英文介绍灵渠的范文（精选多篇）

推荐第1篇：灵渠

灵渠南渠清澈见底，在此流入漓江。

湘水和漓江，潺湲清澈。一座两千多年前的大坝把它们联系在一起。这不仅仅是水利上的连接，它的连接还推动了中原文化和岭南文化的融合。这就是灵渠。

北有长城，南有灵渠

一进广西兴安县，到处都写着“北有长城，南有灵渠”的宣传用语。11月28日下午，我们来到了这里。

怀着对两千多年古代水利工程的敬仰，我们一步一步寻找着灵渠留下的历史痕迹。

冬季的灵渠水流缓慢，一眼望去，“人”字的水坝将湘江分为北渠、南渠和湘江故道。南北两个渠道都蓄满了水，北渠宽而水深，南渠窄而水浅。两千多年过去了，这条建于秦始皇33年(公元前214年)的渠道，依旧体现出她美好的姿容。

景区负责人介绍，灵渠“人”字型水坝称为大小天平坝，因“称水高下，恰如其分”，故曰天平坝。天平坝是建筑在湘江上的一座拦河坝。它按力学原理设计而成。“人”字型增加了大坝的抗压力。北渠长380米，叫大天平;南渠长124米，叫小天平。天平高约5米，宽17米多。上下用巨石砌就，中用薄条石直插，砌成鱼鳞状，称作鱼鳞石。鱼鳞石利用洪水过坝的压力，挤压得非常结实。加上坝顶巨石之间的骑缝中，凿有飞石洞，并用铁锭卡住，非常牢固。这是古代劳动人民创造的一种独特的建筑方法。

灵渠的精华工程，其巧妙地设计，显现了我们祖先超人的智慧。经受了几千年的惊涛骇浪，大小天平坝却依然牢固如初。双脚踏在青石上，我们可以想象出秦时百姓修建灵渠时忙碌的身影。由于是冬季，渠道没水溢出，我们可以沿着渠道一直走到灵渠的铧嘴。

铧嘴是建在大小天平顶端，突出江心的部分。因它形似犁的尖铧，故称铧嘴。它的作用一是减弱洪水对大小天平的冲击力，二是“三七分水”。

灵渠全长37.4公里，由铧嘴、大小天平、南北渠泄水天平和陡门组成。铧嘴将湘江水三七分流，其中三分水向南流入漓江，七分水向北汇入湘江，沟通了长江和珠江两大水系。灵渠之开凿，至今两千两百多年，在历史上无疑起着重大的作用。据史书记载，秦始皇在统一北方六国之后，又于公元前211年对广东、福建、广西地区的百越发动了大规模的军事征服活动。但因中国南部的地形地貌导致运输补给困难，秦军在两广地区苦战三年，毫无建树。后秦始皇命令史禄劈山凿渠。史禄通过精确计算终于在兴安开凿了灵渠，奇迹般的把长江水系和珠江水系连接了起来，使援兵和补给源源不断的运往前线，最终把岭南的广大地区正式地划入了中原王朝的版图，为秦始皇统一中国起了重要的作用。

郭沫若游灵渠时，曾如此感叹：“斩山通道，连接长江、珠江水系，两千年前有此，诚是与长城南北呼应，同为世界之奇观。”

三分入漓，七分入湘

灵渠上游就是湘江的源头海洋河，前面的“探源之路”让我们看到了湘江源头水资源的状况，印证了“为有源头活水来”这句古话。

沿途考察，海洋河河面宽阔，河水清澈见底，毫无污染的痕迹。随行考察的湘潭市水文局专家陈运芳说，源头的河水几乎可以直接饮用。“海洋河两岸都是山区，农田少，周围村民用水也少，湘江源头的水质非常好。”

古老的灵渠将湘江三七分流，其中三分入漓，七分入湘。这是灵渠设计时的初衷，而这次我们在湘江枯水季节看到的灵渠，其三七分流的情况却恰恰相反。

“枯水季节时，灵渠却是将湘江之水三分入湘，七分入漓。”陈运芳说，灵渠分水在枯水期发生了改变。据他目测，灵渠北渠现在流入湘江的水量每秒钟不到1立方米，而南渠的水量每秒钟约为3立方米，流入了漓江。灵渠三分入漓、七分入湘的情况只会在湘江的丰水期出现。原因是，丰水时，湘江上游水量增加，灵渠水位上升，渠水满后溢出大小天平，七分的流量通过北渠和湘江故道汇入湘江，而只有三分的水量通过南渠流入漓江。相反，枯水时，上游水量减少，灵渠水位下降，上游的七分水量通过相对低位的南渠流入漓江，而只有三分水量缓慢由北渠进入湘江。

景区工作人员介绍，每年的11月初到来年的春天，是灵渠的枯水季节。枯水时灵渠的水质，我们明显看到七分入漓的南渠河水清澈，毫无漂浮物;而三分入湘的北渠，因水量小河水不流动，水藻丛生，水面上漂流着大量垃圾，让我们不敢想象。这就是在几十公里以外的上游还清澈见底的湘江。

湘漓分派，旅游兴旺

两千多年前的人工运河灵渠，不仅成就了秦始皇统一中国的丰功伟绩，在现在，灵渠依旧在造福湘桂大地，并成为令人向往的旅游胜地。

这座世界上保存最完整的古代水利工程，与四川都江堰、陕西郑国渠齐名，它是地球上最古老的人工运河之一。灵渠沟通了长江和珠江两大水系，从秦代到民国以前的年代，它是中原与岭南唯一的水上交通要道。现在的灵渠景区已成为广西桂林著名的旅游胜地。

两千多年前建造的灵渠，让无数游人流连忘返。昔日的灵渠，是历朝历代转运兵源和物资的码头，那种繁忙的景象早已不再，唯有成群结队的白色水鸭，安详地浮游水面。11月28日下午，兴安灵渠寒风瑟瑟，但游人却接踵而至。来自全国各地的游客无不称赞这一古老而又神奇的水利工程。渠道中划船的老者文荣善微笑着说，灵渠成为旅游景区后，他也开始靠饲养鸬鹚与游客合影谋生。景区工作人员介绍，游人多的时候每天多达3000余人。

与桂林山水胜境的繁华、热闹相比，古老的灵渠或许显得有些沉寂和落寞，但灵渠的魅力绝不需要依靠热闹来体现，灵渠的价值和吸引力也并不以游客多少来衡量。它在经过了两千多年的风雨岁月，经历了众多的朝代更迭之后，仍在沉静中释放出令人无法抗拒的力量。当我们来到这里的时候，无不为灵渠的选址、施工、用材以及它的整体设计的科学性和实用性而打动。我们的眼前，仿佛出现一群着秦时服装的先辈们，用松木打桩为基础，用凹凸相吻的巨石铸牢大坝，让湘水乖乖地按照人们的意志流淌。

灵渠的建设者们早已远去，而唯有灵渠在静静地对人们述说着一个古老的传奇。（来源：湘潭晚报记者

喻名乐 王希台 易书宝）

灵渠，秦始皇时代修建的一条运河，位于广西桂林兴安县境内。它是世界上现存最完整的古代水利工程之一，与四川都江堰、陕西郑国渠并称为“秦代三大水利工程”。它设计巧妙,建筑精当,是我国古代水利建筑中一颗璀璨的明珠。1988年1月,经国务院批准为全国重点文物保护单位。

一、世界古代水利建筑的明珠

与同期建于秦代的郑国渠不同的是，秦始皇修建灵渠的目的不是用于农业灌溉，达到发展生产的目的。灵渠是一项为军事行动服务的后勤设施军事工程，其目的在于运兵运粮。

秦始皇在完成统一后，随即进行大规模征服岭南的军事行动，据刘安《淮南子•人间训》记载，秦始皇“又利越之犀角：象齿、翡翠、珠玑，乃使尉睢发卒五十万为五军：一军塞坛城之岭；一军守九嶷之塞；一军处番禺之都；一军守南野之界；一军结余干之水，三年不解甲弛弩，使监禄无以持饷。又以卒凿渠而通粮道，以与越人战，杀西呕君译吁宋，而越人皆人丛薄中与禽兽处，莫肯为秦虏”。

由此可以看出秦军达南岭后，遭到了南越和西瓯的顽强抵抗。越人利用对地形熟悉的优势，逃入林中，与秦军周旋，秦军习惯于在中原开阔地区作战，不习惯于在密林中作战，因而伤亡较大。比这更严重的是秦军的后勤补给难以供应。南方河流纵横交错，秦军面对这种情况，不知所措，这给粮草供应造成了极大困难。为了解决粮草运输问题，秦始皇于公元前214年派监御史禄负责开凿灵渠，古人感佩于史禄开凿灵渠居功至伟，称赞他“咫尺江山分楚越，使君才气卷波澜。”

史禄历3年艰辛，这条体现我国古代劳动人民智慧和科学技术伟大成就的人工运河，终于凿成通航。其后，汉代马援，唐代李渤、鱼孟威又继续主持修筑灵渠。灵渠南渠岸边的四贤祠内，至今还供奉着史禄和他们的塑像。

灵渠凿成以后，秦军有了充足的粮饷，一鼓作气，勇往直前，统一了岭南。通过灵渠，秦代还由中原往岭南大量移民，加快了民族的大融合，加速了岭南经济的开发，加强了文化的交流，为维护国家的统一，巩固祖国的边防，起到了积极的作用。后人说灵渠“通三江，贯五岭”，意义之重大，对后世功用之奇伟，是不言而喻的。除此之外，单就水利建筑上的辉煌成就，时至今日，仍放射出灿烂的光彩。它是现存世界上最古老的一条运河，它的水利工程建筑，创造了古代几个世界之最，具有很高的科学内涵，让我们感到自豪。

下面我们就将它的重要建筑，逐一作介绍。

1、最理想的选址

灵渠是在极为恶劣的自然条件下开凿的运河。综观古今中外，世界上没有哪条运河比灵渠修得更早了。

位于桂北地区的兴安县，层峦叠嶂，河川纵横。在兴安县东南，耸峙着五岭之一的都庞岭，山岭庞大而陡峭，断崖重重；其南部则蜿蜒着海洋山，当地有一句民谣形容它的高峻——“兴安高万丈，海洋在天上”。兴安县的西北部，雄踞着五岭的又一山脉——越城岭。因此，兴安地形就形成了一个显著的特点：即东南部是南高北低，西北部则北高南低。在兴安县腰部，形成为一个海拔仅二百米左右的低地，这就是有名的湘桂走廊。这里历来为湖南进入广西的一条交通要道。由于兴安地形上的这一特点，自然形成了水系上的特征。北去的湘江，发源于海洋山，从南往北流至兴安县城附近，沿湘桂走廊，经全州进入湖南，注入洞庭湖。著名的漓江，发源于越城岭主峰猫儿山，往南流至兴安溶江，经灵川、桂林、在梧州汇人西江．至广东注入南海。湘江北去，漓水南流，两江流向相反，故而兴安谚云：“兴安高万丈，水往两头流，”非常形象地概括厂兴安地形和水系特点。

两河相距最近处只有2公里左右，水位差不过数米，中间的分水岭是相对高度为20～30米的山岗，对劈开分水岭，沟通两个水系十分有利。灵渠就是利用这个有利地形开凿而成的。

2、最科学的大坝

大小天平是指建筑在兴安县城东 1．5公里海洋河上的一道“人”字形分水坝。它一南一北分叉在海洋河上。北侧的一段，靠近通往湘江的河道，长约380米，南侧的一段，靠近通往漓江的水渠，长约120米，其比例，恰好是是三七开，这个比例，十分精确地达到了一种设计—— 洪水时可漫过坝顶泄入湘江故道，枯水时使海洋河的全部来水进入南北二渠，保持通航水深。由于它有平衡水量的巧妙作用，故名“天平”。它是灵渠的枢纽工程。这种分水态势，后来被人称为“三漓七湘”，这个规律一直保留至今。

大小天平坝的建造非常独特。大坝迎水面承受河水冲击力较大，采用大块的方块石平铺排列。当年建坝的时候，没有水泥之类的建筑材料，石料之间的连接问题就非常困难。我们的祖先在石块间开凿了一个个燕尾槽，然后用生铁铸造大小与之相符的铁码子，再将铁码子打人槽中，石块与石块就连接起来了。这种将木工中打榫的原理用于水利建设上是我们祖先的杰出创造。大坝的坡面用一块块薄石块竖直插列构成。这种坝面从远处看形似鱼鳞，叫鱼鳞坝。它的原理是利用大坝的阻挡将河水携带的泥沙杂物填塞坝面，同时减杀河水对大坝的冲击力，起到加固大坝的作用。

大坝的基础是松木结构。因为有松油的关系，松木特别耐水泡，民间有“水泡万年松”的说法。因此用松木在河床上打成排桩，从而构成大坝的基础。

大小天平“人”字堤在具有三七分流功能的同时，更蕴涵着中国哲学传统中的“天人合一”思想，以人字的造型分流湘水，非常奇妙，充分体现了古代劳动人民智慧的结晶。

3、最精当的铧嘴

铧嘴是指建在大小天平顶端向江中延伸的一道石堤。其基础也是用松木打桩，外围用条石砌筑，中填砾石和泥沙。因为它前锐后钝，形似犁铧而得名铧嘴。铧嘴的作用有三个：一是为了分洪，它可以减轻洪水对大小天平的冲击力，洪水通过铧嘴向两侧分流，压力也分向两岸，然后顺着大小天平斜流入南北两渠，两渠不能容纳的水量则溢过大小天平回流到湘江，这样就减轻了洪水的冲击力，有效地的保护了大小天平。第二是实现了“三七分水”，由于设计师精巧的设计，湘江的来水通过铧嘴的分流和大小天平的溢水，基本上保持了百分之七十的水量随北渠流回湘江，而百分之三十的水量随南渠进入漓江，这就是所谓的“三分漓水七分湘”之说。第三是导航，由于铧嘴的作用在其两侧形成了一片相对宽阔静水区，所以这里也叫分水塘。

4、最灵巧的南北渠

南 渠

南渠为引湘人漓的一条渠道，从小天平尾部的南陡起，至溶江镇汇人大溶江的灵河口止，全长33．15公里。落差30．26米，平均坡度为千分之0.91米。

南渠渠道可分为四段：

第一段从渼潭起至铁炉村止，长4．215公里。这段渠道为全部人工开挖，水流平缓，落差1．08米，平均坡度为干分之0.26米。这段渠道开始一段沿全义岭山脚开挖，基本上与湘江保持平行。其中 0.263公里至0.892公里一段，只靠一道石堤与湘江隔开，为灵渠险工。至大湾陡止，为越城峤(今称太史庙山)所阻。越城峤宽350米，高约20米，全为人工劈开，工程相当艰巨。这段渠道的宽度为8--15米，水深为1．8米。

第二段从始安水 4.215公里起至灵山庙10.313公里始安水汇人清水江止长6.098公里。这段渠道为半人工开挖改造而成。

第三段，从清水江 10．313公里至18．935公里零西村马尿河汇人处止，长8．624公里。这段渠道绝大部分利用天然河道，宽15至30米，深1至2米，落差7.94米，平均坡度为0．92米。

第四段从 18．935公里至33．15公里灵渠汇人大溶江止，长14．215公里。这段全部利用灵河天然河道，河宽20至50米，水深1至3米，落差15．85米：平均坡降1.1l米。

北 渠

北渠由大天平尾部北陡门起，往北迂回於平畴沃野间，流程4公里，再回到湘江。论长度，北渠只有南渠的七分之一，论作用，北渠相当于一个引航道。因为大小天平把湘江拦腰斩断，南渠把湘水引入漓江，北上的船可以从溶江由南渠达到大小天平，但无法下坝到湘江，因为从大小天平的水面距离坝下的湘江河面将近2米。同样从湘江南下的商船只能由湘江到达大小天平之下，却无法上坝。在今天也许只要像桂林两江四湖一样在大小天平之间建设一道船闸就可以解决这个问题了，但在当时的生产力水平下，无法做到。在两千前的秦朝，设计师们开凿了北渠这个引航道既解决了南来北往的船支顺利通过大小天平这个问题，又保护了大小天平。

整个北渠分东西两条支渠。东西支渠形成了一个圆圈，为什么这样呢？有趣的是北渠在平畴沃野中走了两个大S湾，为什么不把北渠挖成一条直线呢？是聪明的设计师们有意延长流程，原来是北渠的大天平与北渠的入湘口落差达5米多，虽然两者的直线距离只有1.5公里，却挖成3.25公里，减少了落差，水流缓慢。这样第一是有利于船支的安全航行；第二是保护了北渠的堤坝的安全；第三，在旱季最大限度的节约用水。

所以说两者不可偏废。

5、最微妙的泄水天平

泄水天平是灵渠的排洪道。它的原理是在南北渠道沿途留下一些缺口，在大小天平不能充分排洪的时候起到增加排洪量的作用。这时涌进南北渠道的洪水会经泄水天平排入湘江故道，它保证两个渠道的水位限制在1．7米以下，也因此保证了堤岸的巩固。泄水天平一共三处，北渠一处，南渠两处。它的建筑原理与大小天平坝是相似的，只是规模要小些。

南渠泄水天平，第一处位于南陡以下 892米处的秦堤上。 第二处泄水天平位于南陡以下 1953米处,称马氏桥泄水天平。

有了这两处泄水天平，在兴安境内湘江正常年分 1300立方／秒以下的洪水，可通过第一处泄水天平将进入南渠的洪水排回湘江，确保县城和灵渠下游的安全。

第三处泄水天平位于北渠北陡 2334米处的水泊村西。为清代雍正八年(1730)两广总督鄂尔泰创建。

6、最牢固的秦堤

秦堤是筑于南渠与湘江之间的一道石堤，从南陡阁起至大湾陡止，全长 3.15公里。平均宽窄8米左右。用经过加工的大条石砌就。它下临湘江，上承灵渠，工程很艰巨。因为这道堤筑于秦代，因此称为秦堤。其中由南陡至泄水天平一段，长892米，称为公堤。为秦堤最险要一段。历史上这段堤常被洪水冲坏。堤坏则渠亡，因而这段堤修得很宏伟。由泄水天平至接龙桥，长1708米，这段堤经过城区，堤宽达数百米。接龙桥至大湾陡，长2792米，灵渠南临山脚，北为渠田，渠比田高，堤只做拦阻渠水的作用。因而堤高只有1米，宽只1．6米左右。这段堤虽很转小，但若没有堤，水往旁流，渠也就不存在了。有了这道堤，渠高田低，为灌溉提供了方便。

秦堤外墙均用条石砌建，全长 3．1公里，远望就像一道城墙，修得很宏伟。从古以来，秦堤截植桃柳，春来桃花满路，杨柳飘丝，尚为人们游春之所。明初工部尚书严震直咏秦堤诗即有“桃花满路落红雨，杨柳夹堤生翠烟”的名句。

7、最古老的船闸

陡门是建筑在灵渠的南北渠中的一种通航设施。它的作用类似于现代的船闸，只是比现代船闸建造简陋，但操作则相当简便灵活。

由于枯水季节灵渠的水位低，不能保证正常航行。为解决枯水季节通航，我们的祖先创制了这种古朴的堵水装置：用竹木堵水。船闸设置在有些坡度的河段，形似大门，得名陡门。陡门起到关闸蓄水，提高水位的作用，是现代电闸的鼻祖。宋代，灵渠陡门最多达36处，因此灵渠有“陡河”的别称。

按唐人鱼孟威的《灵渠记》记载，系桂管观察使李渤创建于宝历元年 (825年)。李渤当时创建的陡门有多少？史无记载。总之，没有超过18座。至咸通九年(868年)，也就是说43年后，鱼孟威重修灵渠时，才将陡门增至18座。北宋嘉祐四年(1059)始增至36座。李渤初创的陡门，非常简陋。“杂束筱为堰，间散木为门”，用不了几年就坏。鱼孟威稍有改进，陡门悉用坚木排竖，切禁用散材。但木做的陡门，不管用多坚硬的木材，也易损坏。因而后代修建的陡门，悉用石建，这就是现在我们看到的陡门，当然现存的陡门，已大部经过清代重修或重建，但其形式，与唐代系一脉相承。

在国外,最早的船闸直到1375年才在欧洲的荷兰出现，而这时我国已经是明朝了。所以,专家们认为：陡门是历史上最早的船闸，是现代电动闸门的鼻祖，堪称“世界船闸之父”。

综观古往今来．全世界的运河，没有一条像灵渠那样，在这样恶劣条件的下开挖的。而灵渠挖成了，而且航行了二千余年，这就是奇迹。国务院于1988年1月13日,公布灵渠为全国重点文物保护单位。

二、名诗佳联赞灵渠

灵渠作为一项伟大的水利工程,自古以来自然会有许多歌颂它的诗词。这些诗词有的是赞颂它的地位与作用,有的是歌颂与灵渠有关的人物,有的是描写灵渠的美丽景色,有的则兼而有之。

现存最早的灵渠诗词，是唐代胡曾的《灵渠》:“凿开山岭引湘波，上去昭回不较多。无限鹊临桥畔立，适来天道过天河。”

而最有名的灵渠诗词恐怕要数明代大学士解缙的《兴安渠》了。解缙因为触怒明成祖朱棣而被贬到广西来，他入桂经过灵渠时写诗道：“ 石渠南北引湘漓，分水塘深下作堤。若是秦人多二纪，锦帆直是到天涯。” 颇有皮日休《汴河怀古》“尽道隋亡为此河，至今千里赖通波。若无水殿龙舟事，共禹论功不较多”的韵味。

明代诗人俞安期的《舟过灵渠即景》：“秦渠曲曲学三巴，离立千峰插地斜。宛转中间穿流去，孤舟常绕碧莲花。”则描写了灵渠南渠的美景。 而“桃花满路落红雨，杨柳夹堤生翠烟”的诗句则是明代诗人严震直对灵渠秦堤美丽风光的生动描述。

“水到漓江水最清，青山簇簇水中生；分明看见青山顶，船在青山顶上行。”

这是清代著名文学家袁枚在其文集《小仓山房诗集》中的一首诗，它的名字叫《由桂林溯漓江至兴安》，它生动的描绘了灵渠南渠及两岸美丽的风景，在这一段得到了最美丽的展现。

面对精当的铧 嘴，范成大写下了这样的诗篇赞美它：“导江自海阳，至县迺弥迤。狂澜既奔倾，中流遇铧嘴。分为两道开，南漓北湘水。至今舟楫利，楚粤径万里。人谋兑天造，史禄所经始。无谓秦无人，虎鼠用否耳。紫藤缠老苍，白石熘清泚。是闻可作社，牲酒百世祀。修废者谁欤？配以临川李。”

分水塘里的铧嘴将来自海洋山的湘水一劈为二，七分北上湘江，三分南与漓江相通连接了长江和珠江两大水系。明进士鲁铎出使安南途经广西时，写有许多咏景诗篇，其中有一首《分水岭》写出了百川奔海，殊途同归的意境：“一道原泉却两支，右为湘水左为漓；谁知万里分流去，到海还应有会时。”

万里桥，位于兴安城内，距南陡二公里。地当南北交通要冲，桥北即全州至兴安驿道，桥南为兴安至桂林驿道。万里桥建于唐敬宗宝历元年(公元825)，为桂管观察使李渤创建。相传由唐京城长安水路至此桥万里，故名。它位于城市中心，人来人往终日不绝，加上灵渠两岸桃柳夹岸，桃红柳绿相映成趣，人们爱在此眺览小憩，路经兴安的文人墨客也爱到此游览。明代刑部主事董传策因劾严嵩误国，被下狱后贬官南宁，路经万里桥时曾题诗一首：“亿昨含香侍圣朝，风烟回首隔迢遥。客游忽到三江峡，世路今过万里桥。笼内乾坤入独醒，舟小日月赋堪消。戍楼那更炎荒远，横笛秋天爽气飘。”被奸臣陷害的悲愤之气，跃然纸上。天公就会作弄人，几年后不可一世的严嵩也贬官广西，经万里桥时也题诗一首：“兴安城廓枕高邱，湘漓水分南北流。万里桥头风雪暮，不知何地望神州。破屋古忪喧夕籁，远峰寒露起层阴。梅花两岸湘漓水，岁晚相随到桂林”。诗中表达的已是“无可奈何花落去”的颓废之气了。现在的灵渠两岸，桃柳巳很少了，代之的是桂花，夹竹桃等树种，景观更为优美。

1963年大文豪郭沫若游玩；灵渠后诗兴大发，写下了《满江红 灵渠 》

“北自长城，南来至，灵渠岸上，亲眼见，秦堤牢固，工程精当。闸水陡门三十六，噼湘铧嘴二千丈。有天平大小，溢洪流，调分量。

湘漓接，通汉壮。将军墓，三人葬。听民间传说，目空君相。史禄开疆难复忆，猪龙作孽忘其妄。说猪龙，其实即祖龙，能开创。”

介绍了灵渠作为一项重要的水利工程的结构和功用，生动地描述了灵渠作为沟通长江珠江两大水系的古老运河的历史价值，将灵渠与长城相提并论，发出了“北有长城，南有灵渠”的慨叹。 另外还有一首七律《兴安观秦始皇时史禄所凿灵渠》

“秦皇毕竟是雄才，北筑长城南岭开。铧嘴噼湘分半壁，灵渠通粤上三台。江山一统泯畛域，工匠三人叠主裁。传说猪龙深作孽，英雄伟绩费疑猜。”

一九六三年三月，郭老、翦老应广西史学会的邀请，访问了南宁、柳州、桂林等地。翦老做了几首纪游诗，得到郭老的称赞和润色。

其中有七律《游灵渠》：“一统中原迈禹汤，雄才今日识始皇。帆樯北持湖湘蜀，楼橹南通岭海航。死去三君真典范，飞来一石太荒唐。灵渠胜似银河水，流入人间灌稻粱。”

四月三日，郭老给翦老信：“诗很好。„雄才千古说秦皇‟句，建议改为„雄才今日识秦皇‟。因为古来都是骂秦始皇的，由毛主席的《沁园春》才把他肯定了。这样说也和老兄的„不到灵渠岸，无由识始皇‟扣合起来了。”可见郭老、翦老评价始皇的基本态度和基本看法是明确的。

推荐第2篇：灵渠导游词

美丽的灵渠

桂林是一座具有光辉灿烂的桂林历史文化名城，桂林山水之美天下皆知，使桂林旅游文化又多了一张世界注目的品牌。 在北距桂林60公里的桂北重镇兴安，有一条古老的运河穿城而过，往南经30公里与发源华南第一峰猫儿山的六洞河、大小溶江汇合后流入漓江，这便是闻名世界，与都江堰、郑国渠同被称为秦代三大水利工程之一的灵渠。我国著名文学家郭沫若高度评价灵渠和长城南北相呼应，同为世界奇观，并作诗赞日：“秦皇毕竟是雄才，北筑长城南岭开。铧嘴劈湘分半壁，灵渠通粤上三台。江山一统泯畛域，工匠三人叠主裁。传说猪龙深作孽，英雄伟绩费猜疑。”

兴安，秦朝时称为始安郡。位于湘桂走廊的南端，历来是兵家必争之地。境内东为都庞岭山脉，主峰盘皇殿海拔为l748米；西北部为越城岭山脉，主峰猫儿山海拔为2142,米；中部地区是低山区和丘陵地带，海拔在180～500米左右。兴安的地形东南部南高北低，西北部北高南低，向中间倾斜，在中间形成低槽，这低槽就是从湖南进入广西的湘桂走廊。

秦始皇赢政在统一了北方六国以后，为了统一岭南地区及百越民族人民，便下令派尉屠睢为大将军，领兵50万南征北越。屠睢兵分五路向五岭(武夷山、大庾岭、骑田岭、都庞岭、越城岭)地区发动了大规模的军事进攻。达到统一的目的，秦始皇赢政在公元前218年下令“凿渠而通粮道”，命令史禄在兴安选址凿渠，以沟通长江和珠江两大水系，解决粮食和兵员的运输问题。史禄在作了充分的调查研究后，决定将发源于都庞岭山系属湘江水系的海洋河与发源于越城岭

的系属漓江水系的六洞河沟通。经过数年奋战，于秦始皇三十三年(公元前214年)建成灵渠。

灵渠有南北两渠，分水铧嘴，大小天平，泄水天平，36座闸水陡门，全长36．4公里，其中南渠长33．15公里，北渠长3．25公里。它设计科学，结构灵巧，工艺精湛，堪称为我国水利工程的杰作，是我国古代劳动人民聪明智慧和辛勤劳动的结晶，是祖国灿烂文化的代表，更是我们桂林人民的骄傲。

“海阳一水化湘漓，南北分流各有期。谁知万里分流去，到海还，应有会时”，“澎湃汹汹激上矶，横流倒泻振声威。惊疑蛰起龙分水，舞爪掀鳞势欲飞。”这些诗句的描述向我们展示了湘漓分派的奇景。立于灵渠分水塘的高处，湘漓分派的奇景便展现在眼前。只见一类似犁铧一样前锐后钝的石堤铧嘴将海洋河水一分为二，使其七分经北渠流入湘江，三分 经南渠流入漓江，这就是人们所说的 “三分漓水七分湘”。灵渠的南渠，穿兴安城而过，经约33公里的流程，与六洞河汇合流入漓江。在南渠中，共有青条石砌成的半圆形或椭圆形的陡门 (即船闸)36座。闸水陡门主要用于提高水位，保证航船通行。南宋范成大的《桂海虞衡志》是这样描写灵渠陡门的：“渠绕兴安界，深不数尺，广丈余。六十里间置陡门三十六，土人但谓之陡。舟入一陡顺0复闸陡，伺水积渐进，故能循崖而上，建瓴而下，千斛之舟亦可往来，治水巧妙，无如灵渠者。”如此描述，陡门的作用可见一斑。

在南渠距铧嘴约一公里处，有一段长约三公里的“桃花满路落红雨，杨柳夹堤生翠烟”的堤坝，这就是著名的秦堤。南渠距湘江故道仅数米距离，且水面高出湘江故道水面约7米，地势十分险要。倘若被洪水冲毁，整个南渠将毁于此。故有约20米长的最险段，都用巨大条石砌筑，至今坚固如初。

关于修凿灵渠还有一个美丽的传说，这就是飞来石的传说。据说当年修筑灵渠破坏了在此修炼的一个猪婆精的巢穴，猪婆精勃然大怒，屡屡和修渠人作对，每当修好一段堤坝，它就在夜深人静的时候出来把堤坝拱毁。堤坝屡修屡塌，延误了工期，致使领工被杀。这件事被飞鹤大仙知道了，为了造福人类，保证修渠的顺利完工，他施法术把座下的蒲团石飞到兴安，镇住了兴风作浪的猪婆精。这样灵渠才得已修成。 当年的灵渠，航运十分繁忙，它是沟通中原和岭南的一条纽带。中原地区先进的科学文化和生产技术从这里传入岭南，使各族人民的交往更加密切，岭南广大地区得到了迅速开发，促进了强大而统一的中国的最终形成。在交通飞速发展的今天，灵渠早已失去了其漕运的功能。但作为古代中国的三大水利工程之一，仍以其独具匠心的设计、地理位置的独特和其沟通长江、珠江两大水系的历史功绩而被人称道。

如今的灵渠已被开发成一个旅游景区。整个景区古树成林，渠水清澈，鸟语花香，环境优美，游人如织，真是人们休闲赏景的最佳去处。篇二：灵渠

去灵渠，拜会那个叫“禄”的秦国人

——李胜良

从史书的意义上讲，多大的“名人”也仅仅是占用了一个“人名”而已。毕竟，有多少在生时极为风光的分子，也许死后都没有什么进入史册的机会。于是彼时彼地、一时一地、特时特地的所谓名人，便不免过眼云烟一般。《史记》以前的时代便更是如此，如果不是因为孔子、吕不韦、刘安、司马迁们这些已经解决了温饱的知识分子还想做些立言的差使，哪还会有那些真伪不定、语焉不详、神龙见首不见尾、甚至简单到只剩一个字的名字支离破碎的流传下来呢？ 那个叫“禄”、又因为附加了官职而被称作“监禄”或“史禄”的秦国人，便因了这样的侥幸而成为一个历史名人。将他与尉屠嘉、尉佗这些名字结合起来，便是一个逻辑井然的灵渠生成史。这也使得我的这次游访灵渠之旅，更似对他的拜望。 “四贤祠”的史禄塑像固然有些千篇一律地抹杀了与汉朝或者唐朝的衣装差异，远路赶来的我仍然选择了与他做亲昵的合影。也许我应该对他负有一点点歉意，因为在不久前刚刚出版的《税道长安》一书中，写过了秦时的郑国渠和都江堰的我居然“漏”掉了这被并称为秦代三大水利工程的灵渠。 “灵渠”之名并不见于史记，有人说其得名缘于当年的漓江又名“灵河”。这个有着秦凿渠、零渠、陡河、兴安运河等许多别名的运河，当年的主要功能在于“转饷”：“使监禄凿渠运粮”。它在设计上的奇巧之处，恰恰可以佐证当年的大秦军队摧枯拉朽摧眉折腰摧城拔寨的强悍气势和无坚不摧无险不克无往不胜的超绝运气。尉屠睢的五十万军队困顿岭南，缺衣少食。而史禄的天眼一通灵机一动而祭出让“湘漓分派”、二水合流的美妙想象，终于造就了岭南三郡的归于秦统。与灵渠相关联的特定建筑如铧嘴、大小天平石堤、南渠、北渠、陡门和秦堤等，也由此与史禄一起载入了史册。

说来也是天公作美。在中国长江流域与珠江流域之间，隔着巍巍的五岭山脉，陆路往来已很难，水运更是无路可通。可让人庆幸的是，位于湘桂走廊的广西兴安县恰居于越城岭山脉和都宠岭山脉而为珠江水系和长江水系分水岭。兴安高万丈，水往两边流。长江支流的湘江上源与珠江支流的上源，同出于兴安县境内，而且近处相距只1.5公里许，中间的低矮山梁，也高不过30米，宽不过500米。灵渠的设计者就是利用这个地理条件，硬是凿出一条水道，引湘入漓，婉蜒行进于起伏的丘陵间，联结起分流南北的湘江、漓江，勾通了长江水系与珠江水系。是上天预设了这天然的缝隙，又预设了史禄这样一位水利奇才倾其才智化这一缝隙为秦国打开胜利之门的锁钥，灵渠才会以巧夺天工鬼斧神工的神秘面容，投给世人以诡谲的轻笑。

灵渠的开通在相当长的时间内影响了五岭南北的政治经济文化沟通。基于灵渠的历史使命而论，它第一位的功能当然在于收获殖民利益。而这一利益在很大程度上是呈现为税收的投入产出率上的。古代的开疆拓土，表现为经济上就是一种税收投资，先是以大笔的国内税收做为经费铺垫，支持本国军队向着未来的国土挺进。当表现为粮草、军马、兵器、兵士、人伕等在内的各类税收形态以足量的“烧钱”力度在新开国土上开花结果，便到了“生地”转化为“熟地”开始反哺税收成果的时候了。灵渠也是如此。自从秦军获得了经由灵渠源源 不断的军饷供应，征伐百越的战争便顺风满帆，桂林、象郡、南海郡三郡底定后，来自南国热带亚热带的奇珍异宝、美食良种，便也共享为“中国”之物。正是借了三郡的跳板，中华帝国中央政权的统治甚至远及交趾、西沙南沙。广州在唐朝更是成为中国重要甚至是主要的通商口岸。杨家三姑娘所能吃到的新鲜荔枝，也自是这一地区的出产。

任是建设了覆盖全国的直道、御道、驰道、五尺道、栈道等陆上网，水利枢纽的便利和低成本仍被奉为古代交通的至爱。而灵渠这样一条仅仅三十七公里的运河更是堪称捷径，甚至在举手投足间便化解了群山阻隔下长江与珠江两大水系的脉脉相望。就是从它落成的公元前214年开始，直到1938年湘桂铁路修通之前，它以南北大动脉日过帆船百余艘的历史，竟然维系了2152年！又有谁可以想见，几千年来南中国与内地的诸多沟通，要拜这针眼一般的纤细血管之赐。从这个意义上讲，“禄”这样一个秦国男人，他在湘桂边界的那一番筹谋策动，又立下了何等的不世之功呢。

可是，那由史册构成的所谓“历史”，其实也如笑贫不笑娼的“市场”一般，每每无视一个人的功劳建树，而要时常左右于当世人们的哗众取宠，和写史者的“趋炎附势”。“禄”这样一个伟大的男人差一点于史无载，偶被拾起，也早已经迷失了“姓氏”。倘不是因为灵渠的受益者们为他和后继者建起祠堂，也许便是领略了灵渠奇巧设计和分水风光的人们，也不再知道有这样一个人，用他的技术和智慧，生生影响了几千年的历史。比如那传说中学富五车的郭沫若，也险些无视“禄”这位“无姓之辈”，在他写及灵渠的诗中，只把功罪托于“祖龙”：“秦皇毕竟是雄才，北筑长城南岭开。铧嘴劈湘分半壁，灵渠通粤上三台。江山一统泯畛域，工匠联翩作主裁。传说猪龙深作孽，英雄伟绩费疑猜。”后来听了更详细的介绍，郭老才在他的《满江红·灵渠》里正本清源。该词写道： 1963年3月28日，天气晴朗，往兴安观秦始皇帝三十三年史禄所凿灵渠，錾山通道，连接长江、珠江水系，两千余年前有此，诚足于长城南北相呼应，同为世界之奇观。

北自长城，南来至，灵渠岸上，亲眼见，秦堤牢固，工程精当，闸水陡门三十六，劈湘铧嘴二千丈，有天平小大，溢洪流，调分量。湘漓接，通汉壮，将军墓，三人葬，听民间传说，目空君相，史禄开疆难复忆，猪龙作孽忘其妄，说猪龙，其实即祖龙，能开创。

好在，我在还没有亲履灵渠并赤脚走在那漫水的大小天平之前，就已经涉猎了许多的灵渠资料。而灵渠设计者的名字，便如郑国、李冰这二位为秦国的强大贡献了他们的技术和智慧的水利专家一样，印入了我的脑际。诚然，也是因为这三位的事迹，恰恰暗合了我的读书志趣：由“税”及“水”。这次走读灵渠，也正如去年前年的走读运河，一样服从于这样的志趣。

跳出水利说税事，“禄”的功劳肯定大大有利于秦的暴政。可秦王朝苛酷异常的急刑重敛毕竟导致了他的速亡。何况秦的暴政自有始皇、二世承担责任，与尽职尽责、鞠躬尽瘁的

禄也扯不上什么瓜葛。可南国的赋税徭役需要借灵渠而北淌，也便使得秦的暴政与禄搭上了关系。

一位网名叫“海边的啄木鸟”的所写《秦堤》，便提示了这份关系： 以水的柔情

注解暴征

以运河文明

偷输帝王的权威

以水利的润泽

感化荒蛮

历史坐在深处

以堤的名义

铭记一个帝王和他的朝代 今人王永宽的《桂林行·灵渠》一诗一样想到了“输征”：

灵渠秋雨细迷时，古坝平湖惹梦思。

江海水能通鄂粤，输征船可逐龙螭。

前人业绩后人享，一世功劳万世师。

游赏归途频顾盼，心神犹恋四贤祠。

兴安人肯定不喜欢苛征和重税。当地最后一位进士王国梁以他的百字长联表现了人们热爱安宁的心境：“是何代飞来灵石竟成砥柱坐镇岩疆纵然南北分流在史禄渠边却占有一片山光一片水光安排明月清风终古永留名胜地；从今朝建设新亭装点林泉倍增游兴记取春秋佳日到越王城畔须领略数声樵唱数声渔唱销遣良辰美景大家同做自由人。” 可偏偏有人妄想厮扰兴安人的这份心境。民国初年任兴安知县的吕德慎，厉行暴敛，激起民愤。可爱的一幕发生了：当地士绅并不仅仅是动用各种手段将吕知县驱逐了事，他们还别出心裁地刻了一块“浮加赋税冒功累民兴安知事吕德慎之纪念碑”，并将这块劣政碑立在四贤祠里“配享”禄们的香火。如此的黑色幽默，让拜访禄时敛神正色的我喜笑颜开。它不仅让我有了揪着禄的胡子照相的恶作剧，甚至开始在劣政碑前骚首弄姿。对于这位因税出位、因税成名的吕知县，我不由得大生敬意。想当年禄这样立下沟通南北文化之大功德的人，也差一点青史无名，而吕知县一区区苛吏，却可以借着惹动民情的机会被树碑立传，这与时下那些敢于一“脱”成名、羞色示于天下的苏紫紫、干露露不是有异曲同工之妙么？想及乐嘉

所谓成大事成大功成大名必须具备的“不要脸”的精神，我在这位耽于税道的吕知县身上寻到了标杆。

徜徉于湘江、灵渠在秦堤两侧二水中分、咫尺分流的场面，我的脑际忽而幻化出一个人名来。屈原《楚辞·远游》谓：“使湘灵鼓瑟兮，令海若舞冯夷。”鲁迅《湘灵歌》称：“湘灵妆成照湘水，皎如皓月窥彤云。”那传说中的湘水女神，舜帝的妃子娥皇和女英这斑竹二姐妹，不就唤作“湘灵”么？禄之能得到修建灵汇之灵感，莫不是得到了湘灵姑娘的神启？禄使湘灵姐妹“湘漓分派”，是否也是在疏解她二人的相思之苦呢？当珠江终于融入长江的怀抱，湘灵二妃也该为她们更容易魂归故土而笑吧。

有湘灵二妃陪着，有马援、李渤、鱼孟威伴着，有吕知县跳梁着，那个叫“禄”的秦国人应该不会寂寞。领略了他的成名绝学，我心满意足地归去。篇三：桂林导游词

桂林导游词

来源： 2008-9-8 字体： 小 中 大 共有评论 0 条 [点击查看] 各位来宾：大家好！ 欢迎大家来到桂林。我们现在是在桂林的两江国际机场，大家请看机场的候机大楼，非常的气派宏伟。两江国际机场是一九九六年开航的，还是一个新机场，据说机场的占地面积是全国最大的。客运量排在全国的前几位。现在我们的巴士从机场开往市区，行程三十公里，约须三十五分钟。

首先自我介绍一下：我姓张，叫张x。是桂林旅行社的导游，也是我们这个旅行团的导游，大家在桂林的三晚四天的游览中，由我给大家做导游讲解。我们的司机是李师傅，巴士的车牌号是6508，李师傅有十五年的开车经验，开车非常的平稳安全。我们一定会努力为大家服务，让大家在桂林玩得高兴愉快，希望大家对我们的工作多多关照。在这段时间里我给大家介绍桂林的概况：

我们大家专程来到美丽的桂林旅游，桂林是中国乃至世界的著名旅游风景名城，桂林的奇山秀水，如诗如梦的美丽景色，每年吸引着上千万的海内外游客到桂林来观光旅游。桂林位于广西壮族自治区的东北

部，全市的人口约四百八十万，其中城区的人口六十万。桂林的总面积有二点七八万平方公里，其中城区的面积有五百六十五平方公里。全市辖叠彩，秀峰，象山，七星，雁山五个区和十二个县。桂林属亚热带季风气候，气候温和，雨量充沛，年平均气温十九度，年平均降雨量为一千九百毫升。冬季的平均气温为八度，夏季的平均气温为二

十八度，是一个非常适合于旅游的地方。

我们广西壮族自治区位于中国的南疆，它的东部是广东省，西部是云南省，西北部是贵州省，北部是湖南省，而南部是与越南接壤。广东省的广州市海拔是五十米，桂林的海拔是一百五十米，云南省的昆明市海拔是一千八百米，而更西部的西藏自治区的海拔是四千五百米，地势从东至西迅速增高。据地质学家的研究调查，一亿年以前，从东到西的广东，广西，云南，西藏还是一片海底。后来由于地壳的运动，由海底隆起成为陆地，西藏则被抬升为世界的屋脊。桂林当时是海底的一片石灰岩沉积岩，成为陆地以后，几千万年以来的风雨的侵蚀和溶蚀，形成了桂林独特的喀斯特地质地貌。地面上群峰林立，江河纵横，地面下暗河涌动，钟乳洞遍布群山之中。桂林的山高峭耸立，拔地而起，桂林的水蜿蜒弯曲，清澈见底。桂林以她山清，水秀，洞奇，

石美的秀丽风光而闻名于世。

桂林不光是一个风景旅游名城，还是一个历史文化名城。两千多年以 前，秦始皇派人在桂林的兴安修筑了灵渠，把珠江水系和长江水系连在了一起。从宋代开始，桂林就是我们广西的政治，经济，文化的中心。明朝的开国皇帝朱元嶂派他的侄儿到桂林担当靖江王，在桂林传有十三代。抗战时期，桂林是全国著名的抗战文化城。桂林山清水秀，地杰人灵，江山代有人才辈出。在清代，出了著名的宰相陈宏谋，民国时期，出了民国的代总统李宗仁，国防部长白崇喜，到了现在，著名的电影[刘三姐]的扮演者黄婉秋，全国著名的歌手俞均健，奥运会体操冠军莫慧兰，奥运会跳水冠军李亭亭。还有羽毛球国手周蜜，都是我们桂林人的骄傲。今年，著名的电影导演张艺谋在桂林的阳朔亲自导演了世界上最大的山水实景文艺表演[印象刘三姐]，把美丽的桂 林传说传播到了全世界，吸引了众多的海内外游客竞相前来观赏。

桂林的名称由来是取桂花成林的意思，金秋十月正是满城桂花飘香的季节，在游览其间我们还可以品尝到香气怡人的桂花茶和甜美无比的桂花酒。这个季节桂林

的水果种类非常丰富，有香蕉，苹果，柑桔，西瓜，还有桂林最有名的沙田柚，柿子饼，水蜜桃，在市区和各个景区都可以买到，大家可以尽情品尝。

改革开放的二十年，桂林的旅游业得到了迅速的发展，桂林市著名的观光景区有象山景区，伏波山景区，叠彩山景区，七星公园景区，芦笛岩景区，漓江景区，近两年又建成了有东方威尼斯之称的两江四湖景区，各位贵宾在桂林三晚四天的观光中，将观赏到以上景区的最美丽的景色。 接着我给大家宣布一下明天的行程，明天我们是乘船游览桂林旅游最美丽的漓江风光，游船是早上九点起航，因此我们是六点半叫早，七点开始早餐，八点从酒店出发。从酒店到码头，乘巴士要四十分钟。漓江的游览从桂林到阳朔全程是八十三公里，乘船要大约四个小时。明天的中餐是在游船上用餐，我们明天大约在下午的一点到达阳朔，随后我们还要在阳朔游览大榕树和月亮山公园及参观桂林最大的钟

乳石岩洞，“银子岩”，在下午的五点乘车返回桂林。

我们的巴士已进入市区，还有五分钟我们将到达我们住宿的酒店，我们住宿的酒店叫桂山大酒店，坐落在美丽的漓江东岸，是一个四星级的豪华大酒店。到达酒店后，我们将直接上酒店的餐厅用晚餐，在大家用晚餐的时候，我给大家办好入住手续，大家用餐后就可以直接进房间休息了。大件的托运行李会由酒店的行李生给大家送到房间里。房间里没有免费的矿泉水，但有一个烧水的水壶，大家可以自己烧水

喝。冰箱里的饮料酒水是收费的，大家可以饮用，退房时到酒店的总台结算就可以了。

我们的巴士已到达桂山大酒店，各位贵宾请拿好自己的行李准备下车 亲爱的游客朋友大家好，我是各位的导游我叫***，欢迎贵宾到桂林参观和指导，我会全心全意热心服务让您没白跑。旅游之前有些事情在这和您聊一聊，好让您的这次旅游含金量更高。桂林是个旅游城市环境特别好，希望各位能够入乡随俗注意环保；旅游旺季眼瞅着就要到来了，旅游景区人山人海您千万别烦恼，如果您烦恼，别忘了笑一笑，看景拍照之余记得注意钱包；到桂林旅游山上活动肯定不会少，无论爬山绕弯还是走山坳，安全问题是个大事您千万要记牢，自由活动记住时间随时看表；到了一个陌生环境先把厕所找，防止临时出现内急火烧火燎；如果突然发现集合地点找不到，您就找我***，记住我的手机号，一声hello没有问题我马上就到；桂林美味虽然好您也吃七分饱，吃得太多会有反应结果会很糟；景区附近小摊小贩吆喝声挺高，土特产品没有保障建议您别瞧，您瞧了也别买，买了也别吃，如果要是吃出问题我也管不了。我说了这么多，吐沫费不少，总之希望您在桂林感觉会很好，到底好不好，逛了才知道

„„篇四：象鼻山导游词

专业：经融学 学号：201213006823 姓名：肖丹

广西桂林象鼻山导游词

各位同学们: 大家早上好! 很高兴能够与大家相聚桂林,首先我代表广西省xx旅行社全体员

工给大家说一声：一路辛苦了！首先请允许我做下自我介绍，我叫肖

丹，是xx旅行社的一名专职导游人员，大家可以叫我肖导或是小肖

都可以，为我们开车的司机师傅是康师傅，康师傅技术娴熟，行车稳

妥，我们坐他车既安全又舒适，今天的旅游将由师傅和我一起为大家

服务，如果您在旅途中有什么意见和要求，尽管向我们提，在我力所

能及的范围内，合理而可能的情况下，会尽量满足大家的要求的，最

后希望大家这次出去，游得开心，玩得愉快！并喜欢我们导游介绍! 有人说：旅游有六大要素，称之为“六脉神剑”，也就是我们通常所说

吃、住、行、游、购、

娱这六个方面，接下来我逐一给大家讲一下：

首先是吃，俗话说的好“民以食为天”，吃是非常重要的，每一个地方

都有自己当地独具特

色的饮食文化，我们这次在旅游地是用团队餐，10人一桌，当然了，

不会像我们在家里吃的那样舒服，但是我们会尽量要求酒店按照大家

的口味去做菜，但同样，也希望大家去品尝一下当地的菜，了解一下

当地的饮食文化！

接着是住，我们这次住的是双人标准间，大家进入酒店房间的时候，

先不要着急休息，先看一下房间的东西是否齐全，被套枕巾是否有污

染，有的话及时让服务员给布齐、调换。我也会协助大家看一下房间。

用品，价格比较贵，可以去酒店周围的超市购买。晚上休息的时候关好房门。 接着是行，也就是说我们这次旅行的交通工具， 在当地游览，都是用这一辆旅游车，所以说这辆车是我们暂时的一个小家，希望大家爱护好我们车内卫生，给我们一个舒适卫生的乘车环境。车前面有垃圾袋，大家需要的话，叫我，我给大家拿过去。另外大家在车上不要来

回走动，不太安全，有事叫我就可以了。

说完了吃住行，接着再说下游购娱，我们今天游览的线路是象鼻山，希望大家在游览的时候紧跟导游，不要走散，记好集合的时间和地点，不要迟到，以免影响了咱们整个团队的行程，毕竟我们出来就是一个 大的集体。 说说购，每个地方都有自己的特产，大家可以带会去一些做纪念或是

送人，感觉自己喜欢，价格合适，不妨买点回去！

最后就是娱乐了，那么娱乐是多方面的，如果大家喜欢，感兴趣，一会在车上我带大家一起搞个活动什么的，另外出去玩，大家一定要注

意安全，这安全包括人身安全和财产安全。

最后预祝我们这次旅游大家玩得开心，玩得尽兴！

接下来我为大家介绍一下我们桂林的概况: 我们大家专程来到美丽的桂林学习，桂林是中国乃至世界的著名

旅游风景名城，桂林的奇山秀水，如诗如梦的美丽景色，每年吸引着

上千万的海内外游客到桂林来观光旅游。桂林位于广西壮族自治区的

东北部，全市的人口约四百八十万，其中城区的人口六十万。桂林的

总面积有二点七八万平方公里，其中城区的面积有五百六十五平方公

里。全市辖叠彩，秀峰，象山，七星，雁山五个区和十二个县。桂林

属亚热带季风气候，气候温和，是一个非常适合于旅游的地方。 我们广西壮族自治区位于中国的南疆，由于地壳的运动，由海底

隆起成为陆地，桂林当时是海底的一片石灰岩沉积岩，成为陆地以后，

几千万年以来的风雨的侵蚀和溶蚀，形成了桂林独特的喀斯特地质地

貌。地面上群峰林立，江河纵横，地面下暗河涌动，钟乳洞遍布群山

之中。桂林的山高峭耸立，拔地而起，桂林的水蜿蜒弯曲，清澈见底。

桂林以她山清，水秀，洞奇，石美的秀丽风光而闻名于世。 桂林不光是一个风景旅游名城，还是一个历史文化名城。两千多

年以前，秦始皇派人在桂林的兴安修筑了灵渠，把珠江水系和长江水

系连在了一起。从宋代开始，桂林就是我们广西的大的山水实景文艺

表政治，经济，文化的中心。明朝的开国皇帝朱元嶂派他的侄儿到桂

林担当靖江王，在桂林传有十三代。抗战时期，桂林是全国著名的抗

战文化城。桂林山清水秀，地杰人灵，江山代有人才辈出。在清代，

出了著名的宰相陈宏谋，民国时期，出了民国的代总统李宗仁，国防

部长白崇喜。著名的电影导演张艺谋在桂林的阳朔亲自导演了《印象

刘三姐》，把美丽的桂林传说传播到了全世界，吸引了众多的海内外 游客竞相前来观赏。 桂林的名称由来是取桂花成林的意思，金秋十月正是满城桂花飘香的季节，在游览其间我们还可以品尝到香气怡人的桂花茶和甜美无比的桂花酒。这个季节桂林的水果种类非常丰富，有香蕉，苹果，柑桔，西瓜，还有桂林最有名的沙田柚，柿子饼，水蜜桃，在市区和各个景区都可以买到，大家可以尽情品尝。

改革开放的二十年，桂林的旅游业得到了迅速的发展，桂林市著名的观光景区有象山景区，伏波山景区，叠彩山景区，七星公园景区，芦笛岩景区，漓江景区，近两年又建成了有东方威尼斯之称的两江四湖景区。

今天我们要观赏的是象鼻山

说到象鼻山，我想大家一定不会陌生，没错，它就是那头居住在漓江边上的大象。首先给大家讲讲象鼻山的由来吧，象鼻山又称象山。明代诗人孔镛写道：“象鼻分明饮玉河，西风一吸水应波。青山自是饶奇骨，白日相看不厌多。”这一百看不厌的象鼻山位于城南漓江和桃花江的江流汇合处。山形酷似一头巨象，伸长鼻子临江吸水，因而得名。

现在我们看到的象鼻与象身之间的大洞，便是著名的水月洞。范成大说它“其形正圆，望之端整如月轮”。水月洞里江水通流，可泛小舟，在明月之夜，它的倒影则构成“水底有明月，水上明月浮”的“象山水月”奇观，使历代诗人吟咏不止。洞内外崖有古代石刻文物五十余件，其中以宋代爱国诗人张孝祥、范成大和陆游的作品最为有名。陆游虽然没有到过桂林，但对这里的奇山秀水神往不已。他把

诗和信札寄给当时任昭州（今广西桂林市平乐县）太守的朋友杜思恭。杜思恭则“命工刻与崖石，与世人共之”。

接下来我们可以看到象鼻山的山脚有石级小路通上山顶。当年太平军在此架炮攻城。现在我们抬头可以看到在山顶的东端有明代的实心砖塔，因嵌有普贤菩萨像所以名为普贤塔。塔身好似圆形宝瓶，又像剑柄，又有人称之为瓶塔或剑柄塔。

接下来我们来到象鼻山的南麓，这里有近年改建的始创与唐代的云峰寺，寺内陈列着太平天国的历史文物。在寺的西面是一座舍利塔，这里原来还有个开元寺。唐代的鉴真和尚第五次东渡日本失败，漂到海南岛，在北归的途中，经过桂林时，居住于开元寺，在此主持大典，讲法传经。可惜古寺早废，只留下这座佛塔叙说当年盛事。象鼻山，景色优美，是桂林山水的象征和桂林城的标志，最令中外游人喜爱。我们现在看到的是云峰寺，它始建于康熙五十年，是砖木架构的三进建筑。它见证了中国历史上的两次重大事件—太平天国运动与抗日战争。抗日战争的时候它曾遭到严重的破坏，我们现在看到的是它改造后的样子。它现在是作为太平天国的陈列馆。 接下来我们去看看三花酒窖，桂林桂林，桂树成林。都说桂花开时，十里飘香。大家现在可以看到一个很大的三花酒缸。三花酒是桂林三宝之一，香味醇厚、口感极佳。

现在请大家随我继游览，接下来是我们象鼻山景区的最后一个景点----水月洞。 现在大家来到的就是水月洞了，水月洞天高12米，宽9.5米，长篇五：紫鹊界梯田导游词

紫鹊界梯田导游词

各位游客、大家好！欢迎来到国家级风景名胜区、国家自然与文化双遗产地、国家水利风景区--紫鹊界梯田观光旅游，我本次游览的讲解员（ ），很荣幸能和大家一同游览。下面我为大家简单的介绍一下景区的一些基本情况：

紫鹊界梯田景区位于新化县水车镇、雪峰山余脉的奉家地段，最高处海拨1585米，总面积120平方公里，有梯田8万余亩，集中连片的就有2万余亩，茫茫山坡、层层梯田，整体布局恢宏；梯田小如碟、大如盆、长如带、弯如月、婉如天上瑶池，人间仙境；是我国国家级风景名胜区中唯一的梯田风景名胜资源、是我国首批自然与文化双遗产地。其面积之广大、坡度之陡峻、线条之流畅、形态之优雅，充分显示出紫鹊界秦人梯田的自然美、文化美，形态美和古朴美，具有极高的美学、科学与生态旅游价值。

紫鹊界秦人梯田起源于先秦、盛于宋明，已有二千余年历史，苗瑶两族是紫鹊界梯田这个人间奇迹的始创者，是多民族先民共同创造的伟大成就和稻作文化遗存，充分展示了紫鹊界人与自然和谐共处的稻作文化。宋代汉官章惇在《开梅山》一诗中写道“人家迤逦见板屋，火耕硗确多畲田”，就是对当时新化苗、瑶等民族开发山地梯田的真实写照。

梯田美，但梯田难灌水，也极易造成水土流失和自然灾害，所以我国明确在25度以上坡地禁止开垦和翻耕。但是，紫鹊界梯田坡度都在25-50度之间，而水土从不流失，这里没有一口山塘、一座水库，连一条像样的水渠也没有，更无需人工引水灌溉，令人叹为观止！当地谚语有：“天下大乱，此地无忧，天下大旱，此地有收。”这是为什么呢？等 会大家到月牙山看看就知道了。水是紫鹊界最为神奇的地方，水利专家评价其可与都江堰和灵渠相媲美，把这种自流灌溉系统称之为“世界水利灌溉工程之奇迹”。

各位游客，我们已经进入观景区，梯田开始层层叠叠展现在大家眼前，我们可以身临其境、零距离感受梯田之奇妙，追寻稻作文化之根源，一定会给您带来赏心悦目、亲近自然的乐趣。紫鹊界无霜期短，春暖迟而秋寒早，因此这里每年只适合种中稻，其耕作方式也很独特，春节后。田农将猪栏、牛栏里的粪便挑到田里浸泡，到阳春三月，开始将田坎上的草整修的干干净净。梯田呈带状，长、窄、小，所以不用牛耕和犁耙，而是用一种很宽的板锄，一锄一锄的翻转，然后用一种带齿的长木耙将田泥整平。秧苗插入田中开始分蘖时，便进行中耕除草施肥，为保证肥效，提高地温，此时田中只留薄薄的一层水，抽穗扬花时需要大量的水分，再将水放进来，收割时又将水放干，以便人们在干地里作业。在长期实践中形成了一套科学用水、科学管水的方法和流程，确保旱涝保收。

新化是著名的山歌艺术之乡。《歌本经》唱道：“十万蚂蚁一路行，十万山歌同本经”，可见山歌之多，无论男女老少，谁都会唱几首。歌是生产劳动中加油鼓劲的号子，歌是陶冶性情的精神食粮。紫鹊界人性情豪爽、殷勤好客，他们常以动人的山歌迎接远方来的客人。

各位游客，这里是月牙山观景台，大家看看观景台下这些梯田形状像什么？一条条弯弯的弧线，是不是像天上的小月牙呢！我们就取名为 月牙山观景台。请大家再看那边，那些的梯田排列有序、线条流畅、层次分明，像一条一条的等高线，极具形态美(古代的人们没学过高等数学，但梯田与梯田之间的距离完全等高，这充分体现了古代劳动人民神奇的智慧)。

各位游客，在车上已经提到过紫鹊界自流灌溉系统，大家在山上没有看到一口山塘、一座水库吧！但那竹枧，水在源源不断流入梯田，这就是我们紫鹊界随处可见的渗泉流水，独特的水利资源。这种自流灌溉系统的形成就是：紫鹊界森林茂盛，植被丰厚，山体为花岗岩，恰似池塘不透水底板,其地表为沙土壤，吸水性能极好。形成了优良的蓄水和分水系统，据测定：降雨量在50-60mm全部可被土壤所吸收，无坡面漫流。因为每立方土壤可吸收0.2-0.4吨水，形成了一个巨大的地下水库。以众多的渗泉流水为灌溉源头，组成了世界上独一无二的“自流水利灌溉工程”之奇迹。

各位游客，现在我们看到是瑶人冲观景台，此处景观由两条山脊一个凼,形成一个“凹”字,西端山梁,从山下一直延伸到山顶,多达200余级,似一座铁塔,这里抒写着瑶人开凿梯田的丰功伟绩.据文物专家考察,在我们身后的这座山上曾找到过瑶人遗留下的瑶人凼、瑶人峒、瑶人屋场等历史遗址。所以我们这里取名为瑶人冲。中央电视台四频套《走遍中国》栏目组，请文物文史专家做向导，追寻着苗瑶先民狩猎捕鱼，开山垦荒的历史足迹，解读了紫鹊界从狩猎文化过渡到农耕文化的历史渊源。

大家（再来）看这两丘梯田了，它比周围的梯田都要高，那么它的水从哪来呢？这就是我们紫鹊界水利灌溉工程奇迹中巧引巧灌的神奇之处。

为了再现苗瑶先民的生活场景，我为大家唱一首古老的山歌：“种田要种弯弯田，一弯弯到妹房前，早晚两次来看水，先看妹妹再看田”

现在我们来到九龙坡观景台，请大家先自由观赏，想一下这里为什么命名为“九龙坡”，稍后再为大家解答。“山高高，水长长，层层梯田入云端” 站在九龙坡观看气冲云霄的梯田，给人一种“横看成岭侧成峰,远近高低各不同”的审美乐趣..远眺，九道山梁若隐若现,恰似九条神龙在争相竞越、直撺山巅.大家看看一道道山梁（象不象九条竞相飞天的神龙呢）。（大家再请看，可以看到山下有一块天外飞石，这是大自然鬼斧神工的杰作，绝非人工制成，这就是相传龙的左眼，龙的右眼就在前面那栋板屋的正前方，它的左眼和右眼是完全大小一致并且对称的）各位游客，我们月牙山有说到地表土壤是沙壤土，大家请看（身后的山体）（抓起一把泥土搓揉），这些土是不会沾手的，（可以看出这些土就象吸水的海绵一样）而且它的孔隙率高达39-57%，每立方土壤可吸收水0.2-0.4吨，大家可以感受一下。

各位游客，这是老马凼观景台，老马凼是由两面大山并排耸立，这里的梯田坡度陡峭、险峻。好似天马飞落谷底，一鸣惊人，传说南宋时期，紫鹊界出了能征善战的飞将军奉朝瑞，时任邵州招讨史，他奉命率族南征，驻军江东，他战功赫赫，降服了三十六蛮峒。在一次战役中，他血洒疆场，英勇献身。他亲密的战马驮着将军血染的铠甲，奔走了三天三夜终于回归故里紫鹊界，真是老马识途啊！相传这匹战马从此隐居在这个谷底不愿离去，每天悲鸣不已，思念他的主人。此观景台就是以这个历史故事而命名。 紫鹊界梯田的民居，始终保持着几千年来的干栏式建筑风格，每栋为独立的小院落，有足够的空间做菜园，植有果木，风水树等，干栏

式板屋，上下两屋，这种建筑的原始创意，与山区多野兽和南方炎热潮湿的气候有关。各位游客大家来看一下这些板屋有什么特点：每栋板房的朝向各不相同，因为我们这里有一个风俗，建房时,必请风水先生看风水,不可与五行相冲相克,必须与房主人的生庚八字相生相宜,方能确保人丁安康,六畜兴旺。其二：每栋板房的外干墙上镶有几块醒目的白色方块，大家知道是为什么吗？（稍做停顿，和游客互动再加以解说）一是源自于紫鹊界人的好客，很早以前这里用的不是电，而是用煤油灯，（白色方块可以反射月光），让人知道此处有人家，方便路人问路或者是借宿；二是有辟邪的说法；三是这些方块是用竹片织制刷上石灰而成的，可减少树木的使用量，达到节省材料、保护森林的目的。可见很早以前紫鹊界人就有了环保意识。

各位游客，来到八卦冲观景台，梯田漫山遍野,层层叠叠,曲折有致,仿佛是山水画家笔下灵动飘逸的弧线,好似（充满神秘和灵气的）大地雕塑，象一张信手抖开的八卦图.八卦冲的取名由此而定。（八卦冲梯田最大的特点是此处的梯田） 小巧、精致、灵动、飘逸、秀美！这是我们景区最美、最具代表性的一个景点。大家看这是不是很像一个八卦图？大家看这些弧线是不是很灵动、很飘逸呢！说到八卦冲的小巧与精致，（民间还有蓑衣丘、斗笠丘的说法，为什么叫蓑衣丘、斗笠丘呢？）有这样一个故事：（因为紫鹊界的梯田面积很大，人平占有一亩以上的梯田，所以每户农户家的梯田丘块特别多，相传）一个田农这到这里挖田，累了一天，明明记得自己有28丘田，但数来数去都只有26丘，眼看天就要黑了，（他心想，）还是回去吧！他捡起斗笠，（原来斗笠下覆盖了一丘小梯田，他再捡起蓑衣，蓑衣下又是一丘田，所以就有了斗笠丘、蓑衣丘说法）。

推荐第3篇：英文介绍

My name is peter.I am six years old.I am from Taiwan.Many people ask me about my Chinese name because they think the meaning of it is very interesting.But I hope my friends can remember my English name rather than my Chinese one.My hobby is playing basketball.I usually play it with my friends after school, and I believe playing basketball will bring me good health.I am a talkative person.It is very difficult for me to keep quiet.Now I am studying in English, so I hope everyone can speak English to me.Otherwise I will feel very bad if I keep quiet.

I am xxx and I am 12 years old.My favorite sports include basketball， swim and football.One of my

favorite stars is Liu Xiang because he is the fastest runner in the world and a pride of our country.I have love fruits like watermelon， grapes， banana， and so forth.When I have time， I like watching TV， playing games on my computer， surfing the web， and reading.I have a lot of friends and we often play football together.

My Chinese name is xxx.My English name is xxx.I’m a boy .I’m nine years old.I’m from Ruian Xincheng Experimentation primary school.

I’m in Cla three Grade four.I’m clever.I’m a good boy.I’m helpful.I often help clamates.My best friend is Caichenglai.He’s nine years old too.We eat play and read together.We learn each other.

I like swimming,roller-skating and computer games.

I swim everyday in the summer holiday.I ofen roller-skating on the weekend.

I like blue and red .

I like the blue sky.I like the red auturm .

There are three people in my family.They are my mother my father and I.My mother is thirty-seven years old.She’s an accountant.She likes to go travelling.Myfatheris thirty-seven years old too.He is a teacher.He likes to reedbooks.

hello, everyone, it\'s my honor to stand here introducing myself.

大家好， 很高兴有机会在这里介绍我自己。

My name is xxx, from Cla 2, Grade six,xxxx Primary School.

我是xxx，xx小学六年级2班的学生。

I\'m doing well in my study, besides I\'m the monitor of my cla and I get on well with my clamates.我学习成绩优秀，是班上的班长并且我和同学们相处很融洽。

I\'m a happy and talented girl.I\'m good at drawing and many of my drawings have won prizes.At the same time, I like telling stories.

我是一个开朗又多才多艺的女孩，画画是我最擅长的，曾多次或奖。同时我还很会讲故事。

I\'m interested in learning English very much, and I believe that I will do well in future.I won\'t let you down!我很喜欢学习英语，我相信我会表现的出色，我不会让大家失望的。

Thanks for your listening.

谢谢你们的聆听。

---

Hello,everybody.大家好

My name\'s( ).我的名字叫（ ）

I\'m in Cla( )Grade six of( )school.我在（ ）学校6年级（）班级

I\'m tall(short).I\'m ( )centimeters.我很高（矮），我（）厘米。

I like English very much.我非常喜欢英语

Beacuse English is interesting.因为英语很有趣。

So my English is very good.所以，我的英语很好。

I acquire many award.我获得过很多奖项。

I hope that every of you will love me。希望大家能喜欢我。

Hello,everyone.My name is ***(你的名字),I\'m *（你的年纪） years old.I study in ***（你的学校名） Primary School.I\'m in Grade*（你的年级） Cla*（你的班级）.

I like football and English very much,and i often play football with my clamates after schoo.My English teacher is ***（你英语老师的名字）,she/he（女的选she，男的选he） is very nice to us,I like her/him（女的选her，男的选him） a lot.

There are three members in my family:my father,my mother and I.Both of parents love me and I love them too.

That\'s all,thanks。

或

hello !!! boys and grils

my name is forest , i 12 old , my is girl .my family have a three people .my is youngest than other two and i is oldest of the tow.my father and my monther very love me,i love them too.i at my family very happily.i love my family very much, and you?

i have a big eyes and a big mouth .i have a short between hair.

i have a lot of hobbies ,for example : ilike play football , basketball , badminton , table tennis , i like draw a paintings, watercolours and landscapes,i like is it .and you?

now, i in a six grade.i like chinese cla very much, it very fun ,i love go chinese cla.my best like p.e.it very happy.and you?

my dream is to be a computer engineer when i grow up, because i very like playing computers.and you?i study very hard , i very like study .

one day , is a summer holiday .i and my mother and my father together clambing mountian ,my father and my mother suddenly listenning:\"oh!!! hlep me!! help me !!you say :\"why???\" i say to you :\"because my suddenly lie down .\"

推荐第4篇：农业科技史话(上)_灵渠

秦时开凿，位于今广西北境的运河。又称言言氵零渠或零渠，也称秦凿渠。秦始皇统一六国后，着手开拓岭南一带，派尉屠睢率军南下。为了运输军粮，命监禄督率士兵在今广西兴安县境内开凿运河，以沟通湘、漓二水，联系长江与珠江两大水系。这条运河自此成为联络中原与岭南地区的水路通道，除有舟楫之利外，又用于灌溉。它的主要工程包括铧嘴、大小天平、南渠、北渠等。铧嘴是分水坝，在湘水支流海洋河中，状似犁铧，以石筑成，角端所指与河水流向相对，把海洋河水一分为二，一流入南渠，一流入北渠。大小天平是位于铧嘴尾端用石筑成的拦河坝，呈“人”字形堤，高度略低于河水堤岸。与河水东岸相近的一段称大天平，同北渠渠口相衔。与河水西岸相近的一段称小天平，同南渠渠口相衔。天平作用是提高湘江水位，拦河蓄水，枯水季节，大小天平拦截全部河水入渠，以便水运。大水季节，洪峰漫过天平坝顶，流入海洋河故道，减煞水势。从而使渠内流水，涨而不溢，枯而不竭，经常保持安全流量。南渠全长约30多公里，其中4.5公里为人工开凿，以下利用原有河道前进。北渠约长4公里。南渠与漓江上游大溶江接通；北渠通入湘江。南渠、北渠流量为三比七，故有“湘七漓三”之说。

灵渠之名始于唐时。汉以后历代对这条运河都有疏浚改建，并增添了新的工程。如泄水天平，在南北两渠共有五处，主要用来调剂渠道水量。陡门为唐代宝历年间(825～826)李渤主持修渠时创建，多建于渠道浅狭、水流湍急处。经过陡门拦阻，水位提高，流势平缓，便利行船，其作用有如后世的船闸。”

推荐第5篇：广西壮族自治区灵渠保护办法

广西壮族自治区人民政府令

第97号

《广西壮族自治区灵渠保护办法》已经2013年12月25日自治区第十二届人民政府第21次常务会议审议通过，现予公布，自2014年3月1日起施行。

自治区主席 陈 武 2014年1月7日

广西壮族自治区灵渠保护办法

第一条 为了加强灵渠的保护，根据《中华人民共和国文物保护法》和《广西壮族自治区文物保护条例》及其他有关法律、法规，制定本办法。

第二条 本办法所称灵渠是指灵渠水利工程文物本体(以下简称灵渠本体)及其各类伴生的历史文化遗存和自然景观。灵渠本体主要包括大天平、小天平、铧嘴、南渠、北渠、陡门、堤岸、三将军墓、泄水天平、堰坝、桥梁、水涵等。伴生的历史文化遗存主要包括秦城遗址、石马坪古墓群、石刻、古树名木等。灵渠具体的保护范围和建设控制地带见《附件》。

第三条 灵渠保护应当遵循保护为主、严格管理、合理利用的原则。 第四条 灵渠的保护实行政府统一领导,部门分工负责,社会共同参与的管理体制。

桂林市人民政府应当建立灵渠保护协调机制,制定保护政策,协调解决灵渠保护工作中的重大问题。

兴安县人民政府应当将灵渠保护纳入国民经济和社会发展规划,灵渠保护管理机构具体负责灵渠的保护管理。

自治区文物行政主管部门应当加强灵渠保护工作的指导、服务和监督。有关部门在各自职责范围内协助做好灵渠保护工作。

鼓励单位和个人通过捐赠或者其他方式参与灵渠的保护。

第五条 兴安县人民政府负责组织编制灵渠保护规划,按照规定程序报

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经批准后公布实施。

第六条 自治区统筹安排灵渠保护专项资金,用于灵渠的保护、管理和修缮。灵渠保护修缮施工方案应当经专家论证并报经批准后实施。

第七条 在灵渠本体不得有下列行为: (一)在大天平坝、小天平坝上新建码头或者在坝顶通行机动车辆; (二)在铧嘴上擅自新建码头或者从事与文物保护无关的建设活动; (三)在南渠、北渠上擅自修建跨渠通行桥梁、新开引水口、筑坝、建设取水泵站或者从事与渠、堤岸保护无关的其他建设活动; (四)撬取、毁坏陡门、堰坝、堤岸、桥梁、水涵构件,以及在其周边从事取土等破坏自然风貌的活动; (五)其他损害灵渠本体的行为。

第八条 在灵渠伴生的历史文化遗存保护范围内,不得有下列行为: (一)在秦城遗址上修路,搭建建筑物、构筑物和取土、挖沙、开道、深耕、养殖等; (二)在石马坪古墓群修建与文物保护无关的建筑物、构筑物,以及在石马坪古墓群封土堆上取土、种植、建坟; (三)涂绘、刻画、损毁石刻以及在飞来石上新刻、补刻今人或者古人作品; (四)其他损害灵渠伴生的历史文化遗存的行为。

第九条 因特殊情况需要在灵渠保护范围内进行其他建设工程或者爆破、钻探、挖掘等作业的,应当依法报经批准后方可进行。

第十条 在灵渠建设控制地带内从事修路或者兴建码头、水利、电力、电信、有线电视、市政工程等活动的,应当同时制定保护方案,采取有效措施保护灵渠及其周围的林木、水体、地貌,不得造成破坏和污染。

第十一条 灵渠保护管理机构应当对灵渠保护范围和建设控制地带内古树和具有历史价值、纪念意义以及重要科研价值的珍贵、稀有名木进行调查、鉴定、登记、编号,建立档案,设立标志,制定养护管理措施,定期进行监督检查。

第十二条 灵渠源头、河道、渠道及其相关支流沿岸的各级人民政府应当采取天然林保护、封山育林、退耕还林、种草种树以及预防火灾、防治病虫害等措施,提高森林覆盖率,搞好水土保持,美化、绿化灵渠,改善灵渠生态环境。

—2—

在灵渠源头、河道、渠道及其相关支流沿岸禁止下列行为: (一)非法采伐水源涵养林、水土保持林、护岸林、风景林和珍贵林木; (二)开矿、毁林开垦和毁林采石、采砂、采土。

第十三条 灵渠源头及其相关支流的各级人民政府应当加强对灵渠源头及其相关支流的水量分配和调度,在保证城乡居民生活用水前提下,兼顾生态环境用水。经审批修建的临岸渠道、管道、暗涵等分水取水设施,以及在上游河流修建水库、电站,应当符合水资源规划、水量配置和调度计划。

在灵渠源头、河道、渠道及其相关支流禁止下列行为: (一)违反规定向灵渠源头、河道、渠道及其相关支流排放工业污水、含病原体的污水等污染物; (二)向灵渠源头、河道、渠道及其相关支流倾倒矿渣、有毒有害物质、垃圾、农业生产投入品废弃物,丢弃死亡动物尸体; (三)在灵渠南渠、北渠、分水塘、湘江故道等水体炸鱼、电鱼、毒鱼、网箱养鱼、养殖家畜家禽以及从事可能造成水域污染的其他养殖。

第十四条 灵渠旅游景区的游客承载标准应当经科学评估、合理确定后向社会公布。

旅游景点、线路、项目的确定,应当符合灵渠本体保护、文化内涵和生态环境保护的要求。灵渠旅游景区内的船只、竹筏以及其他水上载人工具,应当实行统一管理、总量控制。

灵渠旅游景区内的餐饮、娱乐、宾馆等经营服务性企业,应当采用有利于保护生态环境的技术、设备和设施。

第十五条 违反本办法规定,在灵渠南渠、北渠、分水塘、湘江故道等水体炸鱼、电鱼、毒鱼、网箱养鱼、养殖家畜家禽以及从事造成水域污染的其他养殖的,由县级文物主管部门责令改正;拒不改正的,处200元以上2000元以下罚款。

第十六条 违反本办法的行为,法律、法规已有处罚规定的,从其规定。 第十七条 本办法自2014年3月1日起施行。

附件:灵渠保护范围和建设控制地带

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附件

灵渠保护范围和建设控制地带

一、灵渠本体保护范围和建设控制地带 (一)渠首段。

保护范围:四贤桥至粟家桥的南岸以渠岸为起点,外延20米;粟家桥北50米处向东至现湘漓镇与打鱼村公路以南50米;观音阁旧址段北面渠岸为起点,外延100米;竹枝堰至北陡的东岸为起点,外延50米;驼龙河故道入口至四贤桥南岸为起点,外延50米;三将军墓四周墓边外延10米范围内。

建设控制地带:东起鳌鱼山东麓公路,向北沿公路至分水塘村西边宅地至分水渠,沿分水渠向北450米,转西至打鱼村公路,沿打鱼村公路向北400米转跨湘江故道粟家桥;从粟家桥沿鸟媒岭山脊至官帽岭(231.6高地),沿官帽岭高地山脊走向至西南灵渠饭店水池高地,往南至兴安罐头食品厂水平塔高地,并由此转东南至240.2高地、转东北252.9高地、230.2高地;由230.2高地向东北跨海洋河至234.8高地,转北至254.2高地,并西转至鳌鱼山东麓公路范围内。

(二)三里桥段。

保护范围:从铁炉陡至东风水泥厂公路堰段,以渠岸为起点,外延30米范围内。

建设控制地带:以保护范围线为基线,外延50米范围内。 (三)黄龙堤段。

保护范围:从星桥陡上游50米起至大陡下游100米的灵渠段,以渠岸为起点,直角向外延伸50米范围内。

建设控制地带:东起再山岭高地沿200米,转向西至清水河高地,北至万家山、向西北至本头山高地、六岩口山高地、大猪头岭(285.5高地、290.6高地),向北转至小猪头岭高地,向西北转至凤凰岭高地,由此向南至大狮子岭高地、小狮子岭高地,向东南至李家凸234高地、黄家湾山,向东南至赵家堰山,向东南面与文物保护范围外线等距60米至再山岭形成汇合线范围内。

(四)回龙堤段。

保护范围:从回龙堤上游100米起至回龙堤下游100米、排洪渠下游100

—4—

米的灵渠段,以灵渠渠岸为起点,外延20米,以排洪渠渠岸为起点,外延50米范围内。

建设控制地带:以保护范围线为基线,外延30米范围内。 (五)鸾塘堰段。

保护范围:从鸾塘桥上游80米起至清水河故道与灵渠会合口的灵渠段,北岸以灵渠渠岸为起点,外延30米;南面以清水河故道南岸为起点范围内。

建设控制地带:以保护范围线为基线,外延30米范围内。 (六)其他段。

保护范围:以灵渠渠岸为起点,外延10米范围内。 建设控制地带:以保护范围线为基线,外延20米范围内。

二、灵渠伴生的历史文化遗存的保护范围和建设控制地带

保护范围:东至灵河,西至大溶江,南至溶江新酒厂,北至白竹铺南山槽,面积约4平方公里范围内。

建设控制地带:与保护范围线同界。

—5—

推荐第6篇：灵渠学校卫生防疫管理制度

灵渠学校卫生防疫管理制度

一、贯彻落实教育部、卫生部《关于加强学校卫生防疫与食品卫生安全工作的意见》，坚持“安全第

一、预防为主”的方针，做好学校卫生防疫工作，确保青少年、儿童的身体健康和生命安全。

二、加强学生卫生知识的宣传教育，通过宣传栏、黑板报、周会课等形式对学生进行预防呼吸道、肠道传染病、和食物中毒、食品卫生、饮水卫生知识的宣传教育， 教育学生自觉养成良好的卫生习惯。增强自我保护的意识和能力。

三、坚持开展爱国卫生运动，保持校园环境卫生清洁。建立校园环境卫生管理制度。教育学生养成文明卫生习惯，不随地吐痰，不乱丢纸屑，不涂污墙壁，大便后要洗手，做到确保校园净化，天灰板无蛛丝灰尘，墙壁无脚印，地面无痰迹，桌椅无刀痕。

四、加强学校生活饮用水水源管理，防止水源污染。学生使用的饮水机保证每月清洗一次。

五、坚持做眼保健操和课间操，经常调整学生座位，矫正学生视力。严格培养学生正确阅读坐姿、握笔、听讲的姿势。同时保证学生有充分的时间休息。

六、建立传染病疫情通报制度、学生健康状况登记制度。依据相关规定组织预防接种工作。同时要建立《“突发安全事件”应急处理预案》（见预案细则）

七、加强厕所卫生管理，防止污染环境和水源。保证厕所经常冲洗、无臭味。

八、按要求做好碗筷、水杯及教室、宿舍等消毒工作，并做好记录。严禁学生在校购买零食，养成良好的饮食习惯。

九、定期对学生进行体检，设立健康卡，建立和健全学生卫生健康档案。卫生教师要及时做好卫生保健指导，结合各个不同季节特点，对常见病的预防进行教育，及时发现传染病患者并采取相应隔离防范措施，切断传染病传播途径。

十、开展健康教育活动，定期对学生进行个人卫生检查，着重于衣着、头发、指甲的卫生。

学生建立卫生防疫专项组织机构

组长：王艳琼

副组长：王景伍

成员：刘水英王秀琼唐艳蒋玉琼王红英韦金田万凤玲段海燕

推荐第7篇：灵渠学校春季工作总结

灵渠学校2014年春季工作总结

这一学期即将过去，回首本学期的工作，得妥全体老师们精诚团结、踏实工作，较圆满的完成了本期内的所有教育教学和管理育人工作。现就本学期做的主要工作总结汇报如下：

一、学校管理

1学校严格按照上级文件的要求，继续严格执行学校的各项规章制度。在一个学期的学习工作中，做到了有令必行、有禁必止，取得了良好效果。

2在开学初，学校及各处室、各学科、各班级制定相应的工作计划。要求在工作和教育教学中，严格按照计划行事，主动、及时做好各项工作。在学期末，各位教师对照自己的计划，检查计划的执行情况，书写了本学期总结。

3、定期不定期的召开校级领导会议和全校教师会。对学校各个阶段的工作在会上进行分析、讨论、布置。及时全面的把学校的各项工作落实下去。

4、在学校的管理中，领导班子接受教育局和王董的领导、全体老师、学生家长和社会各界的监督。对重大决策部署均作了为期一周的酝酿和讨论，学校听取了来自各方面的不同意见，对管理工作进行了一定的调整。

5、学校中层领导分工明确，责任细化。校长负责抓学校的全面工作和兼抓教研、教学工作；刘水英主任抓政教处及清洁卫生工作。韦金田抓学生行为习惯养成和少先队工作。刘冬玲抓党支部、学籍管理、上级下达的各项任务的落实及办公室工作。下设了语、数、英三个教研组。各部门各司其职，又相互联系，保证了学校的各项工作稳步扎实推进。

6、根据上级的要求，重新制定了《灵渠学校保安值班制度》、《保安服务管理制度 》、《学校安全保卫工作应急预案》、《学校卫生防疫管理制度及组织机构》、《教学奖励制度》。修改了教职工考勤条例等。

二、教育教学工作

1、认真制定课程表，开足课时。

严格按照广西教育厅的相关规定，认真仔细的制定了各个班级的课程表。不仅语文、数学、英语等主科开足课时。品德与社会、音乐、美术、国学、科学、电脑、书法等课程也保证了应开足的课时，并认真进行教学。

2、积极督促教师完成教学任务，检查教学常规化

教务上定时不定时的检查教师的教案、教学进度、批改作业情况、课外辅导情况、学生成绩报告册的填写等。教师对学生作业全批全改，一月一检查一公布；每月一次考试，教师对考试结果认真做好质量分析，对问题及时处理。对优秀学生和有进步的学生以光荣榜的形式进行表彰，激发了学生的学习积极性。学校还实行了“推门”检查，即在教师正常上课的情况下，值周领导检查教师的授课、学生学习情况。这样，鞭策了任课教师，更好的去上好每一堂课；

3、抓学风，形成良好的校风

学风是师生的学习风气。只有具有浓厚的讲学习、爱学习的风气时，学生才能自主的愉快的去学习。本学期，学校从学生的早读和自觉阅读课外书籍抓起，让学生自觉养成自我学习的好习惯。经过一个学期的努力，学生学风有一定的好转。

鼓励老师学习外地的教学经验。全体老师参加了“桂林市2014年现代教育名家大讲堂学术报告会”。听取了全国优秀班主任高金英、优秀语文老师张宏及优秀数学老师刘松的专题讲学。部分老师还到兴安县第一小学听取了专家“汉字文化和字理教学”的专家讲座。对老师们进行教育教学起到了抛砖引玉的作用。

4、以讲促教、搭建互相学习的舞台

4、5月份是教学的关键时段，我校以教研组为主体开展了语文、数学、英语等各科的公开课。通过这次教研活动，让备课、讲课、学生训练、评课结合起来。让授课教师找到了教学中的不足，让听课教师学到了授课教师的长处。大家都受益匪浅。

5、长抓不懈艺体工作，促进学生健康成长

现代化建设需要身心健康、体格强健、多才多艺的各类人才。所以，在平时的教学过程中，我们十分注重学生的身心健康和艺体各方面的均衡发展。学校的品德与社会、音乐、美术、国学、科学、电脑、书法等课程的老师认真上好了每一节课，同时还杜绝了教师的随意性。

6、做好期末统测、阅卷、卷面分析

6月30号，我校根据教育局的安排，对一至五年级的所有学生进行了期末统测。充分做好试卷的保密工作，确保学生成绩真实。根据教育局的要求，我校对全体学生进行了单人单桌按考号排序考试。避免了教师监考其本班级本学科。考试工作结束后，学校安排了所有教师参与的集体阅卷。并认真对试卷进行了分析。并将学生成绩按人平分、及格率、高分率如实上报县教研室。

7、认真做好毕业统考和升学工作

五月份是桂林市各名牌中学招生的大好时光，我校抓住这一机会，组织优秀学生积极报考、面试。学生在参加的过程中，得到了锻炼。体会到了学习的重要性和急迫性。部分成绩优秀的学生，被市有关学校录取，同时对落榜的学生进行了认真细致的思想工作。鼓励他们继续努力，用平静的心态参加县一中、二中的选拔。

三、德育工作

1、注重学生行为习惯的养成

按照《小学生日常行为规范》的要求，对学生进行行为习惯的教育。开学初我们

拟

定了《做好对学生的养成教育》的条例。主要从上课的习惯、一跑两操的习惯（晨跑、课间操、眼保健操）、晚休和午休的习惯、卫生习惯、保护环境习惯、爱惜物品习惯、珍惜粮食习惯、礼貌待人习惯等方面入手，对学生进行行为习惯的养成教育。

2、建立学生值周、少先队监督的治理工作

按照王董的要求，结合我校实际情况，建立学生值周、少先队监督的治理工作。通过学生值周，对班级的到校、自习和上课、清洁区及教室的卫生、学生学习等方面进行一日两次检查，实现量化打分，一周一次评比，得出纪律和卫生先进班级等形式，还成立了少先队员监督岗，对学生吃晚点、午休、晚休等进行学生管理学生和学生遵守纪律教育。 学校组织校委会，每周对各班级的教室、公区、寝室、食堂进行细致的检查，确保学校干净整洁，无卫生死角。

3、运用板报、学习园地、国旗下的讲话等媒介，对学生进行教育

德育工作长抓不懈， 定期不定期的组织师生对校园内的板报、班级的学校园地等根据不同阶段的侧重点，进行了更新。少先队大队部精心组织国旗下的讲话、国旗下的誓词和校园板报、学习园地的内容，务必让各种宣传媒介起到应有的效果。

4、根据上级文件的要求，本学期学校组织各班办起了“书香园地”，每个班级都由学生自觉捐献图书，办起了图书角。让所有的学生参加读书活动。提高了学生的学习兴趣，增加学生的知识面。并将学生学习的图片材料上传给教育局。得到了有关领导的好评。

5、发挥党员作用，提高教育质量。本学期我们根据上级党组织的要求，在党支部书记刘冬玲同志的领导下，在党内和教师中开展反“四风”（即形式主义风、官僚主义风、享乐主义风、奢靡之风）活动，制订了活动方案和学习计划。践行了“三心”（即对工作有责任心、对学生要关心、让家长放心），办好群众满意的人民教育。同时接受了市、

县两级暗访组对我校党支部积极开展党的群众路线教育实践活动的检查，到了他们的高度评价。

6、继续健全少先队的管理工作。以“六一”庆祝游园活动为重点内容，开发了学生的智力，激发了学生的竞争力。同时还表彰了市级三好学生、优秀干部；县级三好学生、优秀干部；校级优秀少先队员、优秀少先队干部。有33名学生加入了少先队员。重新整编了少先队大队、中队、小队组织。

7、本学期召开了家长会，听取了家长的建议，加强了学校、家长、老师、学生之间的沟通和联系。形成了合力，努力增强了我校的声誉度。

四、后勤工作

1、加强了食堂的管理，规范了食堂的各种制度。

明确了采买人员、保管人员、炊事人员的职责。形成了三级链条式管理，互相牵制、堵塞漏洞。并大力整顿了学校餐厅卫生和学生就餐秩序。

2、定期不定期的对学校食堂和宿舍进行卫生检查，检查结果及时通报。对存在的问题及时 整改。

3制订和修改了食堂、宿舍管理制度，并对落实这些制度进行规范化得管理。使后勤工作有很大的改变。

4、建立和 规范了国家对贫困生的补助制度和手续，并对贫困生及时发放了上级规定的补助。

5、及时修理破损的课桌凳椅门窗床等。对破损的问题，学校立刻召开专题会议，及时发现，及时修整。学校请了工人对教室、宿舍、食堂的所有破损桌椅、电路、门窗、厨具、床架等进行了修理，保证了学生的学习生活需求和安全。

五、安全工作

1、开学初进行安全排查

开学初，学校行政人员对校园、教室、宿舍、食堂及其周边环境进行了安全排查。对查出来的安全隐患，进行了及时的整治并上报了王董。

2、规范门卫管理，制定了相关制度

根据上级有关部门的要求，我校对聘请了的门卫进行了安全常识方面的培训，加强了外来人员和学校师生进出校门的管理。制定了 《外来人员进出校门制度》和 “外来人员进出校园登记表”，《灵渠学校保安值班制度》、《保安服务管理制度 》、《学校安全保卫工作应急预案》，并将学校法人、分管负责人及门卫人员的信息资料及以上管理制度上交到县公安局治安管理大队备案。规范了校园门卫管理。

3、进行了全校性的安全专题教育。

5月份，我校借在严关召开的“兴安县2014年开展‘5.12防灾减灾日’学校避震应急疏散演练观摩暨安全工作培训大会”为契机，进行了全校性的地震、火灾、交通、防溺水等一周的安全专题教育。并用生动的事例给学生上了一堂安全知识课，强调了安全和自我保护的重要性。收到了很好的效果。

六、有待改进的几项工作

1、健全和落实各项管理制度的规范性及执行力度。

2、进一步加强教育教学的管理，逐步提高我校的教育教学质量。

3、进一步发挥少先队的监督和管理工作，让学生来管理学生，提高对我校的纪律和卫生的管理水平。

推荐第8篇：南宁英文介绍

Nanning, the capital of GuangxiProvince, is located in Southern Guangxi, which Yongjiang River runs.Nanning has a history of over 1680 years and Nanning was set as the capital city of Guangxi in 1958.

As an important gateway to Southeast Asia, Nanning is a hub, a regional center and an opening city that plays an active role in the communication between China and Asian countries.

With the development of economy, Nanning attaches great important to improving natural environment and it enjoys the reputation of “the Green City of China” because of its green coverage in the country.

1.青秀山Mount Qingxiu of Nanning 清秀山风景区位于南宁市东南面约五公里，南临邕江，是国家AAAA级旅游区。包括凤凰岭，凤翼岭和青秀山，海拔高度八十二米至一百八十九米。景区内山峦起伏，群峰叠翠，山上绿树成荫，四季常绿，且泉清石奇，被誉为“南宁市的绿肺”。

青秀山

青秀山又名青山、泰青岭。古“邕州八景”之一。素以“山不高而秀，水不深而清”著称，因林木青翠，山势秀拔而得名。山上林木茂盛，遮天蔽日，清风吹过时，发出海涛般的声浪，形成青山著名景观——青山松涛。

青秀山自东南连亘西北，与凤凰岭、铜鼓岭、凤翼岭相连，雄奇秀技，古树参天。山上有岩有洞，岩幽壁峭，泉水甘例。自宋开拓，建白云、万寿、独孤诸寺。有纪念御史王守仁在南宁办学之德，于崖壁刻“阳明先生过化之地”；有为董传策而筑的“洞虚亭”、“白云精舍”和“董泉亭”，后建有龙象塔、俩宜亭、盼鸥亭、浩浩亭、真经阁、竹味精舍、青秀山房、步云门、云天阁等亭台楼阁；还有海天一览、塔影凌虚、狮林、荷花伴月、翠屏飞瀑、子夜松风、泰青远眺、山间花港、古榕抱石、千步廊等风景名胜景点。是南宁的旅游胜地。

龙象塔

龙象塔矗立在青秀山顶上，俗称青山塔，它是青秀山的象征。

龙象塔始建于明万历年间，共有九层，后被雷电击塌了两层，抗日战争期间政府认为此塔是日机轰炸南宁的“航标”，就把它炸掉了。到八十年代中期重新修建。现在的龙象塔保留了明代建筑风格，青砖碧瓦，八角叠檐，塔有九层，高60米，塔基直径12米，有207级旋梯，为广西最高最大的塔。登上塔顶，可眺望远近一二十里的风光，南宁城景色更是一览无遗。

良凤江国家森林公园Liangfengjiang National Forest Park

1.

公园拥有华南地区最大的植物标本园、中国唯一阴阳合一的佛教圣树—菩提树、中国第二大滑草场、广西最大的森林野战俱乐部，以及蝴蝶奇石馆。

介 绍

良凤江森林公园位于南宁市南郊友谊路，距市中心14.5公里。

整个公园由菩提大观园、植物王国、游乐世界三部分组成，细分为：菩提佛光、双狮拜佛、树木家园、阳光部落、八卦水域、休闲河州、雨林天簌、热情地带、绿岛龙珠、原始群落等十个各具特性的景点。可满足游客游览、烧烤、登山、划船、垂钓、游泳、森林浴、会议、度假、科普、科研、文化娱乐、集体活动等不同需要。

菩提大观园：园内有天下奇树—中国唯一阴阳合一的姻缘菩提树以及与大自然结合得非常完美的星级度假山庄—菩提山庄。

植物王国：是清奇的水泊林野。1700多种千姿百态的树种，在良凤江边葱郁成林，是华南地区最大的树木标本园。也是林木科普、教学实习、科研以及影视外景拍摄的重要基地。这里除了可欣赏到各种各样的森林奇观，负离子含量极高还是名副其实的“天然氧吧”、“森林浴场”。

游乐世界：有最新的美式森林野战，可“全副武装”在“枪林弹雨”中过把“枪战瘾”。可以乘木筏休闲河洲游、尽情的领略大自然的风光、还可欣赏各种珍奇的野生植物。也可以去多情谷探险，尽享“穿越丛林”“野外求生”带来的无穷乐趣。

伊岭岩Yiling Cave

伊岭岩风景区以伊岭岩为核心，方圆数十里皆成喀斯特地貌，秀峰林立，翠峦层叠。大诗人郭沫若1963年到此游览时，曾赋诗：“群峰拔地起，仿佛桂林城。”景区自1975年开放后，广西自治区许多活动如广西国际民歌节、中国电视金鹰奖活动等均在此举行。伊岭岩位于武鸣县境内，距南宁市郊18公里，是一座喀斯特岩溶洞。因地处伊岭村而得名，又名“敢宫”（壮语），意为宫殿一样美丽的岩洞。该洞窟位于梁满山腹中，状若海螺，深四点五米，分三层，游程1100多米，一步一景，景景各异，曲折迂回，变化无穷。据地质学家推断，形成于一百万年前。洞内已开辟八大景区，100多个大小景点，面积2.4万平方米。柱幔重叠，扑朔迷离。洞内可见千姿百态的钟乳石、石笋、石柱、石花、石幔，通过现代声光配置，组成了无数瑰丽逼真、任人想象神驰的景物：有展翅欲飞的“金凤凰”、“波光粼粼、鱼帆点点”的“海岛渔家”、还有“五彩丰登图”、“海底公园”等溶洞景观。伊岭岩前的壮寨文化长廊也充分展示了壮族文化历史和民族风情。

Nanning welcomes visitors from all over the world.Its beautiful subtropical scenery and exotic ethnic minority culture have been attracting millions of tourists for years.

Qingxiu mountain in Nanning about five kilometers to the southeast of the Yongjiang river,which is known as \"the giant lung of Nanning \".qingxiu mountain, also called qing mountain.It’s famous for the plants and beautfull scenery, and is a main entertainment place for nanning people.The mountain is not very high but very beautfull, and the water there are very clean and clear.The forest in the mountain are very big, can blot out the sun, when there is a wind, sounds of trees shaking just like the sounds from the sea, it’s a famous scene.The forest in the mountain are very big, can blot out the sun, when there is a wind, sounds of trees shaking just like the sounds from the sea, it’s a famous scene.Qingxiu mountain scenic area was formed in ming dynasty ,and was badly destroyed in world war 2, after liberation, the government paid a lot attention on rebuilt this scenic area, rebuilt the longxiang pagoda , tianchi and so on , at the same time , built some new scenic spots.

青秀山南宁约五公里的邕江的东南部，被称为“南宁”的巨肺。青秀山，也叫清山。对植物和风景靓丽、清爽、自然的发型很有名，是南宁人的主要休闲娱乐场所。山不是很高但很靓丽、清爽、自然的发型，还有很清澈的水。山上的森林非常大，能在阳光下，在那里有一个风，声音颤抖，就像大海的声音，它是一个著名的场景。山上的森林非常大，能在阳光下，在那里有一个风，声音颤抖，就像大海的声音，它是一个著名的场景。青秀山风景区是在明代形成的，并在2次世界大战的严重破坏，解放后，政府高度重视重建这风景区，重建了龙翔宝塔、天池等，同时，建立了一些新的旅游景点。

Nanhu Lake Park is located in the southeast of Nanning City and features aquatic sceneries(水上景观) and subtropical gardening landscapes.It covers an area of 1.3 square kilometers (about 0.5 square miles) and a quarter of the whole park is covered by the lake.Nanhu Lake is an ideal place to entertain yourself.In the park, you can fully appreciate the views of various plants, such as Pinang(槟榔树) , Chinese fan palms, and other tropical trees.Nanhu Lake was once a brook connected to a river but during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), a major flood occurred and submerged the surrounding fields and houses, which was how Nanhu Lake was created.In addition, there is a museum set up in 1984 to commemorate two uprisings in history.It was constructed in the Guangxi folk style which is also of tourist value.南湖公园位于东南南宁市和特色水产的风景（水上景观）和亚热带园林景观。它占地1.3平方公里（0.5平方英里），一季度全园覆盖的湖。南湖是娱乐自己的一个理想的地方。在公园里，你可以充分了解各种植物的看法，如槟榔（槟榔树），中国球迷手掌，和其他热带树木。南湖曾经是一条小溪与河流却在唐代（公元618-907年），发生了大洪水，淹没了周围的田地和房屋，这是多么的南湖被创造出来的。另外，有一个博物馆在1984成立，纪念历史上的两起义。它是在广西的民俗风格，也是旅游价值。

Guangxi Ethnic Relics Center, occupying an area of 24,000 square meters (about 28,704 yards), is an outdoor exhibition center that combined with knowledge and entertainment.It features relics, folk buildings, ethnic flavor, and folk customs of four minorities, Zhuang, Dong, Yao, and Miao.Upon entering the central gate, one will see a huge timbal(巨鼓) which is a wonderful achievement of the bronze culture(青铜文化) in ancient China, with a history of more than 2,700 years.There are more than 320 timbals in the centre, among which the Yunleiwen Timbal(云雷纹鼓) is the largest in the world.It weighs around 300 kilograms (about 661 pounds), with a diameter of 165 centimeters (about 65 inches) and stands 67.5 centimeters (about 26.5 inches) in height.Typical buildings of several minorities can be seen here, such as dwelling houses of Zhuang people, bamboo buildings of the Yao‘s(瑶族竹楼), houses constructed on water by the Miao people(苗族吊脚楼) and finally, the drum-towers of Dong people(侗族鼓楼).Their daily utensils and handicrafts are also displayed in each respective model house.Various folk performances will be shown during festivals.This is where one can fully appreciate the enchanting and

unique

customs

of

the

minorities

of Guangxi.Accommodation is available to visitors in the centre as well.广西文物中心，占地24000平方米（约28704码），是一个以知识和娱乐相结合的户外展览中心。它的特点是文物、民间建筑、民族风味和民俗风情的四个少数民族、壮族、侗族、瑶、苗。在进入中央门，你将看到一个巨大的铜鼓（巨鼓）是青铜文化的好成绩（青铜文化）在古代的中国，有2700多年的历史。有320多个铜鼓的中心，其中云雷纹铜鼓（云雷纹鼓）是世界上最大的。它重约300公斤（约661磅），一个直径165厘米（约65英寸），身高67.5厘米（约26.5英寸）高。各民族典型的建筑随处可见，如壮族民居，瑶族的竹建筑（瑶族竹楼），建造的房子对水的苗族人（苗族吊脚楼）最后，侗族鼓楼（侗族鼓楼）。他们的日常用品和手工艺品也在每个样板房里展出。各种民间表演将在节日期间显示。这是一个可以充分领略广西少数民族风情的迷人风情的地方，也可以在中心的参观者中提供住宿。

推荐第9篇：汉服英文介绍

Dre culture is introduced

服饰文化介绍

Hanfu clothing is the traditional clothing of the Han Chinese (Han -the predominant ethnic group of China).汉服是中国汉民族传统服饰。

It\'s the significant cultural symbol of Chinese civilization, and it has had a long history for nearly 4000 years since China originally began.

她从中华文明开端时就已经存在，至今已有近4000年的历史。（当然如果你喜欢你可以说成5000）

However, it has been eliminated during the establishment of Qing Dynasty (the Manchu minority ruled dynasty) in about 300 years.The ruling cla of Manchu banned Han Chinese clothing and replaced it with their own costume.This is why today\'s Chinese national costume was widely known as Qipao (Chi-Pao), a Manchu style of clothing.Our effort is to re-promote and advocate Hanfu to the public awarene.

The main feature of Hanfu is wrapping the right side over before the left.There are casual wear and formal wear of it.

汉服的主要特点是交领右衽，包含礼服和常服两种。

For the casual wear such as Shenyi (Shen-Yee): a long full body garment; Ruqun (Zu-Chin): a top garment with a separate lower skirt, etc.Formal garments may include: Xuanduan (Shyan-Duan): a dark robe, this dre is mostly used in sacrificial ceremonies and state occasions; Yuan-Lin Shan: a closed, round collared robe, mostly used for official or academic occasions.

Chinese civilization, also called \"Hua-Xia\" (\"Hwa-Shia\").\"Hua\"(\"Hwa\") means the beauty of the dre & decoration which is Hanfu clothing; \"Xia\"(\"Shia\") is the grandeur of rites and social conduct.

中华文明又被称为“华夏”，华代表服饰之美，夏代表礼仪之大。

Many East Asian national costumes, such as the Japanese Kimono, the Korean Hanbok still share the basic style with Hanfu, as historically these nations were largely influenced by (Han) Chinese culture.东亚许多民族的传统服饰，比如日本的和服、韩国的韩服，都是在汉服的基础上发展而来。 Costume in the Han Dynasty

汉服

China\'s complete code of costume and trappings was established in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD).The yarn-dyeing, embroidering and metal-proceing technologies developed rapidly in the period, s中国完整的服装服饰制度在汉朝确立的。汉代染织工艺、剌绣工艺和金属工艺发展较快，推动了服装装饰的变化。 purring changes in costume and adornments.汉时劳动女子总是上穿短襦，下穿长裙，膝上装饰长长垂下的腰带。劳动男子常服是上身穿襦，下身穿犊鼻裤，并在衣外围罩布裙；这种装束不分工奴、农奴、商贾、士人都一样。

The costume code of the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-8AD) followed the one established in the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC).In the Eastern Han Dynasty, people in black had to wear purple silk adornments to match their clothes.People usually wore costume with a long hat at grand ceremonies offering sacrifices to gods or ancestors.The dre of the queen in these ceremonies consisted of dark-purple frock and black trousers.The silk dre of the queen consisted of cyan frock and buff trousers.西汉建立时基本上沿用秦朝的服制。东汉时期穿黑色衣服必配紫色丝织的装饰物。祭祀大典上通用的是“长冠服”。皇后的祭祀服是：上衣用绀色，下裳用皂色。皇后的蚕服，上衣用青色，下裳用缥色（浅黄色）。汉文帝当政时比较俭朴，自己穿黑色丝织衣、皮鞋。一般官员要穿禅衣，又名“祗服”。

The Western Han Dynasty implemented the Shenyi (long coat) system, which featured a cicada-shaped hat, red clothes and \"田\"-shaped collar.In addition, people of that time wore jade articles and red shoes.The frock and skirt were sewn together in the Shenyi system.Underpants for memorial ceremonies were decorated with black brims, and those for court dre in feudal China were decorated with red brims.All the garments were collectively called as Chanyi (unlined garment).在西汉时期二百年之中，服饰实行“深衣制”，它的特点是象蝉一样的头冠（帽子）、红色的衣服、象田字状的领子、戴玉、红色的鞋。深衣形制是上衣下裳相连接缝在一起，做祭服的中衣，要缘黑色边，作为朝服的中衣，需缘红色边，当时男女服用极为普遍。服饰总称“禅衣”。禅衣是单层的外衣。禅衣里面有中衣、深衣，其形与禅衣无大区别，只是袖形有变化，都属于单层布帛衣裳。官员在上朝时都要穿黑色禅衣。 Costumes in the Han Dynasty fell into two categories according to Yijin (one or two pieces making up the front of a Chinese jacket or grown).There were two types of garments: the curving-front unlined garment with buttons deviously down from the collar to the axilla; the straight-front unlined garment with buttons were straightly down from the collar to the lower part.Curving-front garment originated from the Shenyi (long coat) prevalent in the Warring States Period, and was still in use in the Han Dynasty.But few people wore the Shenyi garments during the Eastern Han Dynasty.汉衣款式以衣襟分类，可以划分两种：一为“曲裾禅衣”，即开襟是从领曲斜至腋下；一为直裾禅衣，是开襟从领向下垂直，此种禅衣又称“

”。曲裾，即为战国时期流行的深衣。汉代仍然沿用，到东汉，男子穿深衣的已经不多了，一般为直裾衣，但并不能作为正式礼服。这种服式既长又宽，从款式上官民服用基本没有差别，但从原料和颜色上，却可明显显示等级的不同。

There were specific stipulations on colors of court garments in the Han Dynasty.Officers must wear garments according to the five time periods, i.e.cyan garments in the spring, red in the first two months of the summer, yellow in the last month of the summer, white in the autumn and black in the winter.汉代朝服的服色有具体规定，一年四季按五时着服，即春季用青色；夏季用红色；季夏用黄色；秋季用白色；冬季用黑色。

Costumes of the Han Dynasty had 7 features: 汉代着衣有七个特点：

1.Wearers must expose underpants\' collar form , as the collar was big and curving ;

1、穿外衣时，由于领大而且弯曲，穿衣时必需暴露中衣的领型；2.Clothes must use white cloth as lining;

2、穿衣必用白色面料做里；

3.The width of sleeve was 0.4 meters;

3、袖宽为一尺二寸；4.The blouse had no sleeve;

4、衫无袖；

5.Wearers of fur clothes should have the fur facing outside;

5、穿皮毛服装时裘毛朝外；

6.Waistband was very exquisite.Belt hook was made of gold in various lively and interesting animal figures;

6、腰带极为考究，所用带钩以金制成各种兽形，如螳螂形或琵琶形。形象十分生动有趣。一般长度在一寸半至六寸之间，是衣裳中间显要的装饰物。汉带钩从形、色和工艺上都达到了极高的水平，较比西周和战国时期，在设计和制作方面都要精美得多。因此颇受男人们的喜爱，佩戴者很多；

7.The male kept the habitude of wearing walking sabres without blades for decoration only.

7、男子保持佩刀习俗，但所佩之刀有形无刃，因此失去了实际价值，主要是显示仪容。Female laborers of the Han Dynasty always wore short jackets and long skirts, and their knees were always decorated with long hanging waistbands.dreing style at that time.

汉代祭服延用“大 制度”，遵从古礼穿冕服佩绶、佩玉。皇帝、公卿、诸侯均用大 ，只是在所系玉石的串珠或丝绳的质地上加以区别。皇太后、太后、公卿夫人等的祭服(谒庙服)、亲蚕服、朝见服和婚礼服的形式都采用深衣制。

Male laborers often wore jackets and calf-nose trousers with aprons around the garments.Farmers, workers, businemen and scholars were all in the same 汉时劳动女子总是上穿短襦，下穿长裙，膝上装饰长长垂下的腰带。劳动男子常服是上身穿襦，下身穿犊鼻裤，并在衣外围罩布裙；这种装束不分工奴、农奴、商贾、士人都一样。

Clothing is the spirit of the age, ethnic 服饰是时代精神，民族的反映

推荐第10篇：hollywood英文介绍

好莱坞位于美国西海岸加利福尼亚州洛杉矶郊外的好莱坞，这是一个依山傍水，景色宜人的地方。最早是由摄影师寻找外景地所发现的，大约在20世纪初，这里便吸引了许多拍摄者，而后是一些为了逃避专利公司控制的小公司和独立制片商们纷纷涌来，逐渐形成了一个电影中心。在第一次世界大战之前以及之后的一段时间内，格里菲斯和卓别林等一些电影大师们为美国赢得了世界名誉，华尔街的大财团插手电影业，好莱坞电影城迅速兴起，恰恰适应了美国在这一时期的经济飞速发展的需要，电影也进一步纳入经济机制，成为谋取利润的一部分。资本的雄厚，影片产量的增多，保证了美国电影市场在世界上的倾销，洛杉矶郊外的小村庄最终成为一个庞大的电影城，好莱坞也在无形中成为美国电影的代名词。

Hollywood is located in the outskirts of Los Angeles, California, United States West Coast, this is a yard, a scenic place.Was first found by photographers looking for a location to about the beginning of the 20th century, where they attracted a lot of photographers, and then coming in order to evade(逃避) the patent（专利） control of small companies and independent producers（独立制片商） who have gradually formed a film center.Within a period of time before and after the First World War, Griffith and Chaplin film masters for the United States won the World Emeritus（世界名誉）, Wall Street\'s big financial groups to intervene（插手） in the film industry, the rapid rise of Hollywood City, precisely adapted the United States in this period of rapid economic development needs, movies and further into economic mechanism（机制） has become a part of making a profit.Strong capital increase in the production of film, to ensure that the dumping（倾销） of the American film market in the world, the small village eventually became a huge film city on the outskirts of Los Angeles, Hollywood also has virtually become（在无形中成为） synonymous（代名词） with the American movie.

1853年，当时的好莱坞只有一栋房子。到1870年，这里已成为一片兴旺的农田。1886年，房地产商哈维·威尔考克斯在洛杉矶郊区买下了一块了0.6平方公里的地。韦尔考克斯的夫人一次旅行时听到她旁边的一个人说她来自俄亥俄州的一个叫做好莱坞的地方，她很喜欢这个名字，回到加州后，她将苏格兰运来的大批冬青树栽在这里，将她丈夫的农庄改称为“好莱坞”，于是有了好莱坞这个名字。在英语中这个词是冬青树林的意思。

In 1853, Hollywood was only one house.1870, has become a thriving farmland.1886 Harvey Wilcox, real estate agents in suburban Los Angeles to buy a piece of 0.6 square kilometers of land.Mrs.Wilcox a trip to hear a man next to her said she was from Ohio, a place called Hollywood, and she liked the name, returned to California, her Scottish shipped a large number of holly tree planted here, her husband\'s farm was renamed the \"Hollywood\", so with a Hollywood name.In English the word means holly woods.威尔考克斯计划在这里建造一座小城，1887年2月1日他在地区政府正式注册此名。在他夫人的帮助下他得以铺设了今天的好莱坞大街做为城市的主街，在这条大街和其它大街的两旁种了胡椒树并开始出售产权。他的夫人募资建了两座教堂、一座学校和一座图书馆。为了使好莱坞名符其实，他们还进口了一些英国冬青，但这些植物在加州的气候下没有存活很久。

Mrs.Wilcox plans to built a small city, on February 1, 1887, he officially register this name in regional government.With the help of his wife, he was able to lay a Hollywood Street today as the city\'s main street, along both sides of the street and other streets have planted pepper trees and began to sell property.His wife raise built two churches, a school and a library.In order to make worthy of Hollywood, they have also imported some United Kingdom Holly, but plants in California\'s climate does not survive very long.到1900年，好莱坞已经有一间邮局、一家报社、一座旅馆和两个市场，其居民数为500人。10万人的洛杉矶位于市东11公里处。在好莱坞和洛杉矶间只有一条单轨的有轨电车。1902年，今天著名的好莱坞酒店的第一部分开业。1903年，此地升格为市，参加投票的177位有选举权的居民一致赞同以“好莱坞”为之命名。当年下的两条命令是：除药店外其他商店禁酒，及不准在街上驱赶数量多于200的牛群。1904年，一条新的被称为好莱坞大街的有轨电车开业，使好莱坞与洛杉矶间的往返时间大大缩短。1910年，好莱坞的居民投票决定加入洛杉矶。原因是这样他们可以通过洛杉矶取得足够的饮水和获得排水设施。

By 1900, Hollywood has a post office, a newspaper, a hotel and two markets, the number of its inhabitants is 500.10 million people in the City, East Los Angeles is located at 11 km.Between Hollywood and Los Angeles only a monorail tram.1902, today opened the first part of the famous Hollywood Hotel.1903, upgraded to a city in the land, 177 voting residents the right to vote unanimously endorsed the name \"Hollywood\" whom.Year under two commands: In addition to other shops outside the drugstore temperance, and the expulsion of more than 200 the number of cattle are not allowed on the street.In 1904, the opening of a new called Hollywood Avenue streetcar, greatly reducing the round-trip time between Hollywood and Los Angeles.In 1910, Hollywood residents voted to join the Los Angeles.The reason is so that they can obtain enough water through Los Angeles and drainage facilities.好莱坞不仅是全球时尚的发源地，也是全球音乐电影产业的中心地带，拥有着世界顶级的娱乐产业和奢侈品牌，引领并代表着全球时尚的最高水平，比如梦工厂、迪士尼、20世纪福克斯、哥伦比亚公司、索尼公司、环球公司、WB（华纳兄弟）等等这些电影巨头，还有像RCA JⅣE Interscope Records这样的顶级唱片公司都汇集在好莱坞的范畴之内，这里的时尚与科技互相牵制发展，自然是不造作的，拥有着深厚的时尚底蕴和雄壮的科技做支持，一直被全球各地争相模仿

Hollywood is not only the birthplace of the global fashion, but also the heart of the global music movie industry, has the world\'s top entertainment industry and luxury brands, to lead and represent the highest level of global fashion, such as DreamWorks, Disney, 20th Century Fox, Columbiathe film giant company, Sony, Universal, WB (Warner Brothers), and so on, as well as top record companies like the RCA J Ⅳ E Interscope Records this are brought together within the context of Hollywood, fashion contain each other and Technology development, naturalis not pretentious, and has a rich fashion heritage and majestic Technology support, has been imitated around the world.好莱坞最重要的景点之一就是位于好莱坞大道上的中国戏院，以知名明星的手印、脚印吸引各国游客到此一睹明星足迹。当然，更著名的就是好莱坞星光大道，这是条沿着美国好莱坞与藤街伸展的人行道，上面有2000多颗镶有好莱坞商会追敬名人姓名的星形奖章，以纪念他们对娱乐工业的贡献。

One of the most important attractions in Hollywood is located in the Chinese Theater on Hollywood Boulevard, a well-known star handprints, footprints to attract tourists to this country to meet the stars footprint.Of course, the famous Hollywood Walk of Fame, which is a stretch of sidewalk along the American Hollywood and Vine Street, above star medal over 2000 pieces inlaid with the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce chasing King celebrity name to honor their contribution to the entertainment industry.

最值得一提的是好莱坞大标志，它一个字的高度就达13.7米，是洛杉矶有名的建筑物，我们经常在电影电视上看到它的身影。

了解了这些关于好莱坞的资料，相信大家也和我一样想亲眼目睹一下它的风采。希望我们都有机会观赏到这完美的风景。

Most noteworthy Hollywood logo, a word of it is the height of 13.7 meters, the well-known buildings in Los Angeles, we often see its shadow in Film and Television.

Understand about Hollywood, I believe that we all want to witne its elegance.I hope we have the opportunity to watch the perfect landscape.

That’s all.Thank you.

第11篇：香水英文介绍

Good afternoon, everyone, my name is xxx.I am the general manager of the r&d department.Our Department is mainly responsible for products design and development and includes 50 employees.It occupies a very important position in the company.Besides, our department promotes the efficient functioning of the company by establishing Close contact with other departments.Today I feel very honor to represent our department to introduce our new products to you.

In recent time, we conducted a market research.According to the results, we found that nowadays people often choose Some famous brands such as channel .dior。It is obvious that they all have their own strong points.But recently, based on the different characteristics between men and women，Our company also launched our latest producttrue love miracle’s inspiration comes from the sun shone。Seen from the top of the bottle, its body is very Transparent, which shows age style and taste.The top note contains fresh gra incense and sweet fruit, which gives a person a feeling of pleasure.The middle note has a strong contrast between elegant mulan and unyielding chili.The fundamental key, it has the rose which can expre the Female sensibility to the fullest.

As to the Male perfume - power miracle, it shows a simple, fresh, natural style, which perfectly represent Men\'s hearts of nature and the vast.the fragrant air is very fresh .Its top note is green apple, the middle note is jasmine, and the base note is Vanilla.We believe in that it will be favored by male consumers.

In addition to the above mentioned, because Christmas is coming, we also plan to introduce the limited edition in order to memorize the festival, whose packaging is shown in the following figure: Seeing from the outward appearance, we choose red as the main color, which can cater to the festive atmosphere to a certain degree.Moreover, we Change the shape of the bottle to round.By doing this, our new product will looks more special and attract customers to center on it.In a word, we put a lot of effort in the design and packaging of new products.And we believe that our effort will not be wasted.

第12篇：元宵节英文介绍

Lantern Festival falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month.This is the first full moon of the new year, symbolizing unity and perfection.Lantern Festival is an important part of Spring Festival , and marks the official end of the long holiday.元宵节是农历正月的第十五天，这是新年的第一次满月，象征着和睦和团圆。元宵节是春节的一个重要组成部分，也象征着春节长假的正式结束。

元宵节习俗英文介绍：Eating Yuanxiao吃元宵

Yuanxiao is the special food for the Lantern Festival.It is believed that Yuanxiao is named after a palace maid, Yuanxiao, of Emperor Wu Di of the Han Dynasty.Yuanxiao is a kind of sweet dumpling, which is made with sticky rice flour filled with sweet stuffing.And the Festival is named after the famous dumpling.It is very easy to cookand eaten as a deert.元宵是元宵节的特色食品。据说，元宵是因汉武帝时期的一位名叫元宵的宫女而得名。元宵是一种带馅儿的甜食，是由糯米粉加上甜的馅料制成。元宵节就是因此食品得名。元宵的烹制方法非常简单，将元宵倒入装满沸水的锅中煮几分钟就可以了。

Gueing lantern riddles元宵节习俗：猜灯谜

\"Gueing lantern riddles\"is an eential part of the Festival.Lantern owners write riddles on a piece of paper and post them on the lanterns.If visitors have solutions to the riddles, they can pull the paper out and go to the lantern owners to check their answer.If they are right, they will get a little gift.The activity emerged during people\'s enjoyment of lanterns in the Song Dynasty (960-1279).As riddle gueing is interesting and full of wisdom, it has become popular among all social strata.猜灯谜也是元宵节活动的一个基本组成部分。灯笼的所有者将谜语写在一张纸条上，然后将纸条展示在灯笼上。如果赏灯者猜出谜语，就将纸条取出，然后找灯笼所有者确认答案。打对的话，他们就可以领取一份小礼品。这个活动起源于宋朝（960——1279）。猜灯谜活动极富情趣和智慧，因此在全社会广受欢迎。

Watch fireworks 元宵节习俗：看烟火

In the daytime of the Festival, performances such as a dragon lantern dance, a lion dance, a land boat dance, a yangge dance, walking on stilts and beating drums while dancing will be staged.On the night, except for magnificent lanterns, fireworks form a beautiful scene.Most families spare some fireworks from the Spring Festival and let them off in the Lantern Festival.Some local governments will even organize a fireworks party.On the night when the first full moon enters the New Year, people become really intoxicated by the imposing fireworks and bright moon in the sky.元宵节的白天会有舞龙舞狮、划旱船、扭秧歌、踩高跷。而在晚上，除了各种大型灯会，灿烂的焰火也是一幅美丽的画卷。很多家庭在春节时会留下一部分烟花等着元宵节放。有的地方政府甚至会组织焰火晚会。当新年的第一轮圆月升上夜空时，人们都会因燃放的烟火和空中的明月而兴奋。

第13篇：新西兰英文介绍

New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmaes (the North Island and the South Island) and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island and the Chatham Islands.The indigenous Māori name for New Zealand is Aotearoa, commonly translated as land of the long white cloud.The Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau; the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing but in free aociation); and the Ro Dependency, New Zealand\'s territorial claim in Antarctica.新西兰是由两个主要的自转 （北岛和南岛） 和许多较小的岛屿组成的西南太平洋岛屿国家最引人注目的是斯图尔特岛和查塔姆群岛。新西兰土著毛利人名称是教徒，通常译为长白云之乡。新西兰的领域还包括托克劳 ；库克群岛、纽埃 (自由结盟的自治但） ；和罗斯属地，新西兰的南极的领土主张。

New Zealand is geographically isolated, situated about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) southeast of Australia acro the Tasman Sea.Its closest neighbours to the north are the Pacific islands of New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga.The country\'s sharp mountain peaks owe much to the earthquakes and volcanic activity caused by the clashing Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates.The climate is mild and temperate and most of the land was originally covered in forests of podocarp, kauri or southern beech.During its long isolation New Zealand developed a distinctive fauna dominated by birds, a number of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals.新西兰是地理上的孤立，位于约 2000 公里 （1,200 mi) 东南的澳大利亚跨塔斯曼海。其最接近的邻国向北太平洋岛屿新喀里多尼亚、斐济和汤加。该国的锋利的山峰，归功于地震和火山活动引起的矛盾冲突的太平洋和印度-澳大利亚板。气候是温和和温带和 podocarp、贝壳或南部的山毛榉林原本覆盖着的大部分土地。在其长期隔绝，新西兰开发独特的动物以鸟类为主，其中若干绝种了人类抵达后和介绍哺乳动物。

Polynesians settled New Zealand in 1250–1300 AD and Europeans first made contact in 1642 AD.In 1840 a treaty was signed between the Māori and British, making New Zealand a colony of Britain.The colony became self governing in 1852 and was made a Commonwealth realm in 1947.During liberal reforms in the 1890s New Zealand became the first country to extend voting rights to women and to develop a system of compulsory arbitration between unions and employers.Elizabeth II, as the Queen of New Zealand, is the country\'s head of state and is represented by a Governor-General.The Queen\'s role is limited and executive political power is exercised by the Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister.New Zealand has close ties with Britain, Australia, the United States and several Pacific Island nations.原住民定居新西兰 1250–1300 AD 和欧洲人第一次做的接触 1642年广告。1840 年毛利人和英国，使新西兰的英国殖民地之间签署了一项条约。香港成为自我规管在 1852年和 1947 年了英联邦的境界。在 1890 年代自由化改革在新西兰成为了延长妇女的投票权，工会与雇主之间强制仲裁制度发展的第一个国家。作为新西兰女王伊丽莎白二世，是国家的国家元首，并由总督。女王的角色是有限和由内阁由总理行使行政的政治权力。新西兰有着密切的联系，与英国、澳大利亚、美国和几个太平洋岛国。

New Zealanders enjoyed one of the highest standards of living in the world until the stagflation of the 1970s.The county underwent major economic changes during the 1980s, transforming from a protectionist economy to a liberalised free-trade economy.The economy is highly dependent on trade, particularly in agricultural products.The majority of New Zealand\'s population is of European descent; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority followed by Asians and non-Māori Polynesians.English, te reo Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages, with English the most prevalent.Much of New Zealand\'s culture is derived from the Māori and early British settlers, although recently it has been broadened by globalisation and immigration from the Pacific Islands and Asia.

新西兰享有世界最高标准的生活之一直到 20 世纪 70 年代的滞涨。县经历了八十年代，从贸易保护主义的经济开放的自由贸易经济转型的重大经济变化。经济是高度依赖贸易，特别是在农业产品。新西兰人口的大多数是欧洲人后裔 ；其次是亚洲人和非毛利人原住民最大的少数民族土著毛利人。英语，选举事务处 te 毛利人和新西兰手语为官方语言，学英语最普遍的。新西兰的文化的大部分来源于毛利人和早期英国定居者，虽然最近它已扩大经济全球化和移民来自亚洲和太平洋岛屿。

New Zealand

Island country, South Pacific Ocean.Area: 104,454 sq mi (270,534 sq km).Population (2005 est.): 4,096,000.Capital: Wellington.Most of the people are of European origin; about one-tenth are Maori, and some are Pacific Islanders and Chinese.Languages: English, Maori (both official).Religions: Christianity (Protestant, Roman Catholic); also Buddhism, Hinduism.Currency: New Zealand dollar.New Zealand consists of the North Island and the South Island, which are separated by Cook Strait, and several smaller islands.Both main islands are bisected by mountain ranges.New Zealand has a developing market economy based largely on agriculture (dominated by sheep raising), small-scale industries, and services.It is a constitutional monarchy with one legislative house; its chief of state is the British monarch represented by the governor-general, and the head of government is the prime minister.Polynesian occupation dates to c.AD 1000.First sighted by Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman in 1642, the main islands were charted by Capt.James Cook in 1769.Named a British crown colony in 1840, the area was the scene of warfare between colonists and native Maori through the 1860s.The capital was moved from Auckland to Wellington in 1865, and in 1907 the colony became the Dominion of New Zealand.It administered Western Samoa from 1919 to 1962 and participated in both World Wars.When Britain joined the European Economic Community in the early 1970s, its influence led New Zealand to expand its export markets and diversify its economy.New Zealand also became more independent in its foreign relations and took a strong stand against nuclear proliferation.The literacy rate is nearly 100%.The cultural milieu is predominantly European, although there has been a revival of traditional Maori culture and art, and Maori social and economic activism have been central to political developments in New Zealand since the late 20th century.

岛屿国家，南太平洋。面积： 104454平方米（ 270534平方公里） 。人口（ 2005年峻工） ： 4,096,000 。首都：惠灵顿。大部分的人都是欧洲血统;约十分之一是毛利，有的太平洋岛民和中文。语言：英语，毛利语（官方） 。宗教：基督教（新教，罗马天主教） ;也是佛教，印度教。货币：新西兰元。新西兰分为北岛和南岛，而远隔库克海峡，和几个较小的岛屿。两个主要岛屿都是由行政院山脉。新西兰已发展市场经济主要基于农业（主要是养羊） ，小规模工业和服务业。这是一个君主立宪制的一个立法家;其主要国家是英国女王的代表总督府，政府首脑是总理。波利尼西亚入伙日期至c 。公元1000 。第一目光由荷兰探险janszoon阿贝尔塔斯曼在1642 ，主要岛屿共绘由上尉詹姆斯库克于1769 。命名了英国的直辖殖民地， 1840年，该地区被现场战之间殖民者和土著毛利人通过1860 。首都迁移至奥克兰，惠灵顿于1865年，并在1907年殖民地成为统治纽西兰。它经管西萨摩亚从1919年至1962年，并参加了两次世界大战。当英国加入欧洲经济共同体在70年代初期，其影响力率领新西兰扩大其出口市场的多元化和经济的发展。新西兰也变得更加独立，其对外关系和采取了强硬立场，反对核扩散。识字率几乎是百分之一百。文化氛围是欧洲为主，虽然出现了复苏的毛利人的传统文化与艺术，而毛利人的社会和经济活动都被中央政治发展在新西兰自20世纪后期。

第14篇：邯郸英文介绍

Handan is a medium-sized city located in the southern part of Hebei Province .It lies at the east foot of Taihang Mountains (太行山), and borders the North China Plain (华北平原) in the east.it is in the communication center of Hebei, Henan , Shanxi and Shandong provinces. Handan has a history of more than 2,500 years, and is considered one of China\'s historical and cultural cities’.It was the capital of the Zhao Kingdom (赵国) in the Warring States Period (战国时期).It is also a commercial centre during the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties (西汉和东汉).There are many renowned historical figures such as the First Emperor of China, Qinshihuang (秦始皇), Emperor Wuling (武灵王) of the Zhao Kingdom, Lian Po (廉颇) and (蔺相如), etc As a notional historical and cultural city, Handan is the hometown of idiom and allusions, There ore over 500 Chinese idioms and allusions derived from Handan including the following typical ones: Riding and shooting in Hu\'s garbs, carrying rod to ask for punishment(负荆请罪).imitating another without succe and losing what used to be own ability（邯郸学步）. As we all know beautiful girls always come from Handan.Xishi, do you know? Yeah, she is the best beautiful girls in ancient china.Her beauty is said to be so extreme, that while leaning over a balcony to look at the fish in the pond.The fish would be so dazzled that they forgot to swim and gradually sunk away from the surface.Birds would forget to fly and fall down from the sky, The moon would fade, and flowers would close their petals in shame in comparison to her. (Thus the idiom 沉鱼落雁，闭月羞花, which is used to compliment somebody,s beauty). Nowadays, Handan has a very good reputation, It is called an \"Excellent Tourism City (优秀旅游城市)\", \"National Garden City (国家园林城市)\", \"National Double-supported Model City (全国双拥模范城市)\", \"the Hometown of Idiom and Allusions (成语典故之都)\", \"the City of Prose (散文之城)\" and “the Cradle of Tai Chi (太极之乡)\".Handan is also approved by the State Council (国务院) with local legislative power. Welcome to Handan and enjoy its beautiful landscape and culture.

idiom and allusions Riding and shooting in Hu\'s garbs --(胡服骑射)

Returning the jade intact to the state of Zhao --(完璧归赵)

The story \"The General and the Premier Make Up

--- (将相和)\".The carriage return alley Carrying rod to ask for punishment --(负荆请罪)

Imitating another without succe and losing what used to be one\'s own ability --(邯郸学步) Volunteering one’s service (毛遂自荐); Relieving the besieged by besieging the base of the besiegers (围魏救赵); No one picks up and pockets anything lost on the road (路不拾遗); Embracing a woman on his breast, one has no indecent feeling (坐怀不乱); Worth a couple of towns together (价值连城); When the snipe and the clam grapple, it is the fisherman who stands to benefit (鹬蚌相争, 渔翁得利); Burning one\'s own way to retreat and being determined to fight to the end (破釜沉舟); The proverbial Lord Ye who claimed to be fond of dragons was in fact mortally afraid of them ( 叶公好龙).

第15篇：儒家思想英文介绍

Name: Jiawen Chen

Confucianism Confucianism is created by Confucius.He is a great thinker, educator, and politician in ancient China between BC 551 to BC 479.However, he is not someone god, son of god, or prophet.He is only an ordinary people who has hundreds of thousand student in China.And he created the Confucianism theory which is the most influential theory in China and it continue to effect most Chinese in now a day.Some cities in China has the Confucius temple to worship him and regard him as sage.But Confucius was not his real name.It was a courtesy title, a Latinized form of “Kong Fuzi”, meaning “Master Kong”.His family name was Kong and his given nameis Qiu.And he styled himself Zhongni.He was born at Zouyi, the State of Lu in ancient China.As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of China, Confucius’ legacy lies in the following three aspects: Firstly, he compiled and preserved the literary works, The Six Claics, including Shi, Shu, Li, Yue, Yi and Chun Qiu, which are regarded as the claics of Confucianism.The accomplishment makes a large impact on the succeion and development of the traditional Chinese culture. The Confucianism started at middle China.And it happened in the Spring and Autumn Period or Warring State Period.During that time, there are some states separated from the Zhou dynasty, and they fight each other year by year.And that division time, it caused too many great thinker exist and all of these great thinker wanted to introduce and spread out there theory to one of those kings and hope one of kings would like their theory and finally to conquer other states, and rule the whole China.Confucianism is one of the famous theory existed in that time.Even the Qin state conquer all other states without using the Confucianism.But after Qin dynasty, Confucianism has become the mainstream theory for emperor used to rule China and educate Chinese, until today, Chinese people is still educated and effected by Confucianism. Confucius built up a system of philosophical thoughts with Ren as its basic virtue, and Ren is core theory in Confucianism and this is what Chinses want to believe.First, Ren theory can be humanity, benevolence, humanne and selflene, and Ren is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one\'s responsibilities toward others.Secondly, Confucius built up a system of philosophical thoughts with Ren as its basic virtue.This virtue is the central theme of his Analects9.He considered Ren as the first and highest criterion of man’s behavior and the core of morality.Ren meant to “love other men”；to help others to be established when one wished to be established oneself; and help others to be succeful when one wished to be succeful oneself.Confucius’ concept of Li refers to a set of ritual and musical systems, with the hierarchical system as its core.Ren and Li are complementary: Li is the exterior principle of Ren while Ren is Li’s intrinsic guiding power.To accomplish Ren, one must abide by Li, and Ren will be naturally generated in the proce of practicing Li.Fundamentally, the purpose of Confucius’ Li is to restore the traditional rites of the Zhou Dynasty. There is no certain god in Confucianism, they believe the sky is god, earth is god, we can say the nature is god, in Chinese called Tian.Chinese people worship Tian to hope they can have better future, they hope Tian can help them to achieve personal goal.For example, if a farm worship to Tian, he might hope the weather would be comfortable for the agriculture growth.And they are also afraid Tian.Like some nature disaster happened, people would think this is a penalty for people from Tian. There is a few real believer is China, but almost Chinese were effected by Confucianism.In modern China, Confucianism is use to education in most time, but it is not like belief in China.Student would learn what Confucius said and wrote, and try to understand the theory.Because the theory is always right and accept by Chinese people, and they believe Confucianism theory can also help them be a better man if you learn Confucianism.And government also accept Confucianism as mainstream theory in society, because government also think it would help society become harmony.

第16篇：英文介绍中医

Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China.It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of Asia.

TCM practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu maage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with TCM.

TCM theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body.Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etc.

0

RADITIONAL- CHINESE MEDICINE WITH A LONG HISTORY

历史悠久的中国传统医学

Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) has a history of several years.Its origin

中医有着几千年的历史, can be traced back to remote antiquity.In 起源可追溯至远古时代。在长期与a long course of struggling against 疾病的斗争中，中医演化并形成了diseases, TCM evolved into a unique and 一套独特且完整的理论体系。2000integrated theoretical systcm of TCM.It 多年前出现的《黄帝内经》是中国is an important part of Chinese culture.现存的最早医著。它由《素问》和More than 2,000 years ago, came out 《灵枢》两部分组成。每部分包含Huangdi\'s Claic on Medicine( Huang Di 9卷，每卷又有9章，总计162章。Nei jing ), which is the earliest medical 该书对人和自然的关系、人体的生claic extant in China.It consists of 理及病理、疾病的预防和诊治等方two parts—Basic Questions ( Su Wen ) and 面进行了系统全面的说明。同时它Miraculous Pivot( Ling Shu ), each 运用阴阳和五行理论全面阐述了comprising） nine volumes, each of which, 因时、因地、因人而异辩证论治的in turn, contains nine chapters, totaling 原则并且表达了整体观念的思想up to 162 chapters.The book gives a 即把人体看作一个整体，把人与其complete and systematic exposition to the 周围的环境看作一个整体。这为中following various subjects : the 医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。relationship between man and nature, the 继《黄帝内经》之后，东汉时期之physiology and pathology of the human 前出现了《难经》。该书涉及了中body, and the diagnosis, treatment and 医的基础理论如生理、病理和疾病prevention ot diseases.It also uses the 的诊治等。它补充了《黄帝内经》theories of yin-yang and the five 的不足。自此许多不同的学派及经elements to deal fully with the 典著作相继出现，各抒己见。 principles of treatment by differentiation of syndromes (TDS) according to the climatic and seasonal conditions, geographical localities and individual constitution.Hence（ giving expreion） to the holistic concept of taking the human body as an organic whole and taking the human body with the surrounding environment as the integrity.It laid a preliminary

foundation for the theoretical formation of TCM.After Huangdi\'s Claic on Medicine another claic of medicine, Claic on Medical Problems ( Nan Jing ), was given birth to the world before the Eastern Han Dynasty.The book deals mainly with the basic theory of TCM, such as physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and so on.It supplemented what Huangdi\'s Claic on Medicine lacked.From then on, many medical schools and various claics on medicine were brought into being in succeion, each having its own strong points. Shen Nong\'s Herbal ( Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing ), also known as Claic on the Herbal (Ben Cao Jing ) or The Herbal ( Ben Cao ), is the earliest book on materia medica in China, which appeared in about

《神农本草》（亦称“本草经”the Qin-Han Period with its authorship

或“本草”）是中国最早的药物学unknown.Not only does it list 365

专著。它出现于秦汉时期，作者不medicinal item —among which 252 are

祥。它不仅罗列了365种药物（其herbs, 67 are animals, and 46 are

中草药252种，动物类药67种，矿minerals, but also divides them into

物类药46种）而且依药物性质及功three grades according to their different

效的不同将其分为三个等级。同时，properties and effects.The book also

该书简述了方剂的基本原则（君、gives a brief account of pharmacological

臣、佐、使）和七情与药物的四气theories—principal (jun ), adjuvant

五味相和的原则。

(chen ), aistant ( zuo ) and guide (shi ); harmony in seven emotions ( qi qing he he ), four properties of medicinal herbs ( si qi ) and five tastes of medicinal herbs ( wu wei ).

In the Han Dynasty (3rd century

汉朝（公元前3世纪）的张AD ), Zhang Zhongjing, an outstanding 仲景是一位著名的医家，著有《伤physician, wrote Treatise on Febrile and 寒杂病论》。该书被后人分为两部Miscellaneous Diseases ( Shang Han Za 分，名为《伤寒论》和《金匱要略》。Bing Lun ), which is divided into two 该书建立了辩证论治的原则及技术books by later generations, one is 数据系统，因此，为临床医学的发entitled \" Treatise onFebrile Diseases\", 展奠定了基础。 ( Shang Han Lun ) , the other Synopsis of Prescriptions of Golden Cabinet (Jin Kui Yao Lue ) .The book established the pnriciple of TDS（Treatment of Differentiation Syndromes；Technical Data System 技术数据系统）, thereby laying a foundation for the development of clinical medicine.

In the Western Jin Dynasty.Huang Fumi, a famous physician, compiled A-B Claic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion

西金时期的著名医家皇浦(Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing ) The book consists

谧编辑的《针灸甲乙经》由12卷of 12 volumes with 128 chapters,

128章组成，包括349个穴位。它including 349 acupoints.It is the

是现存最早的针灸学专著，也是针earliest extant work dealing exclusively

灸史上最具影响力的著作之一。

with acupuncture and moxibustion and one of the most influential works in the history of acupuncture and moxibustion.

The Sui and Tang Dynasties came into their own in feudal economy and

隋唐时期形成了自己封建culture.In 610 AD, Chao Yuanfan et al.的经济文化制度。公元前610年，compiled General Treatise on the Etiology 巢元方编辑的《诸病源候论》对各and Symptomology.The book gave an 种不同疾病的病因及症状进行了广extensive and minute description of the 泛而详细的描述。它是现存最早的etiology and symptoms of various 病因及症状学著作。公元前657年，diseases.It is the earliest extant 苏敬和其他20名医家学者编辑了claic on etiology and symptoms in 《新修本草》。它是中国古代官方China.In 657 AD, Su Jing together with 正式发起编辑的药典，也是世界上20 other scholars, compiled 最早的药学著作。孙思邈（公元前Newly-Revised Materia Medica ( Xin Xiu 581－682年）倾其一生精力撰写了Ben Cao ) , which is the first 两部著作，分别是《备急千金药方》pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in 和《千金翼方》.书中涉及了医理总ancient China, and the earliest 论、中药、妇产科、儿科、针灸、pharmacopoeia in the world as well.Sun 方药饮食及养生等医学的不同分Simiao (581-682 AD) devoted all his life 支。两本著作都是唐代医学的代表to writing out the two books: Valuable 作。孙思邈因此被后世誉为“方药Prescriptions for Emergencies (Bei Ji 之祖”。 Qian Jin Yao Fang ) and Supplement to Valuable Prescriptions ( Qian Jin Yi Fang) .The hooks deal with general medical theory, materia medica, gynecology and obstetrics, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion, diet, health preservationand prescriptions for various branches of medicine.Both books are recognized as representative works of medicine in the Tang Dynasty.Sun Simiao was honored by later generations as \"the king of herbal medicine\".

In the Song Dynasty, more attention was paid to the education of TCM .The goverment set up\"the Imperial

宋朝更注重的是中医教育。Medical Bureau\" for training and bringing

政府兴办了太医局训练和培养合格up qualified TCM workers.In 1057 AD, a

的中医师。公元前1057年，一个特special organ named \"Bureau for Revising

殊的组织－校正医书局成立了，其Meidical Books\" was set up in order to

目的是为了对从前的医书进行校正proofread and correct the medical books

并一一印刷出版。被修改过的医书from preceding ages, and to publish them

流传至今并仍是现今中国和全世界one after another.The books revised have

学习中医的重要经典著作。

been handed down till now and are still the important claics for China and other countries to study TCM.

In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties,

金元时期出现了四个医学there appeared four medical schools 学派代表人物分别为：刘完素（公represented by Liu Wansu ( 1120-1200 AD ), 元前1120－1200）、张从正（公元Zhang Congzheng ( 1156-1228 AD), Li Gao 前1156－1228）、李杲（公元前1180( l180-1251 AD) and Zhu Zhenheng －1251）、朱震亨（公元前1281－( 1281-1358 AD).Among them, Liu Wansu 1358）。他们中，刘完素认为火热believed that \"fire and heat\" were the 是导致各种疾病的病因，治疗疾病main causes of a variety of diseases, and 应选择性质寒凉的药，因此被后世that the diseases should be treated with 称为“寒凉派”。张从正认为外邪drugs cold and cool in nature.So he was 侵犯人体是疾病的原因，提倡用known as \"the school of cold and cool\" by “汗、吐、下”等法驱邪外出，所later generations, Zhang Congzheng 以被称为“攻邪派”。第三个学派believed that all diseases were caused by 以李杲为代表主张“脾胃内伤，百exogenous pathogenic factors invading 病由生”。因此强调临床中最重要the body, and advocated that pathogenic 的应为温养脾胃。因为脾在五行中factors should be driven out by methods 属土，故其被称为“补土派”的奠of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation.So 基人。第四个学派为朱震亨发起的he was known as the \"school of purgation\".“滋阴派”。他认为“阳常有余，The third school represented by Li Gao 阴常不足。”因此在临床上常用held that \"Internal injuries of the “滋阴泻火”的方法。 spleen and stomach will bring about various diseases\".Therefore, he emphasizeed that the most important thing, clinically, should be to warm and invigorate thespleen and stomach because the spleen is attributed to the earth in the five elements.So he was regarded as the founder of the \"school of reinforcing the earth\".And the fourth school was known as the \"school of nourishing yin\" by founded Zhu Zhenheng.He believed: \"Yang is usually redundant, while yin is ever deficient\".That is why the body \"often has enough yang but not enough yin\".So he usually used the method to nourish yin and purge fire in clinical practice.

Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD), a famous physician and pharmacologist in the Ming Dynasty, wrote The Compendium of Materia Medica ( Ben Cao Gang Mu ).The

李时珍（公元前1518－book consists of 52 volumes with 1,892 1593年）是汉朝著名的内科医生及medicinal herbs, including over 10,000 药师，撰写了《本草纲目》。该书prescriptions and 1,000 illustrations of 共有52卷，记载了1892种药，10000medicinal items.In addition, his book 首方剂和1000条医理注释。另外该also deals with botany, zoology, 书还涉及了植物学、动物学、地质mineralogy, physics, astronomy, 学、药理学、天文学、气象学等学meteorology, etc.It is really a 科，是一部真正的药物学不朽著作。monumental work in Materia Medica.It is 它对中国乃至全世界药学的发展作a great contribution to the development 出了巨大的贡献。在同一时期，针of pharmacology both in China and all over 灸也达到了发展的高潮，许多历代the world.During the same period, 的涉及针灸的文化得到了总结和发acupuncture and moxibustion reached 展。 their climax.Many literature concerning acupuncture and moxibustion for the ages were summarized and developed. Since the founding of New China, our

自从新中国成立以后，我国government has paid great attention to 政府对继承和发扬中医药遗产予以inheriting and developing the heritage of 了高度的重视，制定了一系列利于TCM and Materia Medica.A series of 中医药发展的方针政策和措施。policies and measures have been taken for 1986年，国家中医药管理局成立developing TCM.In 1986, the State 了，它成为保证中医药顺利发展的Administrative Bureau of TCM and Materia 领导主体。中医药从来没有象今天Medica was established.This leading body 这样繁荣过。在历经了时代的变迁is the guarantee of developing TCM and 和沧桑之后，中医药仍然保持着其Materia Medica smoothly.Never before has 鲜活的生命力。毫无疑问，中医药TCM been as prosperous as it is today.TCM 将以崭新的面貌耸立于世界之林。 has experienced many viciitudes of times but always remains evergreen.There is no doubt that TCM will take its place in medical circles of the world as a completely new medicine.

SPECIFIC AND PROFOUND TCM 中医的独特性与深刻意义

TCM, one of China\'s splendid cultural heritages, is the science dealing with human physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.TCM summed up the experience of the Chinese people in their long struggle against

中医是中国辉煌的传统文化之diseases and, under the influence of 一，它是一门涉及人体生理、病理、诊ancient naive materialism and 断、治疗和疾病预防的科学。它是在古dialectics, evolved into a unique, 代朴素的唯物主义和辨证法的影响下integral system of medical theory 对中国人民长期与疾病斗争经验的总through long clinical practice.结， 并在长期的临床实践中演化成了During several thousand years it has 一套独特完整的医学理论。在过去的几made great contributions to the 千年里，中医为中华人民健康水平的提promotion of health, the 高、民族的繁荣昌盛及世界医学的丰富proliferation and prosperity of the 及发展做出了巨大的贡献。中医理论系Chinese nation, and the enrichment and 统的形成受到古代中国的唯物主义和development of world medicine as well.辩证法的极大影响。这套理论系统以脏The formation of the theoretical 腑经络的生理病理为基础，以辨证论治system of TCM was greatly influenced 为其诊断特色。 by ancient Chinese materialism and dialectics.The theoretical system takes the physiology and pathology of zang-fu organs and meridians as its basis, and TDS as its diagnostic and therapeutic features. TCM has its own specific

中医在对人体的生理功能、病understanding both in the 理改变和诊治疾病方面有其独特的见physiological functions and 解。它把人体看作一个以脏腑和经络相pathological changes of the human body 互联系的有机整体并认为人体与其外and in the diagnosis and treatment of 界环境也是息息相关的。中医高度重视disease.TCM regards the human body 内因即所谓的“七情”在疾病的发生itself as an organic whole 和发展过程中所起的作用，但也决不排interconnected by zang-fu organs, 除外因的作用即所谓的“六淫”。在诊meridians and collaterals.And TCM 断方面，中医以四诊（望、闻、问、切）also holds that the human body is 为技术原则、八纲辨证为指导总纲并把closely related to the outside world.脏腑辨证、六经辨证、卫气营血辨证作In regard to the onset and development 为其辨证论治的基础。它强调“未病先of a disease, TCM attaches great 防”、“治病求本”、“扶正祛邪”、importance to the endogenous “调整阴阳”和“三因制宜”（因时、pathogenic factors, namely the seven 因地、因人制宜）的重要性。 emotion, but it by no means excludes the exogenous pathogenic factors, namely the six pathogens.In diagnosis, TCM takes the four diagnostic methods ( inspection, auscultation ant olfaction,inquiry, pulse-taking and palpation as its principal tcchniques, eight principal syndromes as its general guideline, and differentiation of syndrome according to the zang-fu theory, differentiation of syndromes according to the six-meridian theory, and differentiation of syndromes according to the theory of wei, qi, ying and xue as its basic theories of the differentiation of syndromes.It also strees the prevention and preventive treatment of disease, and puts forward such therapeutic principles as \"treatment aiding at the root cause of disease\".\"strengthening vital qi and dispelling pathogens, regulating yin and yang and treating diseases in accordance with three conditions\" (i.e.the climatic and seasonal conditiont, geographic localities and the patient\'s constitution).

These characteristicts, however,

然而，对以上的中医特点可以can be generalized as the holistic

用“整体观念”和“辨证论治”加以concept and treatment by

概括。

differentiation of syndromes (TDS) l.The Holistic Concept

1.整体观念 By \"the holistic concept\" is meant a general idea of, on the one hand, the unity） and integrity within the human body and, on the other, its close relationship with the outer world.The human body is composed of various organs and tiues, each having its own distinct function, which is a component part of the life activities

整体观念的总思想是一方面认of the whole body.And in TCM the human 为人体是一个统一的整体，另一方面认body is regarded as an organic whole 为人体与其外界环境密切相关。人体由in which its constituent parts are 不同的脏腑组织组成，每个脏腑组织都inseparable in structure, 有其独特的功能并都是整个人体进行interrelated and interdependent in 生命活动的组成部分。中医把人体看作physiology, and mutually influential 一个有机人体认为人体的各部分在生in pathology.Meanwhile, man lives in 理上相互联系和相互独立，在病理上相nature, and nature provides the 互影响。同时，因为人类生活在自然中，conditions indispensible to man\'s 自然提供给人类赖以生存的环境，所以survival.So it follows that the human 人体就会直接或间接的受到自然环境body is bound to be affected directly 变化的影响并产生相应的反应。中医认or indirectly by the changes of 为医生在诊治疾病时应该熟悉自然规nature, to which the human body, in 律和地理环境。这便是中医为何在诊治turn, makes corresponding responses.疾病时既强调人体为一整体也重视人TCM says: \"Physicians have to know the 体与自然环境相互作用的关系。 law of nature and geographical conditions when diagnosing and treating diseases.\" That\'s why TCM not only strees the unity of the human body itself but also attaches great importance to the interrelationship between the body and nature in diagnosing and treating diseases.2.Treatment by Differentiation of

2.辨证论治

Syndromes

TCM, on the other hand, is characterized by TDS.Differentiation

中医的另一特色是辨证论治。means comprehensive analysis, while “辨证”即综合分析相关的症状，因此syndrome refere to symptoms and signs.辨证意味着将四诊收集到的症状加以So differentiation of syndromes 分析和总结确定疾病的病理、病性、病implies that the patient\'s symptoms 位和邪正关系，从而确定疾病的证型。and signs collected by the four “论治”指的是根据辨证的结果选择diagnostic methods are analyzed and 相应的治疗。总的来说，辨证论治即在summarized so as to identify the 对症状的全面分析基础上进行诊治。 etiology, nature and location of a disease, and the relation between vital qi and pathogens, thereby determining what syndrome the disease belongs to.By treatment is meant selecting the corresponding therapy according to the outcome of differentiating syndromes.Taken as a whole, TDS means diagnosis and treatment based on overall analysis of symptoms and signs.

As concerns the relationship between \"disease\" and \"treatment\", TCM takes two different clinical ways on the basis of TDS.One is \"treating the same disease with different therapies\", by which is meant that the

关于疾病和治疗的关系，中医same disease may manifest itself in

在辨证论治的基础上存在两种治疗途different syndromes at different

径。一种是“同病异治”，即同一疾病stages or under different conditions.

在不同环境、不同阶段下会显示出不同Therefore, the therapies of the same

的证候，因此，对同一疾病应根据患者diease should be adopted towards

的体质、地理环境的不同和天气季节的different therapies according to the

变化采取不同的治疗措施。例如流感可patient\'s constitution, the

以由风寒、风热、暑湿之邪造成，所以geographical environment, the

治疗应相应的采取祛风散寒、疏散风热climatic and seasonal changes.Take

和清暑化湿的方法。另一种是“异病同flu for example, it may be caused by

治”，即不同的疾病出现相同的证候可wind-cold，wind-heat, summer-heat and

以采取相同的治疗。例如泻泄引起的脱dampne or other pathogens.So is

肛和子宫下垂是两种不同的疾病，然advisable to adopt dispersing

而，如果它们都是以中焦之气下陷引起wind-cold, eliminating wind-heat,

相同的证候为特征的话就可以采取相clearing away summer-heat and

同的治疗——升提中焦之气。从以上，dampne respectively.The other is

显而易见，中医并不是注重疾病之间的called \"treating different diseases

相似和不相似，而是重视证候的相同与with the same therapy\", by which is

否。总而言之，相同的证候采取相同的meant that different diseases

治疗方法，不同的证候采取不同的治疗manifesting themselves in the same

方法。

syndrome may be treated with the same therapy.For example prolapse of the

rectum due to protracted diarrhea and hysteroptosis are two different diseases.However, if they are both marked by themselves in the same syndrome of qi of sinking of the middle energizer, they can be treated in the same therapy by lifting qi of the middie energizer.From the above it becomes obvious that TCM does not focus its attention on similarities or diimilarities between diseases but on the differences between the syndromes.Generally speaking, the same syndromes are treated with basically same therapies, while different syndromes with different ones.

To sum up, the principle that different contradictions in eence

总之，原则是在疾病的发展过are handled by different methods in 程中不同的本质矛盾应采取不同的方the course of development of a disease 法，这就是辨证论治的核心。 is the core of TDS.YIN AND YANG-THE LAW OF NATURE

阴阳－自然界的法则

Yin and yang, which come from

阴阳来自古代ancient Chinese philosophy, are a general 中国哲学，是自然界中相联系的term for two opposites of interrelated 事物和现象中相互对立面的总things or phenomena in the natural world.称。最初，它们的内涵很简单，At first, their connotations were quite 指的是事物的对立两方。向阳为simple, referring to the two opposite sides 阳，背阳则为阴。在长期的观察of an object.The side facing the sun is yang 实践中，古代中国人民开始认识and the reverse side is yin in the course 到阴阳的对立和消长存在于一切of long practice and observation, the 事物中。《易传》曰：一阳一阴ancient Chinese people came to understand 谓之道（道代表宇宙中对立统一that the opposition and wax-wane of yin and 的基本规律）。换言之，“宇宙yang are inherent in all things.Yi Zhuan 中的每个事物都包含阴阳两方says, \"Yin and yang are what is called Dao\", 面”。并且他们进一步认为阴阳(Dao means the basic law of the unity of 不仅代表两个对立的事物而且可opposites in the universe).In other words, 用于分析一个单独实体中存在的\"Everything in the universe contains yin 两个对立面。总之，动态的、明and yang.\" And they further believed that 亮的、热的、功能的事物或现象yin and yang can not only represent two 属于阳；反之静止的、黑暗的、opposite objects but also be used to analyze 冷的、实质的事物和现象属于阴。two opposite aspects existing in a single 阴阳理论认为宇宙中一切事物的entity.Generally speaking, things or 变化发展来自于阴阳的对立统phenomena which are dynamic, bright, hot, 一。《素问》曰：阴阳者，天地functional, etc..., pertain to the category 之道也，万物之纲纪，变化之父of yang, while those that are static, dark, 母，生杀之本始。阴阳理论是中cold, substantial, etc., pertain to that 医理论系统的重要组成部分并贯of yin.The yin-yang theory holds that the 穿于该系统的各个方面。它用于development and changes of everything in 解释人体的生理和病理现象并指the universe result from the unity of 导临床的诊治。阴阳理论的基本opposites be tween yin and yang.Su Wen 内容可总结为以下几方面。 says: \"yin and yang are the law of heaven and earth, the principles of all things, the parents of all changes, the origin of life and death...\" The yin-yang theory is an important constituent of the theoretical system of TCM and runs through every aspect of the system.It is used to explain physiology and pathology of the body and to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.The basic content of yin-yang theory can be summarized as follows.l.The Unity of Opposition Between Yin and

1.阴阳的对立统一

Yang

By the opposition between yin and yang is meant that all things or phenomena in nature have two opposite aspects-yin and yang, such as heaven and earth, motion and quiescence, ascending and descending, exiting and entering, day and night, heat

阴阳对立指的是自and coldne and so on.The former being

然界中所有的事物和现象都存在yang and the latter yin（P29） in every pair

对立两面—阴阳，如天地、动静、above.The unity is the outcome of mutual

升降、进出、日月、寒热等等。opposition and restriction between yin and

以上的每对现象中前者为阳，后yang.Without opposition, there would be no

者为阴。统一是阴阳对立制约的unity; Without mutual opposition, there

结果。没有对立就没有统一，没would be no mutual complement.It is only

有相互对立就没有相互补充。正through this kind of opposition and

是这种对立统一，阴阳才能达到restriction that the dynamic equilibrium

动态平衡。例如，天体运动、四can be established.For instance, in the

季变迁、昼夜交替、以及春生、nature world, the motions of celestial

夏长、秋收、冬藏的变化，皆为bodies, the variations of the four

阴阳对立统一的具体表现。

seasons, the alternations of days and nights, as well as sprouting in spring, growing in summer, reaping in autunm and storing in winter, are all the concrete manifestations of the unity of opposites between yin and yang. TCM believes that the normal physiological functions of the human body result from the opposite and unified relationship between yin and yang.Both of

中医认为人体的them are always in a state of dynamic 正常生理功能是阴阳对立统一的balance.Even under normal physiological 结果。阴阳总是处在动态平衡的conditions of the human body, yin and yang 状态。甚至在人体正常的生理条can not be in a state of absolute balance, 件下，阴阳也不可能达到绝对平but in a state of relative balance.If, for 衡，而是处于相对平衡的状态。any reason, the relative balance is 一旦阴阳的相对平衡被打破就一destroyed, there is bound to be exce or 定会导致阴阳的偏实偏虚，疾病deficiency of yin or yang, and then a 也就随之产生了。正如《素问》disease will arise.As is stated in Su Wen , 所指出的“阴胜则阳病，阳胜则\"Yin in exce causing yang disease, while 阴病”。也正是由于阴阳的对立yang in exce leading to yin disease.\" It 统一万物才得以发展变化，自然is precisely due to the unity of opposites 界才得以永生。 between yin and yang that all things can develop and change ceaselely and the natural world is perpetually full of life.2.Interdependence between yin and yang 2.阴阳相互依存

Yin and yang are opposed to and yet,

阴阳是对立的但同时又at the same time, depend on each other.是相互依存的。缺了对立方，任Neither can exist in isolation without its 何一方都不能独立存在。换言之，Opponent\'s existence.In other words, 无阴则阳无以生，反之亦然。所without yin there would be no yang, and it\'s 以无论阴或阳都是其对立方存在the same the other way round.So either yin 的先决条件。这种共存关系中医or yang is the prerequisite for the other\'s 称为“独阳则阴无以化，独阴则existence.And this kind of coexistent 阳无以生”。这种相互依存也可relationship is stated in TCM, \"solitary 在物质于功能的关系上被反映。yin or yang failing to live.\" This 物质对应阴，功能对应阳。功能interdependence is also reflected in the 是运动的结果，世上的万物都处relationship between substances and 于运动之中。从而，没有不能产functions.The substance corresponds to yin 生功能的物质，也没有不从物质and the function, to yang.The function is 产生的功能。因此，《内经》曰：the result of material motion, and nothing 阴在内，阳之守也；阳在外，阴in the world is not in a state of motion.之使也。“阴”指的是物质，是Thereby, there is not any substance which 阳功能活动的基础；“阳”指的can\'t produce its function and there is also 是功能活动。物质和功能之间是not any function which doesn\'t originate 相互依存、不可分离的。这仅仅from the motion of its substance.是一种可以想象的、逼真的言语Therefore, Neijing says: \"Yin in the 表述。然而，当物质之间、动能interior is the basis for yang; while yang 之间或物质和功能之间相互依存in the exterior is the activity for yin.\" 的关系异常时，正常的生命活动\"Yin\" refers to the material，basis of 就会被破坏，从而导致阴阳离绝、functional activity of yang and \"yang\" 元气损耗，甚至生命的终结。 refers to functional activity.The substance and function are interdependent and inseparable.Here is just an imaginable and vivid figure of speech.However, when the interdependent relationships between substances, between functions as well as between substances and functions are abnormal, life activities will be broken, thus bringing about diociation of yin and yang, depletion of eence-qi.and even an end of one\'s life.3.Waning and waxing of yin and yang

3.阴阳消长

Yin and yang always coexist in a dynamic eqilibrium in which one waxes while the other wanes.In other words, waning of yin will lead to（因果关系的词：causing，inducing，leading to，bring on， give rise

阴阳总是共存于此消彼to， produce，make，generating） waxing of

长的动态平衡中。换言之，阴消yang and vice versa.Take the seasonal and

会导致阳长，反之亦然。以四季climatic variations for example, it gets

和天气的变化为例，冬去春暖、warm from winter to spring, and hot from

春去夏热是阳盛阴衰的过程。相spring to sumner.This is the proce of

反，夏去秋凉、秋去冬寒是阴盛\"yang waxing and yin waning,\" Conversely,

阳衰的过程。在正常的条件下，it gets cool from summer to autumn, and cold

阴阳的消长处于动态平衡的状态from autumn to winter-the proce known as

中。如果这种关系超出了正常范\"yin waxing and yang waning\".Under normnl

围，阴阳的相对平衡就无法维持，conditions, the waning-waxing relation of

结果就会导致阴或阳的偏盛偏衰yin and yang is in a state of relative

和疾病的发生，更甚者致危及生balance.If this relation goes beyond normal

命。

limits, the relativc balance of yin and yang will not be maintained, thus resulting in either exce or deficiency of yin or yang and the occurrence of diseasc, so far as to endanger one\'s life.4.Transformation of yin and yang

4.阴阳转化

In given conditions, either yin or

在特定条件下，阴或阳都yang may transform into its opposite, i.e.可以向其对立方转化。如阴可以yin may be transformed into yang and yang 转化成阳，阳也可以转化成阴。into yin.If the waning-waxing of yin and 如果说阴阳消长是个量变的过yang is said to be a proce of quantitative 程，那么阴阳的相互转化便属于change, then that of their 基于量变上的质变。这种过程大inter-transformation pertains to a 多是由量变渐致质变的过程。《素qualitative change based on the 问》曰：重阴必阳，重阳必阴。quantitative chang.Such a proce is 寒极生热，热极生寒。这就是物mostly a gradual one from quantitative to 极必反。在病理上，阴证可以转qualitative change.Su Wen states: \"Extreme 化成阳证，反之亦然。必须指出yin gives rise to yang, while extreme yang 的是阴阳相互转化的决定性因素gives rise to yin.\" \"Extreme cold brings on 是条件，包括内部和外部条件，heat, while extreme heat brings on cold\".不然，转化便不可能发生。 This is termed\"Things will develop in the opposite direction when they become extreme.\" Pathologically, the yin syndromes can be transformmed into yang syndromes, and vice versa.It must be pointed out that the decisive factor of the mutual transformation is the conditions, including internal and external conditions, without which such transformation will be by no means likely to occur.

The above statement is the basic content of yin-yang theory, which is also

以上所述为阴阳理论的illustrated by \"Taijitu\" (Yin-Yang

基本内容，它也可以用以下的太Diagram) below.In the diagram the white

极图来说明。在图中，白色部分part indicates yang, and the black part yin.

代表阳 ，黑色代表阴。他们之间The relationships between the two are both

存在相互对立、相互补充的关系。opposite and complementary to each other.

阴中的白点表示阴中之阳，黑点The white spot within yin shows the yang

表示阳中之阴。同时，他们还包within yin, while the black spot does yin

含了阴阳相互转化、此消彼长的within yang.Meanwhile, they contain the

意义。

potential for Intertransformation and inter-wane-wax between yin and yang.

From the above, we can see that the content of yin-yang theory is composed of four aspects, among which the opposition

从以上我们可以知道阴and waxing-waning contain the opposite of 阳理论的内容由四部分组成。其contradiction; the interdependence and 中阴阳对立和消长代表矛盾对立transformation contain the unity of 面，阴阳的相互依存和转化代表contradiction; waxing-waning and 矛盾的统一面。消长和转化代表transformation contain quantitative change 量变和质变。前者为后者的前提，and qualitative change.The former is the 后者为前者的结果。 precondition for the latter, the latter is the outcome of the former.THE APPLICATION OF THE YIN-YANG THEORY

阴阳学说的应用

The yin-yang theory permeates all aspects of

阴阳理论渗the theoretical system of TCM.The theory is used 透于中医理论系统的各to explain the organic structure, physiological 个方面。该理论可用于解function and pathological changes of the human 释人体的组织结构、生理body.It also serves as a principle to guide 功能和病理改变，也是指clinical diagnosis 导临床诊断的原则之一。 l .Explaining the Tiues and Structure of the

1.解释人体组织结构

Human Body

The human body is an integrated whole.All its tiues and structures are organically connected

人体是一个and may be claified as two opposite aspects-yin

完整的整体。所有的组织and yang.That is why Su wen states,\"Man, having

结构都存在着有机联系，a form, can not deviate from yin and yang.\" In terms

并可被分为阴阳相反的of the anatomical locations, the upper part of the

两类。这就是为什么《素body is yang and the lower part is yin; the exterior

问》说：人生有形，不离is yang and the interior, yin; the back is yang and

阴阳。就解剖位置而言，the abdomen, yin; the lateral aspects of the

人体上部为阳，下部为extremities are yang and the medical aspects, yin.

阴；外为阳，内为阴；背Concerning the zang-fu organs, the zang-organs

为阳，腹为阴；四肢末端store but not discharge eence-qi and, therefore,

为阳，躯干为阴。就脏腑they are yin; while the fu-organs transmit and

组织而言，脏藏而不泄，transform food into eence-qi but not store it,

故为阴；而腑泄而不藏，and, for this reason, they are yang.Furthermore,

故为阳。再者，脏腑的每each of the zang- or fu-organs can be redivided

一部分又可分阴阳。例into yin and yang.For example, heart-yin and

如，心阴和心阳，肾阴和heart-yang, kidney-yin and kidney-yang,

肾阳,胃阴和胃阳等等。stomach-yin and stomach-yang, etc.As concerns yin

就经络系统之阴阳而言，and yang of the meridian-collateral system, there

可分为两类：阴经和阳are two categories: yin meridians and yang

经，阴络和阳络。以上都meridians; yin collaterals and yang collaterals.

属于阴阳的对立两面。以All of them are opposite pairs.Thus, in line with

此而知，阴阳理论贯穿存the yin-yang theory, the unity of opposites

在于人体的上下、内外、between yin and yang exist in the upper and lower,

前后部分和内部组织之internal and external, front and back parts of the

间。

human body, and within all the internal organs as well.2.Explaining the Physiological Functions of the

2.解释人体的生理功能

Human Body

The yin-yang theory believes that the

阴阳理论认normal life activities of the human body result 为人体的正常生命活动from the harmonious relation of the unity of 来自于阴阳对立统一关opposites between yin and yang.Take the 系的协调。以功能和物质relationship between function and matter for 的关系为例，功能属阳，example, function pertains to yang while matter, 物质属阴。人体的生理活to yin.Physiological activities of the body are 动以物质为基础。没有物based on matter.Without matter, there would be no 质，功能活动就无法维sustentation for function activities.And 持。功能活动是物质形成functional activities are the motive power for 的动力。换言之，没有功producing matter.In other words, without 能活动，物质形态就无法functional activities, the metabolism of matter 形成。因此，人体阴阳是would not be performed.In this way, yin and yang 相互依存的。如果阴阳不within the human body depend on each other for 能相互补充而是相互分existence.If yin and yang can\'t complement each 离，生命就将告终。故《素other and become separated from each other, life 问》曰：阴平阳秘，精神will come to an end.So Su Wen says:\"The 乃治；阴阳离决，精气乃equilibrium of yin and yang makes the vitality 绝。 well-conserved; the divorce of yin and yang eence-qi exhausted.\"

3.Explaining the Pathological Changes

3.解释病理改变

TCM considers that the imbalance between yin and yang is one of the basic pathogenesis of a

中医认为阴disease.The occurrence and development of a

阳不调是疾病的基本病disease are related to both the vital-qi and

理改变之一。疾病的发生pathogenic factors.Although the pathologlical

和发展与正邪两方面因changes which occur in diseases are complicated

素有关。尽管疾病的病理and changeable, they can still be summarized as

改变变幻复杂，但始终能exce or deficiency of yin or yang.To be more

归结为阴阳的虚实。更具concrete, \"yang exce leads to heat syndrome

体的说就是“阳盛则热，while yin exce causes cold syndrome\"; \"yang

阴盛则寒；阳虚则寒，阴deficiency results in cold syndrome while yin

虚则热；阳损及阴，阴损deficiency causes heat syndromes\"; \"yang

及阳”。

deficiency affects yin while yin deficiency affects yang.\"

4.Serving as the Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment

4.指导诊断与治疗

As the imbalance between yin and yang is the root

由于阴阳不调是cause for the occurrence and development of a 疾病发生和发展的根源，disease, all clinical manifestations, no matter 所有的临床症状，无论其how complicated and changeable they are, can be 有多么变幻复杂,都能用explained with the aid of yin-yang theory.So TCM 阴阳理论加以解释。所以holds, \"A skilled diagnostician, first of all, 中医认为“善医者，必先differentiates between yin and yang when observing 察色按脉，以别阴阳”。the complexion and feeling the pulse.\" In 在辨证中，虽然有八纲即differentiating syndromes, although there are the 阴阳、表里、寒热、虚实，eight principal syndromes, namely, yin, yang, 但总以阴阳为总纲。根据interior, exterior, cold, heat, deficiency and 阴阳理论，表、热、实属exce.Yin and yang are regarded as the general 于阳，里、寒、虚属于阴。principles among the eight ones.According to the 中医治疗疾病时首先确yin-yang theory, exterior, heat and exce pertain 定治疗原则。阳盛则产生to yang; while interior, cold and deficiency 实热证，应投以寒性药以pertain to yin.When treating a disease, TCM first 抑亢阳，如热者寒之。阴determines the therapeutic principles, and then 盛导致的寒证属于实寒preponderance of yang belongs to exce-heat 证，应投以热性药，以化syndrome.It should be treated with cold-natured 实阴，如寒者热之。以上drugs in order to inhibit exceive yang, i.e, to 的证候属于实证，治疗原cool the heat.Cold syndrome caused by 则为“实者泄之”。阳虚preponderance of yin belongs to cold-exce 导致的虚寒证应投以温syndrome.It should be treated with hot-natured 补之药以化实阴。这在中drugs so as to restrain exceive yin, i.e., to 医称为“益火之源，以消heat the cold.As both syndromes above are exce 阴翳”，亦为“阴病治syndromes, this therapeutic principle is called 阳”。阴虚引起的内热证\"treating exce syndromes with the purgation\".属于虚热证，应投以滋补Deficiency-cold syndrome caused by yang 阴液之药以抑亢阳，这就deficiency, should be treated with the drugs warm 是中医所说的“壮水之and tonic in nature to relieve exceive yin.This 主，以制阳光”，亦称为is said in TCM, \"restraining predominant yin by “阳病治阴”。 reinforcing yang,\" also known as \"treating yang for yin diseases.\" The interior heat syndrome resulting from yin deficiency belongs to Deficiency-heat syndrome, which should be treated with the drugs of nourishing yin and replenishing fluids so as to restrict exceive yang, this is what is known in TCM, \"restraining predominant yang by strengthening (renal肾) yin,\" also called \"treating yin for yang diseases.\"

Zhang Jingyue thought that, in treating

张景岳认为，治deficiency of yin or yang, drugs tonifying both yin 疗阴虚或阳虚应该同时and yang should be used, because yin and yang are 应用滋阴和扶阳的药物，interdependent.Therefore, reducing the exceive 因为阴阳是相互依存的。and replenish the deficient can adjust exce or 因此，补虚泻实适用于阴deficiency between yin or yang and restore the 虚或阳虚之证，从而使阴balance between them.阳重新建立平衡。

阴阳理论不仅可 The yin-yang theory is used in not only

用于诊断原则的确立，并determining diagnostic principles but summarizing

可用于对药物的性质、气the nature, flavor and action of medicinal herbs.

味和功效进行总结，从而Thus providing a theoretical basis for the

为临床用药提供理论基clinical application of herbs.

础。 In terms of the medicinal nature, herbs with cold

就药物的性质而nature belong to yin and those with warm and hot 言，寒性药属于阴，温热nature pertain to yang.As concerns the flavors, 药属于阳。就气味而言，herbs that are sour, bitter and salty belong to yin 酸、苦、咸味药属于阴，and those that are acrid, sweet and bland pertain 辛辣、甜、淡味药属于阳。to yang.In terms of actions, herbs with 就药物的功效而言，具有astringent, descending and sinking actions belong 收敛、沉降功效的药物属to yin, while those with dispersing, ascending and 阴，具有发散、升浮功效floating actions pertain to yang.的药物属阳。

To sum up, the principle of treatment should

总而言之，治疗be established in the light of the exce or

原则的确立必须以阴阳deficiency of yin or yang, and then relevant（相

虚实为根据，相应药物的关的） herbs should be selected according to the

选择也必须依其阴阳归attribution（归因） of yin or yang and their

属及功效而定。所以，只functions.So and so only can imbalance of yin and

有明确阴阳不调，才能最yang be put right, and eventually, the aim of

终达到治愈疾病的目的。

curing diseases is attained.Special phrases treating...with...

特殊词组

“治法＋证名”＝“„„者„„之”

treating exce syndrome with purgation purging

实者泄之

exce treating deficiency syndrome with invigoration，

虚者补之

（or invigorating deficiency）

treating cold syndrome with hot-natured drugs，

寒者热之

（ or heating the cold ）

treating heat syndrome with cold-natured drugs，

热者寒之

（ or cooling the heat ）

THE FIVE－ELEMENT THEORY—NATURAL PHILOSOPHY IN ANCIENT CHINA

五行学说-中国古代自然哲学观 The five elements refer to wood, fire, earth, metal, and water and their motions.The five

五行指的是element theory resulted from the observations

木、火、土、金、水和它们and studies of the natural world by the ancient

的运动。五行理论来自于古Chinese people in the course of their lives and

代中国人民在生活和生产productive labor.Since ancient time, wood,

劳动中对自然界的观察和fire, earth, metal and water have been considered

学习。自古代以来，木、火、as basic substances to constitute the universe

土、金、水就被认为是宇宙and they are also indispensable for life.Zuo\'s

组成的基本物质，也是生命Interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Annals

不可缺少的物质。《左传》(Zuo Zhuan) says:\" The five kinds of materials

曰：天生五材，民并用之，in nature are all used by people.None of them

废一不可。另一部经典著作cannot be dispensed with\".Another claical

《尚书》曰：水火用于炊煮，work Shang shu states: \"water and fire are used

金木用于耕耘，土壤用于孕for cooking, metal and wood are used for

育万物，一切皆为民所用。cultivating and earth gives birth to all things,

这五种物质存在相生相克which are used by people.\" These five kinds of

的关系，并处于持续的运动substances are of the relationships of

变化之中。中医的五行理generation and restriction and are in constant

论，作为一种理论工具，通motion and change.In TCM the five-element

过分析和推理用于详细说theory, as a theoretical tool, is used to explain

明五种不同医学问题的性and expound different kinds of medical

质和它们之间的关系。它也problems by analogizing and deducing their

用于指导临床的诊断与治properties and interrelations.It also used to

疗。该理论如阴阳理论一般guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.The

已称为中医理论系统的重theory, like the theory of yin－yang, has become

要组成部分。

an important component of the theoretical system of TCM.

Claification of Things in Light of the Five-Element Theory.

根据五行理论进行归类

In ancient China, the five-element theory was

在古代中国，unceasingly developed and gradually became 五行理论不断发展渐致完perfected.In time it came to recognize that 善。后来，人们认识到自然everything in nature might be respectively 界中的所有事物都能归属attributed to one of the five elements.For 于五行中的一种。例如，木instance, wood has the nature of growing freely 有生发伸展的性质，所以，and unfolding.So, anything that is similar to 任何有相似特性的物质都the characteristics is attributed to the 归属于木。火性炎上，因此，category of wood.Fire has the nature of flaring 任何有相似特性的物质都up.Thereby the things similar to the nature of 归属于火。土有孕育万物的fire are claified into the attribute of fire.性质，因此，具有该性质的Earth has the nature of giving birth to all 物质都属于土。金有净化和things.Thus, those that poe the nature of 沉降的性质，因此，有金的earth are attributed to earth.Metal has the 性质的物质都归于金。水曰nature of purifying and descending.Hence, those 润下，因此，具有湿润、向with the nature of metal can be attributed to 下、寒冷性质的物质都属于metal category.Water has the nature of 水。以下的表格根据五行理moistening and flowing downwards.For this 论将部分物质进行了归类。reason, the things that have moistening, （见表1） downward movement and coldne correspond to water.The following table shows the claification of partial things according to the five-element theory.(See Tab.1)

Among the five-elements, there exist the relationships of generation, restriction,

五行当中存在生、subjugation and counterrestriction, and mutual

克、乘、侮和母子相互影响affection between mother-organ and child-organ.

的关系。生意味这一种物质Generation implies that one kind of thing can

可以促进、援助、产生另外promote, aid or bring forth another, i.e., wood

一种物质，例如，木生火、generates fire, fire generates earth, earth

火生土、土生金、金生水、generates metal, metal generates water, and

水生木。五行中的任何一行water, in turn, generates wood.Each of the five

都有生我和我生的双重性elements contains the dual nature -\"being

质。五行的这种关系叫做generated\" and \"generating\".This relationship

“母子”关系。五行中生我of the five elements is called the \"mother-child\"

者为“母”，我生者为relationship.The element that generates is

“子”。以木为例，因为木called the \"mother\", while the element that is

生火，故木为火之母；但是generated is called the \"child\".Take wood for

它由水所生，故又为水之example, because wood produces fire, it is the

子。

mother of fire; but it is produced by water, so it\'s water\'s child. Tab.1 the Claification of Things According to

表1.事物的五行归类

the Five Elements

Restriction means bringing under control or restraint.The order of restriction goes as

相克意味着控制或follows: wood restricts earth, earth does water, 抑制。相克的原则如下：木water does fire, fire does metal, and metal, in 克土、土克水、水克火、火turn, does wood.Any one of the five elements has 克金、金克木。五行中的任two aspects-being restricted and restricting.何之一都有克我和我克两For example, the element restricting wood is 方面性质。例如，克木者为metal, and the element that is restricted by wood 金，被木克者为土。

is earth.

Generation and restriction have the correlations inseparable in the five elements.And they oppose each other and yet also

五行中的生克complement each other.Without generation,there 关系是不可分离的。它们相would be no growth and development of 互对立，也相互补充。没有things;without interrestriction there would be 生就没有事物的成长和发no balance and coordination during development 展；没有克就没有在发展变and change,and exceive growth would bring 化中的协调平衡，过渡生长about harm.For example,on the one hand,wood 会造成危害。例如，一方面，generates fire,and,on the other hand,it 木生火；另一方面，木克土；restrains earth;while earth, in turn,generates 同时土又生金及克水。正因metal and restricts water.Precisely because 为克中有生和生中有克，自generation resides in restriction and 然界和生命才拥有旺盛的restriction resides in generation,the natural 生命力,这是一方面；另一world and life procees are full of vitality,on 方面，过度生长会造成危the one hand and exceive growth will not bring 害。因此，生克之间维持相about harm on the other hand.Thus,the relative 对平衡是事物生长和发展balance maintained between generation and 的保证。 restriction ensures normal growth and development of things. That is, ecological equilibrium in nature and

这就是自然界中的physiological balance in the human body result 生态平衡，人体的生理平衡from such relationships of generation and 来自于生克关系的平衡。这restriction.These relationships are 些关系将在以下的数据中illustrated in the following figure.阐述。 Fig.2 Relationship of generation and restriction (or subjugation) of the Five

Elements

表2.五行中的生克关系

However, once any one of the five elements becomes exceive or insufficient, there would

然而，一旦五行中appear abnormal intergeneration and

的任何一行变得过剩或不counter-restriction known as subjugation and

足，就会出现异常的相生和counter-restriction (or reverse restriction).

相克称作乘和侮。“乘”指By subjugation is meant that one of the five

的是指五行中的一行会对elements overacts upon another one when the

较弱一行进行过度制约。因latter is weak.Therefore, it is also called

此，也称为“双重压制”。\"double restriction\".For instance, exceive

例如，木过剩会过度抑制wood may over-restrict earth, resulting in

土，造成土的不足，叫做木insufficiency of earth, so called wood

乘土。这是事物之间相克失subjugates earth.This is the abnormal

常的异常表现。

manifestation of disorder of inter-restriction among things.

Counter-restriction means that the strong bulliesthe weak.It is also a morbid condition in which one element fails to restrict

侮指强制弱，这是the other in the regular order, but in reverse

一种病态表现，是一行失去order.It is clear that the order of

对另一行的正常克制，而反counter-restriction is just the opposite to that

被其克制。很显然，侮是相of inter-restriction.For example, under normal

克关系的相反表现。例如，conditions, metal should restrict wood, but in

在正常情况下，金克木，但case of wood-qi exce, or metal-qi deficiency,

在木气过剩或金气不足时，wood will counter-restrict metal instead of

就会出现木反克金而不是being restricted by metal, which is known as

金克木，这就是“木侮\"wood counter-restricts metal.\" Therefore, Su

金”。因此，《素问》中说：Wen states :\"When qi of a certain element is

“气有余，则制已所胜而侮sufficient, it will encroach the restricted

所不胜；其不及，则已所不element and counter-restrict the restricting

胜，侮而乘之，已所胜，轻element.When qi of a certain element is

而侮之”。这是事物之间平insufficient, it will be subjugated by the

衡失调的另一表现。（见表restricting element and counter restricted by

3）

the restricted element,\" This is another manifestation of the disturbance of the equilibrium between substances (see Fig.3).Fig.3 Relalionship of subjugation and Counterrestriction of the Five Elements

表3.五行的乘侮关系

\"Affecting between mother and child\" refers to abnormal intergeneration in the five elements.The generated element is considered as

“母子相及”指的是the child, and the generating element as the

五行中的异常相生。我生者mother.Here \"affecting\" means having harmful

为子，生我者为母。这里的influence, including both \"the diseased

“及”意味着有害的影响mother-organ affecting the child-organ\" and \"the

包括“母病及子”和“子diseased child-organ involving the

病及母”。前者与相生的规mother-organ.\" The former is same as the order

则同，后者则与其规则相of intergeneration, and the latter is just the

反。例如，正常情况下，水reverse order of intergeneration.For instance,

生木。当水病及木时,叫normally, water generates wood, which is called

“母病及子”；当木病及水\"mother organ\'s disorder affecting its

时便叫做“子病犯母”。child-organ\"; but abnormally, water involves

（见下表）

wood, which is called \"child organ\'s disorder involving its mother organ\" when wood affects water.(See the following figure).Fig.4 Subjugation and Counter-restricting Among The Five Elements

Special phrases

表4.特殊词组 1.reinforcing the spleen (earth) to strengthen the lung (metal) 2.failure of water (kidney) to nourish wood (or failure of the kidney to nourish the liver)

3.five movements and six climates 4.wood tending to spread out freely 5.Depreion of the liver (wood) generating fire 6.fire of the liver (wood) impairing the lung (metal)

7.fire tending to flare/flame upward 8.exceive fire impairing the lung (metal) 9.failure of fire to generate earth 10.coordination between water (kidney) and fire

(heart) 11.incordination between the kidney (water) and the heart (fire) 12.\"being restricted\" and \"restricting\"

1.培土生金 2.水不涵木 3.五运六气 4.木喜条达 5.木郁化火 6.木火刑金 7.火性炎上 8.火盛刑金 9.火不生土 10.水火相济 11.水火不济 12.“克我”和“我克”《内经》称“所不胜”与

“所胜”

THE FIVE ZANG-ORGANTS-THE ORGANS OF PRODUCING AND STORING

ESSENCE-QI

五脏－生化和储存元气的器官

The heart, Lungs, spleen, liver and kidneys

心、肺、脾、肝、are together known as the five zang-organs,

肾合称为五脏，其共同生理作whose common physiological function is

用是化生和贮藏精气，藏而不preducing and storing eence-qi.They store

泄。

but not eliminate eence-qi.1.Heart

1.心

The heart is situated in the chest, above

心位于胸中，the Diaphragm, and is enveloped by pericardium 膈之上方，外为心包所包绕。externally.TCM believes（holds, think, find, 中医认为心统治所有的脏腑consider, deem, judge, feel, take, make） that 组织，是“君主之官”。心在the heart governs all the other zang-fu organs 五行中属火，由心阴和心阳组and, therefore, is a \"monarch organ\".The 成。心阴为包括心血的物质结heart, pertaining to fire in the five 构，心阳为功能活动。就生理elements, consists of heart-yin, the material 功能而言，因为其是血液循环structures containing the heart-blood, and 的动力，因此认为心主血和血heart-yang, the functional activities.As for 管。血管是承载血液的物理结physiological functions, the heart is thought 构。血管和心相连形成一个密to, first, dominate blood and veels since it 闭系统，血液循环在心和血管is the motive force for blood circulation.The 的配合下完成。在心气的推动blood veels are the physical structures 下，血液被运送到人体各部分containing the blood.The blood veels are 起营养作用。因此，心气的状linked with the heart to form a closed system, 况和血液量可以从脉象和面and blood circulation is performed by the 色中体现。这就是《素问》为cooperation of the heart and the blood 什么说“心其华在面”。所veels.Under the impulse of heart-qi, blood 以，无论是心气还是心血的充is transported to all parts of the body for 足与否都会影响心的搏动力、nutritive prupose.Thereby the condition of 速度、和节律。 heart-qi and the blood volume may be shown in both the pulse condition and the complexion.That\'s why Basis Questions (Su Wen ) says, \"The heart has its outward manifestation in the face or complexion\".As a result, whether heart-qi and heart-blood are sufficient or not can affect the strength, rate and rhythm of the heart. The heart houses the mind, also known as the heart dominating the mental activities.The

心主神志，也叫做心mind, in its broad meaning, refers to the 主精神活动。神，广义上指的outward manifestations of the life activities 是整个人体活动的外在表现；of the whole body, and, in its narrow sense, 狭义上指的是心所控制的精to mental activities controlled by the heart, 神活动包括意识、精神、思想including consciousne, spirit, thinking, 等。脏腑理论认为精神活动和etc.The zang-fu theory holds that mental 思考都以心的功能为基础。精activities and thinking are to take the 神、意识、思考、记忆和睡眠heart\'s functions as their basis.Spirit, 都以心主神志的功能有关。因consciousne, thinking, memory and sleep are 此，《灵枢》曰：“心为神之all related to the function of the heart in 宅”且“所以任物者谓之housing the mind.Therefore, Miraculous Pivot 心”。心开窍于舌。“开窍”(Ling Shu ) says, \"The heart is the residence 在中医指的是脏和器官在结of the mind\" and also, \"The heart takes on the 构、生理和病理上的紧密联performance of activities.\" The heart opens 系。所以心虽然在体内，但通into（have one\'s specific body opening；...be 过心经与舌联系。通过这种联reflected on ...） the tongue.系，无论心的功能正常与否都\"Resuscitation\", in TCM, means the close 可以有舌象表现出来。换言relationship between a particular zang-organ 之，舌象可以体现心的生理和and one of the sense organs in the structure, 病理改变。所以，中医认为：physiology and pathology.So the heart, though 舌为心之镜。此外，心其华在being in the body, is connected with the tongue 面，在志为喜，且通过经脉与by the heart-meridians.Through such a 小肠相表里。 connection, whether the heart functions normally or not can be clearly learnt from the tongue condition.In other words, the tongue condition may show the physiological and pathological changes of the heart.So TCM holds: \"The tongue serves as the mirror( or body opening ) of the heart\".In addition, the heart has its outward manifestations in the face.The heart corresponds to joy in the emotions.（open into；have one\'s specific body opening；...be reflected on...）And its meridians connect with aociate with, be related to）the small intestine with which they are internally-externally related.Appendix: Pericardium

附注：心包

The pericardium, serving as the peripheral tiue surrounding the heart, plays a part in protecting the heart When exogenous

心包是包绕心脏的外pathogenic factors attack the heart, the 周组织，外邪犯心时首先侵袭pericardium is always the first to be 心包，起到保护心脏的作用。attacked.The heart, if invaded by the 心如被邪气所伤将会使功能pathogens, will be impaired and diseases will 受损，疾病也就随之发生了。ensue.For example, high fever, coma and red 例如，高热、昏迷、舌红被描tongue are described as \"heat-pathogen 述为“热入心包”的表现，事attacking the pericardium,\" and, in fact, the 实上，外邪侵犯心包的临床表clinical manifestations of the pericardium 现与外邪犯心是一样的。因invaded by exogenous pathogens are the same as 此，心包通常被认为是心的附those of the heart.For this reason, the 属。 pericardium is usually regarded as an attachment to the heart.2.Lungs

2.肺

The lungs, including the two lobes, one

肺有两个位于胸腔，on the left and right separately, are situate

左右各一，彼此分离。因为其in the thorax.They are compared to the

位置在所有脏腑器官之上，所\"canopy\" becausea of its uppermost position

以被喻为“华盖”，也被称为among all the zang-fu organs.They are also

“娇脏”。

termed \"delicate zang organs\". The lungs dominate qi and respiration.They

肺主气司呼吸。它是are the place of exchange between the gases 气体体内外交换的场所。《素inside and outside the body.Basic Question 问》曰：大气通与肺.同时，( Su Wen ) says, \"atmosphere communicating to 肺还主升降、通调水道，朝百the lungs\".The lungs also govern dispersing 脉助心调节血及气的正常循and descending, and regulates water paage, 环功能。肺在志为忧,主皮毛。and communicate with numerous veels to 肺开窍于鼻，他们都是肺的外coordinate functional activities of the whole 在表现。在经络关系上，因为body, aisting the heart to adjust normal 手太阴肺经与手阳明大肠经circulation of qi and blood.The lungs 相联系、相附属，故肺与大肠corresponds to melancholy in the emotions and 相表里。 are related to the skin and hair externally.They open into the nose and their conditions are reflected on vellum（牛皮纸） hairs.In the meridian-collnteral relation,the lungs and the large intestine are exteriorly-interiorly related because of interconnecting-interpertaining of the Lung Meridianof Hand-Taiyin and the Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming.3.Spleen

3.脾

The spleen is located in the middle energizer, below the diaphragm.The spleen\'s meridians connect with the stomach, with which it is exteriorly-interiorly related.TCM is widely divergent from Western medicine in the

脾位于中焦，膈之下，understanding of the spleen.TCM holds it true

通过经络与胃相连，与胃相表that the spleen is divided into spleen-yin,

里。在对脾的认识上，中医与its material structures; spleen-yang, its

西医有很大的不同。中医认为functions; and spleen-qi which merely refers

脾分为脾阴和脾阳，脾阴为物to its functions, and that the spleen may be

质结构，脾阳为功能，脾为消the main organ of the digestive system.The

化系统的主要器官。脾非常重spleen is of great importance because, for one

要，一方面运化水谷；另一方thing, it controls transporting and

面还统血，因此能维持血液在transforming food and water and, for another,

脉管中运行，防止其从脉管中it controls the blood of the whole body.

溢出。脾还是气血生化之源，Thereby, keeping the blood circulating

正如中医所说的“脾为后天normally within the veels to prevent it from

之本”。

extravasating.The spleen is also viewed as the source for the production and transformation of qi and blood, as is said in TCM, \" The spleen is the foundation of postnatal life\".4.Liver

4.肝

The liver is at the right hypochondriac region below the diaphragm in the upper

肝位于腹上膈下，右abdomen.The liver and gallbladder make a pair 胁之中。肝胆构成脏腑关系。of zang-fu.The liver meridian connects with 肝经与胆经相连形成表里关the gallbladder to form an exteriorinterior 系。 relationship. People are apt to aociate the livcr with its functions of storing blood and governing normal flow of qi.The former is concerned with the liver\'s capability in storing blood and regulating the blood volume.A certain amount

人们易于将肝与藏血of blood stored in the liver can restrict

和理气功能联系在一起。前者liver-yang hyperactivity so as to maintain the

与肝的储藏血液和调节血量normal flow of qi.If the liver fails to

有关。肝内储藏一定的血量可function normally in storing blood.Such

以防止肝阳上亢从而维持气pathological changes as liver-blood

的正常运行。如果肝的藏血功deficiency or bleeding will occur.The liver

能异常将会引起肝血虚或出also play a principal role in regulating the

血等病理改变。肝同样对血量blood volume，especially the volume in the

的调节起作用，特别是外周血peripheral portion of the body.The latter,

量。后者和维持气的正常运行governing the normal flow of qi, is an

有关，与气的运动、提高人体important link in regulating qi movement,

血液循环和调节情志有重要promoting the circulation of blood and body,

关系。肝的另外一个功能表现as well as harmonizing emotional activities.

在调节情志活动、促进消化吸The liver\'s another function is incarnated in

收和维持气的正常运行上。除its regulating emotional activities,

此之外，肝与筋、爪和眼紧密promoting digestion and absorption and

联系。肝开窍于眼，其华在爪。

keeping qi and blood flowing normally.Besides the above, the liver are also closely related to the tendons, nails and the eyes.It has its specific body opening in the eyes and its outward manifestation on the nails.5.kidney

5.肾

The kidneys, situated in the lumbar zone, one on either side of the spinal column, store the congenital eence and are, therefore, considered as the \"foundation of prenatal

肾位于腰部，脊柱两life\".Their main physiological functions 旁各一，储藏先天之精，因此are: storing eence; dominating growth, 被认为是“先天之本”。肾的development and reproduction; regulating 主要生理功能为：藏精、促生water metabolism and receiving qi.The kidneys 长、主水、纳气。肾还司骨、also take charge of the bone and manufacturc 髓。同时，肾其华在发，开窍marrow.Meanwhile, the kidneys have their 与耳及两个隐秘部位—前后conditioias revealed on hairs and open into 二阴。肾经与膀胱经相联系，the ears and, the two\"private parts\"-urethra 构成表里关系。 and anus.The kidneys\' meridians connect with the urinary bladder, with which they are internally-externally related.THE SIX FU-ORGANS AND THE EXTRAORDINARY FU-ORGANS

六腑和奇恒之腑

TCM refers the gallbladder, the stomach, the large intestine, the small intestine, the urinary

中医的六腑指bladder and the triple energizer to the six 的是胆、胃、大肠、小fu-organs.it is not only that, besides the 肠、膀胱和三焦。这不functions of their own, they are characterized by 仅是因为除了其自身功their common role ofdecomposing and digesting water 能之外，它们具有腐熟、and food, and discharging the wastes, but that, in 消化水谷和传化糟粕的the proce of digesting and absorbing food and 共同功能特点，而且是excreting the wastes, they are closely related to 因为在食物的消化、吸each other both physiologically and 收及排除残渣的过程pathologically.Their functional feather is 中，它们在生理和病理excretion without storage and taking descending and 上是密切相关的。它们unobstruction as their normal functional state.的特点是泄而不藏，以TCM\'s rational knowledge of the interrelationship 通降为合。中医对六腑of the six fu-organs is well grounded on ancient 关系的理性认识来自于anatomical knowledge, the observation of the 对六腑生理和病理改变physiological and pathological changes of the six 的认识和长期丰富的临fu-organs and the summarization of long-term and 床经验。 rich medical experience.

Food entering the stomach is decomposed into

食物进入胃内chyme which after digested by the stomach, is 经胃的消化变为食糜后transported to the small intestine in which it is 转运至小肠，在小肠内further digested by means of bile excreted by the 由胆汁进一步消化。小gallbladder.The small intestine \"separates the 肠有分清别浊的功能。clear from turbid\".The clear, refers to food 清指的是食物精华，它eence, is transported and distributed to all 有脾运送分散到人体的parts of the body by the spleen; while the turbid 各个部分。而浊指的是is the residues of water and food.Of them waste 水谷残渣。浊水经过膀water goes into the kidney, and then into the 胱转化成尿液排出体urinary bladder where it is turned into uruie to be 外。另外的部分则运送excreted from the body.And the other is conveyed 到大肠，在大肠内转化to the large intestine where it is changed into 成粪便由肛门排出体feces and leaves the body via the anus.In the whole 外。在水谷运化的整个proce of the transportation and transformation of 过程中，三焦调节气的water and food, the triple energizer dominates qi 运化和整个人体的气的transformation and qi movement of the whole body.运动。

The triple energizer is one ot the six fu-organs,

三焦是六腑之and among all the zang-fu organs, it is the largest 一，在所有的脏腑器官fu-organ in the human body.Huangdi\'s Claic on 中，它是人体中最大的Medicine holds: \"The triple energizer is separated 腑。《黄帝内经》认为：from the zang-fu organs and yet is within the body.“三焦与脏腑分离但位It encloses all organs and is the largest one.\" And 于体内。它围绕所有的the book also advanced a viewpoint that \"The triple 器官，是人体最大的器energizer exists in name only but is not the 官”。该书亦提出一个entity\".Triple energizer has no exterior-interior 观点即“三焦有名无relationships with the zang-organs, it is therefore 实”。三焦和脏之间没called \"solitary fu-organ\".Its main functions are 有表里关系，因此也称to pa various kinds of qi and to serve as the 为“孤腑”。它的主要pathway for body fluid.It is divided into three 功能是运行各种气体并parts: the upper energizer, middle energizer and 是体液运行的通道。它lower energizer.The triple energizer with the 分为三个部分：上焦、related zang-fu organs, each having its own 中焦、下焦。三焦与相function to perform, accomplish jointly a 关脏腑，各自执行其功complicated physiological proce in the 能共同完成消化、吸收、digestion, absorption, distribution and excretion.分散、排泄这个复杂的

生理过程。

The upper energizer refers usually to the part

上焦通常指的above the diaphragm, including the heart, lungs and 是膈以上的部分包括head as well.Its main physiological function is to 心、肺和头。它的主要distribute eence-qi throughout the body.In other 生理功能是散精至身体words, in combination with the heart and the lung, 的各个部分。换言之，the upper energizer distributes eence-qi to the 通过心肺结合，上焦散whole body to warm and nourish the skin and muscles, 精至全体以温养肌肤筋tendons and bones.This function is described in 骨。这个功能在《灵枢》Miraculous Pivot \"The upper energizer resembles a 中被喻为“上焦如雾\"，sprayer.\" This is a metaphor, which is used to 这是一种隐喻法，通常describe the function of the upper energizer to 用于描述上焦散精的功sprinkle fog-like cereal eence.能。

The middle energizer refers mainly to the

中焦主要指的abdorminal part between the diaphragm and 是位于膈和脐之间的腹umbilicus, and includes such zang-fu organs as the 部部分，包括脾、胃、spleen, stomach, liver and gallbladder.Its main 肝、胆。它的主要生理physiological functions are to decompose food and 功能是腐熟水谷将精微transform nutrient substances into qi and blood, 物质转化胃气血，泌糟and to discharge the wastes and steam body fluid.粕、蒸津液。这个功能This function is mentioned in Miraculous Pivot: 在《灵枢》中被喻为“中\"The middle energizer is likened to a fermentation 焦如沤”。“沤”指的tun.\" By \"fermentation tun\" is meant the place where 是食物腐熟消化的地food is decomposed and digested.方。

The lower energizer refers, generally, to the

总的来说，下焦portion located below the stomach, including the 指的是位于胃以下的部small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, urinary 分包括小肠、大肠、肾、bladder.etc.Its main function is to discharge food 膀胱等。它的主要生理residuces and urine.So there is also a saying in 功能是排泄糟粕和尿Miraculous Pivot, \"The lower energizer works like 液。所以《灵枢》将其a sewer.\" Here \"sewer\" is used to describe the 喻为“下焦如渎”。function to excrete the wastes.However, with the “渎”是用于描述排泄development of visceral manifestations (zang 废物的功能。然而，随xiang), eence and blood of the liver and kidney 之脏象学说的发展，后as well as primordial qi are generally attributed 人多认为肝肾之精血和to the lower energizer by later generations.元气也来自下焦。

In short, the triple energizer dominates all

简而言之，三焦kinds of qi and qi transformation of the human body, 主司各种气体调节体内and serves as the pathway for water.Therefore, 气体的运化并是水运行Basic Questions says: \"The triple energizer, as the 的通道。因此，《素问》waterways, is an organ in charge of the water 曰：三焦者，决渎之官，circulation, flowing along the waterways.\" 水道出焉。

While the six fu-organs transport and tranform water and food, the proce of reception, digestion, transportation and excretion are also in progre.The six fu-organs are usually in a state

六腑在运化水of the alternations between emptine and fullne.谷中，依次进行受纳、And they transform food into eence but not store 消化、传输、排泄的过it.That\'s why TCM believes: \" the six fu-organs 程。六腑常处于更实更function well when they are unobstructruction, the 虚之中,传化物而不藏。unobstructed is the normal functional state for the 这就是为什么中医认为six fu-organs; where the regular descent is their 六腑以通为用，以降为normal functional activities.\"Pathologically, 和。病理上六腑功能的disorders among the six fu-organs often affect each 失调会相互影响。例如，other.For instance, when body fluid is consumed 当胃实热证时，体液被because of exceive heat in the stomach, the large 消耗，大肠的传输功能intestine is bound to have trouble in 也一定会出现问题而导transportation, and, in consequence, constipation 致便秘的发生。大肠传occurs.A disturbance of the large intestine in 输功能异常不仅会导致transmiion and transformation not only leads to 大肠气滞，也会影响胃the obstruction of the large intestine itself, but 气沉降而导致反复呕also affects the regular descent of stomach-qi, 吐。胆火炽盛，常犯及causing repeated vomiting.A dominant gallbladder 胃造成呕吐苦水。脾胃fire often interferes with the stomach and results 实热常熏蒸肝胆，这便in vomiting bitter fluid.Dampne and heat 会导致胆汁外溢返流。 accumulated in the stomach and spleen burn and steam the liver and the gallbladder.This may cause the bile to overflow, and give rise to jaundice.

Apart from the six fu-organs, there are the

六腑之外，尚有brain, marrow, bones, veels, gallbladder and 脑、髓、骨、脉、胆、uterus termed the \"extraordinary fu-organs\".Like 女子胞称为“奇恒之the fu organs morphology, the extraordinary 腑”。它在形态上与六fu-organs are mostly hollow but not the pathways for 腑相似，大多为空，但the digestion and excretion of cereal food and, like 不是水谷消化和排泄的the zang argans functionally, they also store 通道；在功能上与脏相eence-qi.With the exception of the gallbladder, 似，它们也可藏精。除they have no exterior-interior relationships.了胆，其他的都没有表

里关系。

The brain is located in the skull and connects

脑位于头颅，与with the spinal marrow.It is the organ of spirit,

髓相联系。它是精神、consciousne and thinking.Basic Question says:

意识、思考的器官。《素\"The head is the house of intelligence\".（，the head

问》曰：头者，精明之is the residence of intelligence）Li Shizhen of the

府。明代的李时珍指出：Ming Dynasty pointee out, \"The brain is the seat of

脑为元神之府。心统管the mind\", and the heart governs all funcctions of

全身功能包括精神活the whole body, including mental activities.In the

动。清代王清任指出Qing Dynasty, Wang Qingren stated: \"The

“智力和记忆来自于脑intelligence and memory onginate from the brain but

而非心”。他认思考、not from the heart.\" And he also considered:

记忆、视力、听力、嗅\"Thinking, memory, vision, hearing, smelling and

觉和言语都由脑控制。speaking are all controlled by the brain.\" Although

虽然中医对脑的生理和TCM has some knowledge of the brain\'s physiology and

病理有了一些认识，胆pathology, it still ascribes the functions of the

始终将其归于心、肝和brain to the heart, the liver and respectively to

其他的五脏的功能里，the five zang-organs, and holds that spirit,

认为魂、意识、思考于consciousne and thinking are related to the five

五脏相关

zang-organs.

女子胞是女性

The uterus, or womb（wu：m）, situated in the

位于下腹膀胱之后的器lower abdomen posterior to the urinary bladder in

官，是个倒置梨形的器women, is an inverted pear-shaped organ where

官，是月经发生和孕育menstruation occurs and the foetus is bred.They are

胎儿的场所。它们是两two complex physiological procees in which

个复杂的生理过程，由tiangui, a kind of refined nutritious substance

肾经化生的精微物质－transformed from the kidney-eence, plays the most

天暌在其中起了非常重important role.Both Chong and Ren meridians

要的作用。冲任二脉都originate from the uterus.The uterus is also

起于女子胞。女子胞同closely related to the heart, liver and spleen,

样与心、肝、脾有着紧because normal menstruation and the nourishment of

密的联系。因为，月经the foetus rely on the blood dominated by the heart,

的正常和胎儿的营养要stored by the liver and controlledby the spleen.

依靠心的主血、肝的藏Therefore the dysfunction of the above organs will

血和脾的摄血功能。因affect the normal functions of the uterus, bring

此，以上脏器的功能失about menstrual disorder and sterility.

调将会影响女子胞的正

常功能，造成月经鼻不调和不孕。

需要指出的是 It should be pointed out that according to the 根据脏象理论，脏腑器theory of visceral manifestation, the names of the 官的名字与现代人体解zang-fu organs correspond to those of the modern 剖学的器官相对应指的human anatomy and refers to the substantial 是内脏器官的物质形internal organs.However, in the physiology and 式。然而，在生理和病patholoty, the knowledge of TCM differs greatly 理上，中医和西医的认from that of western medicine, which has been learnt 识却大相径庭，这在以a lot from the above.上的阐述中能明显体

现。

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ZANG-AND FU-ORGANS

脏腑器官的相互关系

While the relationship among the zang-fu organs is quite a complicated matter--so much so that （so such an extent that ）it deserves to be devoped a lot of

尽管五脏与六腑之关pages, yet, thanks to TCM\'s concise and

系如此之复杂，需要大量篇幅brilliant summarization, it may just as well

加以论述；但由于中医学精辟be briefed in a broad outline.In TCM, the zang

的概括性，这种关系仍可以简organs pertain to yin and are thought of as

要概述如下。中医认为，脏属interior, while the fu-organs to yang and,

阴、属里，而腑则属阳、属表。naturally enough, as exterior.The

它们之间的表里关系以经脉相interior-exterior relationship between them

连。它们的这种关系及其之间is formed by the connections of their

在生理上的协调和病理上的相meridians.This relationship as well as their

互影响可以清楚的体现于心和physiological cooperation and pathological

小肠、肺和大肠、脾和胃、肝interaction can be clearly seen in the

和胆及肾和膀胱之间的相互关interrelations between the heart and the

系中。

small intestine, the lung and the large intestine，the spleen and the stomach, the liver and the gallbladder and the kidney and the urinary bladder. The heart and the small intestine are

心和小肠由心经和小connected by the heart meridian and the small 肠经相连形成表里关系。因此，intestine meridian to form an 也使它们在病理上互相关联。exterior-interior relationship.Thus making 心有实火，可移热于小肠，引the two pathologically related to each other.起尿少，尿痛等症。反之，小The exceive heart-fire tends to go into the 肠有热，亦可循经上炎于心，small intestine resulitng in oliguria, 使心火内炽，引起心烦，舌赤，burning pains during urination,etc.口舌生疮等症。 Conversely, the exceive heat in the small intestine may go upward along the meridian to the heart and cause internal hyperactivity of heart-fire.Leading to dysphoria, crimson tongue, oral ulceration and so on. The lung and the large intestine form an exterior-interior relationship by mutual connections of their meridians.The

肺和大肠通过它们的dispersing and deseending functions of the

经脉相互联系形成表里关系。lung help the large intestine to perform its

肺的宣发和肃降功能助大肠完transporting task.When the lung functions

成传输的任务。肺的功能正常normally, the large intestine does well.

则大肠的功能也正常。相反，Conversely when the descending function of

当肺的肃降功能异常时，大肠the lung qi do not work well, it will affect

的传化功能将会受到影响，使the functionof the large intestine in

肠运动困难。另一方面，便溏transportation, causing difficult bowel

和腑气郁滞可以影响肺气的肃movements.On the other hand, loose stools and

降造成喘咳和胸闷。

the stoppage of fu-qi may affect the descent of lung-qi, giving rise to asthmatic cough and chest distre.

Both the stomach and the spleen lie in the middle energizerand are connected by their meridians to form an exterior-interior relationship.The stomach governs the reception, while the spleen governs the transportation and transformation.The

脾胃位于中焦，通过它relationship between the two is that \"the 们的经脉相连形成表里关系。spleen conveys the booy fluid for the 胃主受纳，脾主运化。两者的stomach\".If pathogenic damp attacks the 关系为“脾为胃传其津液”。spleen, it will injure the transporting and 湿邪犯脾时，脾的运化功能受transforming functions of the spleen and 损会影响胃的受纳和沉降，导affect the reception and the descending 致纳呆、呕吐、恶心和气滞。action of the stomach, resulting in poor 因此，脾胃共同协调完成饮食appetite, vomiting, nausea and gastric 的消化、吸收和散布任务。相distention.So the spleen and the stomach 反，饮食不节、食滞于胃不仅share out the work and cooperate with each 会影响胃的沉降功能，脾的运other to jointly accomplish the task of the 化功能也会受到影响，产生腹digestion, absorption and distribution of 胀、腹泻的症状。 food.On the contrary, intemperance of food intake （improper diet）and dyspeptic retention of the stomach will bring about both the dysfunction of the stomach in descent but that of the spleen\'s transportation and transformation, causing such symptoms as abdominal distention, diarrhea.

The gallbladder is attached to the liver, and they are connected by their meridians to form an exterior-interior relationship.Bile derives from surplus qi of the liver.It is stored and excreted by the

肝胆相连，它们通过经gallbladder located under the liver.Only

脉形成表里关系。胆汁来自于when the liver performs its function

过剩的肝气。它储藏、排泄自succefully can bile be secreted, stored and

位于肝下的胆。只有肝的功能excreted normally.On the other hand, when

正常，胆汁的分泌、储藏和排bile is excreted properly, the liver can give

泄才能正常。另一方面，只有full play to its function in regulating the

胆汁的排泄正常，肝才能充分normal flow of qi.Conversely, when bile fails

执行其正常的理气功能。相反，to be excreted normally, the liver function

当胆汁排泄异常时，肝的功能will be affected, too.Therefore, the liver

也会受影响。因此，肝胆在生and gallbladder are closely related

理和病理上紧密联系。肝病通physiologically and pathologically.The

常影响及胆，反之亦然。因此，diseases of liver often involve the

肝胆在生理和病理上不能完全gallbladder and the contrary is also true.

分离。例如，肝胆实火都会出Therefore, the liver and gallbladder cannot

现气滞、湿热的症状。

be completely separated physiologically and pathologically.For example, exceive fire of both the liver and the gallbladder may present such symptoms as qi-stagnation and heat-dampne. The kidney and urinary bladder, like the other zang-fu organs, form an exterior-interior relationship through their meridians.The kidneys control opening and

肾和膀胱与其它的脏closing, while the urinarybladder governs 腑一样通过经脉形成表里关storing and excreting urine.Both are related 系。肾主开合，膀胱则是储藏to water metablism.Whether the function of 和排泄尿液。两者都与水液代the urinary bladder is normal or not depends 谢有关。膀胱的功能正常与否on the sufficiency or deficiency of 依赖肾气的充足与否。肾气充kidney-qi.When kidney-qi is sufficient and 足，则固摄有权，膀胱开合有its astringency is right, the urinary bladder 度，从而维持水液的正常代谢。will open and close regularly, thus 如果，肾气不足，一方面可使maintaining normal water metabolism.In case 肾气化无常，固摄无权，则膀kidney-qi is deficient, there will be the 胱开合失度，即可出现小便不disturbance of its qi transformation and 利，失禁，遗尿，尿频等病症。 astrictive action, causing the irregular opening and closing of the urinary bladder, manifested as dysuria, incontinence of urine, enuresis and frequency of micturition.

So far the text has just briefly discued the relationship between the five

至此，该篇已简要讨论zang-and the six fu-organs.To have a thorough

了五脏六腑之间的关系。要想understanding of their interrelations and the

彻底理解它们的关系及脏腑理zang-fu theory, it is also important to know

论，重要的是要了解五脏和六the relationship between the five zang-organs

腑的关系，限于篇幅，这些关and that between the six fu-organs as well,

系只好于此割爱。

which, as space is limited, have to be reluctantly parted with here.

In short, although the zang-and fu-organs have different physiological functions, there is a close relationship between them in

简而言之，虽然脏与腑maintaining the normal functions of the body, 的生理功能不同，但是它们之and it is the meridian-collateral system that 间的密切关系却维持了人体功makes them internally-externally 能的正常，通过经络系统使它interconnected.Without the interconnecting 们形成了表里联系。没有经络pathways of the meridians and collaterals, 这一联系通道，脏腑就会变得each of the zang-fu organs would become an 孤立静止，不能执行其功能活isolated and static organ and unable to 动。《素问》中说：“五脏之perform its functional activities.A case in 道，皆出于经遂，以行血气”。point to show the relationship is what is said 这便是一个表明这种关系的很in Basic Questions .\"The zang-organs are all 好的例证。 connected with the meridians to perform the circulation of qi and blood.\"

THE ROOT OF LIFE-Qi

元气之根

In TCM books, qi is always mentioned in the same breath with blood and body fluid, for they

在中医书中，气总是are all the fundamental substances constituting 与血和津液相提并论，因为the human body and maintaining its life 它们都是构成人体和维持生activities.However, among them qi is 命活动的基本物质。然而，particularly important for the human body.That 它们之中，气对于人体尤为is why TCM often explains the life activities 重要。这就是中医为什么要of the human body in the viewpoint of qi.For 用气的观点来解释生命活this reason, ZhangJingyue said: \"Man\'s life 动。因此，张景岳说：“人relies entirely upon this qi.\" Claic 之有生，全赖此气”。《难onMedical Problems states:\"qi is ihe root of the 经》则指出：“气者，人之human body; once the root is damaged, the stem 根本也；根绝则茎叶枯矣”。and leaves would turn withered\".And, also, 《素问》还指出：“天地合Basic Questions points out : \"One\'s life is the 气，命之曰人”。 combination of qi of heaven and earth\".

Qi in the human body is composed of

人体之气由先天之congenital qi and acquired qi.The former is

气和后天之气组成。前者为inherited from one\'s parents before birth,the

出生之前秉承父母之气，后latter is derived from cereal eence

者来自与脾胃生化的水谷精transformed by the spleen and stomach and fresh

微及肺从自然界吸入的清air inhaled from the natural world by the lung.

气。因此，气是以上三种因Therefore, qi is a combination of three kinds

素的结合。很显然气的根源of factors.It is easy to see that the source

与产生与先天禀赋、后天营or production of qi is related to innate

养和周围的环境有关，也与endowment, acquired nutrition and

肾、脾、胃、肺共同活动有environmental conditions, and the actions of

关。

the kidney, spleen, stomach, lung as well.

Congenital qi and acquired qi complement

先天之气与后天之each other.Congenital qi is the material 气互相补充。先天之气是后foundation for the production of acquired qi, 天之气产生的物质基础，后and acquired qi continuously supplements 天之气则补充和营养先天之congenital qi with nourishments.Both of them 气。因此，两者之间是互相are, therefore, described as an interdependent 依赖的关系—先天之气是后relation-congenital qi promoting acquired 天之气的基础，后天之气营qi,which, in turn, nourishing congenital qi.养先天之气。各种气和它们There are all kinds of qi and, their functions 之间的功能极其复杂，不是are too intricate to be expounded in a few 三言两语可以讲清的。让我words .To provide a precise exposition, let\'s 们用以下的六个标题来讨discu them under six heads.论，以提供一个精确的解释。 1 .Promoting Action of Qi

1.气的推动功能

Qi, as a sort of refined substance full of vigour, plays a promoting and activating role

气，一种充满活性的in the growth and development of the human body, 精微物质，对人体的生长发the physiological activities of the zang-fu 育、脏腑经络的生理活动、organs and meridians, the production and 血液的产生和循环、津液的circulation of blood, as well as the production, 产生、散布和排泄都起到促distribution and excretion of body fluid.If the 进和推动作用。如果因为气above functions are weakened due to 虚而使以上的功能减弱，就qi-deficiency, the following pathologic 会发生以下的病理改变：人changes will occur: tardy growth and 体生长发育的停滞、脏腑经development of the human body, hypofunction of 络功能减弱、血液凝滞和津the zang-fu organs and meridians, stagnation of 液停滞等。 blood, fluid retention, etc.2.Warming Action of Qi 2.气的温煦功能

Whether man\'s body temperature is normal or

人体体温正常与not depends on the warming action of qi.Claic 否依赖于气的温煦作用。《难on Medical Problerns says:\" Qi is responsible 经》曰：气者，温也。只有for warming.\" Only through the warming action 通过气的温煦作用，脏腑经of qi can all zang-fu organs，meridiarns and 络和其它组织结构才能行使other structures perform their normal 其正常的功能活动，血液和functional activities, and can such liquid 体液等津液物质才能正常循substances as blood and body fluid circulate 环。语云：“血得温而运，normally.As the saying goes: \" Blood flows in 得寒而凝。”例如：阳气不warmth, while it coagulates in cold.\"For 足会导致气的温煦作用减example, the insufficiency of yang-qi may 弱，引起恶寒、四肢冰冷、impair the warming action of qi, causing an 体温降低等等。相反，如气aversion to cold, cold limbs.Lowered body 过剩则会导致气无法散热，temperature and so on.Conversely, qi exce may 引起喜冷、发热等症状。《素result in the failure of qi to disperse heat, 问》指出：“气实者，热也；marked by preference for cold, fever, etc.Basic 气虚者，寒也”。 Questions states, \"Qi exce preduces heat, while qi deficiency produces cold.\" 3.Defending Action of Qi

3.气的防御功能

Qi has defending function to defend the body surface against the exogenous pathogens

气的防御功能为防and to combat with the invaded exogenous

卫外邪袭表并将外邪驱除至pathogens to drive them out of the body.The book

体外。因此，《素问》指出：Basic Questions, therefore, states:\" When vital

“正气存内，邪不可干”和qi exists in the body, the exogenous pathogens

“邪气所凑，其气必虚”疾can not attack the body.\" And \" If the pathogens

病也随之产生。

invade and occupy the body, qi-deficiency is bound to ensue.\" Thereby leading to illne.4.Controlling Action of Qi

4.气的固摄功能

Qi also has controlling action, by which is

气也有固摄的作用，meant the ability to control the liquid 这意味着气有固摄液体和人substances and fix the internal organs in the 体内脏器官的能力。这可以body.This is shown in the following aspects: 从以下几方面体现： (1) Keeping the blood flowing within the veels （1）维持血液在脉管中运to prevent it from extravasating without 行，防止其无故外溢。 reason.

（2）控制和调节汗液、尿液、(2) Controlling and regulating the secretion 精液、唾液、胆汁等的储存and excretion of sweat, urine, sperm, saliva,

和排泄，以维持水液代谢的gastrointestinal juices, etc , to maintain a 相对平衡。 relative balance of water metabolism.

（3）维持内脏器官在正常的(3) Firming the internal organs in their normal

位置不至于下垂。 positions without prolapse.

If this action is impaired,

如果此功能受损，将hemorrhage, premature ejaculation, spontaneous 会出现出血、早泄、自汗、sweating, urinary incontinence, and 遗尿和遗精。如果该功能不spermatorrhea will occur.If this action fails 能正常运行，则会出现胃下to work normally,such prolapses as 垂、肾下垂、子宫下垂等下gastroptosis, nephroptosis, hysteroptosis will 垂症状。 be brought about.

The promoting and controlling actions of

气的促进和固摄功qi are the two aspects of mutual opposition and 能是相互对立、相互补充的mutual complement.Provided these two actions 两方面。如果这两种功能能work harmoniously, blood circulation and water 协调运行，则血液循环和水metabolism can be normally carried on.液代谢就会正常。 5 .Action of Qi Transformation

5.气的气化功能

Qi transformation may be defined as various kinds of changes brought about by the movement of qi.Concretely speaking, it refers

气的气化功能可以to the respective metabolism of eence, qi, 定义为各种不同的变化来自blood and body fluid and their reciprocal 于气的运动。具体的说，它transformation.For instance, food is 指的是精、气、血和体液的transformed into qi, blood and body fluid; body 独立代谢和它们彼此的相互fluid are converted into sweat and urine by 转化。例如，食物转化成气、metabolizing, and the residues of food,after 血和体液；体液通过代谢转digestion and absorption, are turned into feces 化成汗和尿液，而食物残渣to be discharged from the body.All these 经过消化和吸收后则转化成procees are all the specific manifeatations 粪便排除体外。所有的这些of the action of qi transformation.If qi 过程都是气化功能的特殊表transformation is out of order, it will affect 现。如果气化功能失常则会the digestion, absorpiion of food, the 影响食物的消化和吸收，精、metabolism and transformation of eence, blood 血、体液的代谢和转化，汗and body fluid, the excretion of sweat, urine 液、尿液和粪便的排泄等等。and feces and so on .To put it briefly, qi 简要的说，气化实际上是体transformation is actually the proce in which 内物质代谢和转化的过程。the substances in the body are metabolized and 虽然以上五种气的功能各不intertransformed.Although the above five 相同，但它们在生命的维持actions of qi differ from one another, they are 上是不可分离的。它们之间indispensable to maintaining human life.Their 的协调合作和相互支持是生harmonious cooperation and mutual support 理活动顺利完成的保障。 ensure that the physiological activities are completed smoothly. The Movement of Qi is known as \"qi ji\", qi

气的运动叫做“气activity.Qi in the human body travels

机”。气运行于全身到达所throughout the body and reach all the zang-fu

有的脏腑组织和经络，促进organs and meridians to promote and activate the

和推动人体的生理活动。

physiological activities of the human body.

Qi has four basic forms: ascending,

气有四种运动形式：descending, exiting and entering.These four 升、降、出、入。这四种形forms are the basis of human\'s life 式是人类生命活动的基础。activities.Once these movements stop, it means 一旦这些运动停止了，便意that the life activities ceaseand death ensues.味这生命活动的终止和死亡

的发生。

The ascending, descending, exiting and entering of qi are mainly embodied in the

气的升、降、出、入physiological activities of the zang-fu organs,

具体表现在脏腑组织、经络meridians and other procees of metabolism.

和其它代谢过程的生理活动For example,the lung governs respiration,

中。例如，肺主呼吸，呼气exhaling pertains to exiting, inhaling to

为出，吸气为入；宣发为升，entering; and dispersing pertains to ascending,

肃降为降。脾的升清和胃的lowering to descending.The spleen sends the

降浊。人体的各种生理活动clear upward and the stomach paes the turbid

都必将在气的四种运动形式downward.So all kinds of physiological

中体现。

activities in the human body, eentially, are reflected in the four movements of qi.

According to the sources, functions and

根据根源、功能和分distributions, qi is divided into four types:

布，可以将气分为四类：元primordial ( yuan qi), genuine qi (zhenqi) ,

气、真气、宗气、营气和卫pectoral qi (zong qi) , nutritive qi( ying qi)

气。

and defensive qi(wei ai) .l .Primordial qi, also known as genuine qi (zhen qi) is the most important of the four kinds of

1.元气，也叫做真气是四种qi.It is the primary motive force of life

气中最重要的一种。它是人activities.Primordial qi derives from the

体活动的原动力。元气源于congenital eence stored in the kidney, and

先天之精，储藏于肾中，依depends on the acquired eence regenerated by

赖脾胃化生的后天之精滋the spleen and stomach.The book Miraculous

养。《灵枢》中明确说：“真Pivot makes it clear by saying, \"Genuine qi

气者，所受于天，与谷气并(Zhen qi) is inherited from heaven ( the

而充身者也.。”

parents) and combined with cereal eence to replenish the body.\" 2.Pectoral qi is formed from a combination of

2.宗气由肺吸入的清气和脾the fresh air inhaled by the lung and the cereal

胃化生的谷气混合而成。宗eence conveyed by the spleen and stornach.

气主要执行两种功能。一种Pectoral qi performs two main functions.One is

是走息道以行呼吸,宗气的traveling through the respiratory tract to

充足与否会影响到声音、言prormote respiration and the sufficiency or

语和呼吸的状态。另一种是insufficiency of pectoral qi influences the

贯心脉以行气血,宗气的充conditions the voice.speech or breath and so

足与否与气血的运行、体温、on.The other is running through the

四肢活动、视觉、听觉能力heart-meridians to promote the circulation of

以及心脏搏动的力量和节律qi and blood.The viciitude of Pectoral qi is

有关。

related to the flow of qi and blood, the body temperature and the activities of the trunk and limbs, the visual and aural perceptibility, as well as the strength and rhythm of the heart beat.3.Nutritive qi is the qi that circulates together with blood in the veels.Nutritive 3.营气是与血共同运行脉中qi originates from the pure part of cereal 的气。营气源于脾胃运化的eence transformed by the spleen and stomach 水谷精微的纯净部分，并承and bears responsibility for the blood 担着血液的产生和濡养全身production and the nutrition of the whole body.的职责。营气属于阴，所以Nutritive qi is considered as yin, so it is also 也称作营阴。 called nutritive yin ( ying-yin) .4 .Defensive qi, like nutritive qi, comes from cereal eence,but, unlike nutritive qi, it runs outside the blood veels.Defensive qi has

4.卫气，如营气一般，来自the following functions: protecting the body

水谷精微，但是却行于脉外，surface against exogenous pathogens,

这与营气不同。卫气有以下controlling the opening and closing of the

功能：保护体表免受外邪侵pores, adjusting the excretion of sweat,

犯，司毛孔的开合，调节汗warming and nourishing the zang-fu organs.

液排泄，温养脏腑组织、肌muscles and the skin with hairs,

肤毛发等和维持体温的恒etc.,maintaining a relatively constant body

定。“卫气”这一名字正是temperature.It is given the name \"defensive qi\"

因为它有抗御外邪的功能。precisely because of its

卫气属阳，所以别名叫“卫antiexogenouspathogenic action.Defensive qi

阳”,这正好与以上提及的belongs to yang, so it has another name

营阴形成鲜明的对比。

defensive yang ( wei-yang) ,\" which presents a strinking contrast with ying-yin as mentioned above.THE TYPES OF QI AND THEIR MOVEMENTS Types of Qi

Movement starting from between the two kidneys, paing through Yuan tri-energizer and circulating Qi(Primordial through the while body, inward to Qi) zang- and fu-organs and outward to the muscles and skin.Zong stored in the chest and poured Qi(Pectoral into the meridians of the heart Qi) and the lung.Ying originating from tri-energizer, Qi(Nutritive entering the meridians by way of Qi) the lung, and circulating all

气的分型与运动 气的分型

运动 始于两肾之间，

行于三焦，周行全身，内至脏腑，外达肌肤。

元气

宗气

藏于胸中，注于心肺两经。 源于三焦，由肺入脉，周行全身。

营气 over the body.circulating outside but leaning Wei against the meridians, vaporized Qi(Defensive to the diaphragm and scattered in Qi the chest, travelling between the skin and flesh.Special phrases

行于脉外，上行至膈，散于胸中，周行肌表。

卫气

特殊短语

As the saying goes, As=in the way that，as the

或云；相传

story goes/runs as the matter stands as the case may be as things are as things run

照目前情形 依照情况 照此情况

照通常顺序、情形、性质等

血、津液－人体生命活动的物质基础

Blood, circulating in the veels, is a

血液行于脉red liquid substance rich in nutrients.It is one 管之中，是一种富含营养of the indispensable substances that constitute 的红色液体物质。它是构the human body and maintain its life activities.成人体和维持生命活动不Blood originates from cereal eence transformed 可缺少的物质。血源于脾by the spleen and stomach, and has the functions 胃化生的水谷精微，具有of nourishing and moistening the whole body.营养和滋润全身的功能。

Nutritive qi and body fluid are thought of as

营气和津液the material basis of blood formation.As both of 被认为是形成血液的物质them derive from cereal eence, the quality of 基础。因为它们都来自水the food intake and the conditions of the spleen 谷精微，所以摄入饮食的and the stomach are bound to have a direct bearing 质量和脾胃的状态与血液on blood formation.Either a long-term 的形成直接相关。无论是malnutrition or a lasting hypofunction of the 长期的营养不良或脾胃损spleen and stomach may cause insufficient blood 伤都会使血液产生不足，formation, resulting in blood deficiency.That\'s 导致血虚。这就是为什么why TCM states\" Reinforcing the spleen and the 中医认为“补脾肾，血自stomach enables blood to develop spontaneously.\" 生”。

Normal blood circulation comes of the

正常的血液循行joint action of the heart, the lung, the spleen 来自于心、肺、脾和肝的and the liver.The heart-qi is the fundamental 共同作用。心气是推动血motive power to propel blood circulation.The 液循行的原动力。肺主司lung is in charge of qi of the whole body and, 一身之气，因此，与宗气therefore, has an important bearing on the 的形成有重要的关系。当formation of zong qi.When zong qi gets in the 宗气注入心经便可以促进heart meridian, it may promote the movement of qi 气血的运行。脾使血液流and blood.The spleen may keep blood flowing 于脉管之中，防止其外溢。BLOOD AND BODY FLUID-THE MATERIAL BASIS OF LIFE ACTIVITIES within the veels and prevent it from 肝除了有储藏血液的功能extravasating.And the liver, besides its 外，还可以调节血量，维function of storing blood, adjusts the volume of 持气血的正常运行。如以blood flow and maintain the normal flow of qi and 上所说的任何一脏不能正blood.In case any one of the above organs fails 常行使其功能的话，就会to work properly, abnormal blood circulation is 发生异常的血液循行。例certain to occur.The heart-qi deficiency, for 如，心气不足可以导致心instance, may lead to heart-blood stagnation.The 血凝滞；脾气不足无法收spleen-qi deficiency fails to control blood, 摄血液导致出血等；肝气leading to bleeding, etc.The disturbance of qi 不调、血液循行紊乱则会flow of the liver and blood circulation may bring 出现血瘀、血肿、女性月about such pathological changes as blood stasis 经不调、痛经、或闭经。 or swelling, abnormal menstruation, dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea in women.

Blood circulates within the veels, by which it is carried to the zang-fu organs internally and to the skin, muscles, tendons and bones

血在血管中循行，externally.It circulates ceaselely Like a ring 内至脏腑，外达皮肉筋骨，without end to nourish and moisten all the organs 如环无端，运行不息，营and tiues.In this, normal physiological 养滋润所有脏腑组织。这activities are maintained.Basic Questions 样，正常的生理活动才得says:\"The liver with blood is able to ensure 以维持。《素问》云：“肝normal vision.the feet with blood are able to 受血而能视，足受血而能walk.the palms with blood are able to grip 步，掌受血而能握，指受things, the fingers with blood are able to grasp\".血而能摄。”对于血和髓、\"When discuing the relationship between blood 骨节之间关系的探讨，《灵and the tendons, the bones and the joints, 枢》指出：“血常则髓骨Miraculous Pivot points out:\"When blood is 坚，骨节敏。”故此，足normal, the tendons and the bones are strong and 见人体之感觉、运动均不the joints are nimble.\" Thus, it can be seen that 能须臾离开血液提供的营the sensation the the movement of the body never 养。 for a moment deviate from the nutrients provided by blood.

Blood is also the material basis of mental

血液也是精神活activities.Sound mental activity results from 动的物质基础。健全的精normal circulation and a sufficient supply of 神活动来自于正常的血液blood.So any blood trouble, whatever the causes 循行及充足的血液供应。maybe, will bring about symptoms of mental 所以不论什么原因导致的activities varying in degrees.Basic Questions 血液问题都会引起不同程advises people: \" Qi and blood are the foundation 度上的精神症状。《素问》for human mental activities and have to be nursed 建议：“气血者，人之神，with caution.\" And Miraculous Pivot informs us, 不可不慎养。”《灵枢》\" Harmonious blood veels ensure a vigorous 则提醒我们：“血脉安，spirit.\" These famous remarks show the close 精神乃治。”这些著名的relationship between blood and mental 鉴言都体现了血和精神活activities.Deficiency of blood, therefore, will 动之间的密切关系。因此，cause mental disorder.For example, heart-blood 血虚会导致精神错乱。例or liver-blood deficiency will lead to such 如，心血或肝血不足会导symptoms as palpitation, insomnia and 致心悸、失眠和多梦的症dreamine.状。

Body fluid is called jinye in TCM, including

体液在中医称为all kinds of fluids in the organs and tiues and 津液，包括存在于脏腑组their secretions, such as gastricjuice, 织和它们之间间隙的各种intestinal juice, nasal discharge, tears, sweat, 液体如胆汁、肠液、鼻涕、urine and so on.Just like qi and blood, body fluid 眼泪、汗液、尿液等等。is also one of the eential substances 与气血一样，津液也是构constituting the human body and maintaining its 成人体和维持生命活动的life 必要物质之一。

jin and ye are always mentioned in the same

津与液总是相提breath because of the fact that, for one thing, 并论，因为一方面，它们both of them derive from food and water 都来源于脾胃化生的水谷transported and transformed by the spleen and 精微；另一方面是由于它stomach.and for another, they can transform into 们可以互相转化。但是，each other.But they are actually different in 实际上它们在稀薄、性状、thickne, property, function and distribution.功能和分布上是不同的。By and large, jin is the fluid which is clear and 总的来说，津是一种清、thin and flows easily.It is distributed in the 稀、易于流动的液体。它skin, muscles and orifices, furthermore, it 分布于肌肤官窍，可以进permeates the blood veels to keep them 一步渗透到脉管使其保持moistened.Ye, on the contrary, is thick fluid 湿润。相反，液是一种质with flowing le easily.It is distributed in the 稠、不易流动的液体。它joints, brain, marrow and internal organs to 分布于关节、脑髓和内脏，nourish them.Jin and ye may transform into each 使其得到滋养。津和液可other.These two fluids are hard to be separated 以互相转化。这两种液体completely and, for this reason, they are jointly 很难完全区分，因此，它referred to as \"jinye\" (body fluid) .In case of 们合称“津液”。在津或the impairment of jin or exhaustion of ye, the two 液的枯竭上，两种必须辨must be identified in TDS.证的区分。

The formation, distribution and excretion of

津液的形成、分布body fluid are the complex physiological proce 和排泄是一个由许多脏腑in which they are accomplished by the joint action 组织共同完成的复杂过of many organs.As is pointed out in Basic 程。正如《素问》所指出Questions : \"After food and drink enter the 的：“饮入于胃，游溢精stomach, they are digested and transformed into 气，上输于脾，脾气散精，food eence and then, transmitted upward to the 上归于肺，通调水道，下spleen, which disperses the eence upward to the 输膀胱，水精四布，五经lung and the lung regulates water pathways 并行。”这段描述提示了：downward to the urinary bladder.And by doing so （1）津液由胃中消化吸body fluid is finally dieminated to all parts 收、小肠进行分清别浊、of the body along all the meridians and 脾运化的水谷中形成。（2）collaterals.\" This description suggests that, 1) 津液的分布和排泄由许多body fluid is formed from food and water by 脏腑组织共同完成，如脾digestion and absorption of the stomach, 的运化功能、肺的宣发肃separating the clarity from the turbidity of the 降功能、肾的蒸发沉降功small intestine and tramformation of the spleen; 能。（3）津液以三焦为通2) the distribution and excretion of body fluid 道进行分布和排泄。 are accomplished by the joint action of many zang-fu organ, such as the transforming function of the spleen, the dispersing and descending function of the lung, the steaming and ascending function of the kidney; and 3) body fluid takes triple energizer as its paageway for distribution and excretion. Body fluid bears two physiological functions:

津液有两种生理moistening and nourishing：body fluid distributed

功能：滋润和营养。津液to the body surface moistens and nourishes the

分布于肌表滋养肌肤毛muscles and skin with hairs; body fluid permeated

发；渗透于体窍滋润和保through the body orifices moistens and protects

护眼、鼻、嘴和其它官窍；the eyes, nose，mouth and other openings; body

津液渗透至脉管起到营养fluid infiltrated into the blood veels

和滑利的作用，也是血液nourishes and smooths them and is also the basic

的基本组成成分；津液注component of blood; body fluid poured into the

入内脏使其得到滋养；骨internal organs nourishes and moistens them, and

中的津液对骨髓、脊髓和body fluid in the bone nourishes and moistens the

脑髓起到滋养作用。

bone marrow, spinal cord and brain marrow.

第17篇：英文介绍_英文介绍西安

西安英文简介

Xi\'an, the eternal（永恒的） city, records the great changes of the Chinese nation just like a living history book, Called Chang\'an in ancient times.Xian is one of the birthplaces of the ancient civilization in the Yellow River Basin area of the country.During Xi\'an\'s 3,100 year development, 13 dynasties such as Western Zhou (11th century BC206 BC), Western Han (206 BC907) placed their capitals here.So far, Xi\'an enjoys equal fame with Athens, Cairo, and Rome as one of the four major ancient civilization capitals.Xi\'an is the capital of Shaanxi province, located in the southern part of the Guanzhong Plain.With the Qinling Mountains to the south and the Weihe River to the north, it is in a favorable geographical location surrounded by water and hills.It has a semi-moist monsoon climate and there is a clear distinction between the four seasons.Except the colder winter, any season is relatively suitable for traveling.

The cultural and historical significance of the area, as well as the abundant relics and sites(遗迹),help Xi\'an enjoy the laudatory title(美称) of \'Natural History Museum\'.The Museum of Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses(兵马俑) is praised as \'the eighth major miracle of the world\', Mausoleum (陵墓)of Emperor Qin Shi Huang is listed on the World Heritage List(世界遗产名录) , and the City Wall of the Ming Dynasty (1368Chang\'an District due to the lack of space within the city.

As tourist development grows in Xi\'an, the hotel industry flourishes(茂盛，繁荣) more and more.It is very easy to find a hotel in Xi\'an, ranging from 5 star hotels to youth hostels.Of course, it will be any traveler\'s first choice to stay in the city center due to the superior geographical location and the convenient transportation.

Praised as \'the capital of table delicacies\', Xi\'an has been rich in the delicious Shaanxi snack(小吃), delicate Guangdong Cuisine, various kinds of fashionable foreign delicacies, and popular Sichuan Cuisine such as the hot pot.Among all the delicacies, the most famous and popular one is the Muslim Snack Street.

Xi\'an is the most important city in northwest China, and so there are a lot of shopping outlets for locals and tourists alike.There are many big shopping centers, department stores and supermarkets in and around Xi\'an city - the biggest and most comprehensive being Kai Yuan Shopping Mall and Century Ginwa Shopping Mall.

The night life in Xi\'an has a unique glamour(魅力).Traditional ways include enjoying the night scenery around the Bell Tower, taking part in a Tang Dynasty Dinner Show, strolling on the ancient Big Wild Goose Pagoda Square and watching the music fountain performance.More modern and fashionable ways include singing in the KTV, hanging out in a bar, or dancing in a Disco.All in all, any experience in this ancient city will bring you fun and poibly a little surprise!

第18篇：盐城介绍英文

WELCOME TO MY HOMETOWN ----YANCHENG Yancheng lies in northeasten Jiangsu province and owns the largest area ,which has been rich in advantaged land, sea and wetland resources.We can go here by bus,by train,by car or by plane.Yancheng Do you know the name Yancheng’s origin?

Yancheng,literally \"salt city\"is named after the many sea salt harvest fields around the city.Accroding to historical records,the production of sea salt in the region began as early as 19 BC during the Western Han Dynasty,when the settlement on the current location of Yancheng was named Yandu country.The proce of making salt China SeaSalt Museum Now, let’s enjoy other sightseeing….New Fourth Army Memorial Hall The New Fourth Army was set up in 1937.In order to commemorate the honorable army, New Fourth Army Memorial Hall is built .This “Iron Army monument”, with its touching stories, detailed history of families, magnificent and beautiful environment to become an important tourist attraction in Yancheng and patriotic education bases.Dafeng Milu Nature Reserve Milu The nature reserve is located in Dafeng City, being the world\'s largest wild breeding base for milu.Other herds of animals can also been found in it, including swan, ern and roe.Furthermore, tourist facilities and auxiliary buildings may greatly ease visitors\' stay there.Yancheng Nature Reserve The red-crowned crane This pristine national wetland nature reserve is set up for rare birds, especially the red-crowned crane.Every year, the natural reserve will await the arrival of flocks of rare birds that is a really spectacular scene.wine preserved crab(醉蟹) Drunk screw(醉螺) Funing cake(阜宁大糕) Lotus root starch dumpling(藕粉圆) Thank you!!! Waiting for your coming...

第19篇：司马懿英文介绍

One of my favorite historical figures---Sima Yi ★As you know,Sima yi was a strategist, general, and politician of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms era of China.★He is perhaps best known for defending Cao Wei from Zhuge Liang\'s Northern Expeditions.★ His succe and subsequent rise in prominence paved the way for his grandson Sima Yan\'s foundation of the Jin Dynasty, which would eventually bring an end to the Three Kingdoms era.After the founding of the Jin Dynasty, Sima Yi was posthumously honored as Emperor Xuan of Jin with the temple name of Gaozu.★In the complex environmental of that history,Sima Yi\'s early years tolerance leads to be succeful.★Sima Yi is a highly controversial historical figures.★What can we learn from his deeds? ★CCTV produced a special program .It name is Learn management with Sima Yi.★He introduced many of the advantages from aspects of his work and life.I consider that many affairs gave us a lot inspiration.★So, I selected two affairs inside which I think is very representative .★First,let me show you the first affair___Seize opportunity skillfully.

In 238, Cao Rui was seriously ill, he authorized crucial ministers some important things before dying, However Sima Yi was out of the court, when he received letters, Sima Yi rode with whip and spur to the court, he arived at court in one day, ★finally, he saw the emperor before emperor dying.However, Sima Yi knew that he wasn’t the one of those important ministers at the beginning later.Then how did Sima Yi seize this one great opportunity of his life .In fact, Sima Yi always paid attion to the relations with court , he develop friends which were support him, but the friends standed on the opposite with Cao forces.They constanly gave prise to Sima Yi in front of Cao Rui, and then the emperor felt that Sima Yi was a reliable person, so Sima Yi seized this opportunity .★So what can we learn from this story ?I think you must have good interpersonal skills no matter he is your friend or not..please don’t hesitate to seize the chance.★Let me show you another affair---Change adversity with action

In the late spring and early summer of 247, In order to expand their power, Cao Shuang wanted to weaken Sima Yi\'s power, he dispatched Li Sheng who his trusted to the Sima Yi ‘s house .★He wants to know some informations about Sima Yi.Facing this kind of situation, what should simayi doing? ★Sima Yi pretended to be ill,he acted very true, Li Sheng didn’t know that simayi cheated him.Cao Shuang also felt for it,he quickly cut off the power of Sima Yi.Sima Yi knew that the court intention to snub him.What he can do was pation and waiting for a chance for counter attack.Finally in 249 January, Cao Shuang wanted to sacrifice, he went out of the city with great strength and vigour, Sima Yi was ecstatic.★he convened his loyal soldiers, ★within a day, the army and Capital was under his control.He was suceed..★ So,we can see when sima yi in the face of adversityt,he didn’t choose to retreat,he chosen compromise and patience and wait for a chance for counter attack..That’s all,thank you!

第20篇：台湾英文介绍

The introduction of Tai Wan Overlooked from Fujian Province, Taiwan is neighbored by Japan in the north and Philippines in the south.Unsurprisingly, the island has become a hub for travel between places in Asia and is one of the tourist destinations with the most convenient transportation in the world.Taiwan Located in the subtropical ocean, Taiwan offers tourists comfortable weather and has no winter all the year round.With the pleasant climate, Taiwan can sustain vast biology resources.It is worth to visit Taiwan for its natural sights, such as the high and steep mountains and the dense atmosphere of seashore holidays.The island has another Portuguese name, Formosa, which means \'beautiful island\'.In addition, Taiwan has many wonderful man-made tourist recourses, such as the named Matsu Temple and Taipei National Palace Museum.Taiwan lies like a spindle in the southeast of Asia.It is a rare tropical mountain-island in the world, two thirds of which is covered with high mountain ranges.The most famous of the mountains, Ali Mountain, is the symbol of charming Taiwan.Concurrently home to different groups mainly from the southern Fujian Province, Hakka and the local people, Taiwan also features various colorful human cultures.You will detect the harmonious and prosperous atmosphere in Taiwan\'s religions, architectures, languages and dining.Tourists should take special care not to mi the dainty dishes herehence

the name \"Sun Moon Lake\".

日月潭是台湾的“天池”，湖周35公里，水域9平方公里多，为全省最大的天然湖泊，也是全国少数著名的高山湖泊之一。其地环湖皆山，湖水澄碧，湖中有天然小岛浮现，圆若明珠，形成“青山拥碧水，明潭抱绿珠”的美丽景观。清人曾作霖说它是“山中有水水中山，山自凌空水自闲”；陈书游湖，也说是“但觉水环山以外，居然山在水之中”。300年来，日月潭就凭着这“万山丛中，突现明潭”的奇景而成为宝岛诸胜之冠，驰名于五洲四海。

Inthe middle of the lake (between the \"sun\" and the \"moon\") is an island which has long been a sacred place for the Shao people.This island(Lalu) 珠仔屿或珠子山 is off-limits to visitors.Only the Shao people can go there to worship their ancestors祖先.(There is a ferry that paes by it, departing every hour from 9:00 to 4:00).But the beauty of Sun Moon Lake is not Lalu.The beauty of Sun Moon Lake is found in the surrounding mountains.From the lake, tier upon tier of countle peaks can be seen rising up into the sky.The nearby mountains appear dark with vegetation.The mountains that echo farther and farther away appearle and le distinct until they fade into the sky.日月潭美景如画，春夏秋冬，晨昏晴雨，景色变幻无穷。尤其是秋天夜晚，湖面轻笼着薄雾，明月倒映湖中，景色更为佳丽动人。每年中秋圆月当空时，高山族的青年男女扛着又长又粗的竹竿，带着彩球，来到潭边跳起古老的民间舞蹈。他们重演着征服恶龙的民间故事，把太阳和月亮顶上天，让日月潭永远享有日月的光辉。

阿里山 台湾最负盛名的风景区--阿里山，并非仅指一座山，而是由地跨南投、嘉义二县的大武峦山、尖山、祝山、塔山等18座大山组成。从嘉义乘登山火车4小时可达阿进而山风景区。区内群峰参峙，溪壑纵横，既有悬崖峭壁之奇险，又有幽谷飞瀑之秀丽。最高处海拔2663米，山虽不算高，但以其神木、樱花、云海、日出四大胜景而驰誉全球，故有“不到阿里山，不知台湾的美丽”之说。(来源：绵阳城市信息网)

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