过多，容易使人不得要领，因此，对例子和细节一定要选择恰当，使用那些与主题思想关系密切的、有说服力的事例。
(3)写作时要把一件事的前因后果组织好，层次要分明，发展要自然，结尾要水到渠成。陈述的方法，可以根据时间先后顺序安排，也可倒叙，但是，倒叙对写作技巧的要求要更高一些。
(4)可以用第三人称写，也可以用第一人称写。用第一人称写，比较亲切、自然、真实，但局限性比较大。用第三人称写，比较自由灵活，而且往往显得更客观，但是对写作技巧的要求更高一些。
(5)叙述某件事的时候，不能就事论事，要有自己的观点和内涵。
2．说明文(Exposition)
说明文是使用最多的一种写作形式。说明文的目的就是要阐明一个问题、一种观点。它与记叙文不同，不是单纯地去讲故事(叙述一件事)，而是要说明事情的起因、来龙去脉、前因后果、事物的内在关系等。要求掌握说明文中的例证说明文、分类归纳说明文、比较和对比说明文、因果说明文和定义说明文这五种文体的写法。
(1)例证说明文(Illustration)。这是通过举例来说明一种看法的文章。举例可以使抽象概念具体化，可以使文章有说服力，因而更能使读者理解和接受。使用例证写作时，常常要用描写和叙事的手法。
(2)比较和对比说明文(Comparison and contrast)。这是一种说明及分析人物、事物等的相似处和进行对比的一种写作方法。由于它采用对比手法，往往更为生动鲜明，因此效果比较好。但要注意在比较两件或几件事物的时候(或人、物等)，要把情况说清楚，几件事要同等对待；不能厚此薄彼，文章的结构要平衡，例子要有说服力。
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(3)因果说明文(Cause and Effect)。因果说明文是说明事物的原因和结果的说明文。强调原因的说明文，往往先说出结果，然后一条条分析造成结果的原因；强调结果的说明文，则往往从原因开始，然后说明其结果和影响。在写这类说明文时，一定不要把结果简单化，不要想当然，而且要分清事情的主要原因和结果之间的有机联系，说话要有证据。
(4)分类归纳说明文(Claification and Division)。分类强调事物之间的区别，而归纳则着重说明事物的相同之处。在实际写作过程中，这两种方法往往交替使用。要特别注意分类归纳的恰当的方法和原则，思路要明确，前后要一致。
写说明文要注意以下几点：
(1)面不要铺得太大，要突出主要观点或主要的事情(尤其是在写一篇几百字的作文时，这一特点更为重要)。
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(2)需要有一定数量的例子、细节和描写来说明看法。
(3)组织完整，逻辑性强。
(4)文字要求简洁、准确，不能含糊不清。 (5)尽量写得生动有趣，能吸引读者。
应用文(Writing for Practical Purposes)
应用文指在我们日常生活和工作中为了交际而进行的写作。要求掌握通知、问候、便条、信函、简历等的写法。
1．通知的写法
写通知一定要简单明了，重点突出，格式要平衡、美观。一般通知的内容包括：
(1)时间(指活动的日期、具体时间)； (2)地点；
(3)活动内容；
(4)报告者情况介绍(如活动是讲座或报告)； (5)其它必要内容。
2．问候、祝贺、感谢、唁电等的写法
英语写问候、祝贺等，都有一定格式，一般包括被问候者姓名，问候、祝贺等具体内容及问候、祝贺者姓名。贺卡有新年卡、圣诞卡、生日卡、婚礼卡、感谢卡、慰问卡等，其中，多有固定格式，可参阅教材里的例子。 3． 便条的写法
便条是最简单的信件。在日常生活和工作中临时遇到一些需要对别人说的事，就可以留一张便条。写便条的语言一般比较口语化，格式也比较随便，不必写出写信人和收信人的地址，也不必写信尾的套语，在写日期时可以省略“年”的部分。
4．书信的写法
书信分私人书信(Personal Letters) 和事务书信(Busine Letters)两大类。英语书信，尤其是事务书信有比较严格的格式要求，包括以下六个部分：
(1)信首。包括寄信人的地址及写信日期；
(2)收信人地址。私人书信这部分一般省略；
(3)称呼；
(4)书信正文；
(5)信尾套语；
(6)签名。
私人书信与事务书信在格式上不完全一样。事务书信的格式比较严格，用词也比较讲究、正式。写申请信、推荐信、介绍信等都有一套较固定的格式，可参阅教材中的实例。
5．个人简历的写法
在求职、求学等情况时需要写个人简历。英语个人简历的写法要求有比较严格的格式，但是由于不同的目的，内容并不完全一样。简历一般包括以下部分：姓名、住址、婚姻状况、个人著述、参加何种学术组织、外语程度、证明人等。写个人简历要求语言准确、简练，格式正确，还要求版面安排美观。
五、教学媒体
英语写作基础课使用的文字教材为《英语写作基础教程》，主编丁往道（主编）吴冰， 钟美荪等编著。高等教育出版社2000年1月版。
六、考试
课程测试形式分为:形成性考试 + 课程终结考试。其中形成性考试占40%；终结考试站80%。终结考试在学期期末安排进行，形式为笔试。本课程的考试依据教学大纲的要求，重点考查应用文写作和一般文体的写作。考试为闭卷考试，总分100分，测试时间为90分钟。
a) 应用文写作
根据提示写一个不少于80词的通知和不少于150词的便条，要求语言通顺，流畅，用词得体，格式正确，总分为100分。 b) 命题作文
c) 依据所给题目及写作提纲或规定场景等，写一篇不少于300词的作文，要求符合文章类型特点，内容切题，语言通顺。满分为70分。
七、教学安排
本课程全部为面授课，总学时为54学时，每周3个学时，一学期完成，共3学分。课堂教学以写作实践为主，理论讲解为辅，除教材上的练习外，可结合教学内容增加一些课外练习题。具体教学安排如下：
第一周 词语的使用（2学时，下同）
第二周 如何写出好的句子
（一）
第三周 如何写出好的句子
（二）
第四周 段落的写作
（一）
第五周 段落的写作
（二）
第六周 摘要的写法
第七周 描写文（人物、地点）
第八周 描写文（物体、场景）
第九周 叙述文
（一）
第十周 叙述文
（二）
第十一周 应用文
（一）
第十二周 应用文
（二）
第十三周
应用文
（三）
第十四周
说明文——实例
第十五周 说明文——分类
第十六周
说明文——比较对照
第十七周
说明文——因果关系
第十八周
说明文——定义
在教学过程中，教师可根据实际情况对教学内容作一些灵活安排。
八、教学过程中应注意的若干问题
1．写作的重点是应用文（通知、布告、简历、便条、书信等）和说明文（实例、分类比较对照、因果关系和定义）。教学从注重文字的思想内容、组织结构和语言表达入手，逐步要求行文正确、得体与流畅。
2．自学时间较多的学生可适当延长学习描写文和叙述文的时间。
3．写作水平较差的学生可以多做和“段落”一章中相同的练习，然后过度到短文写作。
4．写作水平较高的学生可自学议论文部分，并在语言正确的基础上自学教材中的其他教学内容。
5．写作课除讲授外，还应该加强作业的批改、讲评以及学生的个别指导，有条件的地方还应加强辅导老师的力量。
6．36个学时的课堂教学远远不能满足培养学生写作能力的要求，因此要特别强调学生在课下多做练习，打好写作基本功。
推荐第9篇：《英语基础写作》第四次作业
《英语基础写作》第四次作业
一、简答/计算题
你的网友写信给你，问你是怎样学好英语的。请用英文给他写封回信，信中给出你对学好英语的建议：
1.坚持学习英语，一天也不能放弃。
2.经常复习巩固所学内容。
3.除了背好单词、学好语法外，还要 多读书。
4.每天听半个小时英语以锻炼你的听力。
5.要多说英语，只有多使用你所学过的语言才能过掌握它。
6.强迫自己读英文报纸和书籍，经过一段时间你就感到容易了。
Dear friend,
Thank you for writing me the letter asking how to learn English, and here are my personal opinions:
First, you are suggested to persist in learning English every day, that is, making learning English your daily habit, and do not give up even one day;
Second, if you hope to remember whatever your have learnt, it is better to go over whatever we have learnt from time to time;
Third, besides vocabulary and grammar, reading English books also helps you learning English well;
Fourth, if you want to improve your listening skills, please spare half an hour’s every day to listen to listening resources such as English broadcasting;
Fifth, speak in English as much as poible.As the proverb says, practice makes perfect;
Last, try to read English newspapers and books, you might find it difficult at first, however, you will enjoy reading them after some time.
I firmly believe that you have the ability to follow the above advice and will make certain progre in learning English.
Best regards,
Mike
推荐第10篇：基础英语写作 课程简介
课程名称：基础英语写作
课程编号：21120208
学分：4.0
总学时数：64
开设学期：第三学期——第四学期
课程性质：必修课
考核方式：考查
主要内容：英语写作中遣词造句、段落发展、谋篇布局、文稿格式等英语写作的一些基本方法，以及摘要写作、读书报告、记叙文、描写文、便条等各种文体写作的基本知识，能理解英语写作的基本规律及英语成文的规律；能够掌握各种文体的写作技巧，并能运用所学的语言知识，根据不用的写作要求，完成不同文体作文的写作任务。
第11篇：基础写作
选题参考题库：
一、新闻与传播实践问题的研究
党报时政新闻报道特色研究
综合性日报头版设计趋势研究
时评特色研究
对一张报纸的《理财周刊》进行内容分析
北方城市“都市报”是否有自己的特色？
《新京报》新闻报道策划有何特色？是何种机制形成这种特色的？ 市场化报纸具有同质化问题，其原因是什么？
中国企业内刊研究
白领杂志或白领报纸分析
女性时尚杂志的个案研究
接受与拒绝——中国数字电视作用的现状调查
凤凰卫视《冷暖人生》的品牌为什么成功？
人才招聘节目的发展前景——以《绝对挑战》为例
当代中国电视娱乐节目发展趋势及其成因
我国社会节目制作公司的生态环境好还是不好？
奥运报道中的中国形象建构是正面还是负面的？
当前我国经济新闻中对经济事件的前沿解读方法是什么？
谈批评报道的选择艺术
天气预报的报道有很大的变化，分析标题与写作的特点
新闻标题效果谈（分析实题和虚题）
研究记者招待会提问技巧
网络新闻促成了网络民族主义的生成
FANS（发烧友、影视迷）的文化研究
新闻网站言论频道研究
试析短信新闻的现状与发展趋势
广告文化对青少年成长有负面影响
报纸广告与社会变迁
中国90年代电影中青年形象的发展是分成几个阶段的？
从《奋斗》一剧分析偶像剧的类型特征
二、新闻与传播发展史的研究
报纸头版与社会变迁
杂志封面与社会变迁
中国媒体公关新闻的现状、形态和出路是什么？
软力量的提升——新时期中国对外传播具有很大的机遇和挑战 报告文学为什么衰退？是否已经被调查报告的兴盛取代？
舆论监督对中国新闻改革有重大影响(个案研究)
简论当今转型期中国新闻记者的责任意识
《中国青年报》的历史与现实
报纸漫画与社会变迁
中国电视谈话节目是方兴未艾还是日落西山？
网络对传统媒体有什么冲击与影响？（选一种具体的媒介进行调查研究）
第12篇：写作基础
写作基础
公文性质：
公文是一个国家实行行政管理的基础，是一个国家权力的象征，是实行各种行政行为最根本的凭证和依据，是治理社会、管理国家、办理公务的重要工具。作为一种特殊的应用文。
特点：
1． 内容的策令性
公文是党政机关的喉舌和典型的“遵命文章”。
公文具有法定的权威性和行政约束力。 2． 程式的规范性
公文在有特有的办理程序和写作格式，具有规范的程式。 3． 作者、读者的专任性
公文作者：具有法定职权和行文资格的机关单位、社会组织及其领导人。 读者：特别规定。 4． 行文的庄重性
要用庄重、严肃的态度对待、处理公文，维护公文的法定权威和庄严，保证公文效用得以实现。公文表达效果要庄重。
行政公文包括：命令 决定 公告 通告 通知 通报 议案 报告 请示 批复 意见 函 会议纪要。
上行文：请示 报告平行文：函
下行文：命令 决定 通报 通知 批复 意见 泛行文：公告 公报
按来源：外发公文 收进公文 内部公文 按秘密程度：绝密公文 机密公文 秘密公文 按紧急程度：特急公文 急办公文 常规公文
根据内容性质：通用公文（包括行政公文、事务文书、会务文书、公关文书等）
专用公文（分为经济、教育、司法、外交等）
技术公文（主要在教学、科研、生产、基建等）
按作用：指挥性 规范性 报请性 知照性 记录性
公文的作用：
领导和指导 法规约束 知照联系 依据和凭证 宣传和教育
公文格式：
发文机关标识（如：国务院办公厅文件） 【发文字号】
公文标题 （发文机关、事由和文种）（除特别注明外，其余标题均如此） 主送机关（负责处理 执行公文的机关） 正文 附件
成文日期（发文机关的负责人签发的日期）（写汉字）（印）
1 主题词
抄送机关（需要执行或知晓公文的其他机关）
上行文规则：
（1）一文一事；
（2）只写一个主送机关； （3）不越级请示； （4）不得抄送下级机关； （5）不直接送领导个人。
公文办理：公文从起草、创制、传递、办理到立卷、归档、保管的一个完整的公文运转流程，分为收文、发文两个阶段。
收文办理程序： 签收 拆封 登记 分办 传阅 拟办 批办
承办 催办 注办 清退 归档 销毁
发文办理程序：
草拟 会商 审核 签发 复核 缮印
校对 用印 登记 封发
命令：
命令（令）是依照有关法律公布行政法规和规章，宣布施行重大强制性行政措施，嘉奖有关单位及人员的下行公文。命令（令）是国家行政机关依据宪法、法律、法令、规定等法规所发布的文件。 特点
(1)强制性
(2)严肃性
(3)权威性 种类
按内容和性质的不同，可以分为：
发布令
行政令
嘉奖令
任免令
标题：发布者+事由+文种 or 发布者+文种 or 文章内容+文种 发文字号：文件式（国发〔2006〕3号） 序号式（第378号）
正文：
发布令：用于依照有关法律规定发布行政法规和规章。发布令的正文由“令”和附件两部分组成。发布内容、发布行政法规、行政法规、规章通过或批准的时间和施行起始日期
行政令：宣布施行重大强制性行政措施，包括戒严令、特赦令、动员令等。 发布命令的原因、目的、依据；内容要求；执行办法。
嘉奖令：嘉奖有突出成就和重大贡献的单位及人员。嘉奖令的内容丰富，篇幅较长。
嘉奖对象情况、嘉奖决定、嘉奖的目的与希望。
2 任免令：任免国家高级干部和其他重要工作人员，如国务院总理、各部部长、各委员会主任、驻外国全权代表等。包括任免依据和任免事项两项内容。
落款：发令机关（公章）
成文时间构成
写作要求：
1．目的明确，要求具体
2．措词准确，语气严肃
3．篇幅简短，文字简练
决定
决定是对重要事项或者重大行动做出安排，奖惩有关单位及人员，变更或者撤销下级机关不适当的决定事项的公文。 特点：
制约性
指导性
稳定性 种类：
政策性决定
事项性决定
奖惩性决定
命令与决定的区别：制文级别不同（命令须县级以上）、制约性强弱不同（命令更强硬，决定可请求解释）、适用的范围不同（命令可以发布行政法规）
决定与决议的区别：产生过程不同（决议：由法定会议表决且以会议名义发布；决定：可会后由权力机关发布或领导直接发布）、行文用语不同（决议：会议认为 会议指出；决定：为此，特作以下决定）
写作要求
1．依据合理，缘由准确
2．事项明确，要求具体
3．结构严谨，语言决断
公告：
公告是向国内外宣布重要事项或者法定事项的公文，属于公开宣布的知照性下行文。 特点：
发布内容重要
发文机关级别高
发布范围广泛
发布形式独特 种类：
发布性公告
知照性公告
事项性公告
标题、编号（第x号，第x年第x号）、正文（缘由、事项、结语：特此公告、现予公告）、落款
写作要求
1．把握发布权限，慎重选用公告
2．内容要求单一，篇幅注重简短
3．语气郑重严肃，语言简洁明快
通告：
在一定范围内公布应当遵守或者周知的事项的公文，也是属于公开发布的知照性下行文。 特点：
内容具体，业务性强
发文机关广泛
发布范围有限
发布方式特别
3 种类：
知照性通告
法规性通告 标题、编号（文件式）、正文（缘由、事项：内容较多的一般分条款来写、结尾：写执行通告事项的要求或发出号召）、落款（印）
写作要求
1．符合国家政策、规定
2．发文目的明确
3．语言通俗、简洁
通知：
通知是批转下级机关的公文、转发上级机关和不相隶属机关的公文，发布规章，传达要求下级机关办理和需要有关单位周知或者共同执行的事项，以及任免人员时使用的公文。 特点
（1）使用范围广
（2）告知及时性
（3）指导性强
（4）行文方向不确定 种类
（1）发布性通知（发布文件的名称，意义、表明态度、提出实施要求）
（2）批转（转发）性通知（写明被批转（转发）的文件、提出实施意见和执行要求） （3）事项性通知（缘由、事项和要求构成）
缘由：交代发文的依据、目的和意义；事项：布置工作、周知事项的目的、要求、措施及办法等内容。
（4）会议通知（会议目的、意义、会议名称、时间、地点、内容、参加人员、报到时间和地点、费用、准备材料和其他注意事项等，分条列项式写法。） （5）任免通知（任免依据、任免人员的姓名和职务）
标题（全称式标题、省略式标题：省略发文机关，两个以上机构联合发文的话每个机关都要写）、主送机关（由主到次）、正文、落款（印、发文日期）
写作要求
1． 明确目的，分清种类
2．事项明确，切实可行
3．用语得体，讲究时效
通报：
通报是表彰先进、批评错误、传达重要精神或者情况的公文，是一种有较强教育作用和指导作用的周知性下行文。 特点
（1）典型性
（2）教育性
（3）真实性
（4）时效性 种类
（1）表彰性通报
（2）批评性通报
（3）情况性通报
【1和2主要包括事由、分析评价、决定事项和希望要求；3：缘由和依据、情况和事项、希望和要求】
通报与通知的区别： 内容范围不同：
通知（告知工作情况，共同遵守执行的事项；发布行政法规和规章，批转和转发公文，告知需办理和周知的事项）。通报（告知正反面典型，关重要情况；主要用于表扬先进，批评错误，传达交流重要情况和信息）
4 目的要求不同 ：
通知（告知事项，布置工作，部署行动，要求受文机关遵照执行）。通报（教育，宣传先进的思想和事迹，引起重视）
表现方法不同：
通知（表达方式以叙述为主，语言具体明白）。通报（兼用叙述、说明和议论，陈述事实，说明问题，分析评价，具有较强的感情色彩，以达到宣传教育的目的）
通报格式：标题，主送机关（发文机关的下属单位），正文，落款（普发性通报可不写主送机关；非普发性通报得写主送机关）
写作要求：
1．情况要真实
2．事例要典型
3．行文要及时
报告：
报告是向上级机关汇报工作、反映情况、答复上级机关询问的公文。报告属于陈述性上行文，行文的目的是为领导机关了解情况、制定政策和指导工作提供依据。 特点
（1）汇报性
（2）陈述性
（3）客观性 种类
（1）工作报告
（2）情况报告
（3）答复报告
（4）报送报告
标题，主送机关（一般只有一个），正文，落款 —正文：（1）缘由：报告原因、目的，概述基本情况
（2）主体：说明具体情况，指出存在的问题，提出今后意见。分条列项，由主至次。（3）结语（用简明的文字概括全文，或使用惯用语结束全文）
惯用语：特此报告、专此报告、请审阅、请核查备案
不宜写“以上报告，请指示（批示）”等
写作要求
1． 主题要新颖
2．内容要真实
3．重点要突出
4．报告不要夹带请示事项
请示：
请示是向上级机关请求指示、批准的公文，属于呈请性的上行文。 特点
（1）陈请性
（2）求复性
（3）超前性
（4）单一性 种类
（1）政策性的请示
（2）事项性的请示
标题、主送机关（只有一个）、正文（缘由：说明请示原因，突出必要性和迫切性；事项；结语：提出请示要求）、惯用语：以上请示，请批复（审批）、以上请示如无不妥，请批复
写作要求
（1）行文严格遵守“六不”。
（2）缘由充分，要求合理
（3）语言简明，语气得体
5 ①不多头请示；
②是不事后请示；
③是不越级请示；
④是不要一文多事；
⑤是不直接送领导个；
⑥是不得抄送下级机关。
议案：
议案是各级人民政府按照法律程序向同级人民代表大会或人民代表大会常务委员会提请审议事项时使用的一种公文。（有广义与狭义之分）
广义的议案包括全国人民代表大会主席团、全国人大常委会、全国人大各专门委员会、国务院、中央军委、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院向全国人民代表大会提出的议案，包括代表团30名以上代表向全国人大提出的议案，还包括地方各级人代会提出的议案。 狭义的议案是行政公文种类之一（本节讲述的议案），是政府机关与人大常委会之间联系工作时使用的公文，政府的各职能部门和党群机关不使用这一文种。 特点
（1）作者的法定性
（2）内容的特定性
（3）行文的定向性
（4）提出的时限性 种类
（1）立法议案
（2）决策议案
（3）任免议案
议案与提案的区别 议案：国务院和地方各级人民政府依照法律程序向同级人民代表大会及其常委会提请审议事项的专用公文文种。其他机关、单位是不能使用的。
提案：政协委员向政府部门提出书面意见和建议的专用文种。
标题，主送机关（本级人民代表大会或常委会，要写全称或规范化简称），正文（案由：简要说明议案的原因和必要性及酝酿形成过程、方案、结语：提出审议要求或建议），附件（需要附加的材料或需审议的法律、法规条文，政策、规定的文字材料），落款 惯用语：现提请审议、请审议批准、请审议决定。
写作要求：
1． 材料准确，方案合理
2．事项单一，注意权限
3．结构严谨，表达准确
意见：
意见是对重要问题提出见解和处理办法时使用的公文。意见是新《办法》增加的新行政公文。意见可作上行文，也可作下行文、平行文。 特点
（1）灵活性
（2）针对性 种类
（1）建议性意见
（2）规定性意见
（3）指导性意见
标题、主送机关、正文（开头，主体：见解和处理办法，条款式写法，结尾）、落款 惯用语：“以上意见供领导决策参考”、“以上意见供参考”、“以上意见如无不妥，请批转各地执行”、“以上意见，请结合实际情况贯彻执行”
写作要求
1．目的明确，理由充分
2．内容切实，行文及时
3．结构严谨，措词得体
6 函：
函适用于不相隶属单位之间商洽工作、询问或答复问题、向有关主管部门请求批准和答复审批事项时使用的公文。 特点
（1）适用范围广：使用频率高。任何级别的机关、企事业单位都可用。 （2）灵活简便：篇幅短小、内容单
一、语言简洁、制作程序简易
（3）行文多向性：函属于平行文，兼有上行、下行方向（不相隶属机关行文）。 种类
（1）按性质、格式：公函（正式公文，公文要素齐备）、便函（无完整公文格式，可不加标题、不编号、不盖章）
（2）按行文方向：发函（发文机关主动发函）、复函（答复对方有关事项的函） （3）按行文目的、内容：商洽函（机关单位之间相互商洽事项、联系工作）、问答函（机关单位之间相互询问问题、征求意见和答复询问事项）、请批函（也称为申请函，用于向有关主管部门请求批准事项）、告知函（告知不相隶属机关有关事项）
请批函与请示的区别：
请批函和请示都有请求批准的功用。
请批函：向不相隶属的机关或有关主管部门请求批准事项。 请示：有隶属关系的上下级之间，下级向上级请求批准事项。 函与书信的区别： 两者均属于信件类。 ① 用范围不同
函：机关之间处理公务的信件。
书信：个人与组织、个人与个人、组织与组织之间，交流思想感情或互通情报的应用文体。 ②
格式不同
函：公文信件，较庄重，格式较严格。书信：较自由，更为灵活。 ③篇幅长短和表达形式不同
函：讲究得体，不须表达个人情感。书信：可长可短，重视思想感情的交流。
标题、主送机关（一般只有一个，复函的主送机关就是来函的发文机关）、正文（缘由，主体，结尾）、落款 常用惯用语作结：
去函：特此函达、即请复函、敬请回复、务希见复、请研究后函复。 复函：特此函复、特此函告、此复。
写作要求： 1．内容单一，事项明确
2．行文简洁，语言得体
批复：
批复是上级机关答复下级机关请示事项的公文。批复是与请示相对应的下行文。 特点：（1）被动性（2）针对性
（3）权威性
种类：
（1）指示性批复：审批问题，并提出指示性意见。篇幅较长。
（2）表态性批复：针对请求批准类的请示，表明同意或不同意。不涉及其他内容。
7 批复与复函的区别：
相同点：答复有关事项的功用，都属于被动行文，有请示才有批复，有来函才有复函。 不同点：批复（批准答复下级机关的请示事项）；复函（回复平级单位或不相隶属机关单位之间的来函）
标题、主送机关（批复的主送机关即请示的发文机关）、正文（导语：引叙来文，惯用 “经研究，现批复如下”过渡下文；主体：表明同意或不同意，分条款写；结语：此复、特此批复、此复，希执行）、落款
写作要求：1．掌握请示，逐一答复
2．态度鲜明，意见具体
3．批复及时，用语准确
会议纪要：
记载和传达会议情况及议定事项的公文。会议纪要向上汇报，让上级了解情况，同时要向下传达，以便下级机关遵照执行，因此它的行文方向较为灵活，可上行、下行和平行。 特点：1．纪实性
2．概括性
3．约束性
4．依附性 种类：1．办公会议纪要
2．专题会议会纪要
标题：会议名称+文种构成，如《××市城南开发区管委会办公会议记录》；
正、副标题组成，如《抓住机遇，扩大开放——沿长江五市对外开放研讨会议纪要》。 正文：
1．前言（会议召开的依据、目的、时间、地点、主持人、参加会议的单位或人员情况，会议的主要议题，以及对会议成果的总评价等基本情况）
2．主体（介绍会议讨论的主要情况、主要精神、议定的事项。分项式、综述式、摘要式） 3．结尾（提出希望、号召，要求与会者或有关单位认真贯彻会议精神） 落款：会议纪要的成文时间一般写在标题正下方（不用盖章）
写作要求：
1． 收集材料，真实反映
2．抓住重点，突出中心
3．条理清晰，言简意明
整理by抽抽
版权所有~严打盗版~授权传阅^O^
8
第13篇：基础写作
基础写作范文 8篇
1.France is the largest country in Western Europe, covering an area of 550,000 square kilometers with
coasts on three sides, and it has a population of 63 million.Paris, the capital of France, not only is one of the most beautiful cities with a long history in the world, but also serves as the centre of its politics, economy and culture.
France has a mild climate and comfortable environment, and is therefore, suitable for living.Besides, as a developed country, France is famous for its fine food such as bread and wine.France is also abundant in traveling resources, which attract visitors from all over the world, leaving them a deep impreion.2.The
2.Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations was established in 1945 in Quebec, Canada, which was the first international organization after World War II.The organization is made up of 191
member nations and a member organization, namely the EU, whose headquarters is located in Rome, Italy.The FAO celebrated the first World Food Day on 16, Oct, 1981, aiming to call people all over the world to pay high attention to the development of food and agricultural production.The FAO focuses on helping developing countries make agricultural development policies and strategies as well as providing technical aistance for them.At present the FAO is playing an important part in food and agricultural production.
3.Now there are so many natural disasters, which have killed thousands of people, so it is neceary to take measures to reduce the natural disasters.In my opinion, the most important thing is to build strong
warning systems to help people get ready for the disasters, which may greatly reduce the number of deaths.Second, some natural disasters are caused by human activities which have changed the climate, so measures should be taken to protect the environment.Last, I suggest our government set up powerful rescue systems, which can work effectively to help those trapped by natural disasters.To sum up, I think we should face natural disasters positively instead of just escaping.
4.Every year the fourth Thursday in November is Thanksgiving Day, which is used to celebrate autumn harvest and give thanks to God for giving people a harvest.As time goes by, Thanksgiving Day is also a way to thank others for their help, so on this day, Americans often travel acro the country to be with their family members together.Then they will have a feast and share some traditional food, such as big turkey, pumpkin pie and so on.
People can expre their love and thanks on Thanksgiving Day and learn to show their appreciation and love to their family and friends.It is also a chance to strengthen the relationship between family members and friends.
5.It’s well known that Mother Nature is a complex life system.Everything on the earth is in different
shapes which are interdependent.To love nature is to love us mankind, and our sights should be focused on nature and we should try to develop the idea of “keeping humans and nature in unity”.No one can live without nature, so we should take action and do our bit to protect our earth and environment.Please try our best to love and respect nature, which is a responsibility of all human beings.
6.In the Zhou Dynasty, there was a man named Xing Yi who was famous for poems and paintings.One day, when Xing Yi was washing his hands in the river, he saw a piece of unburned pine charcoal(松木炭).
Accidentally, after he picked it up and threw it into the water, to his surprise, he found his hand was dyed black.The clever poet thought since the pine charcoal could dye his hand, he could also use it to write.Then he mixed the pine charcoal which had been pounded into pieces and wheat porridge together to make the original Chinese ink.
7.When I entered high school, there were so many subjects that I had to stay up late every night to review what I had learned in the daytime.But it made me sleepy and mi many key points in cla, and finally I
did poorly in the exam last term.
At present, I go to bed before ten o’clock every night so that I can keep energetic and work hard during the cla.If I have questions, I’ll turn to teachers for help in time, so I can keep up with others now and I’m sure I’ll make great progre in the coming exam.
I have different learning methods this term and have different results, so I think it is important to form a good habit of study.
8.Lots of high school girls have only some fruits for supper to own a slim figure, which is not good for their health.On the one hand, most fruits are rich in calories, so people will gain more fat by eating too many fruits instead of losing weight.On the other hand, fruits contain only a little nutrition that is neceary for humans’ health.So eating fruits for dinner for a long time will cause some health problems, such as
anaemia and the lo of immunity.As mentioned above, we know it is unhealthy for girls to eat only fruits for supper.
第14篇：高考英语基础写作人物人品
第一个写作话题：人物人品
课标解读：指本人、家人、邻居、同学、老师、朋友和其他人的情况介绍。包括姓名、年龄、生日、出生地、地址、电话号码、QQ号、电子邮箱、职业、品格、性格、习惯、毅力、责任、个性心理、意志品质、业绩或成就；所在学校、年级、班级，等等。球星影星、同时代的出现在各领域的名人(contemporary famous people)、科学家、领袖人物、历史人物(historical persons)及其趣闻轶事。 命题预测：基础写作: 自我介绍；名人简历；名人轶事；写竞选演讲稿；写求职书或应聘信；推荐信等。
读写任务：请就性格、习惯、毅力、责任、态度等发表看法； 你认为什么品质或态度等能带来成功及其理由；你认为怎样才能受人欢迎? 从某人的失败或成功中，你学到了什么?
一、常用单词
1.职业用语
job / occupation/profeion 职业teaching staff 教育工作者lecturer大学老师aistant 助教scholar 学者linguist 语言学家mathematician 数学家 scientist 科学家 physicist 物理学家chemist 化学家 artist艺术家biologist生物学家botanist植物学家economist经
济学家editor编辑reporter记者journalist记者architect建筑师leader领导guide导游 model模特musician音乐家soccer star球星actre女演员actor男演员pianist钢琴家 painter画家director导演worker工人 farmer农民 engineer 工程师singer歌唱家 dancer舞蹈家movie star影星 2.个性品质
genius 天才 inspiration 灵感 character 品格personality 个性character 个性psychology心理mentality心态will / determination意志quality品质perspiration汗水achievement业绩accomplishment成就succe成功effort努力paion激情honest诚实的friendly友善的cheerful兴高采烈的cherish珍惜creative创造性的easygoing容易相处的independent独立的modest谦虚的warm热情的good-humored心情愉快的kind仁慈的shy羞怯的responsible负责的crazy疯狂的ambitious有雄心的active积极的paive消极的patient有耐心的gentle温和的sensitive敏感的cruel残暴的deceitful骗人的cold不友好的 cool冷静的precious珍贵的worthy有价值的understandable通情达理的virtuous有道德的energetic精力充沛的innocent天真无邪的spiritual精神上的,心灵的
3.通讯名称 postal code邮政编码name/surname/full name姓名pen name笔名age年龄birthday生日birthplace出生地addre地址native place籍贯nationality国籍 house number门牌lane巷street街road路district区county县province省
home phone住宅电话office phone办公电话e-mail addre, mail box 电子邮箱 必备词句：年龄
(1)a five-year-old boy一个五岁的男孩 (2)a boy aged five 一个五岁的男孩
(3)in my teens /twenties在我十/二十多岁时 (4)at the age of five在五岁时
(5)As a child, I liked to...我小时候喜欢„„ 出生
(1)was born in ...出生在„„
(2)be/come from a wealthy family出生于富裕人家 (3)was born into a peasant family出生于一个农民家庭 外表
(1)a 1.80-meter-tall boy 一个高1.8米的男孩
(2)overweight胖的;thin瘦的; slim苗条的;strong强壮的 (3)look young for one’s age 显得比实际年龄年轻 (4)good-looking 长得好看；plain-looking 长得一般 (5)well dreed 穿得漂亮；neatly dreed 衣着干净整洁 能力
(1)efficient办事高效率的
(2)intelligent有智力的；creative 富创造力的
(3)a boy with great ability 能干的男孩 (4)a qualified teacher 一名合格的教师 (5)speak fluent English 讲流利的英语 (6)have a gift for 有„„的天赋 (7)be skilled in 在„„方面熟练 (8)be experienced in 在„„方面有经验 健康
(1)be in good health/shape/condition 身体健康 (2)energetic精力充沛的；well-built身材健美的 (3)suffer from...患上„„ 经历 (1)graduate from...从„„毕业 (2)major in 以„„为专业
(3)gain scholarship 获得奖学金 (4)get good grades获得好成绩
(5)get a master’s degree 获得硕士学位 (6)be given the title of...获得„„称号
(7)win a gold/silver/copper medal 获得金/银/铜牌 (8)gain/win the first prize/place 获得一等奖/第一名
第一个话题：人物人品。基础写作：写竞选学生会部长演说辞来自学校学生会板报上的消息，学生会干部(包括学生会主席、文娱部长、体育部长、学习部长、生活部长、纪律部长等)即将改选。假设你叫李明，有兴趣去竞选某一部长，请用英语写一份演讲稿。［写作内容］
1.曾任班长二年；2.选择竞选某一职位，并说明理由； 3.如果当选，你将为本校同学做些什么。 Ladies and gentlemen，
Good afternoon.Thank you for coming to this election campaign today.I am Li Ming， from Cla 3， Grade 2.With the trust and complete support of my cla， I am delighted to announce that I am running for the Entertainment Secretary of the Student Union.
As a diligent boy with great organizing ability， I have always been considered to be a good team member and have served as monitor for 2 years.I not only perform well but also do well in singing and dancing.I once won the first place in Guangzhou Singing and Dancing Contest and was given the title of Excellent Student Leader in Guangdong.
If I am elected， I believe I will cooperate well with my fellow members of the Union and organize colourful activities to enrich our school life.
Thank you very much!
练笔：最近，英语老师要你用英语介绍一位好朋友。请你根据如下的提纲所示，写一篇人物介绍，介绍朋友李华。 【写作内容】外表：身材高，16岁，衣着朴实； 学习：学习很用功，独立完成作业，各科成绩优良； 品质：待人和蔼，乐于助人，耐心帮助同学学习英语。 爱好：喜欢音乐，爱好体育。
My best friend Li Hua is a 16-year-old tall boy, simply dreed.He works very hard at all his leons and can finish his homework all by himself,and so he always has an excellent mark in all his subjects.What’s more, he is so kind and friendly to anyone in our cla that he is always ready to help others.He is good at English and always helps his clamates with their English language.Above all, he has many hobbies,such as music and sports.
任务写作：虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后
以约120个词就“虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后 ( Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one fall behind )”进行议论，内容包括：(1)你是否赞同上述观点, 为什么?(2) 你今后应当如何做。As is known， modesty is one of Chinese traditional virtues.We were taught early in our lives that modesty helps one go forward whereas conceit makes one fall behind.This advice is of great value and I can’t agree more with the saying.Being modest, one tends to be aware of his shortcomings and would like to learn more so as to become more capable and competent.And a modest man gets along well with others while others would respect him and help him when he
meets difficulties.In contrast, a conceited person tends to be filled with pride and over-estimate himself.Consequently, he would stop where he is， making no more progre.Meanwhile, people may dislike him and he may feel lonely.
Personally， I’ll stay modest even though I may have achieved something in life.(135 words) 练笔：以120个词就文明礼貌在人们生活中的重要性进行议论，内容包括：（1）你对礼貌重要性的认识；（2）校园内礼貌的现状分析；（3）你觉得人们之间应该如何以礼相待。People who have good manners get suppots, are liked and welcomed everywhere while those who have bad manners suffer a lot, are refused and disliked.So we should respect others and gain respects from others.
Manners are important to set up a good relationship among people.In school, most of us students have good manners, and behave well.We always attend claes in time, finish exercises punctually, and respect our teachers and clamates.However, some students ignore a reasonable request andtake someone else’s property withoutpermiion.Others backbite, fall asleep in cla, make hurtful comments about another person’s looks, abilities, background, family and make annoying noises.
I think good manners are a basis of polite society.Our manners, however we present ourselves and behave in our life, should make each other comfortable, confident and capable in the home, the school, the community and the workplace.So we say“Please, Thank you, Excuse me, and I’m sorry according to different situation.练笔：以120个词就“诚实”的主题进行议论，内容包括： （1）你对不诚实现象的看法；（2）诚实的重要性是什么； （3）作为中学生，该如何做一个诚实的人。
The paage mainly tells us that nowadays some people are dishonest for their own benefit, because not only they neglect our traditional values, but also they want to escape being punished.
Dishoesty does great harm to our society.It can destroy our good relationship with others, bringing lots of unstable factors to the society.Sometimes, it may even affect people’s health.
Why should we be honest? Firstly, being honest is one of Chinese traditional virtues which we should carry forward.Secondly, friendship is based on honesty.Seeing that the honest person is reliable, most of people are willing to make friends with them.Thirdly, honesty is very important for us to build a harmonious society andrealize our spiritual civilization.
As students, we should act honestly every day and never cheat others, including cheat in exams.Besides,we should help those who are dishonest correct their mistakes.Only in this way can we win respect from others.
写作内容：
1.基础写作：写竞选学生会部长演说辞
来自学校学生会板报上的消息，学生会干部(包括学生会主席、文娱部长、体育部长、学习部长、生活部长、纪律部长等)即将改选。假设你叫李明，有兴趣去竞选某一部长，请用英语写一份演讲稿。
［写作内容］ 1.曾任班长二年；
2.选择竞选某一职位，并说明理由；3.如果当选，你将为本校同学做些什么。
election campaign today.I am Li Ming， from Cla 3， _________________________________________________
2.最近，英语老师要你用英语介绍一位好朋友。请你根据如下的提纲所示，写一篇人物介绍，介绍朋友李华。 【写作内容】外表：身材高，16岁，衣着朴实；
学习：学习很用功，独立完成作业，各科成绩优良； 品质：待人和蔼，乐于助人，耐心帮助同学学习英语。 爱好：喜欢音乐，爱好体育。
3.任务写作：虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后
以约120个词就“虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后 ( Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one fall behind )”进行议论，内容包括：
(1)你是否赞同上述观点, 为什么? (2) 你今后应当如何做。
4.以120个词就文明礼貌在人们生活中的重要性进行议论，内容包括：
（1）你对礼貌重要性的认识；
（2）校园内礼貌的现状分析；
（3）你觉得人们之间应该如何以礼相待。
5.以120个词就“诚实”的主题进行议论，内容包括：
（1）你对不诚实现象的看法；
（2）诚实的重要性是什么；
（3）作为中学生，该如何做一个诚实的人。
第15篇：《英语基础写作》第一次作业已做
《英语基础写作》第一次作业
一、单选题
1． Every word of the title should be capitalized, except articles, ___, coordinating conjunctions and to in 8． A bird in the hand is ___ two in the bush.(C)A． worthyB． worthwhileC． worthD． worthle
9． The ___ inventor finally turned his dream into reality.(D )A． imagine infinitves.( A)A． prepositionsB． verbsC． nouns
D． adverbs
2． A full stop can be used at the end of a title.The statement is___.(B)A． TrueB． False
3． Which of the following division of words is INCORRECT?(C)A． thou-ghtB． trans-la-tionC． fin-ishD． hard-en
4． Choose the correct punctuation mark to fill in the following blank: She doesn’t like this film ___ she is disgusted with it.(E)A． ,(comma)B． 不填
C． (semicolon)D． .(full stop)E． -(dash) 5． His strong points and hers are ___.(B)A． complimentaryB． complementaryC． completed
D． complected
6． Many people here have got other income___ their wages.(A)A． besidesB． except
C． including
D． but
7． He ___ from his seat to greet the guests.(B)A． riseB． roseC． raisedD． arose
B． imaginaryC． imaginable
D． imaginative
10． He became a good violinist by constant ___.(C)A． exerciseB． drillC． practice
D． training
11． We should be ___ of our time and avoid doing anything unneceary.(B)A． economicB． economicalC． economicsD． economy
12． Somebody left ___ raincoat on his rack; ___ will have to come and get it.( C)A． his/heB． her/sheC． their/theyD． its/it
13． He is an eloquent speaker; ___, he lacks depth.(D)A． butB． yetC． so
D． however
14． Find out which part of the sentence is ambiguous in meaning: When I saw the advertisement for a cellphone in that magazine, I bought it immediately.(C)A． IB． thatC． ID． it
15． Each of the girls had ___ aignment completed.( A)A． herB． theirC． they
D． them
16． We should bear in ___ all these important rules.(D)
A． heart
B． memory
C． brain
D． mind
17． Their hard work ___ rapid progre in the work.(B)
A． affected
B． effected
C． infected
D． defected
18． The inspector ___ here any day.(A)
A． may be
B． maybe
C． may
D． be
19． Which part of the following sentence needs improving: Every winter many people go to Hainan, because they feel that the winter climate there is better than any place.(D)
A． because
B． that
C． better
D． any place
20． Find out the sentence in which subject and the predicate verb does not agree.(C)
A． Profeor Smith, together with twenty of his students, is coming to our school in May for a short visit.
B． There are five trees and a well behind her house.
C． Either my mother or my father are coming to the meeting.
D． Either answer is acceptable.
21． Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?(C)
A． On entering the claroom, the students stood up and said,\"Good morning!\"
B． After finishing her composition, the translation exercise was taken up.
C． Hurrying to the conference room, no one was there.
D． Returning home from work, he saw supper waiting for him in the kitchen.
22． Which of the following is best to expre the main idea of the sentence.(C)
A． This rich man went to church every Sunday, and he never donated a cent for the benefit of his neighborhood.
B． This rich man went to church every Sunday, but he never donated a cent for the benefit of his neighborhood.
C． Although he was rich and went to church every Sunday, he never donated a cent for the benefit of his neighborhood.
第16篇：基础英语写作writing tasks (argumentation)
Homework2.Choose one from the following pairs of thesis statements.Choose only one position (a or b) to write about.Do not discu both sides of the topic.Remember to use order of importance to organize your reasons.
1a.Physical education courses should be required in college.
b.Physical education courses should not be required in college.
2a.Young people should continue to live with their parents after they finish their education.
b.Young people should move away from home after they finish their education.3a.Women can succefully mix motherhood and careers.
b.Women should not work if they have young children.
The writing procedure:
Brainstorm for reasons to support your thesis statement.Write down as many reasons as you can think of.Then from your brainstorming list to support each thesis statement.Write each of these reasons as a topic sentence.
Write down topic sentence 1.Brainstorm for specific details that will support it.You may do so by changing the topic sentence into a question.The answers to these questions will help you to develop your paragraph to support the topic sentence.Follow this step for all the body paragraphs.
Remember to use sufficient specific details such as facts and examples to support each topic sentence.
注：选择一种观点，完成一篇议论文即可。有余力的同学可多写。
第17篇：新东方英语基础班讲义写作
考研基础班网络课堂写作讲义
北京新东方学校王江涛
第一节考研写作总论
一、课程安排：
1、考研写作总论：评卷实例、复习计划、学习方法、大纲解读
2、应用文：书信类、告示类
3、段落写作：真题透视、框架结构、启承转合
4、两图写作(00、0
3、0
6、07)
5、一图写作(9
8、0
1、0
2、0
4、05)
6、图表作文
二、评卷实例：2001年真题（略）
三、复习计划：
1、考前复习：
1)攻克词汇：2)精研真题：词汇、句子结构、选项设置、英译汉、背诵
3)适当模考：
2、写作练习：
3、时间分配：
1)14：0014：50写作B节
3)14：5016：20完型填空
5)16：2017：00阅读C节
第二节应用文
一、学习方法：
(一)提高实力：
1、十遍精读：
1)精彩词汇2)精彩词组3)精彩句型
4)句子结构：简单句(主干＋修饰成分)、从句、时态、冠词、主谓一致
5)段落结构：总分总，主题句＋论证(＋小结)
6)关联词：小作文37个
7)同义替换：词汇＋句型8)代词替换：it, that, they
9)精彩观点：10)原因建议：
2、背诵：滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善
3、默写：发现写作弱点
4、中译英：提高写作实力
5、写作：模仿
(二)掌握技巧：万能框架
二、大纲解读：
(一)评价目标：
考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时，考生应能：
1)做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；
2)遵循文章的特定文体格式；
3)合理组织文章结构，使其内容统
一、连贯；
4)根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当使用语域。
(二)考试内容：
该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。总分30分。
A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。满分10分。
B节：要求考生根据提示信息写出一篇1603分的调节分。
3、A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。B节作文的字数要求是1603段，31从句，现在/将来时
4、署名：个人或单位
(二)分类：通告/通知、启事、其他
经典范文：征稿启事
Directions:
Your journal is planning to publish an iue.Write a contributions wanted which covers the following information:
1) the purpose of the iue,
2) time and methods of delivery,
3) other details.
You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice.
Contributions Wanted
February 3, 2007
To celebrate the 14th anniversary of the Beijing New Oriental Education and Technology Group, this journal has decided to publish a special iue on our great achievements in the teaching and research activities in the past 14 years.Articles, photos, memoirs and other writings related to this topic are invited.Faculty members and students are welcome to send in their contributions in whatever forms or styles to our office before the 30th instant.The Editorial Office
New Oriental English Journal
第18篇：高考英语作文写作基础过渡词
浅谈高考英语作文写作基础——过渡词及常用句型的使用
众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词（Transitional Words）是连接这些部分的纽带。
过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。
一、过渡词的分类1.根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类：
（1）表并列关系的过渡词:and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor
（2）表递进关系的过渡词: besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover(此外，而且), what’s more， what’s worse
（3）表转折对比的过渡词：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in pite of, whereas, unlike, neverthele, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others （4）表原因的过渡词: because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）
（5）表结果的过渡词:so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that
（6）表条件的过渡词:if, unle, on condition that, as/so long as
（7）表时间的过渡词:when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment （8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）
（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词:
in other words, that is to say, to put it another way （10）表进行举例说明的过渡词: for instance, for example, like, such as （11）表陈述事实的过渡词:
in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth
（12）表强调的过渡词: certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously （13）表比较的过渡词：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to （14表目的的过渡词for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to （15）表总结的过渡词:
in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary 2.文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。
（1）用于“启”的过渡词语
用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：
first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that…, As the proverb says…,
It goes without saying that…, It is clear/obvious that…, Many people often ask … （2）用于“承”的过渡词语
表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：
second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，It is true that…,Everybody knows that…,
It can be easily proved that…,No one can deny that…The reason why …is that …, There is no doubt that…,To take…for an example (instance) …,We know that…, What is more serious is that…
（3）用于“转”的过渡词语
用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩
展句中：
but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), neverthele(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ..., yet, instead,I do not believe that…, Perhaps you’ll ask why…That’s why I feel that…
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…,
Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found,
（4）用于“合”的过渡词语
用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：
in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up From this point of view …On account of this we can find that … The result is dependent on …Thus, this is the reason why we must…
二、过渡词的应用
有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如：
1.学生习作 TV and website TV and website are popular media.They have something in common.Both of them make money from ads.Websites also have different sections.You may choose the one you are most interested in.
They are different in many ways.Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation.It makes you feel that you are just on the spot.The programs change every day.Profeional TV reporters do the report for TV.
Some information on websites change all the time.Not all of it is so updated.
Everybody can write articles for websites rather than profeional reporter. Every medium has its own features.It is hard to say which is better.
这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。 修改后的文章：
TV and website Both TV and website are popular media.They have something in common.Both of them make money from ads.Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in.
However, they are different in many ways.Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot.Then, the programs change every day and profeional TV reporters do the report for TV.Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated.In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than profeional reporter. In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better. 修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段
第一段第一句为：Both TV and website are popular media.They have something in common.第二段第一句为：However, they are different in many ways.第三段第一句为：In a word, every medium has its own features…
这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句，在每个主题句前使用Both…and, However, In a word使全文有序地衔接起来。
如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词，会使文章增色很多。
三、常用句型的使用 1.那就是(说)…；亦即…
That is to say, … = That is, … = Namely, …
例：我们生活需有规律。也就是说，早睡早起戒除烟酒。
We need to live a regular life.That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.2.(A) 基于这个理由 … For this reason … (B) 为了这个目的 … For this purpose, …
例：基于这个理由，我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。
For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.3.我们有理由相信…
We have reasons to believe (that)子句 例：我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。
We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.4.事实上
As a matter of fact, … = In fact, …
例：事实上健康才是最重要。
As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.5.(A) 例如
… For example, … (B) 拿…做例子 Take … for example.
例：例如我们盲目地提高生活水准，却降低生活品质。
For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.6.此外我们不应忽视…
Besides (In addition), we should not neglect …
例：此外，我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。
In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.7.相反地… on the contrary, … = by contrast, …
例：相反地少数学生似乎还在鬼混。
On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.8.另一方面… on the other hand, …
例：政府应严格执法，另一方面大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。
The government should enforce laws strictly.On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.9.然而很可惜的是… However, it is a pity that子句
例：然而很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。
However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.10.换言之… in other words, … = to put it differently 例：换言之我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。
In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal.11.别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as aumed by others, but I don\'t.I believe that子句 例：别人可能认为这是事实，但我不是。我认为…
It may be true as aumed by others, but I don\'t.I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the succe will certainly come to you in the end.12.从此之后我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found that子句 例：从此之后我已发现…
Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any poible conflicts in our daily lives.13.这样说来，假如…当然毫无疑问地…
In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt (that) 子句 例：这样说来，假如我们能善用时间，当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。
In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.14.更严重的是…
What is more serious is (that)子句 例：更严重的是我们不珍惜野生动物。
What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.15.鉴于社会的实际需要…
In view of the practical need of society, ….例：鉴于社会的实际需要，愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。
In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.用于文章结论句 16.如果能实践这三点…
If one can really put the three points into action (practice), … 例：如果能实践这三点…。
If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.17.做这些简单之事，我们一定可以…
By doing these simple things, we surely can ….例：做这些简单之事，我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。
By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.18.如此我相信…
In this way, I believe (that)子句
例：如此，我相信大家能够像我一样享受乘坐公车的乐趣。
In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.19.实践这些…
By putting them (the above) into practice, ….例：实践这些，在智育方面我一直能不断进步。
By putting them(the above) into practice, I have been able to make constant progre in intellectual education.20.(A) 唯有符合此三项要求，我们才能…
Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….(B) 唯有通力合作，我们才能… Only with combined efforts, can we ….
例：唯有通力合作，我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。
Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.21.最后，但并非最不重要… Last but no least, ….
例：最后，但并非最不重要，教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。
Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.22.这证据显示…的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of ….cannot be overemphasized.例：这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。
This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.23.由于这些理由，我…
For these reasons, I ….
例：由于这些理由，我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。
For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.24.总而言之… In conclusion, … = To sum up, …
例：总而言之¸好国民应该遵守交通规则。
In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.25.因此我们能下个结论，那就是…
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)子句 例：因此¸我们能下个结论，那就是世上自由最珍贵。
We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.26.如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问地…
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that)子句 例：如果我们能做到如上所述，毫无疑问地，我们就能精通英语。
If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English.27.因此，这就是…的原因 Thus, this is the reason why ….例：因此，这就是我重感冒的原因。
Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.28.所以，我们应该了解…
Therefore, we should realize (that)子句 例：所以，我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。
Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.29.因此，由上列的讨论我们可以明了…
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discuion (that)子句 例：因此，由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。
We, therefore, can make clear from the above discuion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.30.1.从～观点来看… From the ～ point of view, … 2.根据～的看法…
According to ～ point of view, ….
例：从政治的观点来看，这是一个很复杂的问题。 From the political point of view, It\'s a complex question.总之，写作是一个循序渐进的过程，需要平时多读多练。适时恰当地运用一定的过渡 词和常用句型。这样坚持下去，你的作文一定会进步不少！
第19篇：考研英语写作必备基础小作文
2014考研英语写作必备基础
（一）
小作文
一、书信类应用文
（一）十大必背范文之一：2005-2009大纲样题：订购信
Directions:
You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books.Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:
1）detailed information about the books you want,
2）methods of payment,
3）time and way of delivery
Write your letter with no le than 100 words.Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.
You do not need to write the addre.(10 points)
Dear Sir or Madam,
第一段：As I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (NETEM) , I have decided to place an order of some NETEM books with due consideration of the good reputation of your bookstore and the high quality of your books.
第二段：Firstly, please give me particular accounts as regards names, authors, publishing houses and prices of these books.Secondly, I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell
service.Thirdly, I wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books by Expre Mail Service
to the headquarters of Beijing New Oriental School by January 4, 2014.
第三段：I would like to expre my gratitude for your kind consideration of my requests.I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming 尊敬的先生或女士：
由于我计划参加全国硕士研究生入学考试英语考试，充分考虑到贵书店的良好声誉 和书籍的优良品质，我决定订购一些考研英语书籍。
首先，请给我关于这些书的书名、作者、出版社、价格的详细信息。其次，我也想
知道付款方式和售后服务。第三，我想知道您是否方便把这些书通过特快邮政专递在2014 年1月4日前送到北京新东方学校总部。
非常感谢您好心考虑我的请求。期待着尽快得到您的答复。
您真诚的，
李明
（二）十大必背范文之二：2005真题：辞职+道歉信
Directions:
Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs＆Fashions.But
now you find that the work is not what you expected.You decide to quit.Write a letter to your bo, Mr.Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.
Dear Mr.Wang,
第一段：I am much grateful to be employed by you two months ago as an editor for your
magazine Design & Fashions.I appreciate the opportunity of having worked here with you and other colleagues.The experiences will be unforgettable throughout my life.
第二段：However, as a young man whose primary interest is in computer science rather than fashion designing, I find my present job doesn't fall in with my previous training and strength.I therefore decide to quit this job for something else that may conform to my former preparation.
第三段：Please accept my sincere apologies for any inconveniences my leaving may cause.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
尊敬的王先生：
十分感激您两个月之前聘用我为杂志《设计与时尚》的编辑。我非常珍惜这个和您 以及其他同事共事的机会。这将是我一生中的难忘经历。
但是，对于一个喜欢计算机科学远多于时尚设计的年轻人来说，我认识到目前的工
作并不符合我的教育背景与个人能力。因此，我决定辞职，找一份与我从前教育背景相关的 工作。
我为离开可能造成的不便深表歉意。
您真诚的，
李明
（三）十大必背范文之三：2006真题：请求信
Directions:
You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area.Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate.You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.
Dear Sir or Madam,
第一段：Moved by the noble cause of Project Hope and encouraged by what has been achieved so far, I would like to contribute my bit to the project by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area of your province.
第二段：I would be much grateful if you could help me seek out a girl who has just started schooling but whose family cannot afford her education.My plan is to pay for her tuition on an annual basis till she finishes her secondary education.I would like to remit my donation directly to a bank account opened by her family in her local area.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
尊敬的先生或女士：
希望工程这项高尚的事业感动了我，同时这项工程迄今所取得的成就也鼓舞了我。 因此，我想通过给贵省偏远地区的一个孩子提供经济帮助，来为希望工程贡献我的微薄之力。
如果您能帮助我找到一个刚开始上学但家庭无法为其负担学费的小女孩，我将不胜 感激。本人计划按年度支付她的学费直至她中学毕业。我希望把捐款直接汇给她的家人在当 地开设的银行帐户中。
您真诚的，
李明
（四）十大必背范文之四：2007真题：建议信
Directions:
Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the addre.(10 points)
Dear Sir/Madam,
第一段：I am a student in this university who regularly comes to the library to spend my spare time.Generally speaking, the services you offer here are quite good; however, I have some suggestions for you to adopt.And I would like to extend my greatest appreciation if you are so kind as to take my suggestions into consideration.
第二段：To begin with, will you please prolong the time for reading? In the daytime, most of the students are having cla, so they can’t come to the library.Moreover, some of the books on shelves are out of date.If you are so kind as to provide us some books such as the latest magazines, we will be very pleased.
第三段：I really wish to have a more comfortable library.Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
尊敬的先生/女士：
我是本校的一名学生，常来图书馆度过业余时间。总而言之，您这里提供的服务相 当不错，但我有一些建议希望您采纳。如果您能好心考虑我的建议，我将非常感谢。
首先，是否可以请您延长阅读时间？在白天，大多数学生在上课，来不了图书馆。
其次，书架上有些书已经过时了。如果您能好心提供一些例如最新杂志等的书籍，我们将非 常感谢。
我确实希望拥有一个更加舒适的图书馆。再次感谢您的时间和关注。
您真诚的，
李明
（五）十大必背范文之五：2008真题：道歉+建议信
Directions:
You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there.Write him a letter to
1）make an apology, and
2）suggest a solution
Dear Bob,
第一段：I’m writing to apologize for having forgotten to return the “the Beatles” CD to you when
I left Canada.I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking carefully.Had I paid more attention then, I wouldn’t have made such a stupid mistake.
第二段：Now something must be done to solve the problem because I understand you cherish the CD enormously.I can either send it to you by expre mail or alternatively compensate you at a reasonable price.If you do not mind, I may bring it back to you next time I go to Canada.
第三段：Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earliest convenience.I really hope you will accept my sincere apology.
Faithfully yours,
Li Ming
亲爱的鲍勃：
我写此信的目的是为了向你道歉。在离开加拿大时，我忘了把那盘披头士乐队的 CD还给你。走的时候太匆忙了，我把所有东西都塞到行李中，没有仔细检查。当时要是多 加注意的话，就不会犯这种低级错误了。
因为我知道你特别珍爱那盘CD，所以一定要想办法解决这个问题。我可以寄快递包裹给你，也可以按合理的价格赔偿你的损失。如果你不介意的话，我也可以在下次去加拿 大的时候把它给你带回去。
请在方便的时候尽快让我知道你倾向哪一种解决方案。希望你能接受我真诚的道歉。
您真诚的，
李明
（六）十大必背范文之六：2009真题：建议信
Directions:
Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so succeful in some regions.
“White Pollution” is still going on.Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to
1) give your opinions briefly, and
2) make two or three suggestions.
Dear Editors,
第一段：I have been reading your newspaper for many years with a great enthusiasm and interest. It is my view that limiting/prohibiting the use of disposable plastic bags is of utmost significance.
第二段：To crack this hard nut, I would like to give/offer/render/propose some/several
useful/practical/conducive recommendations as follows.First and foremost, it is imperative for us to ban the free use of disposable plastic bags.In addition, we should develop poible alternative forms to replace them, such as paper or clothing bags.Last but not least, plastic bags should be offered in a much higher price in department stores or supermarkets.
第三段：I hope you would find the above proposals conducive and I would like to discu this matter to further details.Your prompt attention to my suggestions would be highly appreciated. (125 words)
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
尊敬的编辑：
多年来我一直怀着极大的热情与兴趣阅读贵报。我认为限制使用一次性塑料袋非常重要。
为解决这个难题，我想提出如下几个实用的建议。首先，我们急需禁止免费使用一次性塑料袋。其次，我们应该开发取代塑料袋的替换方式，如纸袋或布袋。最后，在商场或超市应以更高的价格提供塑料袋。
我希望您觉得上述建议有益，同时希望进一步讨论这一问题。十分感谢您对我的建 议给予及时的关注。
您真诚的
李明
（七）十大范文之七：2010英语
（二）：感谢信
Directions:
You have just come back from the U.S as a member of Sino-American cultural exchange program.Write a letter to your American colleague to
1）expre your thanks to his/her warm reception,
2）welcome him/her to visit China in due course.
Dear Bob,
第一段：I have just arrived at my home from the airport.As I sit behind the desk, I just want to write a letter to you.I am grateful for your warm reception in this cultural exchange program.You and your family gave me a deep impreion.The program is one of the most wonderful memories in my life.
第二段：In once talk you said you want to travel in China.Well, you will be welcomed and it will be my pleasure to be your guide.By the way, send me a list and write down the places where you would like to visit.
第三段：Please give my best regards to your family.(110 words)
Sincerely yours, Zhang Wei
鲍勃：
我刚从机场回到家里。坐在书桌后面时，我只想给你写封信。在这次文化交流项目中，非常感谢你的热情接待。你和你的家人给我留下了深刻的印象。这个项目是我一生中最 美好的回忆之一。
你曾经说过你想来中国旅行。好吧，非常欢迎，而且我很荣幸做你的导游。顺便说一句，给我列张单子，写下你想去的地方。
请向你的家人致以诚挚的祝福。
你真诚的，
张伟
（八）备忘录/报告：
Directions:
You are the president of a company.Write a memo to George Gordon Byron, the vice-president on the employee’s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.
Date：January 4, 2014
To：George Gordon Byron, Vice President
From：Li Ming, President
Subject：Computer Training of the Staff
第一段：As we discued earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff.We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.
第二段：I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program.We had better claify the employees and put them through the program in turn.
第三段：Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover.Aume the cla runs four hours a week for ten weeks.Also, aume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science. 日期：2014年1月4日
致：乔治·戈登·拜伦，副总裁
自：李明，总裁
主题：员工计算机培训
正如我们本周早期讨论的那样，我同意你的看法：我们公司正在面临员工高比率电脑盲的问题。我们需要制定一个计划，在这个新的领域培训员工。
我想让你制定我们自己的内部计算机培训计划。我们最好把员工分类，让他们轮流参加这个项目。
写一个简要的计划，涵盖你认为这个项目需要包括的内容。假定培训为十周，每周四小时。同时假定员工在计算机方面没有任何预先的知识或没有参加过正式课程。
二、告示类应用文
（一）十大范文之九：2010英语
（一）：招募启事
Directions:
You are supposed to write for the postgraduate aociation a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization.The notice should include the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice.Use “postgraduate aociation ”instead.(10 points)
Notice
第一段：Volunteers are needed for the International Conference on Globalization to be held on this campus in early July.Basic requirements are familiarity with the theme of the conference and proficiency of English.Other requirements include interpersonal communication ability, familiarity with our city in terms of its tourist attractions and its history, proper manners, and sense of responsibility.Priority and preference will be given to those experienced, either in international conference or in other similar activities.
第二段：Call 86754321 or send meages to postgr_a@ccc.edu.cn for an application and for information on the interview.Enquiries are encouraged but visits declined.（97words）
The Postgraduate’s Aociation
告示
七月初将于本校举行关于全球化的国际研讨会，现招募志愿者。基本要求是熟悉本次会议的主题以及精通英语。其他要求包括人际沟通能力、熟悉我市的景点及历史，举止适当以及责任感。在国际会议或其他类似活动中具有相关经验者优先考虑。
申请职位以及咨询面试相关信息，请致电86754321或发送邮件到 postgr_a@ccc.edu.cn 。欢迎垂询，谢绝来访。
研究生会
（二）十大范文之十：2007年6月四级：招新启事
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an announcement to welcome students to join to a club.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
1）本社团的主要活动内容
2）参加本社团的好处
3）如何加入本社团
Welcome to English Club
January 4, 2014
第一段：Welcome to English Club! It could serve as a platform to show your outstanding abilities and help you develop a range of great skills.
第二段：You can be involved in a variety of activities including staging musical dramas, holding group discuions, watching Oscar-winning movies, and so on.These after-cla activities could offer you ample opportunities.First, your active participation is helpful to strengthening the
sense of responsibility and managing interpersonal relations.Second, various activities organized by us could raise your level of proficiency in English.A good command of English empowers you to enjoy decided competitive edge over your peers.
第三段：You can file a written application to our staff office or email us via englishclub@163.com. The deadline for entries is January 31.Come on, join us now! (127 words)
English Club
欢迎加入英语俱乐部
2014年1月4日
欢迎加入英语俱乐部！它能成为一个平台，展示你卓越的才能，并帮助你开发众多 技能。
你可以参加各种各样的活动，包括表演音乐剧、进行小组讨论，观看奥斯卡获奖影
片等等。这些课外活动能为你提供丰富的机会。首先，你的积极参与有助于培养责任感与开 发人际关系。其次，我们组织的种类繁多的活动能提高你的英语熟练程度。良好的英语水平使你比其他人享有明显的竞争优势。
你可以向我们的行政办公室提交书面申请或通过 englishclub@163.com 发送电子邮 件。报名截止日期是1月31日。快来加入我们吧！
英语俱乐部
第20篇：广东高考英语卷基础写作指导
广东高考英语卷基础写作指导（系列1）
第一讲 记叙文：如何写人
一、写作指导
高考英语基础写作中的写人侧重人物的介绍，可以用第一人称(如写求职信)，也可以用第三人称，时态常常用一般现在时和一般过去时，具体的人称和时态要依据写作的要求来确定。写作过程中要注意以下几个方面的问题：
1．人物写作通常需要介绍人物的姓名、年龄、外貌、学历、经历、专业、爱好、特长、事迹、性格等多个方面，但英语基础写作需要严格按照写作要求来写，包括所给的全部信息点，既不能遗漏，也不能随意添加。
2．对题目所给的信息要进行适当重组，安排好写作顺序，突出重点信息。重点信息通常是写作的目的所在，比如求职要重点突出学历、经历，新闻报道要重点突出事迹，介绍自己的老师、朋友要突出他们的特点，等等。
3．正确运用描写人物的词汇和句型。
4．注意运用正确的时态。描写人物的外貌、性格、兴趣等常用一般现在时，而描写人物的出生、教育背景、经历、事迹常用一般过去时。
二、常用词语
外貌特征：
beautiful, big nose, black eyes，fat, good-looking，handsome, healthy, near-sighted，ordinary-looking， pretty，short，strong, tall， thin, with a big nose, with a big smile, white-haired，1.80 metres tall, etc.
性格特点：
absent-minded, attractive，bad-tempered，be ready to help others, bright，charming，confident, diligent，friendly, generous, have a good temper, humorous，independent, kind, kind-hearted，lazy，narrow-minded, naughty，patient，think of others, smart，talkative， warm-hearted，wise，etc.
出生年龄：
a twenty-five-year-old young man, as a boy of 15, at the age of 20, be born on February 12th, 1987 , during his childhood, in one\'s fifties, live a happy/ hard life, spend his childhood in the countryside, the son of a poor family, when he was a small boy, etc.
兴趣爱好：
be angry with sb for sth, be angry about, be delighted in doing, be good at singing, be interested in English, be fond of music, be crazy about, be pleased with, be sick for, be sorry for, be strict in one\'s work, be worried about, do well in his research work, ,enjoy doing, expect to do, feel surprised at, have a strong desire to do, look forward to doing sth., long for (long to do), make rapid progre in, put one\'s heart into, take a pleasure in doing; wish to do, work hard at his studies, etc.
教育背景：
be admitted to Beijing University, be enrolled in, fail in the test， a master\'s degree, get on well with one\'s leons, give sb.a paing grade, ，go abroad to further one\'s study, graduate from Physics Department of Qinghua University, his father was very strict with him, lay a good foundation in English, major in history, receive a doctor\'s degree, pa the examination, study hard at, take several courses at school, take an active part in clawhen at college, etc.
经历事迹：
become a member of the team, concentrate oneself to doing sth., devote oneself to one\'s busine, do sth with great determination and perseverance, do research into this field, encourage sb to do sth, fight for our revolutionary course, give up one\'s life for sth, have a good way of doing sth, have a talent for language, make up one\'s mind to do sth., overcome many difficulties, receive the Nobel Prize for physics, serve as nurse, set a new world record of 110 metre hurdling, try one\'s best to do sth., win the first prize in the competition, win a gold /silver/ bronze medal, etc.
他人评价：
an inspiring leader, a model worker, an advanced teacher, be respected by all his students, be honored as, be considered as, be famous/known as, be regarded as, his hard work brought him great succe, make great contributions to our country, one of the most important persons in the past ten years, consider sb.as a genius, consider sb.as the greatest leader, set a good example for all of us, speak highly of him, etc. 参考范文：
Dear Manager，
I am writing you a letter in order to apply for a position in your company.My name is Li Hua and I was born in Foshan City of Guangdong Province in August 1981.I studied in Foshan No.1 Middle School from 1994 - 2000, and then I came to study in the Computer Department of Guangzhou University for four years.I studiedcomputer science, Chinese, maths, English, P.E,and now I am working for a computer company.I like pop music and swimming very much, and I once won the first prize for swimming in the school competition.
I am waiting for your reply.
Thank you
Yours Truely
Li Hua
参考例文：
Hi, everyone.I would like to introduce two famous sport stars, Yao Ming and Liu Xiang.Yao Ming, born in Shanghai in 1980, is a world famous basketball player.He is now one of the best players in Team Rocket in NBA, and he has been in All-Star Team for several times.Liu Xiang, who was also born in Shanghai but three years younger than Yao Ming, is a world champion in the 110-metre hurdls.He won the first prize in the Athens Olympic Games and broke the world record soon after that.Both of them love music, but Yao Ming likes listening to pop music while Liu Xiang likes singing.
参考范文
1.Li Ming, the monitor of Cla 1 Grade 2, is healthy and lively.She does well in all her subjects, and she is fond of sports, singing and dancing.When she came to school, she had quite a lot of difficulties with the language, but with great efforts she made a lot of progre in her English language study.In 2006 she took part in the National Physics Olympic Competition and won the first prize.Li Ming is very strict with herself in her work and daily life,and is always ready to help other people.
2．请根据下面的英文短诗，展开适当的想象，写一篇短文。标题为：My Teacher Mr.Moore
There\'s a teacher Mr.Moore.
Who is lovely and thirty-four.
Always encouraging us to try.
He leads us to a world of \"why\".
We all admire him more and more.要求：1.不得照抄短诗原文。
2.必须突出短诗的主题，结构完整，语意连贯。3.短文不能写成诗歌形式。
4.只能使用价值个句子表达全部的内容。
广东高考英语卷基础写作指导（系列2）
高考英语基础写作指导(II)
第二讲 记叙文：如何叙事？
一、写作指导
叙事类记叙文通常要将时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果等六个要素交代清楚。好的记叙文具有描述事件具体、人物逼真形象、故事生动感人、材料表现中心和写作主旨明确等特征。高考英语基础写作中的叙事类短文也需要具有记叙文写作的一般特点，但要求相对比较低，其考查重点在语言运用正确、句子连贯通顺、信息点表述完整等方面。写作时要注意以下几个方面的问题：
1.严格按照基础写作的要求完成各个信息点，不要为了文章的生动而随意添加信息。
2.信息点的表述不要完全按照题目所给的顺序，要适当重组信息点。
3.记叙文写作的时态多数是用一般过去时，但也要注意灵活运用其它时态。
4.叙事类记叙文的话题通常和中学生的生活阅历有关，如校园生活、旅游、交通、交友等，平时要注意积累这些方面的词汇和短语。
二、常用语句
1.表达时间
a long time ago, at six o\'clock in the morning, at the end of, at the weekend, before he came here, by the end of last term, during the summer holidays, in a few years\' time, in the past, in the old days, in the past ten years, in August 2002, in winter vacation, in weekdays, last month, next week, on Sunday morning, on October 1st, since early in the 20th century, so far, up to now, not...until, while , etc.
2.表达地点
at the croing, at the end of the street, at the airport, at the village, at the foot of the mountain, at the bottom, at the top of, be located in, behind the park, be situated in, five kilometers to the north of Guangzhou, in the south of Guangdong Province, in the middle of the park, in Cla 3 Grade 2, in the front of the bus, in front of the bus, in the tree, in Guangdong, in China, lies to the west of Sichuan, onthe other side of the street, on both sides of the road,on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean ,on the right, etc.
3.表达因果
as, as a result, because, because of, for, in the end, cause, result in, consequently, originate from, since, so, therefore, It is clear that..., It turns out to be..., The primary reason is ..., etc.
4.事件话题
(1)学校生活及学习成绩
be active in cla, be interested in, be interesting to sb., be fond of, be good at ,be poor at , be tired of one\'s work, be weak in, do one\'s homework, do sports after school,do well in; education for all-round development(素质教育), examination-oriented education system(应试教育), fail in the test, get a doctor\'s degree, get on well with English, get an \"A\" in the exam, get 90 marks for English, give sb.a paing grade, have a good command of the language, have eight claes every day, help with each other, lay a good foundation in, learn...by heart, major in history, make friends with sb., make progre in, put one\'s heart into, pa the examination, study in groups, succeed in doing sth., take an active part in the activity,take several courses at school, work out a problem, work on a maths problem , work hard at, etc.
(2)师生关系及其活动
be friendly to sb., be kind to sb, be a strict teacher, be strict with one\'s pupils, be strict in one\'s work, be satisfied with , blame sb.for sth, correct the students\' homework carefully, devote all one\'s time to work, form a good habit of, get on wellwith sb, give advice on, give sb a lot of work , help sb with sth, make one\'s leonslively and interesting, praise sb for sth., prepare for tomorrow\'s leon, question sb on, teach sb.English , teach sb how to do sth., etc. (3)课余活动及周末生活
do some reading, enjoy a family trip, enjoy doing sth., go swimming, go for an outing, go to the cinema, have an outing at the seashore, have a swim, have dances on weekends, have a picnic at the weekend, have a party, hold a sports meeting, Internet bar, net friend, online love affair(网恋), play the piano, play che (basketball), see the sights of Beijing, spend one\'s time in many different ways, teach in a family, etc.
(4)交通情况
a big traffic jam, a traffic accident, be very crowded in the street, be seriously injured, by bus (train / ship / boat), drive a car, flight No.2130, in a small boat, give sb.a lift, keep right, lie on the street, meet sb.at the station, on the bus (train),on board, on one\'s way to London, on the journey, one way only , pick up sb., ride a bike, ride a horse , see sb.off at the airport, self-service ticket , take a flight to New York, traffic light, travel through China, turn right, etc.
(5)度假旅游
New Year\'s Day, Women\'s Day, May Day, Youth Day, Children\'s Day, Teachers\' Day, Mid-Autumn Day, National Day, valentine\'s Day, the Spring Festival, a hot spot, a place of interest, a tourist destination, a five-star hotel, a good restaurant, a return ticket, a single ticket, a city with a long history, a quiet village, a three-day tour, an experienced guide, Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, beautiful scenery, in peak tourist seasons, natural attraction, on one\'s way to France, on the back way , one of the great wonders of the world, spend one\'s holidays on the sea , the 11th Asian Games, travel agency, the tour route, the inner-ring road, travel to England, the Great Wall , the Summer Place , Zhongshan Park , etc.
(6)环境保护
a good environment, area pollution, air pollution, air quality standard, Antarctic Circle, atmospheric chemistry, a heavy rain, a heavy snow, be polluted, be hot, be cold, be cool, be cloudy, be rainy, be sunny, be flooded, climate, carbon dioxide(CO2), chemical change, chemical cleaning of coal, climate change, dirty, drought, dry, flood, early warning system, environmental behavior, environmental quality, feel comfortable, global warming, minus 20 degrees centigrade(-20°), 30 degrees above zero(30°)，sea level, warning center, wastes, water surface , water treatment, water pollution control, weather, windstorm , etc.
三、典型例文
参考范文：
Dear Jane,
I am very glad to tell you something about our school, Guangdong No.3 Middle school.It lies in a small town about 15 kilometres away from the sea and it has a history of over 80 years.Our school, covering an area of nearly 150 thousand square meters, has more than 200 teachers and 3000 senior students It has three teaching buildings and six dormitory buildings, with many flowers and tall trees all around, so it\'s very beautiful.In our school we learn Chinese, maths, science, English, computer,PE, arts and some other subjects.
We warmly welcome you to visit our school in the summer holidays.
Best wishes.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
参考范文：
A brief Introduction of the Chinese Spring Festival
The Chinese Spring Festival comes on the first day of the Chinese Lunar Year, which is usually in February.There is a name for each year, such as the dog, the monkey, the tiger or one of the twelve animals, and this year is the year of the pig.
Before the New Year\'s Day, the Chinese people usually give their houses a good cleaning and on the last evening of the old year, all the members of a family will get together and have a big meal.On the first or second day of the new year, peopleusually go to visit their relatives and friends and give some lucky money to children.
I wish you have a good time during the Spring Festival.
参考范文
1.On July 27th 2007, Friday, we 18 clamates, including John from Britain, Sinba from India and Keith from the USA, went to Lee Farm to help the farmers.We started off at 8 o\'clock in the morning, and after an hour\'s ride on the bus, we walked for another 15 minutes.Lee Farm is about 60 kilometres northwest to our school.A few days ago it was hit by a strong tornado, and many apples were blown onto the ground, so we helped to pick up the apples and put the good ones in the baskets.We felt very tired after the work, but all of us thought it was a great help to the farmers.
2.Last Wednesday I gave a lecture about China\'s culture and history to the 7th students from 9-11:30 in the morning.This is the first time I gave a leon, so I felt very nervous and great preure.I presented for one and a half hours, introducing from the dynasties in ancient times to the revolutionary in recent times, but I spent a lot more time on present China, the renovation, the open policy and the economic development.In the following hour we exchanged ideas and had a good discuion, but I was sorry to find that they knew little about China and raised a lot of strange questions.I think we need more cultural exchange of this kind, because we can get more practice and the foreign students can understand more about China.广东高考英语卷基础写作指导（系列3） 第三讲 如何写图表类说明文
一、写作指导
图表类作文一直是高考的热点，其体裁可以是记叙文、议论文或说明文。本篇介绍如何备考图表类说明文。
图表类说明文要求根据图示、表格等所给的信息，通过定义、描述、数字对比和分类比较等方式，介绍图表所显示对象的特征，如形状、构造、性质、变化、功能、因果和方位等。图表类说明文常见的话题有：产品介绍、地点描述、方位描写、观点对比、变化分析、购物指南和操作说明等。写作这类文章需注意以下几点：
1． 正确解读表格，不能添加或遗漏信息。
2． 写作内容要条理清楚，层次分明。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法和因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时空次序法与分类法等。
3． 说明文的语言要简练，用词要准确，避免夸张华丽的辞藻。
4． 时态常用一般现在时，语态常用被动语态，有时用虚拟语气。
二、常用句型
1.介绍产品
The company has modern equipment and lots of senior experts.This kind of product contains much top and new technique.It\'s convenient to carry and easy to operate.It\'s about six feet long and nine feet high.It cost me 100 yuan to buy this dictionary.2.介绍学校
There were many subjects in our school, such as Chinese, history, drawing and so forth.
Our school is located at the foot of a green hill.
In the middle of the flower bed there is a fountain with many colored flowers around it.
In front of the school is a beautiful garden with a library on its left and a laboratory on its right.
At the back of the school are the students\' dormitory and the dinning-hall, in front of which lies the large sports field.
The teacher\'s dormitory stands between the teaching building and the students\' dormitory.
3． 行路指引
It is not very difficult to find your way from the Dongfang Hotel to the railway station.
When you get out of the station, turn left and walk down the street until you see the traffic lights.
Turn right at the third turning, and you will see a post office at the corner.
Go eastward and you will see the museum opposite to the library.
Bus No.2 will take you right there.
It will take you about 10 minutes to get there by subway.
4． 介绍地方
Tiananmen Square, the largest square in the world, covers an area of one million square metres.
Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, lies in the south of China.
It has an area of 10,000 square kilometers with a population of over 2 million.
It is rich in natural sources, such as coal, oil and gold.
The weather is neither too cold in winter nor too hot in summer.
Built in the18th century, the tower has witneed too much coming and going in history.
5． 新旧对比
Our hometown used to be a beautiful place, with thick trees and green gra everywhere.
Nowadays some students cannot go to college because of high tuition fees.
Great changes have taken place in the past few years.
It is known to us all that the living standard of the Chinese people has greatly improved.In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it poible for people to live longer than in the past.
These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more streful and le leisurely than in the past.
6． 数量表达
Output is up 30% last year.
Unemployment more than doubled in 1996.
The population here is increasing year by year.
According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
From the table we can see that the world population is increasing rapidly.
The latest survey shows that quite a few children have unpleasant aociations with homework.
An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provides them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.
Statistics show a 20% rise (reduction) in traffic accidents compared with last year.
Bicycle can\'t be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.
三、实例分析
【例文1】父母为子女选择小学的情况调查
最近学校研究性学习小组对3000多名年轻的父母做了一个调查，调查主题、结果等内容如下表所示，请用英文给校英文广播站写一篇简介，介绍调查的情况。
写作要求：
1． 简介必须包括图表所给的全部内容；
2． 只能使用5个句子。
参考范文：
Recently a survey was done to investigate what parents care most in choosing primary schools.The survey shows that location is the key factor in choosing schools for their children-half of those interviewed said that being close to their homes was the most important factor in their choice.
Teaching quality came second, with nearly 40% of the parents worrying about their children\'s future career.The survey also shows that one-tenth of them expect that schools have advanced facilities.
More than 3,000 parents were surveyed in the research.
【例文 2】楼盘介绍
假设暑假你到某楼盘打工，正好有几名外国客人想买一套公寓楼，公寓楼及其周边的一些基本信息如下。请书面用英文向这几位客人介绍一下这套公寓楼。
写作要求：
1． 简介必须包括图表所给的全部内容；
2． 只能使用5个句子。
3． 参考词汇：公寓楼 apartment 公寓单间 flat
参考范文：
The flat has 110 square metres, with one sitting-room, three bedrooms, one bathroom and one kitchen.Facing south, it is quite bright in the rooms at daytime.Not far away from the apartment there is a supermarket, a clinic, a kindergarten and a bus-stop.The bus can acce the subway directly.The price for the flat is about 6000RMB per square metre.
四、即时训练
【练习1】简介我国高等教育的发展情况
假设你在政府部门见习，请根据以下图标的信息，向几位到访外国客人询问你所在城市的教育发Z展情况。
写作要求：
1． 简介必须包括图标所给的全部内容；
2． 只能使用5个句子。
3． 参考词汇：打基础 lay foundation
改革开放 reform and opening up 【练习2】中学生使用媒体情况调查
假设你参加了一个网上国际中学生调查项目，调查13－20岁的年青人每周使用媒体的时间情况。请根据下面的图表信息，用英文写一篇简介。
写作要求：
1． 简介必须包括图标所给的全部内容；
2． 只能使用5个句子。
参考范文
练习1
As we can see from the chart, our city\'s education is developing very fast.There were only about one thousand students when New China was founded in 1949, and ten thousand in 1978, while the number reached eighty thousand in 2007.
Several factors have contributed to the quick development.Firstly, the rapid economic development in our city, especially during the thirty years of reform and opening up, has laid a sound foundation.Secondly, the government has been trying hard to encourage the development of education, and thirdly, most people have begun to realize the importance of education.
练习2
Recently we did a surway about media consumption by teens and young adults in their spare time.According to the research, teens and young adults consume many different types of media, but the Internet surpaes them all in the amount of time spent.Most of the students spend ten hours in an average week, and watching TV comes second, with five hours.The other ways of time spent are as follows: four hours reading newspapers and magazines, three hours talking on the phone and two hours listening to the radio.It\'s a pity that they only spend one hour in reviewing textbooks in their free time.??
