英文论文范文大学生（精选多篇）

发布时间：2022-11-10 12:05:30 来源：其他范文收藏本文下载本文手机版

推荐第1篇：关于大学生创业的论文英文

The Analysis of College Students’ Undertaking Enterprise

Abstract：College students start an undertaking is a kind of new approach and new form to obtain employment.But the low rate of succe is the chief problem which puzzled we college students.Here is the analysis about undertaking acitivities, include the weakne analysis and threat analysis.Aim at those situations, I propose some measures to improve those conditions.At last, give some advices to college students who want to start their enterprises.Key words：colloge student; start an undertaking; weakne; opportunity In recent years,the competition has become more and more fierce in Human Resources Market ,and employment has become the most troubled problem because of the \"Enlarge Action \" among many colleges and universities.Confronted with such preure ,some college students turned to continuing their study ,and some of others attend the Civil Service Exam.But the recruitment quantity of postgraduate and civil servant is limited.In addition, many undergraduates found that they have not more superiority than others who were lower academicians.This situation is likely to continue for a period of time and will not change in a short term.Therefore, more and more students are inclined to do poineering work independently and take it as an important way of obtaining employment.However,it is very dangerous to do pioneering work without intellectual analysis. The Weakne Many related investigations show that the succe rate is very low.It is far below the average level of society.It is also shows that,college students have many disadvantages compareed with general entrepreneurs.

First of all, the lack of psychological preparation lead to this phenomen that many students blindly followed the upsurge.Many choices of entrepreneurship are not based on the good self-localization,but repeated others among the pionnering work upsurge.Finally,they became depreed and frustrated when confronted with a heap of difficulties,and then they gave up.

Secondly, all young college students are followed \"from school to school\" development path,they are ingenuous and lack of social experience.But the competitors that they faced were not the people of the same age, on the contrary, they are veterans in commerce.So, undergraduates are more likely to be deceived and defeated in the relentle competition .For another, the lack of the spirit of bearing hardships and the awarene of work hard and perseveringly had became their disadvantages.At present , the majority of college students are only one child in their family.The good family environment and the spoiled from their parents made most students were empty of rough experience.However, in poineering proce, many succeful people have experienced the \" eat steamed bread, drink cold water\" difficulties before they succe.So it is difficult to attain succe without work hard and perseveringly .The Threat There are many threats among external conditions.One is the competition from the ordinary entrepreneurs.There are two kings ordinary entrepreneurs: one is the lower groups for a living need,such as laid-off workers, unemployed.Another is that entrepreneurs has already in the workplace after a few years, and accumulated much experience of entrepreneurs, so they had strong competitivene than students.

start an undertaking and aume corresponding risk.The third element is the consequences of failure .Many students gave up this idea because they did not know what to do after them failure.Although they could choose to start all over again, when comparing with their clamates, they not only lost years salary, but also had to adapt to the new industry and new job.So many students step back due to the fearing of failure results.The Measures The government should further improve policies, reduce the college students\' anxieties in undertaking , and provide a better external environment for students.Take measures to improve the system of capital protection as far as poible .At the same time, the government should widen the busine propaganda, enhance students\' pioneering consciousne.The school invited the succe to guide the college students start an undertaking, and the enterprise offer excellent students the opportunity to study in enterprises.It is also important to establish a bidirectional credit platform in order to widen the financing channel.The school can be specifically offer busine counseling targeted for students who had the entrepreneurial intention , in order to help them establish poineering project, seize market opportunities, and provide all kinds of counselling and convenience untill they eventually incorporated the company.

Consequently, to improve the succe rate of college students\' entrepreneurship, create entrepreneurial opportunities by the government and the society is very important,but strengthen the students\' intelligence and ability is the chief.

摘要：大学生创业是一种新的方法和新的就业形式。但成功率低的主要问题是困扰我们的大学生。这是关于创业活动的分析，包括缺陷分析和威胁分析。针对这些情况，笔者提出完善这些条件的一些措施。最后，大学生谁想开始自己的企业提供一些建议。关键词：大学生；创业机会；缺陷；

近年来，竞争已成为人力资源市场越来越激烈，就业已成为最困扰的问题因为"；扩大行动"；许多高校。面对这样的压力，一些大学生将继续他们的研究，还有的人参加公务员考试。但研究生和公务员招聘的数量是有限的。此外，许多大学生发现他们比其他人低院士不可比拟的优越性。这种情况可能会持续一段时间时间和在短期内不会改变。因此，越来越多的学生更倾向于自主创业并把它作为就业的重要途径。然而，它没有知识分析创业是很危险的。弱点

很多相关的调查表明，成功率是很低的。它远远低于社会平均水平。这也表明，大学生有很多缺点，在一般的企业家。

首先，心理准备不足导致这种现象，许多学生盲从热潮。创业多选择，并不是基于良好的自我定位，但重复别人的pionnering工作热潮之中。最后，他们变得沮丧和失意的时候，面对一堆困难，然后他们放弃了。

其次，所有年轻的大学生是"；学校"；发展路径，他们是天真的，缺乏社会经验。但是，他们所面对的不同年龄的人的对手，相反，他们是老兵在商务。因此，大学生更容易上当受骗，在无情的竞争中失败。

另一方面，对轴承的艰辛和努力工作的意识和精神的缺乏持之以恒已经成为他们的缺点。目前，大多数大学生在他们的家庭只有一个孩子。良好的家庭环境和父母的溺爱使大多数学生是空的粗糙的经验。然而，在创业的过程中，许多成功的人所经历的"；蒸吃面包，喝下的冰冷的水"；在他们成功的困难。因此很难获得成功没有艰苦奋斗。威胁

中间有许多威胁的外部条件。一是从普通的企业家的竞争。有两种：一是普通企业家为生活需要较低的群体，如下岗职工，失业。另一个原因是，企业家已经在工作几年后，积累了许多经验的企业家，所以他们有很强的竞争力比学生。

二是来自家庭的压力。根据调查。大学生创业的想法之间举行，超过一半的人被家人反对，缺乏经验，他们的家庭被认为是主要的原因。大多数父母希望他们的孩子能找到一份稳定的工作，毕业后得到稳定的薪水，他们不同意他们的孩子选择创业并承担相应的风险。第三元是失败的后果。许多学生放弃了这个想法，因为他们不知道做什么后，他们的失败。虽然他们可以选择重新开始，当他们的同学相比，他们不仅失去了一年的薪金，但也必须适应新的产业和新的工作。那么多学生，退后一步，由于害怕失败的结果。措施

政府应进一步完善政策，降低大学生的焦虑在事业，为学生提供了良好的外部环境。以改善资本保护系统尽可能的措施。同时，政府应加大业务宣传，提高学生的创业意识。学校邀请成功引导大学生创业，和企业提供优良的学生有机会学习在企业。它也建立一个双向的信用平台，拓宽融资渠道的重要。学校可以提供业务咨询专门针对学生哈

推荐第2篇：关于大学生创业的论文英文

The Analysis of College Students’ Undertaking Enterprise Abstract：College students start an undertaking is a kind of new approach andnew form to obtain employment.But the low rate of succe is the chief problemwhich puzzled we college students.Here is the analysis about

undertaking acitivities, include the weakne analysisand threat analysis.Aim at those situations, I propose some measures to improve those conditions.At last, give some advices to college students who want to start their enterprises.Key words：colloge student; start an undertaking; weakne; opportunity In recent years,the competition has become more and more fierce inHuman Resources Market ,and employment has become the most troubled problembecause ofthe \"Enlarge Action \" among many colleges anduniversities.Confrontedwith such preure ,some college students turned to continuing their study ,and some of othersattend the Civil Service Exam.But the recruitment quantity of postgraduate and civil servant is limited.In addition, many undergraduates found that they have not more superiority than others who were lower academicians.This situation is likely to continue for a period of time and will not change in a short term.Therefore, more and more students are inclined to do poineering work independently and take it as an important way of obtaining employment.However,it is very dangerous to do pioneering work without intellectual analysis.

The Weakne

Many related investigations show that the succe rate is very low.It is far below the average level of society.It is also shows that,college students have many disadvantages compareed with general entrepreneurs.

First of all, the lack of psychological preparationlead to this phenomen that many students blindly followed the upsurge.Many choices of entrepreneurship are not based on the good self-localization,but repeated others among the pionnering work upsurge.Finally,they became depreed and frustrated when confronted with a heap of difficulties,and then they gave up.

contrary, they are veterans in commerce.So, undergraduates are more likely to be deceived and defeated in the relentle competition .

For another, the lack ofthe spirit of bearing hardships and the awarene of work hard and perseveringly had became their disadvantages.At present , the majority of college students are only one child in their family.The good family environment and the spoiled from their parents made most students were empty of rough experience.However, in poineering proce, many succeful people have experienced the \" eat steamed bread, drink cold water\" difficulties before they succe.So it is difficult to attain succe withoutwork hard and perseveringly .

The Threat

There are many threats among external conditions.One is the competition from the ordinary entrepreneurs.There are two kings ordinary entrepreneurs: one is the lower groups for a living need,such as laid-off workers, unemployed.Another is that entrepreneurs has already in the workplace after a few years, and accumulated much experience of entrepreneurs, so they had strong competitivene than students.

The second is the preure from the family.According to the survey.Among the college students who hold the idea of entrepreneurial, more than half of them were opposed by their families, lack of experience was themain reasion that considered by their families.Most parents wanted their child could found a stable job, got stable salary after graduation, and they disagreedwith their children\'s choice ofstart an undertaking and aume corresponding risk.The third element is the consequences of failure .Many students gave up this idea because they did not know what to do after them failure.Although they could choose to start all over again, when comparing with their clamates, they not only lost years salary, but also had toadapt to the new industry and new job.So many students step back due to the fearing of failure results.The Measures

The government should further improve policies, reduce the college students\' anxieties in undertaking ,and provide a better external environment for

students.Take measures to improve the system of capital protectionas far as

poible .At the same time, the government should widen thebusine propaganda, enhance students\' pioneering consciousne.

The school invited the succe to guide the college students start an

undertaking, and the enterprise offerexcellent students the opportunity to study in enterprises.It is also important to establish a bidirectional credit platform in order to widen the financing channel.

The school can be specifically offer busine counseling targeted for students who had the entrepreneurial intention ,in order to help them establish poineering project, seize market opportunities, and provide all kinds of

counselling and convenience untill they eventually incorporated the company.Consequently, to improve the succe rate of college students\'

entrepreneurship, create entrepreneurial opportunities by the government and the society is very important,but strengthen the students\' intelligence and ability is the chief.

推荐第3篇：关于大学生创业的论文英文

The Analysis of College Students’ Undertaking Enterprise

大学生创业企业的分析

很多相关的调查表明，成功率是很低的。它远远低于社会平均水平。这也表明，大学生有很多缺点，在一般的企业家。

推荐第4篇：关于大学生创业的论文英文

The Analysis of College Students’ Undertaking Enterprise

推荐第5篇：英文论文

浅谈高中英语写作中语域知识的习得

总论：新课程标准中＂语域＂的概念在中学阶段英语教学中是个新鲜词汇，第一次提到，并且明确列入评分标准之中。语域知识的习得是学生写作能力发展过程中的一大难点，因此，了解其含义及要求，对于我们教师当前如何有效指导学生的写作就显得尤为重要和迫切。比方说：photograph与photo均可指照片、图片，但photograph是newspaper language，属于正式体，一般常见于报刊杂志，而photo则是随便体，使用较为自由，这主要是语域功能的差异造成的。

关键字：高中英语课程标准、语域、中学写作、新要求

一、语域知识的习得是《英语课程标准》的新要求

普通高中《英语课程标准》（人民教育出版社2003年4月第一版，第55页）所附的写作评价标准中明确提到：对学生的作文主要从内容要点、语言使用效果、结构和连贯性、格式和语域以及与目标读者的交流五个方面进行评价。可以采用综合性评价，也可以采用分析性评价。通常采用分档次按等级评分制。其中第五档分类高分标准如下：

第五档（新课程标准）

——很好地完成了试题规定的任务；

——按要求写出了内容要点；

——语言结构和词汇选用恰当、丰富；语言错误极少；

——有效采用不同的连接手段，层次清楚；

——格式和语域恰当；——完全达到与目标读者交流的目的。

附：（原标准对比）第五档（很好）：

——完全完成了试题规定的任务。

——覆盖所有内容要点。

——应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。

——语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。

——有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。

——完全达到了预期的写作目的。

其中最后两项和原来的高考评分标准有着很大的区别，其要求进一步明确：①强调格式和语域恰当；②强调达到与目标读者交流的目的。而这其中＂语域＂的概念在中学阶段英语教学中是个新鲜词汇，第一次提到，并且明确列入评分标准之中。因此，了解其含义及要求，对于我们教师当前如何有效指导学生的写作就显得尤为重要和迫切。那么，什么是语域呢？

二、语域的涵义

语域（register）：［ (linguistics)range of vocabulary, grammar etc used by writers

in profeional contexts.］是指根据语言使用的社会情景定义的一种具有某种具

体用途的语言变体，如科技语体、艺术语体、政论语体、公文语体等等。简言之，

指在专业领域中作者所使用的词汇，可以理解为与题目相关领域的vocabulary。＂

各语域的词汇具有明确的语域功能＂（王珏,1999）。比方说：photograph与photo

均可指照片、图片，但photograph是newspaperlanguage，属于正式体，一般

常见于报刊杂志，而photo则是随便体，使用较为自由，这主要是语域功能的差

异造成的。一般情况，法律、科技、报道，讲演词，政论文等都比较正式，而小

说中文体、语域最复杂，要视情况而定，不可一概而论。

三、语域的区别

语法正确的句子并不一定是好的句子，这其中牵涉到语域的因素。口头交际

时，当然不要使用正式语体；同样，书面交流时，千万避免随意语体。国内（20

世纪80年代中后期交际教学法）教学改革前指摘学生的英语口语过于书面化；

教学改革后的情况又如何呢？批改学生的作文时，教师都有一种感觉：学生的作

文大多用词简单、结构松散，从语体角度分析，正式程度都较低，呈口语化的倾

向（蔡基刚2001：302）。

但是，目前中学英语写作教学的写作培训时间很少，有限的时间又多放在应

试讲评上，缺乏对语域等全局层次的特征传授。学术英语（English for Academic

Purposes,EAP）研究专家Hyland博士曾指出，学生的绝大多数语篇语域知识是

通过在写作中表达自己的思想获得的(1998: 243)。什么是冷漠体，正式体，商量

体，随便体，亲密体，正式体，半正式体，公共体，半非正式体，非正式体等只

有在语篇环境或讲话者的口吻中才能体会出来。不同的语域语言变体彼此是有区

别的，如果用几个简单的例子来说明一下就会看得很清楚。如＂汤姆病了，今天

没去上学＂，如果说Tom didn\'t go to school, because he was ill.这就是一句公共语，

而如果说Tom was ill,so he didn\'t go to school.这就是口语体，即非正式语体，如

果说：Being ill ,Tom didn\'t go to school或Tom didn\'t go to school because of illne.

都是正式语体(当然这句话的内容用这种句式表达并不合适)。从中我们可以看到

用原因从句的表达方式是比较正常的，用so连接的句子显得不怎么正式，用抽

象名词和分词短语的形式都显得十分正式。

另外有些表示相同意思的不同表示形式也有语域方面的区别。如according to

和in accordance with,前者为公共语，而后者为正式用语，It is important 和It is of

importance相比，也是前者为公共语，而后者为正式体。甚至连冠词的用法都可

以表示这种区别，The horse is a useful animal; A horse is a useful animal; Horses are

useful animals。第一种用定冠词加单数名词表示类属的是正式用法，而用不定冠

词加单数名词表示类属的则为公共语，最后一种，复数泛指的类属表示法则为非

正式语体。

所以，我们在学生英语写作之初时，引导他们弄清所写文章的语域情况是十

分重要的，因为这将决定我们在写作时如何选词组句，可谓＂看菜吃饭，量体裁

衣＂。例如：我们在写一篇游记时要用到下面一个句子：＂一小时后，我们终于

登上高达海拔1296公尺的衡山之巅祝融峰。＂可译为：After an hour of climbing,

we finally found ourselves at zhurong Peak, the very apex of Mt, Hengshan, towering

1,296m above the sea level.我们可以从after……climbing这种动名词用法看出比

较正式，它不是用短句表示(After we had climbed for an hour)，如用短句则显得更

为常见的公共语体，另外，apex，顶峰，巅峰，与之同义的词还有summit, top

等词，但apex更为典雅，正式程度高于summit，更高于top.

再有towering这一分词的使用，也说明其正式性，不是用短句(it towers

1,296m above sea level)。那么，我们在翻译这句时则用了比较正式的语言。但如

果我们是在记录人们交谈中听到下面这样一些简短而连续句子：＂我们爬了一个

钟头，终于到了祝融峰的山顶，它是衡山的最高峰，有1296公尺＂则译为这样

较合适：After we had climbed for an hour，we finally found ourselves at zhurongPeak.This is the very top of Mt, Hengshan and it towers 1,296 meters above sea level.

这就是语域决定作用的初步体验。

四、语域使用应遵循的要求

在语言是否达到与目标读者交流的目的的制约下，写作中语域的使用应遵循

以下要求：

（一）合乎规范

事物、现象之间的相似性、相关性和相通性是词语跨域使用产生的基础，事

物和现象之间的这些关系使人们可以通过比喻、借代、引申的手法进行表达。

如：＂bug＂一词译成汉语＂臭虫＂。其电脑术语义指＂系统、设备或程序中的

一种错误或故障＂。＂臭虫＂获其殊荣完全是因为搔扰电脑科研人员晚上工作，

遭人痛恨而得。这就要求人们在选择词语时，注意使用词语中最具普遍性的意义。

要多模仿原汁原味的精美句型、短文，使用比喻、借代、典故等不能生搬硬套，

必须理解其文化背景，适应交际的需要，符合词语规范化的原则，才能避免

chinglish的。

即coherence（ being (of ideas, thoughts, speech, reasoning, etc) connected

logically or consistently; easy to understand; clear.）连贯性，一致性。可以理解为

观念、思想、言论、推理等表达准确、合乎逻辑；前后一致；让人易懂。这就要

求写作时明确试题规定的任务，准确贴切地选择词语有效地表达事物的概念和人的思想情感。如不能准确地理解词语的词义就去跨域使用，必将会出现词不达义、张冠李戴的现象，达不到指称事物和目标读者交际的目的。如要表达的是演讲稿、发言稿，则语言必须符合口语习惯，随意体较为受欢迎，如果过多地采用正式体则显得教条、呆板，缺乏应有的生机活力，语言也就没有感染力。如：为了帮助学生认识到因果关系表达的丰富性及其文体差别，减少过分依赖死记硬背常用范式的熟悉度，我们从原因表达用词because等其它因果标记（诸如as，since与for，以及复合介词类（because of/as a result of等）、名词类（cause/reason等）、介词（with/through/by等）、动词类（cause/result in/contribute to等）的语料的掌握上，应该提供给学生足够的语境练习以强化域语知识的掌握。

例如：I am not able to watch TV, because I live in school.（逗号显示非正式的特征）→I cannot watch TV because my dorm has no TV set.用since, for表共享原因可能更好，因为本句重点说明我无法看到电视，进而为以后阐释自己对外界知识了解不多提供立论基础；但作者提供的原因并不直接，他所认为的共享知识-＂学校宿舍没有电视＂并非一定共享。另外，be able to 指\'能力\'，实际上作者想表达\'不可能\'-cannot。

（三）避免滥用

即cohesion（ tendency to stick together.）凝聚力。凝聚力，可以理解为围绕一个中心展开讨论，思路清晰，支持有力，不写与题目无关的东西。为追求新奇、标新立异或故作高深，有人不顾是否达到与目标读者交流的目的，把词语跨域使用作为一种新颖、超常的言语方式大加运用，必将适得其反。中国学生易受发展性因素和汉语负迁移的影响，过分依赖于汉语运用的感觉且表现出明显的口语化现象，偏离了原汁原味英语语篇运用的常规。因此，作为学生在英语学习过程中，要多分析语言现象，注意词汇句型的语域功能，多积累，多感知，多体会，方能为写出好文章打下坚实的基础。

总之，只有充分理解语域的内涵及其功能特点，才能把握好高中英语课程标准对中学写作的新要求，才能写出内容充实、要点全面、语言丰富、文字优美、行文连贯、过渡自然、表达地道、语域恰当的好文章，才能完全达到与目标读者交流的目的，也才能很好地完成试题规定的任务，取得理想的高分。

参考书目：

1.普通高中《英语课程标准》（人民教育出版社2003年4月第一版）

2.2003年高考英语试卷及答案(天津卷)扫描版评分标准（人民网）

3.《英语翻译课程学习方法》凡夫著

4.《对于雅思考试写作评分标准的解析》赖劲松著

推荐第6篇：大学生论文之中英文格式要求（版）

中文题目

（注：应准确简洁地反映稿件的主要内容和特色。不要使用缩略语，也不要出现诸如“„„的研究”或“„„的探索”等模糊字样）

全部作者姓名

（注：姓名间用逗号隔开，并在通讯联系人的姓名右上方标注“*”号，如：作者一，作者二作者三1，*11,2，）

(1.第一单位中文标准全称，省名市名邮编；

2.第二单位中文标准全称，省名市名邮编)

摘要:（1）摘要应为独立的小短文，以第三人称撰写。（2）摘要中需展示出所报道工作的创新和重要之处，主要从实验目的（通常包括研究背景、研究或实验目的、研究或实验范围）、方法（介绍研究或实验过程、说明所用方法）、结果（列出主要论点和重要数据）和最终结论（研究或实验结果的理论价值或应用价值）四个方面描述，四要素缺一不可，但不要直接标注“目的”“方法”等字样；特别要强调的是摘要内容均应包含在正文中。（3）在摘要中不用非公知公用的符号和术语；不用引文，除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文；缩略语、略称、代号在首次出现时必须加以说明；不用图、表、化学结构。（4）中文摘要需250～300字。

关键词:关键词1；关键词2；关键词3；关键词4 (3～8个,不使用缩略语)

Title in English

(注：与中文题名含义一致；除了专有名词及句首词外的其他单词均为小写)

Author11, Author21，2, Author31 , Corresponding author1，2,* （注：姓全大写，名首字母大写）

(1.第一单位英文标准全称, 市名邮编, China; 2.第二单位英文标准全称, 市名邮编, China) Abstract: (1) 英文摘要应符合英文语法，提倡用短句表述。(2) 本刊现已被美国《化学文摘》(CA)、美国《医学索引》(IM)、美国《剑桥科学文摘》(CSA)、英国《分析化学文摘》(AA)等检索系统收录，为了方便国际交流和扩大国际影响,增大文章被国际同行引用的机会，作者需撰写内容详细的英文摘要（包括较为详细的实验方法），不必与中文摘要一一对应，一般需200～300个单词。 Key words:key word 1; key word 2; key word 3; key word 4 (中、英文关键词一一对应，英文关键词全部用小写，缩写形式（大写）需写在括号内)

第一作者简介：姓名，学历，职称.联系方式（电话，电子信箱）.*通讯联系人：姓名，学历,职称，主要研究方向.联系方式（电话，电子信箱）.

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(No.xxxxxxxx).

正文需以1.5倍行距、宋体(英文用Times New Roman)、小四号字、A4纸、页边距设定为2 cm排版，以利于审稿人阅读，稿件还应标注页码以利于编辑和修改。正文各部分都应简洁明了。层次标题一律用阿拉伯数字连续编号；不同层次的数字之间用小圆点相隔，末位数字不加标点符号。如“1”，“1.1”，“1.1.1”等。

前言部分（不标序号）应以简洁的语言介绍研究工作的目的和意义（说明为什么要进行这项研究或实验）、研究背景（介绍国内外相关领域内前人及本文作者所做的工作，特别是近2–3年的最新进展，需引出有代表性的参考文献，并请注意不要忽视国内同行的工作：请检索发表在本刊及国内其他期刊上的相关文献）、本项工作的创新之处（拟解决的问题及采用的方法和手段）。撰写注意事项如下： (1) 前言的篇幅不宜过长或过短，长度可参考色谱已发表文章；(2) 前言中不应描述实验结果；(3) 当提到文献的作者时，只需写出第一作者的姓氏，多于一位作者时后加“等”，文献编号紧接其后，如“Nair等[3]”。 1实验部分（若为理论性文章，首先应为原理）

1.1 仪器、试剂与材料（视具体内容的多少确定是否还要分出三级标题）

主要仪器及设备应给出型号、名称及制造商、国别，主要试剂或药品应给出来源及纯度等参数，实验材料应给出来源或制备方法。其中涉及的中英文单词的大小写格式应尽量保持一致。实验室常用小型仪器不必列出。

1.2 实验步骤（视具体内容的多少确定是否还要分出三级标题1.2.1）

此部分不一定非得使用“实验步骤”的字样，但具体内容要按照实验的先后顺序分清层次，并加上适当的小标题。不要罗列全部实验过程，只需叙述实验最终确定的主要和关键部分的具体操作步骤，以能够使他人重复实验为准。 1.3 实验条件

给出实验最终确定的实验条件，以能够使他人重复实验为准。

2 结果与讨论

这一部分是全文的重点。其中：

结果是稿件中最重要的部分。数据是表现结果的重要方式，必要时可用照片、图和表格表示；文字用来描述图表中的数据，对研究结果进行必要的说明、解释，与他人结果进行比较，阐明本项工作的意义或局限性，突出本研究的新发现及经过证实的新观点、新见解。

讨论重点在于探讨所得到的结果与研究目的的关系、是否符合原来的期望、与他人结果的异同比较和分析、结果的意义（推论）。有些实验结果在某些方面出现异常，无法解释，

虽不影响主要论点，但要说明，供其他研究者参考。也可在这一部分提出本研究存在的难以解决或尚需进一步探索的问题。不能简单地将实验数据或观察事实堆积到稿件中。

图表要具有自明性（即图表中的各项资料应清楚完整，以便读者在不读正文的情况下也能理解图表中所表述的内容）。图表题均要求能准确、清楚地描述表中内容或图示的含义；对于图表中的符号、缩写以及图表题中不能涵盖的必要信息，应在图表注中加以注释。图表题均要求以中英文对照的形式撰写，表格栏头及图注、表注内容均用英文撰写（作者需提供中文对照内容,以备编审者参考）。表格中若涉及农药名称，需在英文名称后用括号形式对应给出中文名称。图注需包含实验条件、图示中数据或符号的意义等内容。图表应排在正文中出现的位置。

2.1实验条件考察等标题 2.1.1条件1 2.1.2条件

22.2方法学考察等标题 2.2.12.2.2

2.3 其他研究内容

图表示例

图1中文图题 (要求不结合正文也能看懂图题，即具有自明性)

Figure 1Figure title in English(要求不结合正文也能看懂图题，即具有自明性)

a.Name 1; b.name 2; c.name 3 (图注).Peak identifications: 1.„„ ; 2.„„.

表1中文表题 (要求不结合正文也能看懂表题，即具有自明性)

Table 1Table title in English (要求不结合正文也能看懂表题，即具有自明性)

Compound Compound

1Compound 2

Background/(g/L)

4.0 4.0 4.0 50 50 50

Added/(g/L)

3.2 4.0 4.8 40 50 60

Found/(g/L)

7.0 7.9 8.7 88 97 106

Recovery*/%

RSD/%

* Recovery=(Found-Background)/Added  100%。 (表注需为英文)

3结论（必有的内容）

除非是为了特殊的强调，一般不要重复在结果部分已经有的结论。在这一部分应增加新

的、更高层次的分析，如研究成果可能的应用前景、与前人工作的异同、未能解决的问题以及建议需要进一步研究的方向

致谢（若需要，可加此项内容）

感谢××单位××教授在××工作中的帮助与指导等。

参考文献：

参考文献在稿件中的作用主要有：1）注明前人的相关工作或观点，说明研究背景和依据；2）避免作者论述已有的方法、结果和结论。因此，凡论及他人工作和观点时均应引出文献，所引用文献的主题必须与稿件密切相关，未公开发表的文献资料请勿引用。每篇稿件引用文献应在12篇以上，其中应有50%的文献是国内外近5年发表的论文。本刊采用顺序编码制，执行GB/T 7714-2005。中文文献应给出对应各项的英文信息。书写格式和示例 ( ［］中的内容可根据实际情况确定是否需要著录)如下：

期刊：前三位作者(姓前名后，中间用逗号隔开；多于三人，后加“等”或“ea al”).期刊名（中文期刊的英文名称用全称，每个实词的首字母要大写；英文期刊名称用缩写，每个缩写词的首字母要大写）, 年, 卷(期): 起始页

1 Marchionna M, Basini L, Aragon A, et al.J Mol Catal, 1992, 75(2): 147 2 Li Y, Gao J T, Zhang Z L, Liu H W，et al.Chinese Journal of Chromatography (李奕，高军涛，张志玲，等.色谱), 2000, 18(6): 491

专著：编著者.专著名.版次(初版不写).译者.出版地: 出版者，出版年.页次(此项可不加) 1 Selwood P W.Chemisorption and magnetization.2nd ed.New York: Academic Pre, 1975

2 Pharmacopoeia Commiion of People’s Republic of China.Pharmacopoeia of People’s Republic of China, Part1.Beijing: Chemical Industry Pre (国家药典委员会．中华人民共和国药典，一部．北京：化学工业出版社)，2000: 65

3 Da S L.Introduction to chromatography.2nd ed.Wuhan: Wuhan University Pre (达世禄.色谱学导论.2版.武汉: 武汉大学出版社), 1999

4 Calnek B W.Diseases of poultry.11th ed.Gao F, transl.Beijing: China Agricultural Pre (Calnek B W.禽病学.10版.高福, 译.北京: 中国农业出版社), 1999: 1094

会议论文：只要在专著的著录格式前加“作者.//”即可

1 Inui T, Yamase O, Fukuda K.In: Jansen J C, et al.Proceedings of the 8th international congre on catalysis, Vol Ⅲ.Berlin: Verlag Chemie, 1984: 569

2 Yao K W, Fan Y N, Kuang W X, et al.In: Zhang H B, et al.Advances in catalysis research: proceedings of 8th chinese national conference on catalysis.Xiamen: Xiamen University Pre（姚凯文, 范以宁, 匡文兴, 等.见：张鸿斌等.催化研究进展第八届全国催化会议论文集.厦门: 厦门大学出版社）, 1996: 383

专利：专利申请者或所有者.专利国别, 专利号.公告日期或公开日期

1 Wang H, Dai Z P, Wang L, et al.China Patent (王辉, 戴忠鹏, 王利, 等.中国专利), 200310119466.5.2003-06-29

学位论文: 作者.［学位论文］.出版地: 出版者，出版年: 页码

1 Zhuang Y.［MS Diertation］.Bruels: Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995

2 Zhao D H.［PhD Diertation］.Tianjin: Nankai University（赵德华.［博士学位论文］.天津: 南开大学）,1994

电子文献: 主要责任者.题名.(更新或修改日期) ［引用日期］.获取和访问路径

1 Ministry of Agriculture.No.235 Bulletin of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (农业部.中华人民共和国农业部公告第235号).(2002-12-24) ［2008-06-29］.http://yz.hz-agri.gov.cn/uploadFiles/2005-10/1130221564406.doc

2 FAPAS® Proficiency Test 02115: Quinolones and fluoroquinolones in honey.［2008-05-20］.http:///prog.cfm?newlang=zh

推荐第7篇：英文论文写作技巧

1.摘要

第二种是学术会议论文摘要。会议论文摘要往往在会议召开之前几个月撰写，目的是交给会议论文评审委员会评阅，从而决定是否能够录用。所以，比第一种略为详细，长度在200—300字之间。会议论文摘要的开头有必要简单介绍一下研究课题的意义、目的、宗旨等。如果在写摘要时，研究工作尚未完成，全部研究结果还未得到，那么，应在方法、目的、宗旨、假设等方面多花笔墨。

以上四种摘要具有许多共性。无论哪种摘要，内容一般都包括：

(1)目的(objectives，purposes)：包括研究背景、范围、内容、要解决的问题及解决这一问题的重要性和意义。

(2)方法(methods and materials)：包括材料、手段和过程。

(3)结果与简短讨论(results and discuions)：包括数据与分析。

(4)结论(conclusions)：主要结论，研究的价值和意义等。

无论哪种摘要，语言特点和文体风格也都相同。首先必须符合格式规范。第二，语言必须规范通顺，准确得体，用词要确切、恰如其分，而且要避免非通用的符号、缩略语、生偏词。另外，摘要的语气要客观，不要作出言过其实的结论。

一般来说，摘要必须包括研究目的，研究方法，研究结果，主要结论等内容。也就是说，摘要必须回答“研究什么”、“怎么研究”、“得到了什么结果”、“结果说明了什么”等问题。

 引言(Introduction)

引言的写作技巧

学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。本章首先介绍这些规律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。

8.1 引言的内容与结构布局

引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：

介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;

对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；

指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；

说明自己研究课题的目的；

概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。

如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。

我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排(如图8.1所示)。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。

推荐第8篇：英文论文演讲稿

篇1：英语论文展示演讲稿

1、hello everyone！ today i will introduce you a paper, which is called “effects of corporate governance on capital structure: empirical evidence from pakistan “

2、i will use the following four parts to introduce

3、i got this paper from the emerald reprints the world’s leading publisher of management research and the type of the paper is research paper 纳迪姆阿麦的sheke

4、then we can have a simple knowledge of the two authors:nadeem ahmed sheikh and 王宗军 one is a doctoral degree candidate in the school of management, hua zhong university of science and technology, wuhan .the other is a profeor in this college 5.about the paper’s outline firstly the aim of this empirical study is to investigate whether corporate governance attributes affect capital structure choices of pakistani firms then the design of the paper is multiple regreion analysis

6、in order to have a good knowledge of the paper we can from the following three aspects to the attributes of the corporate governance are background also includes ：measures of corporate governance and their relation to capital structure

8、research design firstly 1.research methodology：it includes three aspects: data variables and methodology date: this study investigates the significant corporate governance attributes that may affect the capital structure of non-financial firms listed on the karachi stock exchange pakistan during 2004-2008.and the final sample set consists of 775 observations for 155 firms over a period of five years.this study employed panel data methodology(面板数据方式) because sample contained data acro firms and over time

9、this table is the definition of variables.it includes three parts: 10.dependent variables consist of total debt ratio and long-term debt ratio.this is a basic formula.

12、this table is the yearly mean value of shareholding pattern

13、here are some of regreion analysis tables, through the multiple regreion analysis the paper gives the conclusions

14、the results is as follows: capital structure is positively related to board size、outside directors and ownership concentration.that is to say: a large board serve as a means to obtain support from external environment; boards with more independent directors can take on more debt on favorable terms due to effective monitoring ; block holders have more ability than dispersed shareholders to force management to take those actions that maximize the shareholder wealth.

15、on the other hand, capital structure is negative related to managerial ownership、director remuneration、profitability and liquidity.

16、in the end, i have a summary: the results of the paper indicate that corporate governance attributes, in part, explicate the financing behavior of pakistani firms and, the empirical results of this study provide support to corporate managers in establishing an optimal capital structure, and to regulatory authorities for enacting laws and developing institutional support to make corporate governance mechanisms work more effectively in the country.

17、thats all, thank you for listen to me, if you are interested in this paper you can have a study after cla thank you !篇2：英语论文演讲稿

my paper is revenge tragedy in english renaiance——about 《hamlet》 ppt1:....ppt2:....ppt3:....ppt4:next, let`s analyse the relationship between the characters in the drama.this is a relationship diagram.hamlet ,the prince of denmark and also the protagonist(主角、主要人物、领导者）was about thirty years old at the start of the play.hamlet is the son of queen gertrude and the late king hamlet, and the nephew of the present king, claudius.hamlet is melancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his uncle’s scheming and disgust for his mother’s sexuality.a reflective and thoughtful young man who has studied at the university of wittenberg, hamlet is often indecisive and hesitant, but at other times prone to rash and impulsive acts.哈姆雷特 prince hamlet —— 丹麦王子。为父王的鬼魂所困扰，要对杀父凶手复仇。经历了痛苦的挣扎之后他达成了目的，整个王宫也陷入了死亡的恐怖之中。他最后也中了致命的毒剑死去。

claudius, as the king of denmark, hamlet’s uncle and the villain（反派角色） of the play, was a calculating, ambitious politician,and was driven by his sexual appetites and his lust for power, but he occasionally showed signs of guilt and human feeling—his love for gertrude, for instance, seems sincere.克劳迪斯 claudius —— 丹麦现任国王。他是哈姆雷特的叔父，在哥哥死后继任了王位。老国王的鬼魂告诉哈姆雷特，他正是谋杀自己的凶手。他罪有应得，最后死在侄子复仇的毒剑下。

鬼魂 king hamlet (ghost) —— 哈姆雷特的父亲死后化成的鬼魂。他被弟弟毒死时，哈姆雷特正在国外。

ophelia - polonius’s daughter, a beautiful young woman with whom hamlet has been in love.ophelia is a sweet and innocent young girl, who obeys her father and her brother, laertes.dependent on men to tell her how to behave, she gives in to polonius’s schemes（诡计） to spy（侦察） on hamlet.even in her lapse into（陷入） madne and death, she remains maiden, singing songs about flowers and finally drowning in the river。

欧菲莉 ophelia—— 波洛涅斯的女儿。她与哈姆雷特双双陷入爱河，但种种阻力警告王子，政治地位使他们无望结合。作为哈姆雷特疯狂复仇计划的一部分，她被他无情抛弃，加上父亲的死让她陷入精神错乱，最终失足落水溺毙。

ppt6: then let`s look at the character analysis of hamlet.hamlet pretended to be mad in order to revenge.he also use his intelligence to approve his uncle`s guilt.when hamlet confirmed that claudius was guilt, he decided to revenge without fear.then he also use stratagem to make himself avoid being killed.all of these approved that he was brave and smart.ppt7: he pursued ophelia and finally gave up because of the revenge.before he was fight with laertes, he said sorry to him.this indicates he was guilt and sorry for laertes because it was he that made laertes lose his father.these approved that he was a kind and sincere man.ppt8:.....ppt9: when we read the play, we can also easily feel the dilemma.just like the words “to be or not to be-that is the question” ppt10:.....ppt11:......篇3：如何写好英文演讲稿

淘宝专业编制 id:文章团购网

如何写好英文演讲稿

从很多方面来说，写演讲稿就像写论文，但演讲稿却没有像论文那般特别注重单词的拼写与标点的错误。写演讲稿的时候，不要用一些发音不顺畅或是你不明白意思的单词，因为会导致你的演讲不够流畅。 instructions 说明

1.ae how much time your speech should take.if you dont have a time limit, try to keep your speech brief yet informative.估算自己演讲所需的时间。如果没有演讲上的时间限制，就尽量让你的演讲篇幅简短且内容丰富。

2.think about your audience and let your perception of the audience shape the tone of your speech as you write it.站在听众的角度多想想，当你撰写演讲稿时，你要让观众也能在演讲稿中切身体会你的演讲魅力。

3.begin with an introduction that establishes who you are, what your purpose is, what youll be talking about and how long youre going to take.you may want to include a joke, anecdote or interesting fact to grab the audiences attention.先介绍自己，以表述演讲目的、演讲主题和演讲时长作为开端。在这段话中，你要说一个笑话、奇闻奇事或趣事来直接引起听众的注意。

4.organize your information into three to seven main points and prioritize them according to importance and effectivene.用3-7条大纲组织演讲内容信息，并根据重要性和有效性分清要点主次。

5.delete points that arent crucial to your speech if you have too many for your time frame.假如时间不允许，你可以删减一些演讲中不重要的点。

6.start with your most important point, then go to your least important point and move slowly back toward the most important.for example, if you have five points with no.5 being the most important and no.1 being the least important, your presentation order would be 淘宝专业编制 id:文章团购网

5-1-2-3-4.从最重要的一点开始你的演讲，之后到次重要点，然后再慢慢回到最重要点上。例如，你的演讲稿中有5点要讲，第5点是其中的重中之重，而第1点是次重要点，你的演讲顺序应为：51234。 7.add support to each point using statistics, facts, examples, anecdotes, quotations or other supporting material.借助图表、事实、例子、奇闻轶事、引文与其它材料作为演讲点的支撑部分。

8.link your introduction, points and conclusions together with smooth transitions.引言、演讲要点和结论连贯顺承地串在一起。

9.write a conclusion that summarizes each of your points, restates your main purpose and leaves the audience with a lasting impreion.用结论总结所有演讲点，重申主题，让观众留下最后的深刻印象。

推荐第9篇：英文论文呼啸山庄

编号

学院

2012届毕业论文

题目

Love and Hatred----Analysis on the Theme in Wuthering Heights 学生姓名学号系部专业班级指导教师

外语系商务英语商务英语【二】【】【讲师】

二零一二年四月

Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Profeor **** , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance.She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to expre my heartfelt gratitude to Profeor***, who led me into the world of translation.I am also greatly indebted to the profeors and teachers at the Department of English: Profeor**** , Profeor*** who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.

Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years.I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow clamates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis

Abstract: \" Wuthering Heights\" this novel came out and did not get the attention of the public, but later because of its portrayal of a prolonged forgotten characters, Catherine and Heathcliff and the two people destined to lost love anemae core description, is this novel into English literature is one of the most respected and popular love story.In\" Wuthering Heights\", Emily has managed to create a story of love and hate.We moved to Catherine and Heathcliff \'s paion, shocked at Heathcliff \'s cruel revenge.Hatred with love, love incite hatred, finally, love defeated hatred and rebirth.

Key words: \" Wuthering Heights\" literature love hate

Contents

1.Introduction 2.Heathcliff’s characteristic duality 2.1.Heathcliff’s natural kindne and love 2.2.Heathcliff’s cruelty, selfish and hatred 3 Heathcliff’s love and hatred

3.1.Love between Catherine and Heathcliff 3.2 The hate of Heathcliff 3.21.His revenge to the first generation 3.22.His revenge to the second generation 3.23.The results of his revenge 4.Conclusion

1.Introduction The novelist of Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte, lived in the thirties of the nineteenth century when the struggle between the workers and capitalists became the fundamental contradiction in English social life.The great misery of the workers led to an upsurge of labor movements and the organization of the workers into unions.The crying social contradictions were reflected in literary works of the time and a new literary trend-critical realism appeared.The critical realists not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling claes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.Emily was the fifth child of a poor clergy man, and the whole family lived on the wild moors of the North of England.The Bronte children kept very much to themselves and had to depend entirely on their own resources.They loved walking on the moors, and Emily in particular developed a paionate love of the rough moorland scenery; at home, they read whatever they could lay their hands on and lived more and more in the world of imagination.Emily had a poetic imagination which was a spirit more somber than sunny, more powerful than sportive.According to her sister Charlotte Bronte, “Emily was clever, benevolent, but very stubborn.Stronger than a man, simpler than a child, her nature stood alone.”

Wuthering Heights was the only novel of Emily Bronte, but it had an unchangeable place in the literary world.The very story began when Hethcliff, a homele orphan, was brought up by Mr.Earnshaw, the owner of Wuthering Heights.Soon the boy and the owner’s daughter, Catherine, became inseparable fiends and had wild paion wtth each other.But after the old owner’s death, his son, Hindley abused Hetheliff and treated him as a servant.Catherine continued her close relationship with him, which released him from his suffer a little.However, after meeting Edgar Linton, a young gentleman form Thrushero Grange, Catherine felt it would be a degrading for her to marry Hethcliff though

She loved him dearly.Overhearing this confeion, Hethcliff disappeared in a rage of shame and despair, and was not heard for many years.Heart-broken for the lo of her beloved, Catherine fell badly ill and later married Edgar.Just shortly after their marriage, Hethcliff returned with surprisingly good manners and wealth, and set about seeking revenge on all who had wronged him.He deviously lent money to the drunken Hindley in order to increase his debts and finally got Wutherin Heights.He married Isabella, Edgar’s sister, and treated her as a tool to enrage Edgar and inherit Thrushcro Grange.Catherine, torn between her lover and husband, became very ill and died in childbirth.Unbearable without Catherine, Hethcliff grew even crueler to his enemies.He raised Hindley’s son, Hareton, as a common labor without education.He then forced Edgar and

Catherine’s daughter, young Catherine, to marry his sickly son, young Linton.

Though cruelly revenged himself on the tow families, Hethcliff got no happine at all but grew more miserable in the memory fot Catherine.At last, he died of starvation and went with Catherine’s soul together on the moors.The novel Wuthering Heights are full of love and hatred which are both conflicted and combined.The impreive, relentle and vigorous love arouses implacable emotions in depth of the reader’s heart with its ultimate paion, infatuation and great miseries.The hatred form the deepest bottom of the heart, which has bought so many pains, shocks the reader’s brain.In the following paage we will learn the story together through analyzing the different kinds of love, the hatred caused by love and the rebirth of love defeats hatred.2.Heathcliff’s characteristic duality 2.1.Heathcliff’s natural kindne and love

Heathcliff was like a blank paper when he was firstly brought to Wuthering Heights, He was pure and only had his natural ideology.When he was in a new place,

he felt strange and kept silent.Gradually, there was something appeared in this blank paper.Influenced by kindhearted Mr.Earnshaw, his natural kindne was stimulated.When Mr.Earnshaw died, Heathcliff was desperately grieved and set up a heart-breaking cry.From that we can see his natural kindne.Heathcliff also had strong love in his heart.It’s a kind of natural and pure love.He loved Catherine more than himself.His love to Catherine was faithful and long-lasting.When Catherine was engaged with Edgar Linton, he left Wuthering Heights.He had never left Wuthering Heights before for any reason, even when Hindley treated him very badly.When he returned Wuthering Heights with money and power, he still loved Catherine.His happine could only be gained from Catherine’s love.He took revenge on people who had mistreated him and got what he wanted, but he didn’t feel happy, because he mied Catherine.At last, he committed

suicide with a dream to meet Catherine.It’s obvious that his love for Catherine was very strong.2.2.Heathcliff’s cruelty, selfish and hatred

Heathcliff loved Catherine so much that he should have tried his best to make his beloved Catherine happy.However, his vengeful machinations drove him cruel and made his heart full of hatred.He changed his strong but frustrated love to cruelty.When he became a powerful, fierce and cruel man, he acquired a fortune and used his extraordinary powers of will to acquire both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcro Grange, the estate of Edgar Linton.He killed Hindley and also took revenge on Catherine, Hareton, Cathy and Linton.He loved Catherine so much, but he didn’t think for her, instead he made her heartbroken.So he is also very selfish.He abused Isabella who was the sister-in-law of Catherine just to win Thrushcro Grange.So Heathcliff himself was a contradiction.He had natural kindne, but he became very cruel when he returned Wuthering Heights and started taking revenge on others; He had strong love in heart, and he loved Catherine more than himself, but he didn’t think for Catherine’s life, and made Catherine heartbroken.His heart was full

of hatred, so he took revenge on people whom he hated.3 Heathcliff’s love and hatred

3.1.Love between Catherine and Heathcliff We see the intense and unbreakable love between Catherine and Heathcliff.Their love was based on their shared perception that they were identical, and it denied difference or change over time.When they were children, they shared a lot of common and had wild paion for each other.Both of them were wild, high-spirited and always spend a whole day playing games on the moors together.They also

enjoyed fighting against conventions and religious beliefs in spite of being punished severely.They were proud and arrogant by teasing Edgar and Isabella, the two spoiled and coward children of Thrushcro Grange.They got on very well and enjoy the happinest of life during their early childhood.At that moment, their paion was the putest children’s love.After Mr.Earnshaw’s death Heathcliff was abused cruelly and treated by Hindley as a servant, allowed no education and forbidden to have further contact with Catherine.His life became miserable and his malevolence for Hindley grew more and more.But Catherine insisted her close friendship with him, which more of le released his pain.They loved each without considering the unbridgeable gap of their different social positions.However, after spending five weeks recuperating at Thrushcro Grange Catherine seemed to have become a ladu and realized her different social status from Heathciff.Though she loved him more than anything else in the world, she was fashioned by Edgar’s handsome face,gentle behavior and weathy family.Heathcliff only hear that she would marry Edgar and didn’t hear her love promise to him, so he left her in great despair.During Catherine’s last days, Heathcliff met her, the two lovers embarced tightly and kied with tear.They knew they would be separated again by death, which neither of them could bear.After Catherine’s death, Heathciff cried from his deep heart:“I believe-I know that ghosts have wandered on earth.Be with me always-take any form-drive me mad! Only don’t leave me in this aby,

where I cannot find you! Oh, God! It is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul!” Love is the foundation of his life, once he loses his love, his life become meaningle; however, his love never vanishes with Catherine’s death.As for Heathcliff, readers find it hard not to sympathize with his unfortunate, and readers find it hard not to be moved by his deeply love.Readers is to pity for his unfair destiny.Finishing the novel; most readers have forgiven him because the character of Heathcliff has not only his deep hatred for everyone else, also the strong love of Catherine, and this love deeply shake most readers.He is definitely not a devil without human feelings, he has tremendous emotion, he loved so deeply that just like a burning fire, the love between Heathciff and Catherine draws an eternal Love, which shakes the whole human, even ghost.Even we can say that his cruelty is merely an expreion of his frustrated love for Catherine.In Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff imprints deeply in readers’ heart. 3.2 The hate of Heathcliff 3.21.His revenge to the first generation Isabella writes to Nelly, “Is Mr.Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? … A tiger or a venomous serpent coul not rouse terror in me equal to that which he wakens.” Nelly says he is “rough as a saw edge and hard as whinstone!” Even Catherine says: “What is Heathcliff—an unreclaimed creature, without

refinement—without

cultivation;

arid

wilderne

furze

and whinstone.”(Zhang, 2005) we can find that Heathcliff has changed; he becomes a devil, a murderous animal, just as a tiger, a lion, wolf.He becomes a beast.His hate is beyond his love.As he himself points out, his abuse of Isabella is purely sadistic, as he abuses himself by seeing how much abuse she can take and still come cringing back for more.He marries Isabella for revenge.We can be shocked by Heathcliff’s gratuitous violence and still masochistically, insisit on seeing him as a romantic hero.“I have no pity! I have no pity! The more the worms writhe, the more I yearn to crush out their entrails! It is a moral teething; and I grind with greater energy, in proportion

to the increase of pain.”(Bronte, 2004) we can find it that he becomes mercile, hard-hearted, ruthle and inhuman, and his revenge is cold, cruel, and even incomprehensible.His hate derived from his love, he can not bear the betrayal of Catherine.He uses his whole life and power to revenge anyone he hates.Besides, in chapter 15, Heathcliff speaks harshly to Catherine, who is dying, saying, “You deserve this.You have killed yourself.”Distraught, Catherine sobs that “I forgive you.Forgive me! Holding her responsible for breaking both of their hearts, Heathcliff considers her the murderer of both of them and tells her, “I forgive what you have done to me.I love my murderer---but yours! How can I?” From these words, we can find it although he loves Catherine; he can not forgive her betrayal.His hate is beyond his love.3.22.His revenge to the second generation

6 His revenge to the second generation is the climax of his hate.Some critics dismi the plot of the second generation as being a simple retelling of the first story; however, in doing so, they are dismiing the entire second half of the book.Clearly, in order to appreciate fully Wuthering Heights, and understand his inner heart attention must be paid to his revenge to the second generation.Edgar tells little Cathy: “Heathcliff is a most diabolical man, delighting to wrong and ruin those he hates, if they give him the slightest opportunity.”(Zhang, 2005) These imply that he is completely swallowed by hate, and his mind apart from hatred- no other objects.Revenge has occupied his whole life, and even become his instinctive needs.He is a devil and revenger and his revenge become a truth.He becomes a fierce, pitile, wolfish man.

3.23.The results of his revenge The results of his revenge are: he gets Hindley into his clutches and finally drive him to drink himself to death.Edgar dies of grief.He also torments Isabella to death; both Wuthering Heights and thrushcro Grange, however, his revenge let him live alone.Just as he says to Nelly: “my mind is so eternally secluded in itself; it is

tempting at last to turn it out to another.” （Bronte,2004） From these we can see: he is losing connect with the society, and he has no man to listen to him.In fact, his revenge is ridiculous. 4.Conclusion Wuthering Heights is generally considered one of the most original works.In many aspects, it is unique and has no counterparts in mode as well as the love and hate of him.Even the English great writer Maugham (2007) once said: “I don\'t know to still have which novel among them pain and sufferings of the love, be addicted to, ruthlene, persist, described ever and thus and astonishingly.” Wuthering Heights is not just a sentiment romance novel.It is a presentation of life, an eay on love, hate, revenge, the entanglement of love and hate, and a glimpse at relationships.When we read the novel, we are in no position to pa our comment on them, to say who is right

7 and who is wrong, because they are not to be judged by common sense or conventional morality.In Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff and Catherine, both of them imprint deeply in readers’ heart, after reading this novel, you will forgive Catherine’s betrayal, and you will be touched by Heathcliff’s love.Heathcliff’s love is a disobedience of the society, though both of them are dead, yet their love overcomes death, and their love becomes an eternal.Love is the most beautiful part in humanity while hatred is the twisted humanity.

Bibliography

Emily, B.2004.Wuthering Heights[M].Central Compilation and Translation Pre.

E.M,Forster.1984.Aspects of the Novel[M].Central Compilation and Translation Pre.

Liu Bingshan,2007.A Short History of English Literature[M].He Nan People Pre.

Zhang Ludi, 2005.An Analysis of the Creation Models of Main Characters in Wuthering Heights.

罗选民.2006.英美文学赏析教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社.毛姆.1999.毛姆读书随笔[M].刘文荣，译.三联出版社.

杨静远.1983.勃朗特姐妹研究[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社.

杨正先.2001.呼啸山庄——爱与恨的生死恋[J].曲靖师范学院学报，2001年第2期.

张伯香.2004.英国文学教程学习指南[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.

张伯香.2005.英国文学教程[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社

桂扬清.2002.《英美文学选读》.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司侯维瑞.2005.《英国小说史》.南京：译林出版社

袁翠珍.1992.一个扭曲的灵魂——简评《呼啸山庄》的主人公希斯克利夫.《外国文学研究》.

推荐第10篇：校园文化论文英文

本科生毕业论文

（申请学士学位）

论文题目作者姓名所学专业名称指导教师

中美校园文化差异英语

2011年3月12日

中美校园文化差异

滁州学院外语系

二0一一年三月十四

The differences of campus culture between China and

American By

Under the supervision of Aociate Profeor Yao Zhiying

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Foreign Languages

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in English

At Chuzhou University

March 14, 2011

滁州学院本科毕业论文（设计）原创性声明

本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。

III

签名

年月日

Acknowledgement

I would like to take this opportunity to expre my heartfelt gratitude to all these who helped me in one way or another in the completion of this thesis.First of all, I owe great indebtedne to my supervisor, Aociate Profeor Yao Zhiying whose strict demands and insightful suggestions are indispensable through all the stages of development and revision of the thesis.She has made lots of corrections and suggestions while reading my drafts of the thesis.Without her patience and wisdom the present thesis would be unthinkable.

Special thanks should also be extended to all of the teachers who taught me during my two years of study in Chuzhou University, in particular, aociate profeors Yao Zhiying, and Ye Zhengnian and lecturers Tina Yan for their enlightening instructions.At last, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my family and dear friends.With their consistent support and encouragement, I would be able to carry on my study and complete this thesis.

Abstract

Campus culture is an important part of social culture.It comes from the social culture, which is refraction and reflection in the whole campus.Therefore, it is influenced and constrained by the mainstream cultural.The campus cultural accords with the basic tendencies of mainstream cultural, and, at the same time, play a leading and catalytic role in the mainstream cultural of the community.The Sino-Us due to the different of political system, the traditional culture and the historical background, campus culture exist a bigger difference.Throng the analysis of the Sino-Us campus culture differences and seek its cultural roots, which conduce to the communication and understanding between China and America’s students.Meanwhile, the United States is a developed, multi-cultural nation of immigrants; their colorful campus has its unique culture.Therefore, we should stand on the traditional culture in our own country, positively absorbs the eence of American campus, for the development of our country’s university education to create a better campus cultural atmosphere.

The thesis is divided into five parts.The first part briefly introduces culture and campus culture.The second part mainly discues four perspectives: campus architecture and extracurricular activity and differences of teaching and learning and differences of independence and dependence.While the third part analyses three reasons for the differences.The fourth part tells the purpose is to draw on the advantages from American campus culture.The fifth part makes a conclusion to show the realistic significance of this paper.

Key words: China’s campus culture America’s campus culture cultural difference original

摘

要

校园文化是社会文化的重要组成部分。它来源于社会文化，是整个社会文化在大学校园的折射和反映。因此它必然受到社会主流文化的影响和制约，与社会主流文化的基本倾向保持一致的同时，又对社会的主流文化起着引领和推动作用. 中美两国由于政治制度、传统文化、历史背景等不同，校园文化也存在着较大的差异。通过分析中美校园文化差异并寻求其文化根源，有助于中美两国学生之间沟通、理解。同时，美国是一个发达的、多元文化的移民国家，其丰富多彩的大学校园文化建设有其独到之处。此外，我们应立足于本国优良的传统文化，积极吸收美国校园文化中的精华，为我国现代大学教育的发展营造更好的校园文化氛围。

论文框架分为五个部分：第一部分是引言，简单介绍了文化和校园文化。第二部分从校园建筑、课余生活、独立与依赖的差异以及独立与依赖的差异这四个方面论述中美校园文化的差异。第三部分分析了造成这些差异的三个主要原因。第四部分告诉我们写论文的主要目的。第五部分总结并给出这篇论文的现实意义。

关键词：美国校园文化中国校园文化文化差异文化根源

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ………………………………………………....…I English abstract.....................................................................................1 Chinese abstract………………………………………………………2 Table of contents……………………………………………………3 1.Introduction…………….…………………………………3 1.1 The understanding of culture…………….…………….…………4 1.2 The definition of campus culture……….…………….………….4 1.3 The main content of this thesis ………………………………..…5 2.The differences of Sino-US campus culture ……………………5 2.1 The differences of campus architecture …………………………...5 2.2 The differences of extracurricular activity ………………………..6 2.3 The differences of teaching and learning …………………………7 2.4 The differences of independence and dependence ………………10 3.The reasons for the differences of Sino-US campus culture…11

3.1 Political system ………………….…………………..……………………11 3.2 Historical background.…………………………………………..12 3.3 National culture ………………………………………………….13 3.3.1 The influence of traditional culture ……………………………….13

3.3.2 The orientation of collectivism and individualism ………………….14 4.Conclusion…......................................................................................14

4.1 Restatement of the main idea………………………………………..15 4.2 Limitations of the thesis……………………….………………15 4.3 Suggestions for researching on campus culture…………………….15 Bibliography…………………………………….…………………….16 The Differences of Campus Culture between China and America

1.Introduction Culture is a reflection of human life, the records, and the product of history, is that people\'s needs and requirements of life, ideals and aspirations, and is also a high spiritual life of people.She includes that some of the ideas and theories, is that the identification and follow of people on the ethics, morality and order, is the way that people approach to life and living standards.Thought and theory is the core and the soul of culture, the culture of no ideas and theories isn’t existed.Any culture Contains thought and theory, ways and means of survival.Need is real, the ideal is a longing, desire is requirement, require must be done! General culture refers that in the proce of social and historical development was created material wealth and spiritual wealth combined by mankind.Especially, it refers to social ideology.In a cla society, culture is a weapon of cla struggle.A certain culture (as an ideological form of the culture) is a certain social reflection of the political and economic, but also gives a great effect on political and economic.Narrow sense refers to the spiritual wealth created by ideologies, including religion, beliefs, customs, moral character, academic thought, literature, art, science and technology and a variety of systems.Narrow sense refers to that the spiritual wealth created by ideologies, including religion, beliefs, customs, moral character, academic thought, literature, art, science and technology, a variety of systems.Campus culture is an important part of social culture.It comes from the social culture, which is refraction and reflection in the whole campus.Therefore, it is bound by the mainstream cultural influences and constraints, and the basic tendencies of mainstream culture, consistent with the same time; the mainstream culture of the community plays a leading and catalytic role.Campus culture can be broadly divided into four levels: in the first place, the forms of material and cultural, that is manifested in the form of material and cultural landscape.Such as campus physical environment, buildings layout, arts facilities, cultural facilities.In the second place, the forms of

system and culture, also say that social relation is reflected in culture.Such as school affiliation, management system, organization and so on.In the third place, the concept of culture, that is manifested in the form of a rational spirit of cultural patterns.Such as the guiding ideology, goals, school spirit, study, and so on.In the fourth place, the mind culture, that is implicit in the intangible cultural forms between teachers and students.Such as thinking mode, values, emotional way, aesthetic and so on.The narrow sense mainly refers to the explicit form of the general campus culture such as campus trends, campus education, campus life, campus culture system, campus and cultural facilities, the style of study and so on.The main of this paper: according to the background of university campus culture, in this thesis mainly discues four perspectives: campus architecture and extracurricular activity and differences of teaching and learning and differences of independence and dependence.Also, it analyses three reasons for the differences, including political system, historical background and national culture.Finally, the purpose is to draw on the advantages from American campus culture.So we should stand on the traditional culture in our own country, positively absorbs the eence of American campus, for the development of our country’s university education to create a better campus cultural atmosphere.

2.The differences of Sino-US campus culture

2.1 The differences of campus architecture There is a bigger difference of campus architecture between America and China.American houses, including schools and government agencies are all at based on the room with four sides open to the outside.Although some are constructed with fences, to have a sense of opening, the fences are low and short.American people are open-mind, outspoken, and advocate of freedom and competition.This open construction structure reflects Americans’ psychology of living culture, which embodies outer openne and inner closure.Most of American campus has no walls.University of the United States generally has not walls, so-called \"no marginal University\", \"no walls University\", is an open campus.It seems that anyone can be free in and out.Of course, the security does not check your identity card or student card.So a person has a free feeling on campus.Therefore, we will see that America\'s open education is obviously.However, almost all Chinese university campuses are surrounded by walls.China\'s university campus is often a relatively independent space; campus and the outside are isolated by the high wall, in which almost all school activities are held.Although some school have learned to follow the way of the government to tear down walls and show green, but it only uses iron fence to take place of walls.Enclosure and external which surrounded by walls are two disparate worlds.Meanwhile, people\'s thinking seems to be locked by an invisible wall, and people feel that an open mind may indeed have causality with the opening of a wall.Courtyard wall culture is in fact

a protection of group privacy.In China, people stick to the principle of being open in the inner world and close in the outer world, showing the attitude of precautions to external.

To compare with the central parts of Chinese universities, the walls and gates are marginal in Chinese universities and seldom connect with the main contractures.While in America, the school gates are integrated with other entitatitive buildings.The traditional colors of margin lard central are not as good as Chinese.Form the buildings of campus, and we also can see the differences.There municipal offices in Chinese university generally, and the offices are absolute and extrusive.Offices are often located in obvious places or the central part of the whole school.They transcend common teaching buildings not only in construction style but also in interior trim.However, in America, people can’t easily identify the schoolmaster’s office among numerous buildings.Specialized, unattached and splendor offices are not seen everywhere.The management apartment and teaching researches are not separated but near in space, which reflects the concept of being easy-going to people and all men are created equal.2.2 The differences of extracurricular activity Extracurricular activities are activities performed by students that fall outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school or university education.Extracurricular activities exist at all levels of education, from 4th-6th, junior high/high school, college and university education.Historical background of the extracurricular activity made its first appearance in American colleges in the nineteenth century.It complemented the curriculum as much as subverted it.The students found in it a kind of laboratory for practical and vocational interests.The first extracurricular activities were student literary societies (which had roots in the previous century at Harvard and Yale), debate clubs, and by mid-century, Greek letter fraternities and sororities.Students also initiated and organized the early athletic programs on American college campuses.Literary societies were on the decline by the turn of the twentieth century, and some educators felt that le desirable extracurricular activities were now distracting students from their curricular responsibilities.Intercollegiate athletics soon became the dominant element in the extracurriculum in most American colleges and high schools.At the beginning of the twenty-first century, many colleges and universities have a broad educational miion: to develop the \"whole student.\" On American college campuses, extracurricular involvement is a key tool in this personal development.As the development of the well-rounded individual is a principal goal of extracurricular activities on college and university campuses, the numerous experiences these activities afford positively impact students\' emotional, intellectual, social, and inter-personal development.By working together with other individuals, students learn to negotiate, communicate, manage conflict, and lead others.Taking part in these out-of-the-claroom activities helps students to understand the importance of critical thinking skills, time management, and academic and intellectual competence.Involvement in activities helps students mature socially by providing a setting for

student interaction, relationship formation, and discuion.Working outside of the claroom with diverse groups of individuals allows for students to gain more self-confidence, autonomy, and appreciation for others\' differences and similarities.For the majority of college and university students, involvement in extracurricular activities plays an integral role in the collegiate experience.Students become involved in extracurricular activities not only for entertainment, social, and enjoyment purposes, but most important, to gain and improve skills.A wide and diversified range of extracurricular activities exists on U.S.campuses, meeting a variety of student interests.Chinese students\' extracurricular activities are rather monotonous.Under the guidance of teachers or community organizations, they are usually to participate in a planned and organized activity, which is their own choice.But most of the students will not participate in these activities, because they think that learning is their primary task and the activities may disrupt their studies.Therefore, many students just keep on studying, and they are indifferent to the other knowledge, such as social practice, social life.They just want to read \"saint books\".For these phenomena, America students have some different attitudes.Students attributed their growing maturity in college to both the formal and informal learning experiences of undergraduate life, but gave most importance to interaction with other students.They recognized that academic aspect of college awarded the credential needed to progre through a good career and contributed to broad general knowledge, but most students felt that it was extracurricular activity that most influenced their personal development.Most American universities encourage their students to establish different kinds of aociations.They will take place of many activities.And the contents and ways of these activities are discued and decided entirely by the students themselves.What’s more, according to their own preferences, various activities are designed by them.By these activities, students can feel happine and acquire the skills and get individuality development.Of course, the atmosphere of these activities is full of freedom and democracy.

2.3 The differences of teaching and learning

American teachers highlight on cultivating the students’ ability of creative ability and the ability of analyzing and solving problems.While in China the characteristics of teaching is that the teachers emphasized on how much knowledge which the students have accumulated and the teachers are always the center in the cla.Compared with the two countries, there are several differences in the teaching method.First, American teachers always teach based on more general educational theories and psychological principles related to teaching while Chinese teachers are good at providing instruction based on how well they knew the subject matter.Recently, a study published in Contemporary Educational Psychology by Teachers College Profeor Stephen Peverly and former TC students Zheng Zhou of St.John’s University and Tao Xin of Beijing Normal University suggests that Asian teachers simply know more about math.In a comparison of 162 third-grade

mathematics teachers in the US and the People’s Republic of China, the researchers found that while American teachers were more knowledgeable about general educational theories and claroom skills, Chinese teachers had stronger knowledge of the subject matter they were teaching, as well as a better understanding of the overall elementary curriculum that their students had covered and would cover in later years.American teachers, on the other hand, were more knowledgeable than Chinese teachers about concepts covered in educational psychology texts.While Chinese teachers were effective in providing instruction based on how well they knew the subject matter, their limit understanding of foundational psychology aspects of learning could be problematic.This limitation may poibly lead to problems which will affect student motivation, spontaneity, and creativity among other things.American teachers’ comparative lack of understanding of the subject matter revealed that teacher preparation programs in the U.S.should focus more on increasing understanding of the subject and that in-service training should be improved.Second, most U.S.teachers’ preparation pay more attention on teaching strategies rather than on content itself while Chinese teachers, on the other hand, told detail about the content when they instruct to students.One research found that while both Chinese and American teachers used similar methods to teach fractions—using hands-on learning tools, folding pieces of paper, coloring in geometric shapes—there was a big difference in the information each group presented.Most of the American teachers in the research, when asked their teaching methods, rarely mentioned content.Chinese teachers, on the other hand, tell detail about the content they present to students, and that content demonstrated a deep understanding of the subject matter as well as knowledge of the entire elementary mathematics curriculum.Third, the students in America have used to the student-centered teaching and problem-solving model while the cla of China was teacher-centered, material oriented and emphasized on memory.In student centered teaching, the teachers dominate their planning, their teaching, and their aement on the needs and abilities of their students.The teaching role in a student-centered learning environment is, at most, one of facilitator and guide. Teachers should be participants and often participate in students’ communication and “provide a scaffold for their students’ learning with their own knowledge and experience.The main idea behind the practice is that learning is most meaningful when topics are relevant to the students’ lives, needs, and interests and when the students themselves are actively engaged in creating, understanding, and connecting to knowledge.Instead of the teacher being the sole, infallible source of information, then, the teacher shares control of the claroom and students are allowed to explore, experiment, and discover on their own.The students are not just memorizing information, but they are allowed to work with and use the information alone or with peers.The students are given choices and are included in the decision-making procees of the claroom.The focus in these clarooms is on option, rather than uniformity.Student centered teaching helps us design effective instruction for every member of the claroom, no matter what his or her diverse learning needs.According

to its nature, student centered teaching is adaptable to meet the needs of every student.As to teacher-centered teaching methodology, most students attain knowledge through transmitted by the teacher rather than constructed by the learners.They, therefore, find it normal to engage in modes of learning, which are teacher-centered and in which they receive knowledge rather than interpret it.Chinese students are often quiet，shy and reticent in claroom.They are not good at showing their opinions or emotion.Chinese students named “listening to teacher” as their most frequent activities in cla.Perhaps another Chinese popular learning style is material oriented.In most of claes，for instance，the students read new English words aloud，imitating the teacher.The teacher explains the entire text sentence by sentence，analyzing many of the more difficult grammar structures and style for the students, who listen, take notes, and answer questions.Under this circumstance, we took it granted that a teacher\'s goal was to teach the students all that he knew and solve all the problems for them.Therefore, students could not judge things on their own.Thus students gradually lost the ability to learn by themselves.In addition, they were only equipped with the knowledge that were taught in cla and made the same judgment upon every problem which they encounter.A teacher\'s goal is to help the students develop not only the ability to learn by themselves but the skills to make judgments on every aspect on their own.The teaching and learning style is very important in claroom expectation.A learning style is a particular way that an individual receives and procees information.For many Americans, books may contain facts, opinions and ideas.The facts are open to interpretation, the opinions to dispute and the ideas to discuion.Books are regarded as tools for learning, not to goal of learning.Therefore, critical thinking, judgmental questioning and active initiation of discuion are expected from students in the American school system.Students are taught to participate actively in the learning proce by asking questions and engaging in discuion.Teachers have to impart a body of knowledge, but learners have to discover that knowledge for themselves in order to internalize it.Students should responsibility for their own learning.One aim of teaching is to help learners become independent of teachers, so that learners can use what they learn and continue to learn on their own.Therefore, in the proce of teaching and learning, the most important of the teacher is that of catalyst—they help to make things happen by activating the students.The teacher can play the part of controller, organizer, a resource, tutor providing advice and support to enable students to learn.In American claroom, students do not have to agree with every statement the profeor makes and all comments by a profeor are open to discuion.Respect plays an eential role in the system; student and teacher can respectfully disagree.Their relationship is equally between students and teachers.The teachers are very friendly.So the atmosphere of cla is free and relaxed.While in Chinese culture, there is a strong veneration of book learning.In cla, teachers only infuse the previously prepared knowledge into students’ mind and what students can do is only accepting it paively and totally.The proce of education is seen largely as learning a traditional, authoritative body of knowledge.Our education tends to be more theoretical than political.The teacher exercise greater authority and

plays a high directive role in determining and controlling what goes on in the claroom.The trouble with Chinese teachers is that they have never done any teacher-training courses so they do not know how to teach.All they do is to follow the book.They never give students any opportunities to talk. Students are le likely to challenge or even question the teacher, although this may be changing somewhat the younger generation.The teacher is expected to be scholar and sage in China.Some well-known proverbs or sayings about the teacher are as follows: “It takes a teacher to transmit wisdom, impart knowledge and resolve doubts.” “Impart knowledge and educate people”, “dignity of the teaching profeion”, “A teacher for a day is a father for lifetime”.These examples may help explain some phenomena in the claroom, such as teachers are addreed with their appropriate titles and last names, or referred to honorably as “teacher.”

Students rise when the teacher enters the claroom, and say in chorus, “good morning teacher”.

2.4 The differences of independence and dependence In China, children are protected by their parents to avoid hurts.Children, having not the opportunity to choose their ways that they are interested in, are forced to accepted parents’ decisions in the proce of their growing.Even parents will help them to find spouses.As a child, they were never allowed to live in their own room and receive a weekly or monthly allowance and be able to budget the money.Of course, children are not encouraged to leave home and have their own place.In parents’ eyes, the child needs their protection.During the college life, students will cost their parents’ money to support their everyday life.It’s common for them to accept money from parents, but just a few of students don’t think so.It’s unthinkable that the parents also feel that is duty to supply money for their child.Of course, these children do not have the conception that they should rely on their own efforts instead of outside forces.For this situation, Americans have different ways to deal with independence and dependence.Acculturation, which begins at birth, is the proce of teaching new generations of children the customs and values of the parents’ culture.In the United States it is not uncommon for parents to put a newborn in a separate room that belongs only to the child.This helps to preserve parents’ privacy and allows the child to get used to having his or her own room, which is seen as a first step toward personal independence.Many children are taught at a very early age to make decisions and be responsible for their actions.Often children work for money outside the home as a first step to establishing autonomy.Children may deliver newspapers in their neighborhoods and save or spend their earnings.Teenagers may babysit at neighbors’ homes in order to earn a few dollars a week.Receiving a weekly allowance at an early age teaches children to budget their money, preparing them for future financial independence.Many parents believe that managing money helps children learn responsibility as well as appreciate the value of money.Upon reaching an appropriate age (usually between 18 and 21 years), children are encourage, but not forced, to “leave the nest” and begin an independent life and

“stand on their own two feet.” After children leave home they often find social relationship and financial support outside the family.Parents do not arrange marriages for their children, nor do children usually ask permiion of their parents to get married.Romantic love is most often the basis of marriage in the United States; young adults meet their future spouses through other friends, at school, at jobs, and in organizations and religious institutions.Although children choose their own spouses, they still hope their parents will approve of their choices.All in all, in many families, parents feel that children should make major life decision by themselves.A parent may try to influence a child to follow a particular profeion but the child is free to choose another career.Sometimes children do precisely the opposite of what their parents wish in order to aert their independence.A son may deliberately decide not to go into his father’s busine because of a fear that he will lose his autonomy in his father’s workplace.This independence form parents is not an indication that parents and children do not love each other.Strong love between parents and children is universal and this is no exception in the American and Chinese family.Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self-reliance and independence.3.The reasons for the differences of Sino-US campus culture 3.1 Political system

Unlike Britain but like most nation states, the American political system is clearly defined by basic documents.The Declaration of Independence of 1776 and the Constitution of 1789 form the foundations of the United States federal government.The Declaration of Independence establishes the United States as an independent political entity, while the Constitution creates the basic structure of the federal government.

The Federal Government of the United States is the central current reigning United States governmental body, established by the United States Constitution.The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial.Through a system of separation of powers and the system of \"checks and balances, each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches.The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States.In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution, which, per the Tenth Amendment, gives all power not directed to the National government, to the State level, or to the people.An important feature of the American political system is that the two major parties-the Democrats and the Republicans - hold a system of primaries to determine who will be their candidate in the general election.These primaries are particularly important when it comes to the four-yearly Presidential election.Compared with America, China has a very different political system.China\'s political system here refers to the political structure, fundamental laws, rules,

regulations and practices that are implemented in China\'s mainland and regulate the state power, government, and the relationships between the state and society in the People\'s Republic of China since it’s founding in October 1949.

The annual “two seions” －China’s National People\'s Congre (NPC), the top legislature, and Chinese People\'s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) － will open on March 3rd and 5th respectively.The annual “two seions” are big political events of contemporary China.The iues of “two seion” include all aspects of the national economy and the people\'s livelihood so as to attract all sectors of the community’s attention, including the compatriots from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.The People\'s Congre System is China\'s fundamental political system, which consists of National People\'s Congre and People\'s Congrees at local levels.The NPC is similar to the U.S.Congre, whose main functions and powers are legislating and amending laws, reviewing and approving the government budget and also electing and removing officials.However, the NPC is the highest organ of state power and its deputies are far more than the U.S.congremen.Being the top power, the NPC also has right to elect and remove the top leaders of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate.Rather than the U.S.Congre, the term of NPC is five years and it holds its general convention once a year.There is one point I need to emphasize that the election of deputies for Taiwan province is presided and determined by the Standing Committee of the NPC and they are nominated by the consultations of standing committees at the all levels of province, autonomous region, municipalities and PLA.

It’s difficult to see that there are diimilarities in political system between America and China, which resulted in the difference of two countries’ campus culture.3.2 Historical background America is a new man, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds; he must therefore entertain new ideas and form new opinions.According to history, we know that the American in those days had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants without taking into consideration other nationalities such as American Indians and blacks.The American continents were peopled as a result of two long-continuing immigration movements, the first from Asia, and the second from Europe and Africa.The second migration to the American began with the expansion of Europe at the start of the modern period from the 16th century.The large initial immigration to Boston in the 1630s, the high articulation of Puritan cultural ideals, and the early establishment of a college and a printing pre in Cambridge all gave New England a substantial edge.The other important factor is that the American do not undergo the period of feudal system of serfdom prevailed.So the atmosphere of culture is free.Compared with American history, the history of China has other sight.China was under a long period of feudal system, which has much effect on the development of some new and powerful social forces, like capitalism.Meanwhile, people’s mind

was controlled by feudal idea, which refers to Confucianism.So the difference of historical background must produce different campus culture.

3.3 National culture 3.3.1 The influence of traditional culture Traditional cultural differences between the two countries deeply affected contemporary students’ thinking and learning and all aspects of life, which must lead to the root of cultural differences in different campus.The United States is a multicultural nation, home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.Aside from the now small Native American and Native Hawaiian populations, nearly all Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries.The culture held in common by most Americans—mainstream American culture—is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics.The United States Streed the same values as: Justice, Honest, Brave, industrious and so on, therefore, the United States as a Country of immigrants, it pays more attention to personal values.United States has 269 million persons, but has 31 groups which over 1 million persons.So the United States likes a melting pot which makes up with persons coming from all over the world.Different races have their own values.Persons should accept other people\'s ideas.During the 18th century, Puritanism brought in new mind.The belief that human and natural occurrences were meages from God no longer fit with the new human centered world.Many intellectuals believed that the human mind could comprehend the universe through the laws of physics as described by Isaac Newton.The enormous scientific, economic, social, and philosophical, changes of the 18th century, called the Enlightenment, impacted the authority of clergyman and scripture, making way for democratic principles.In China, cultures and countries are strongly influenced by Confucianism.Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius.It is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that influenced the culture and history of East Asia.It might be considered a state religion of some East Asian countries, because of state promotion of Confucian philosophies.In Confucianism, human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor especially including self-cultivation and self-creation.A main idea of Confucianism is the cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection.Confucianism holds that one should give up one\'s life, if neceary, either paively or actively, for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values of humanities and personal loyalty.Most social values are derived from Confucianism and Taoism.The subject of

which school was the most influential is always debated as many concepts such as Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism and many others have come about.Reincarnation and other rebirth concept is a reminder of the connection between real-life and the after-life.3.3.2 The orientation of collectivism and individualism In individualistic cultures, each individual is the most important part of the social structure.In an individualist culture, individuals care for the personal interests first, then the collective interests，and put too much emphasis on individual rights.People are concerned with their own person goals and may not poe great loyalty to groups.As Ayn Rand wrote in Atlas Shrugged, “If man is to live on earth, it is right for him to use his mind, it is right to act on his own free judgment, it is right to work for his values and to keep the product of his work.If life on earth is his purpose, he has a right to live as a rational being: nature forbids him the irrational.” American cultures, in general, fall into the former while Asian the latter.In American cultures, for example, if people are not happy at their jobs, they are encouraged to look for jobs that will make them happier.People make decisions based on their personal goals and wants.China has 56 ethnic groups, as well as a multi-ethnic country.However, in contrast with the United States, China has a Confucian culture, which gives collectivism as a guide.Chinese put the collectivism at the top priority.For example, the motto of Shanghai Jiao Tong University is Grateful for favors received, Loving the motherland and prosperity schools.Student must put State and the school as the center.But collectivism also has drawbacks.

In collective cultures, on the other hand, individual are very loyal to all the groups they part of, including the work place, the family, and the community.Within collectivism, people are considered with the group’s ideas and goals, and act in ways that fulfill the purposes.In China, however, the notion of the patriarchal clan system is deeply rooted in the deep structure of its culture.In Chinese society, collectivism has a long tradition based on Confucianism, where being a community man or someone with a social personality is valued.So each person is encouraged to conform to society, to do what is best for the group and to not openly expre opinions or beliefs that go against it.Group, family or rights for the common good are seen as more important than the rights of the individual.Laws exist to promote stability, order and obedience.Working with others and cooperating is the norm. Being uncooperative is often seen as shameful.In this culture people are encouraged to be very loyal to their country and their family.People consider the obligation to their groups more than their own individual selves.Students are instructed to feel a lifelong obligation to their parents.When people make choice about marriage, education and work, they always make their decisions together with their families.Their decisions are made based on what their families want them to do and their achievements are mainly for their families.In fact, most persons are Selfish.So, collectivism and selfish always take conflict.4.Conclusion

4.1 Restatement of the main idea

In this paper briefly introduces campus culture and culture.Campus culture is an important part of social culture.It comes from the social culture, which is refraction and reflection in the whole campus.Different cultures lead to different campus cultures between two countries.It well know that there three differences of Sino-US campus culture.This paper mainly discues four points: the differences of campus architecture, the differences of extracurricular activity, the differences of teaching and learning and the differences of independence and dependence, proving to the differences of campus culture between China and America.Also, it analyses three reasons for the differences.Also, it analyses three reasons for the differences, including political system, historical background and national culture.Finally, the purpose is to draw on the advantages from American campus culture.So we should stand on the traditional culture in our own country, positively absorbs the eence of American campus, for the development of our country’s university education to create a better campus cultural atmosphere.4.2 Limitations of the thesis This paper discues the differences of campus culture between China and America just from the aspect of three factors.But it ignores other factors, which include the Social Moral Education, the campus spirit, mental health problems, and moral education.

On one hand, in social moral education, personality in the United States on the value orientation of the reunification balance between basic moral requirements, but China is in the framework of collective balance between their personal values.Both of them strike the balance of individual and the collective.On the other hand, in recent years, the raise of juvenile crime trends obviously.China\'s annual criminal cases several million, which accounted for juvenile delinquency by about 50%.Another survey showed that 14-year-old from the number of crimes began to gradually increase from 15 to 18.While the peak is a crime, about youth crime total number of 69.7%.Juvenile delinquency has crazy, cruel, intelligent, and the characteristics of a younger age.And American teenager is more serious crimes, they are characterized by the majority of juvenile offenders are formed team.In the paper don’t involve the parts.4.3 Suggestions for researching on campus culture First, since campus culture is a field with its own features, we should pay attention to the unique.We hope that more and more scholars pay more attention to the research on campus culture, which can provide with the rich resources for the development of campus culture between China and America.Second, nowadays, the problems such as juvenile crime, campus violence, Suicide rate increasing, and the spread of drug addiction become more and more serious .Therefore, we should pay more attention to youth people’s mental health.Youth groups, college students in particular mental health problems, mental health problems triggered by the vicious incident harm or suicide incidents has increased, the case of Ma Jiajue in China is a typical example.Campus shooting not only for the

United States but to China and even the world of campus security iues once again sounded the alarm.Do campus safety, and ensure the safety of the lives of young people and their physical and mental health, schools, government and education at all levels; public security and other functional departments control safety responsibility, as well as the whole community obligations.Increasing number of school violence incidents: the lack of moral, compaionate heart, compaionate young generation may gradually become a cold-blooded animal violence.Third, we should stand on the traditional culture in our own country, positively absorbs the eence of American campus, for the development of our country’s university education to create a better campus cultural atmosphere.

Bibliography

[1]Avruch, K.1998.Culture and Conflict Resolution [M].Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Pre.[2]Gan Ziheng甘自恒.1999.论名牌大学的特征[J].广西大学学报。21:115 [3]Liu Baocun刘宝存.2000.世界高等教育的个性化趋势述评[J].清华大学教育研究.4:49～53 [4]Wang Deguang王德广.2003.美国校园文化特点及其对我国高校的启示[J].三门峡学报.5:22 [5]Yin Li,Han Xiaoling殷莉,韩晓玲.2007.英汉习语与民俗文化[M].北京大

学出版社。

第11篇：环境保护英文论文

Low carbon and environment protection

I Abstract There is one of the most sensitive global climate iues for years, which is global warming.In general, we know that the origin of global warming is the emiion of carbon dioxide.It was verified that the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature: when there is more carbon dioxide the temperature gets warmer.This topic should be discued under current situation to advocate people concerning with this severe environmental iue.With the development of our living standard.Low carbon and environment protection are becoming a new lifestyle gradually.However, most of us haven’t known what low carbon and environment protection is.How to live a low-carbon life is also a problem to be settled.So it is neceary for us to make this view to be known by others and know more about green life

Key words: global warming low carbon environment protection green life

Introduction What mostly causes Climate change is burning fuel.Many years ago, burning fuel provides human warm, lighting and cooked food.It is a great proce for human development.According to the speed of burning foil fuels around the world, the service time of using foil fuel is brief.Coal will be run out of in 200 years; natural gas can use 50 to 60 years and oil may only last another 45 years.Foil fuel is the major part of primary energy at present.The quantity of exploiting and burning is large.Problems are coming.The proce of exploiting coal is the most typical case of environmental impact that includes damage of land, countryside and water resources.Besides, burning fuels will produce carbon dioxide.Greenhouse effect and Thermal pollution threaten human’s living conditions.Our environment is of great importance for us human beings and we accelerate the development of the environment at the same time.But we have already produced a plenty of things which are bad for environment and ourselves.Such as carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide and so on.So we put forward the concept of environment protection and call on all of us to live a low-carbon life.However, lots of people didn’t do as they said.Because of this, we ought to take action right now, and everyone should do as much as he can.If we are able to make a contribution to our environment, it can make a big difference.This paper expounds the concept of low carbon and environment protection.What is more, it also involves the way to live a low-carbon life.In addition, it tells us what we should do to live a green life.It will help to improve our concept of low-carbon and environment protection. III 1.The concept of environment protection and low carbon

1.1 The concept of environment protection The life we live today should be leaded by environment protection, so it is neceary for everyone to establish the concept of environment protection.We human beings must protect the environment that we live today.What is more, we ought to realize that green life is always around us and we should peruse it all the time.Furthermore, the concept of environment protection should be seen from all sides.We must know the environment we live are pretty important and we need do as much as we can to protect it.The ways to improve the concept of environment protection are from two sides.

1、To begin with, if we want to live a green life, we should restrict ourselves at first.Moreover, it is neceary for us to call on others to live a low-carbon life

2、The government ought to put forward a list of regulations to forbid others doing things that is not good for our environment.

1.2The concept of low carbon

Low carbon, to us, is a lifestyle that we should try our best to make differences such as never wasting water, using le electricity, reducing the using of petroleum and any other way which can cut down the carbon dioxide content.With the increasing emiion of carbon dioxin, the weather in the world gets warmer and warmer gradually.Some snow mountains are melting, and the sea level is rising.In order to stop it, everyone in the world needs to improve the concept of low carbon.Although many countries in the world have done a ma of things to make the concept be known by others, and lots of people have admitted it, the concept should also be strengthened.The concept is very important for our environment and future.In addition, we need to get together to protect our environment and strengthen the concept.So everyone should undertake the duty of environment protection and low-carbon.Only when we do what we said can we make a difference. IV 2.How to live a low-carbon life Low-carbon life, as we can see, is a life that we use le and le energy when we work and study in order to reduce the emiion of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide.And it contributes to reducing the glob warming.It is a duty for all of us to live a low-carbon life.So it is of great neceity to know how to live a low-carbon life.

1.When we study or doing something else, it is better for us to use energy-saving lamps not electric light.What is more, it is also a good choice to go to work by bike or by feet not by car.

2.In order to save energy, we had better use low brightne when we use computers 3.If poible, we ought to watch TV occasionally and watch books when we have free time, for we can not only save the energy but also learn more things from books.4.It is better for us to use things that can be recycled, and we oughtn’t to throw battery randomly.

It is easy to achieve the above requirements, but they play an important role in our low-carbon life.So we can do something which is considered unimportant at first and form a habit about it.And then we can live a green life.

Air pollution is formed by many kinds of pollutant.Pollutant spread into the air all around.Primary source of air pollution is from factory emiions, automobile exhaust, burning reclamation and forest fire.The damage of air pollution involves industry damage, climate damage and disease.Atmosphere’s acidic pollutants and other chemical gases can corrode buildings and equipments.Besides, increasing floating dusts will product adverse effects during debugging and using equipments.Air pollution will increase the cost of industry production.On the other hand acid rain from air pollution influenced plants’ normal growth and result acidification.Serious acid rain will killed fish and decline forest.Transportation is convenient for human living, however, automobile exhaust pollution influence air condition.Air pollution also influences weather and climate.Rivers drying up and ozone depletion is derived from air pollution. Low-carbon life stands for a healthier, safer and simper lifestyle.Low carbon is not a behavior but a fashion today, and as students, we should take the responsibility at fist and call on others to live a low-carbon.We must make a contribution to the environment protection.

V 3.The ways to achieve low carbon

From all these years, because of the dependence on carbon energy, the emiion of carbon dioxin is increasing all these years, thus leading to the glob warming.It has great influence on the environment, economic and even the human beings.In order to settle the problem, low carbon is getting more and more neceary.So we can achieve low carbon from three sides.

1.Low carbon of energy Low carbon of energy means that we can use some new energy which is not bad for the environment or have little influence on the weather.There are two kinds of energy that are able to meet our requirements.One is clean energy, such as nuclear and gas .the other is renewable energy, such as wind, solar and so on.

2.Low carbon of transportation

The transport consumption today is thirty times higher than before, and the emiion of greenhouse gas is so high that it has great influence on the weather.Faced with these difficulties, the change of transportation is neceary.Among all these ways to change the transportation, developing a new means of transportation is a good solution to reduce the emiion of greenhouse gas.

3.Low carbon of consumption Low carbon of consumption, as we can see, is a new way of consumption in life.It means green consumption, green packaging and recycling.

Green consumption also means sustainable consumption; it is a new way of consumption that reduces the damage of environment and protects the ecological.Green packaging, which is a sort of packaging that can be cycled, is aim to reduce the damage to the environment, too.At last, cycling means that when we use something that can be used many times, we had better not throw it away right now and we ought to use it or give it to others, which is good for our environment.

VI 4.The ways to achieve Environment protection In recent years, environment iues become more serious as speed development of region economic.It is an important measure of social development that protects the environment and maintains ecological balance.It is also the duty of every citizen.In the environmental science, it is stated that environment is the room around human and all kinds of natural factors that affects human life and development directly.In the millions of years of human history, environment played a big role in starting and developing the civilization of human being.Climate, water source, land and gralands are material bases that make it poible for human to survive.Also, resources of forest and mineral provide human material to develop constantly.These environmental resources create the human civilization on the earth.However, when human being is making use of the material resources, our living environment has a series of environmental problems.―The publication of such literature as Our Common Future,‖ Zhu Zhongyuan wrote in his thesis in 2005 ―Care for the Earth, and 21st Century Agenda indicates that man’s awarene of water and natural ecological system has changed.‖

There are many lifestyles make more ecologically sound.Electrical energy saving is a way.The important environment protecting activity named ―My Earth Hour‖ is a typical example.Nowadays, we can try an activity named ―Unplugged on weekend‖.How can we unplug on weekend? Having a breakfast without microwave food and turning off mobile phones, computers, televisions, videos and washing machines.We can clean our rooms, write letters to our miing people, cooking a healthy food and read books.This beautiful unplugged weekend can let us turn to the healthy and environmental lifestyle.―Don’t hold things‖ is another environmental lifestyle.―Don’t hold things‖ has six points.Don’t take, don’t buy, don’t save, discarding, replacement and borrowing.Free things are usually not cherished and corner obliviously.Don’t use free plastic bags and free products without need.Don’t buy those things only if ―don’t need‖ products.If you buy many plastic products with cut price and feel satisfying, actually it is wasteful.Form a discarding habits and Learn to find other replacements before buying new products.We also can borrow rarely-used things from others.The third way is low-carbon lifestyle.Using traditional spring wound clock instead of electronic clock.Turn down computers especially displayers when you don’t need them as do any other appliances.Doing exercise without electronic machine and ride bikes rather than drive cars.A neoteric thought of environmental lifestyle is don’t divorce.Breaking a marriage aggravate global warming problem.After divorce it needs more rooms, electric power and water resource.These lifestyles can be more environmental for our earth.

VII Public participation is a good way for resolving environmental conflict.Communication roles of public participation can give many thoughts to governments on the internet.Websites can increase environmental protection ways for general public.Media’s function cannot be ignoring.Participator can let public participation have chances to participate in environmental activities.But it has a big problem is that too many opinions so it is difficult to comply with each thought.Environmental iues should be reducing nowadays.We should protect environment while human is developed at the same time.People create ethics to remind environmental awarene.For each person, healthy and green lifestyle could help our life sustained.People also can devote themselves with their works.Resolving environmental conflict needs public participation.That is government’s responsibility.

VIII 5.Conclusion

In conclusion, global warming has hazard to cause sea level rise and climate change: it leads to the extinction of plants and animals, while hinders people’s daily life and threatens human society.It also has few positive effects which leading people to focus on reuse, reduce, and recycle.It calls for global concentration that every country takes action to preserve the earth ecosystem.This eay consequently addreed people requiring nurturing the consciousne to conserve the sources, enlightening people to preserve the planet.If people can comprehend the details of Low carbon and environment protection well, they will realize the significance to protect the environment and what we should do in our daily life.If we want to make our environment more beautiful and make our life green.So we should do things even if they are considered to be unimportant and call on others to take part in the environment protection.We believe that environment protection and low carbon can be a part of our life, and we can set up a harmony, green and healthy life.We can make the life style become a fashion.The more attention we paid, the better world will be.

IX 6.References Brown, Lester.Plan B: Mobilizing to Save Civilization.New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2005.Print.Keppler, Frank.―Global Warming: The Blame is not with the Plants.‖ Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg.18 Jan.2006.Lecture.Revkin, Andrew C..―Global Warming.‖ New York Times.20 May 2010.Web.10 June 2010.Agenda 21: The Earth Summit Strategy to Save Our Planet.Boulder: EarthPre, 1993.[I.A] ―Are You A Green Consumer?‖ Consumer Reports 57, no.11 (November 1992): 704–707.[III.C] Bernards, Neal, ed.The Environmental Crisis—Opposing Viewpoints.San Diego: Greenhaven Pre, 1991.[IV] Cebon, Peter.―Corporate Obstacles to Pollution Prevention.‖ EPA Journal 19, no.3 (July 1993):20–22.[III.A] Cohen, Mark A.Management 5596: Management of Environmental Iues (syllabus).Vanderbilt University, Nashville, March 1993.[V.A] Mitsch, William J.―Ecological Engineering.‖ Environmental Science and Technology 27, no.3 (1993): 438–445.[II.A]

第12篇：如何写英文论文

如何写英文论文

一、开头段常用思路

1.介绍当前背景、现象、形势+说出自己的观点

2.介绍双方观点+说出自己的观点

3.提个问题+介绍双方观点+说出自己的观点

4.介绍当前背景、现象、形势+介绍双方观点+说出自己的观点

5.说个与题目相关的故事+说出自己的观点

6.介绍当前背景+介绍对方观点+说出自己的观点

7.连续发问式

8.说出名人名言或谚语+介绍当前背景、现象、形势+说出自己的观点

9.以调查数据为佐证

10.以典型事实为佐证

二、理由常用思路

1.说出自己观点的好处或赞成这种观点的原因

2.批驳对方观点的弱点

3.为自己观点的不足做辩解

4.结合当前的背景和现象

5.围绕涉及不同对象

三、段落展开方法

1.列举事实法

2.举例子论证法

3.对比论证法

4.类比论证法

5.假设论证法

6.结合统计数据，名人名言和谚语，专家和权威的观点

四．结尾段常用思路

1.重申观点

2.重申观点+改写各理由段理由

3.灵活的结尾

4.重申观点+灵活结尾

5.让步+重申观点

文章写得连贯关联词

并列和递进

And moreover further furthermore also likewise similarly tooin like manneragainin the same waybesidesin addition

转折和让步

But neverthele otherwiseon the other handconverselyon the contraryhowever yet stillin spite ofall the sameeven soafter allalthougheven if

原因和结果

Because since as forbecause ofhenceconsequentlythuofor this reasonaccordinglythereforeas a resultit follows that

比较与对照

Similarlylikewiseequally importantin factat the same timeaccordinglyin the same waylikeon the contrary

different fromin contrastin comparisondespiteyetbuthoweverunlikenot only but alsoyears ago…today

the former…the latterthe first…whereas the secondwhereasnevertheleinsteadhere…therethis…thatthen…now

some…othersonce…now

提示陈述顺序

Firstto begin withto start within the first placenextsecondthirdin the second placebesidesin additionwhat’s morefurthermoremoreoverto make matters worsefinally

Last but not least

举例

For instancefor exampleto illustrateas an illustration

结论

In a wordin shortin briefto sum upin summary

in conclusionto conclude

表明时间顺序

Thennowcurrentlyat presentsomewhat laterpresentlyThereuponthereaftereventuallyat the same timemeanwhile First secondin the mean timesoonnextfinallyat last 复述

Brieflythat is to sayin factindeedin other words 表明方位

To the rightin the distancestraight aheadon the left belowbetweenadjacent tounderbeyondaround close toopposite toon top ofoveracro from

above next to

第13篇：论文英文句子

1.Higher rates of bacterial vaginosis （BV）among black women likely contribute to disparity in these outcomes.Unfortunately, the primary causes of disparity in BV prevalence are not known.

2.This has led to speculation that black women are predisposed to BV because of inherently higher pH levels.

3.Racial differences in vaginal pH may simply reflect differences in vaginal flora.

4.Comparisons of pH levels by race that do not account for differences in flora may yield spurious results.

5.To addre this iue, we compared vaginal pH among a racially diverse sample of pregnant women without BV and trichomoniasis, and stratified comparisons by vaginal floral patterns.

6.Details regarding the study have been previously described.

7.The current analysis of these previously collected data was exempted from the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) review by the Office of Human Subject Research, National Institutes of Health.

8.Race/ethnicity was based on 5 mutually (5对） exclusive categories: white, black,Hispanic, Asian-Pacific Islander, or other

9.Sterile cotton swabs were used to obtain material from the posterior vaginal fornix for a vaginal smear and for culture for Trichomonas vaginalis(T.vaginalis)

10.Cultures were incubated at 37(C; at 2- to 3-day intervals, samples were examined microscopically under 400!power for the presence of motile, oval flagellated protozoa.

11.Vaginal smears were air dried, Gram stained, and aeed under magnification (x1000) using the scoring system of Nugent et al.

12.This finding was confirmed in a multivariate analyses that included race,actual score value, age and clinical site.

13.The adjusted difference in vaginal pH was no longer statistically significant (0.015 lower in white women, 95% Confidence Interval; -0.036 - 0.007, p=0.18).

14.Given these findings, it is likely that racial variation in vaginal pH is attributable to differences in vaginal flora and not to biological variation in vaginal pH.

15.Experimental data are consistent with the hypothesis that lactobacilli maintain vaginal pH in the normal range presumably by the anaerobic metabolism of vaginal glycogen to acidic products.

16.Therapeutic use of carbohydrates in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is discued from two theoretical, apparent diametrically opposite perspectives: regular ingestion of prebiotics（益生元） or withdrawal of virtually all carbohydrate components.

17.Pathogenesis of IBD is discued connecting microbial flora, host immunity, and genetic interactions.

18.The conclusion reached is that, while both approaches may alleviate symptoms in both IBS and IBD, there is insufficient data yet to determine whether both approaches lead to equivalent bacterial effects in mollifying the immune system.

19.In particular, Crohn’s disease (CD) and idiopathic ulcerative colitis (UC) (the two clinical subtypes of IBD) were targeted to capitalize on the potential therapeutic effects of either pro- or prebiotics.

20.

第14篇：英文实习论文

PracticeReport

Name:LvXiaofei Cla:082

Tutor: WangChunlu Number:2008311222

I have been working as an English teacher in JiaoYang English Training Center in XingHe county.JiaoYang English Training Center was founded in XingHe in May, 2003.It has been mainly involved in offering service on profeional after-cla tutoring for middle and primary school students.Now there are about 40 employees work in this training center and it has become the most important large-scale comprehensive education institution in XingHe county after its eight years’ development and are enjoying a high reputation in the field of midddle and primary students training and full recognition among students and parents.

After two weeks training ,I received my aingment-72 students.They were divided into two claes,the most of which are in grade four in primary school.I have been in charge of teaching,making aingments on cleaning,recepting students’ parents and other busine.

I would like to divide my work into three parts ,before the cla,in the cla and after the cla.Before the cla,you should make a good preparetion for it.Review the leon you will teach ,find out the main knowledge points and make an outline on how to show your cla.For example,when you teach the word’bridge’,you may paint a bridge on the blackboard or you may sing a song ’London Bridge is just falling down’to attract students’attention.When I teach the Leon nine,part five is a short article ’U is a mountain,the mountain is U.Mountain after mountain I can see you.’ I paint mountains on the blackboard and read the part in music tone.To my surprice,some girls in the cla even make some actions just like the words and sentenses from the beginning to the end.They put their right hands together,put it above their eyes to make the word ’see’.After this,I use more body language in my preperation.

In the cla, understanding and analyzing students\' situation, at the succe of teaching is very important.I came to the school,in which I don\'t know the students’ basic situation and the foundation, still,I did not pay attention to the role of students in the importance of teaching activities.I started teaching material, books andconstantly paged through the material, managed to keep the claroom vivid, but neglected the content of teaching and students\' links.In the first leon, I taught a

word ’ tiger’ .I say ‘it is a cruel animal living in the woods’ .I taught the students to read and spell the word several times.I thought the word was very easy and they can remenber it.But the reality is le and le people are paying attention to my speaking.When the master told me this,then I began to kmow the importance of it.After cla, I listened to the students’ reaction.I found that the oral English I spoke can\'t be understood by most students.In rural area ,students’ English ability is relatively weak.Although most of the students began began to learn English from primary school grade three or four, but primary school education in the school even junior high school is not in a relatively high level from hardware to software facilities .Their English study only emphasizes on examination, to have a good score, almost completely ignore listening ability and the ability to speak English, so, students can\'t adapt to my cla taught by the all English.After cla,you should ask the students’ reaction and make a better preparetion.

It was in the fourth day, that a student pa me a note: I like you very much.A sense of accomplishment arised spontaneously.I am really satisfied with that some students can learn knowledge from my cla and really like me.

I learned a lot from this mounth.I make a good preparetion in detail,listen to the guidance of teachers modestly,modify the teaching plan carefully,answer the students’ question patiently.I regard every aspect seriously,remodifying the teaching plan after cla,correcting homework and so on.

In a word, I think education is an interactive proce, not only the teacher need teaching, but also the students to actively cooperate with the teacher .This proce is very happy, also it is a hard work, but to be a good teacher, I will study hard and learn more.

第15篇：英文论文翻译

乡村旅游及旅游业多元化带来的挑战：

以塞浦路斯为例 Richard Sharpley 摘要

乡村旅游长期以来一直被认为是一种实现经济和社会发展与更新的途径，更确切地说,它已被推广成为一种高效的收入来源和及实现就业的产业,特别是在一些偏远的传统农业已经开始萎缩的农村地区。为了带来像沿海度假村一样的旅游效益，现在有很多旅游都开始转向内陆以乡村旅游的方式多元化他们的旅游产品和市场。本论文的目的在于在一定程度上探讨这种乡村旅游所代表的一个现实的旅游发展政策。基于研究农业旅游的发展在塞浦路斯所遇到的挑战和问题，强调乡村旅游的企业家在开发乡村旅游中遇到的一些问题。特别指出乡村旅游开发成本高回报率低,许多旅游经营者缺少必要的技能和的支配能力等重大挑战。总的来说，长期的资金与技术支持是乡村旅游能否取得发展的重要因素。 1.简介

旅游长期以来一直被认为是一种有效的促进农村经济的发展与更新的方法。在整个欧洲,特别是那些亟需解决社会和经济面临的各种挑战，传统农业产业的逐渐衰落的周边农村区，旅游业被广泛推广和依赖成为的一种有效的解决手段。另外,它对整个欧洲的财政结构有重要的影响。例如,在1989年到1993年间，欧盟的5.5%结构性资金都分配在旅游开发投资项目。而在1994年和1999年,一共有73亿欧元的资金用于促进旅游业的发展。

更具体地说，超过三分之一的投资项目涉及到旅游业。乡村旅游发展方案也在其他地方变得越来越明显，虽然与在欧洲的开发程度不同。例如，在美国，已经发现有30个州的开发旅游政策专门针对农村地区，还有另外14个已包括乡村旅游的整体旅游发展方案。同样，乡村旅游企业也越来越多为了弥补农业收入及其他合营机构收入的下降。然而，在许多其他国家，包括加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰和那些两个前东欧及亚太地区，旅游业是促进经济增长和改变在农村地区的主要动力。

同时，这也超越了一般的的发展与再生作用，乡村旅游正日益成为促进以与大量的包装型旅游目的地相对应。也就是说,一些流行阳关海滩旅游目项目,近年来,准备多元化旅游项目，分散投资于乡村旅游,这既是一种区域化又是一种形式化，作为农村传统旅游反对沿海现代旅游的方式，从而使旅游业以更均衡的、可持续的方法发展。更具体地说,乡村旅游业的发展传统上是被看作是一个夏日阳关目的地，他不仅是改变农村发展的手段也是实现旅游多元化增加旅游吸引力的重要手段，缓和市场高速发展存在的问题;减轻季节性联系问题;鼓励自主旅游使旅游经济效益的传播到旅游内地;更多的促进文化发展,并不单一的强调气候、景点;而且满足环境境需求平均这种个人旅游形式。这样的一个旅游目的地，已要求通过多样化和经济复兴的乡村旅游推广塞浦路斯。在过去的40多年来，塞浦路斯已成为一个重要要的地中海夏日太阳目的地，成功生长旅游基础显示着岛屿社会经济的发展。在1991年后，该项目领导劳纳推出了一体化岛屿为元素旅游发展战略。

然而，尽管塞浦路斯农业旅游项目表面上已经遇到了一些成功，包括获得英国航空的“旅游为明天”奖，但对其以保持其可行性和有效性的一个旅游多样化政策仍存在怀疑。正如本文所展示的，许多证据表明存在的问题和挑战这不仅不利于塞浦路斯农业旅游的发展，也农村传统观念旅游业相矛盾。本文的目的是要强调这些挑战，指出相关的经验教训，向其他旅游地区，如加那利群岛，这个也在寻找通过乡村旅游多元化旅游产业的地区提供借鉴。但是，首先有必要简单回顾一下乡村旅游发展的潜在好处和的挑战，作为具体分析塞浦路斯农业旅游的框架。

2.乡村旅游：经济发展的灵丹妙药？

在许多国家，乡村旅游受到很多实质性的鼓励与支持，在某些情况下同时从公共和私营企业取得财政援助。在过去三十年来，许多农村经济体都遭受了严重的衰败，就业率的下降和收入水平减少使传统农业进入经济的恶性循环。特别是农村人均收入已经远低于全国平均值，而公共服务的损耗，高失业水平和年轻人的外出，使受教育的农村成员在社区集体结构中处于濒危的状态。因此乡村旅游不仅仅被作为一种潜在的扭转这种局面的手段而且，由于它促进农村各种关系的紧密联系使得农村社会经济得以健康发展。它已成为一个不可分割的农村发展的政策。

这种对乡村旅游业日益增长的依赖和支持是取决于农村地区感知的许多好处。一般来说，乡村旅游业被视为一种宝贵的和不断增长的行业在整体旅游市场，占有重要收入来源。例如据估计在英格兰乡村旅游，每年约90亿英镑的利润。更具体地说，农村旅游业的发展对农村地区所面临的问题提供了解决方案。归纳如下：

（1）通过旅游业及现有企业促进经济增长，实现产业结构多样化和稳定性，提供更多的就业机会增加人民收入。创造的新市场农产品，以及不断扩大的地区的经济基础。

（2）社会文化发展，包括重农村地区的革新，维护和改善，公共服务的加强及地方的振兴对当地自然及环境结构的改善。

在一定程度上实现了这些好处仍引起争议。当然，有证据指出，作为经济增长的工具和多样化的手段，旅游业在提高农民收入水平和促进当地经济增长作出了重要贡献。同样，毫无疑问，旅游业是就业的重要来源，特别是在传统上受欢迎的农村目的地，对农村地区社会和环境发展，起到重要的作用，同时旅游业作为农村地区所面临的问题的灵丹妙药这种说法必须谨慎对待。

也就是说，在某种程度上旅游有利于农村发展的多样性，因此它值得政府的支持和资助。然而在有些地区，乡村旅游业的发展与他本固有的经济发展矛盾。研究表明有很多因素不利于农村通过乡村旅游实现经济多样化和增长。

特别是已经发现，旅游业对农村额外收入的增加很少达到预期的希望。在某种程度上，这可以解释的是，乡村旅游企业往往是小规模和高度季节性市场，这些包括：

（1）并非所有农村地区都同样吸引游客，简单的提供住宿并不能保证需求。产品包装必须足以吸引和留住游客，提供适当的消费机会。

（2）乡村旅游发展和组织可能会要求重要投资能够取得更大潜在回报。在这种情况下，政府补可能需要维持旅游业的利润。

（3）当地社区和企业可能会发现难以适应这种服务。例如，欧洲农民发现它难以通过与旅游工业农业结合的实现商品化农业。换句话说，农业价值和客户服务价值往往不可压缩。

（4）产品和服务的质量必须符合游客的需求和期望。在在罗马尼亚中部地区，因乡村旅游不符合海外游客的需求而阻碍了成功。（5）个人通常不具有乡村旅游业的技能和有效的资源市场营销以及成功的先决条件。在许多地区或国家，市场营销和广告支持是可用的，尽管当地农村社区对外来援助可能表示反感。

这些挑战并不是出现在每一种情况。然而，他们确实表明，旅游业并不是解决农村所面临的问题的必须手段。也就是说，旅游可能并不是最适合的发展道路，而成本和以上总结的其他困难可能限制潜在的经济回报。此外，由于以下对

塞浦路斯研究表明，这些困难会在与那些带有传统的阳关沙滩的旅游地点竞争时加剧。

3.塞浦路斯的旅游业

塞浦路斯旅游业的发展是1960年从英国统治下独立后开始的。当时，岛上极度落后，旅游业几乎不存在。事实上，在1960年仅25000旅客人数，旅游收益占本地生产总值约百分之2.5。有趣的是在这个数字的背景下，旅游业也只是在山上度假胜地，在1960年占几乎岛上的4000个床位的一半。当地正在寻找发展岛上乡村旅游的途径。

从20世纪60年代开始，塞浦路斯的旅游业开始繁华。直到1974年，这个岛的年接待旅游人数以每年20%的速度增长，在1973年参观者的人数已经达到264000人.在此期间，凯里尼亚和法玛古斯塔的沿海地区发展的最快，这为小岛发展为一个主要的夏日阳光目的地打下了基础。但是在1974年随着土耳其人的入侵其对塞浦路斯北部的占领，小岛的经济几近崩溃。大部分酒店，以及位于尼科西亚的国际机场和其他的一些旅游设施都以被破坏，到1975年只剩下仅仅47000家。

尽管如此，旅游产业再次出现不可思议的恢复和增长。到20世纪80年代。小岛的旅客人数相比于全球4.2%的增长率，其增长了16%。旅游收入再次恢复到1977年的2.38亿。

到20世纪80年代，小岛旅游的年平均增长率达到了23%。在1999年，旅游收入达到两千四百万，旅游业已经发展成为塞浦路斯的经济支柱产业，占整个GDP的20%，就业率的25%，出口额的40%。也是因为旅游业的发展，塞浦路斯人的生活水平在地中海地区仅此于法国和意大利，达到第三位。

塞浦路斯旅游业的发展已经被很好的记录下来，但是尽管塞浦路斯的取得了令人瞩目的发展，仍然存在许多对以后发展有为威胁的因素。

到1992年，人们已经认识到塞浦路斯的快速发展是不可持续的。沿海的大部分土地已经被开发殆尽，岛上的自然资源和人力资源面临严重的压力。由于经济增长严重依赖旅游业使得整个经济面临威胁。然而塞浦路斯旅游业的经济发展仍然因为以下原因继续增长：

（1）自上世纪80年代，岛上开始玩数字游戏即以到来的人数来测量旅游业的成功。然而90年代到此的旅客人数并不稳定，其中大部分是被圣拿帕的短暂流行的俱乐部和舞蹈所吸引。

（2）尽管在其他方面也有所努力，塞浦路斯的依然依靠它的传统核心产业。英国游客一直是岛上的主要来源，在1992 年占到了54.6%。由于塞浦路斯制定的旅游政策，英国游客在1996年下降到36.9%，但在1999年又重新达到47.5%。塞浦路斯的其他市场，如斯堪的纳维亚半岛和德国大概占到10%。

（3）在90年代，来塞浦路斯的游客由于本地旅游业的包容性，停留时间由1991年的12.5天下降到1996年的10.92天，从一定程度上来说，游客的平均花费也比预期的要少。

（4）塞浦路斯的旅游业有很强的季节性。超多四分之一的游客主要在七月到八月，整个从7月到9月的夏季游客占到全年游客的40%。

（5）大多数来塞浦路斯的游客都是跟团旅游。特别是英国和斯堪的纳维亚市场，分别占80%呵100%。不仅是这个因素制约了旅游业的发展，同时旅游业掌握在少数经营者手中也是个不利因素。这些都限制了岛上旅游业的发展潜力，30%的游客都由一家名为德曼集团控制着。1999年，岛上能够提供86000个床位，其中大部分在沿海地区。例如在法玛古斯塔东南部地区已经从孤立的乡村旅游转变为岛上最热闹的度假胜地。占据整个游客的40%，帕福斯以24%紧随其后，后者相比1991年增长了50%。更重要的是，从8年代兴起的自助式住宿对塞浦路斯的旅游业有很重要的影响。

总的来说，塞浦路斯旅游业的迅速发展有着季节性，跟团性及被少数商家操控的特点。相反的内陆的乡村地区却只占很少的一部分。 4.塞浦路斯农业旅游的发展

塞浦路斯当局也认识到旅游业发展所面临的问题，在80年代中期当旅游业发展至最好时期时，有关发展方向及发展规模的措施也相应出台。特别是针对鼓励山丘地区的旅游发展，目的在与增加多样性及旅游收入。

从那时起，历任计划和政策所追求的是实现更平衡以旅游的方式，虽然成果有限但含蓄的目标正在放缓旅游业的发展，改善和多样化旅游产品，以吸引高消费游客减少季节性的影响;以及扩大环岛旅游的利润。在过去的十年来，为实现这些目标农业旅游的发展一直是主要的手段。

塞浦路斯的农业旅游项目在1991年由当局旅游部门发起，旨在改革岛上的社会经济。以下是具体措施：

（1）激活乡村旅游以减少人口迁出。

（2）借助乡村旅游开辟一个更具意义的通道。（3）通过多样化的旅游吸引新的旅游市场。

（4）根据塞浦路斯传统文化特色发展独特的旅游模式。

（5）保护和保存现有的自然及建筑环境，并增强传统的生活习惯和文化。总的来说，农业旅游包含典型的乡村旅游发展的目标。这不是说将要取代传统的乡村经济，而是一种更加可持续的发展，同时也将岛上的旅游产品重新定位。

5.乡村旅游：挑战 5.1缺乏支持

无一例外，所有的受采访的农业旅游企业家都在抱怨缺乏政府的支持，特别是关于降低相关的财政支持。相比于某些装修费用已达到300，000，这其中利息补贴是微不足道的。与此同时，很多业主无法拿到相关部门所宣称的银行贷款。这些是因为其中相当一部分人事老年人，银行不愿意提供他们贷款。大部分受采访的经营者表示，他们的旅游项目成本高且收入来源有限。 5.2 缺乏培训

与相关部门的政策相反，很少有人说他们得到了相应的建议培训及有关塞浦路斯传统文化的教育。尽管有些人从希腊和爱尔兰的的经验中获得相关的知识，但这仅仅局限于早期的发展。相反的越来越来的人接受相关的培训，结果受采访者中只有5人觉得他们具有为游客提供专业服务的素质。 5.3 缺少设施大部分受访者提到了他们的村庄缺乏设施和景点。特别是，很多大的村庄只有一到二个旅馆这对游客的选择性有很大的局限。大概有50%以上的旅馆不提供食物以及缺乏继续扩大的能力。同样，这里缺乏能让游客感受当地文化，艺术的设施。

总的来说，显而易见的是，塞浦路斯农业旅游已取得了一些成功，但与预设的目标仍有很大的差距。另一方面，一些传统的特色得益于这项项目的修复。与此同时，研究当地社区之间的积极的态度以及对重新建立传统文化做法和信念，极大鼓舞农业旅游的再生发展。

第16篇：简爱英文论文

Abstract

Jane Eyre is a realistic masterpiece in 19th century, which has a strong romanticism color.People universally consider that the work is based on its author’s life story,.This thesis discues the similarities and differences of characters between the writer Charlotte Bronte and the heroine Jane Eyre and mainly focuses on the character of Jane Eyre.This article includes life experiences of Charlotte and Jane and the true love but complicated between Jane and Rochester.Therefore, the novel succefully builds a feminine image that is born to be mean and live a path winding, however, actually keeps a positive attitude which maintains independence and keeps initiative in love, life and society, and dares to struggle, and dares to strive for the free equal standing.The aim to write this article is through Jane Eyre, we can find a new female who enjoys noble quality which involves self-respect, tough and independent.

Key words Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, equality, independent, love

摘要

《简爱》是 19 世纪一部具有浓厚浪漫主义色彩的伟大现实主义长篇小说，人们普遍认为该作品是其作者生平的真实写照。本论文结合当时社会背景讨论了作者夏洛蒂?勃朗特和女主人公简?爱的性格异同点，并着重分析简?爱的性格。论文内容包括夏洛蒂?勃朗特和简?爱的生平事迹以及简?爱与罗切斯特之间一波三折的爱情故事，成功地塑造了一个出生低微，生活道路曲折却对爱情，生活和社会始终坚持独立自主，维护独立人格的积极进取态度和敢于斗争，敢于争取自由平等地位的坚强女性形象。写作本论文的目的在于，透过简?爱的人格魅力，我们看到了一个新时代女性身上赋有的自尊自爱自立自强的高贵品质.

关键词：夏洛蒂·勃朗特, 简·爱,平等, 独立, 爱情

Contents

1.INTRODUCTION OF SOCIAL BACKGROUND AND JANE EYRE ............4

2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHARLOTTE BRONTE’S AND JANE EYRE’S

CHARACTERS...........................................................................................................4

2.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHARLOTTE BRONTE’S CHARACTERS ................................4

2.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF JANE EYRE’S CHARACTERS ...............................................5

3.CONTRAST THE CHARACTERS BETWEEN CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND JANE EYRE ..................................................................7

3.1 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND JANE EYRE ....7 3.1.1 Different characters in childhood ................................................7

3.1.2 Different situations on pursing equality ......................................8

3.1.3 Different situations on pursing independence .............................9

3.2 THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN CHARLOTTE BRONTE AND JANE EYRE........9

4.CONCLUSION ...................................................................................11

Analysis of Charlotte Bronte and Jane Eyre

1.Introduction of social background and Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte’s representative work in 19th century and it is such a great novel that it holds an important position in the history of British literature.Our eyes were caught by her words which struggled for equality and freedom.Charlotte Bronte made herself as a prototype, created succefully a new woman, Jane Eyre, who was plain but constantly strived to become stronger, she had courage to fight continuously for freedom and equality in the male word.Charlotte Bronte and Jane Eyre had some experiences in common.So through the analysis of the novel, we can see the miserable predicament of English women in that time and their strong desire of seeking for equal social position with men.The novel begins with little Jane as a despised orphan in the house of her uncle’s widow.Being rebellious, she is packed off to a charitable boarding school, which administers harsh discipline with especial vigor.Jane sets herself to learn, qualifies herself as a teacher, advertises for a post, and is employed as governe of the illegitimate French daughter of Rochester in his country mansion, Thorn field.Dramatically, Jane and Rochester have affections; they two fall in deep love with each other.When they prepare to get married, Jane unfortunately gets the news that Rochester has a legal wife.Without any complains, Jane leaves.After rescued by the River family, Jane happens to get a sum of heritage.When John proposes for Jane’s love, she hears a supernatural cry from Rochester, without hesitation, she rushes back to Thorn field only to find the house has been burnt down and Rochester has been maimed and blind.However, Jane decides to marry him in the end because she thinks they are in real equal.

2.The development of Charlotte Bronte’s and Jane Eyre’s characters

2.1 The development of Charlotte Bronte’s characters

Charlotte Bronte is a typical female who is rather independent and tough in character.She is born in 1816 at Thornton, in Yorkshire, England.Her father is an Irish Anglican clergyman, and her mother is a housewife, who is unfortunately dead of cancer when Charlotte is only five years old.Charlotte is the third child of the six children.In 1824, Charlotte is sent with three of her sisters to the Clergy Daughters’ School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire.Because of its poor condition and awful treatment, two of her sisters die , Charlotte still maintains, but her health and physical development are permanently affected, so she and her sister Emily removed from the school and go back home in Haworth Parsonage.When Charlotte is a little girl, she is very interested in literature and she writes many short stories and poems to prepare for her literary vocations.When Charlotte grows up to fifteen years old, she continues her education at Roe Head School in Midfield.In 1839, Jane leaves Roe Head School and she takes up the first of many positions as governe to various families in Yorkshire.The job at that time is treated with bias and she suffers and bears so much.During 1839 to 1841, Jane workes as a governe two times but each period was short because she hated even abhorred the occupation so she can’t take it up any more.To make a living, Charlotte and her sister Emily want to open a school to teach children French, but they are not good at this language.In 1842, they travel to Bruels to learn French.They meet Mr.Herger, the owner of the Pension at Herger, a girl’s school, where Charlotte and Emily are pupils and Charlotte later teaching.Mr.Herger is a handsome and intelligent man.During the period of learning, Charlotte falls in love with the married man.But she puts her affections deeply in her heart.Her first novel, The Profeor published under the name Currier Bell, is based on her experiences of teaching in Bruels, but never found a publisher in her lifetime.Undeterred by her own rejection, Charlotte begins Jane Eyre, which comes out as an immediate succe.The novel is described as “the masterwork of a great genius.” To describe Charlotte’s love story, it is simple.During the period between 1839 and 1842, there are two men ask for Charlotte’s proposal, one is the brother of Charlotte’s friend, another is a young clergyman.Charlotte rejects to them for the reason that she thinks she is not their true love but a tradition but to follow the tradition to marry a woman, however, when Charlotte meets her true lover Mr.Herger, who has been married, she just puts her love in heart deeply.Her attitude towards love is very vivid; it is precious that she knows who she loves and what she wants.

2.2 The development of Jane Eyre’s characters

The heroine Jane Eyre is a very poor girl but in her temperament, she strives for equality and self-respect.Jane Eyre is an orphan, in the eyes of Mrs.Reed and the mistre’s children; Jane is an “external person”, an “alien”, “a person rather than servant”.In Gate head, everyone treats her meanly and coldly, she does not have an explicit position and identity, she does not feel comfortable about her living environment but she is not able to change it.The reality brings her up into a personality of solitary, sensitive and obstinate.She cherishes her rights and dignity as a human, especially when she is only a little girl, she uses a pair of eyes of early-maturing child and a pure child’s heart to observe and judge good or bad around.She has a rich inner world but no one to tell, so it brings her a personality of quiet and indifferent outside but paionate heart inside.As Mrs.Reed cannot hold Jane any longer, Jane is sent to a charitable school for poor girls in Logwood.At first, she thinks it is a paradise but in fact a hell except the benevolent intention in name.Bad food, thin clothes, two girls live in one small bed, six persons use one basin.People can’t receive timely cure if they catch a cold, so pestilence is spreading.Jane suffers molestation of the spirit and body continuously, but the strong motion of studying and the rebel independent spirit makes her survive in difficult environment, she grows up bravely and becomes a woman who has good accomplishment.Just like Jane says to her good friend Helen Burn: “when we are struck at without reason, we should strike back again very hard, I am sure we should hard as to teach the person who struck us never to do it again.” During that period, Jane becomes more mature in mind and she makes a further development of her severe self-dignity and self-consciousne.Before long, Jane is employed as a tutor of the illuminate daughter of Rochester in his country mansion, Thorn field.It is a new beginning for Jane, she works very hard there and adapts to the new environment and new job easily.As a tutor, Jane knows what status and dignity she is in, she profees herself as an independent worker, when facing the master, she is neither obsequious nor supercilious, but generous in manner, she is so calm and unhurried in Thorn field.Gradually, she attracts the attention of the wise and honest Rochester.Jane’s character, which is out of the ordinary and intelligence, like a spring wind on his face, gives Rochester a shake for heart and soul.As for Jane, “Mr.Rochester is my relation rather my master.During the day in Thorn field, my thin crescent destiny seemed to enlarge, the blanks of existence were filled up, my bodily hearty improved, and I gathered flesh and strength.” They soon fall in love with each other.Though Jane’s emotion for Rochester is so deep, she feels bitterly disappointed, because she must reminds herself continuously that there is always a chasm between them.Rochester is an upper cla gentleman while Jane is a poor tutor, Rochester poe a high social status and a great sum of fortune while Jane has nothing.She encourages herself “I care for myself.The more solitary, the more friendle, the more uncontained I am, the more I will respect myself.” So, when she hears that Rochester has a legal wife, Jane leaves Rochester without hesitation, leaves Thorn field.In Brit 19th century of Britain, making such a choice is undoubtedly astonishing for a plain woman who has no social status.However, this is decided by Jane Eyre’s rebel personality.On the way of a wild and remote village, Jane Eyre loses consciousne because of cold and hunger.Fortunately, she is saved by priest John and his two sisters.They take care to her and with their help; Jane becomes a teacher in primary school.John proposes Jane in Moor house, but she refuses, because Jane recognizes John is not her ideal lover.She seems to hears a supernatural cry from Rochester steady, so she goes back to Thorn field, only to find Thorn field has burned into wasteland and Mr.Rochester loses sight of both eyes and disabled because to save his mad wife in big fire.Under this circumstance, Jane comes back to Rochester, caring him for noting but love.At that time, Jane gains completely independence of economy and human dignity.In the end, she gets married with Rochester in true equal status.

3.Contrast the characters between Charlotte Bronte and Jane Eyre

3.1 The differences between Charlotte Bronte and Jane Eyre

3.1.1 Different characters in childhood

There are something difficult in characters in their childhood because their suffers and encounters in little are resemble but not same.And the experiences they suffered produce their different characters.Charlotte Bronte is the third child of the six children, she has sisters and brother.Her mother dies when she is little, then she and three other sisters are sent to a school.During the days in school, two of her sisters die because of the poor conditions.The news beats Charlotte very seriously.After Charlotte and Emily go back home, they study by themselves and by their father’s teaching.In their daily life, they either stay in their father’s library or have imaginations on the wild field.I can say Charlotte has a bleak childhood because she has no friends and she does not keep touch with neighbors.Charlotte’s family encounters and the surroundings make her the personality of solitary, lonene quiet, and uncommunicativene.Contrast to the heroine Jane Eyre, there are some differences between their childhoods.Throughout Jane’s childhood, she is fighting all the time, fighting with her cruel aunt Mrs.Reed, fighting with her cruel cousin John.Everyone in Gate head treats her badly and she is nobody so that Jane fights to them in return.As a little girl, Jane protects herself by nature and fights to others by nature.When Jane gets to school, the suffers from being humiliated and devastated teach Jane to be persevering and prize dignity over anything else.For the two little girls, Charlotte is solitary and quiet while Jane is rebel and brave to struggle her own rights and respects.Both of them are eager to be looked as equal as men, but Jane’s character is more vivid.

3.1.2 Different situations on pursing equality

Charlotte Bronte lives in a male chauvinism society, when people look down upon females, women have no rights as men, they are just considered as angle wives.Charlotte grows up under this circumstance, so she is desirous to pursue equality.When Mr.Southey says to her that literature is not busine of women, she does not give up writing in order to prove women can do what men do.She writes Jane Eyre under the name Currier Bell and when the novel turns out to be a great succe, there is no doubt that Charlotte is winning, she gains the equality as men.In the novel, Charlotte puts her dream of pursuing equality on Jane Eyre.Jane wants equal as men throughout her life.When she is young, she fights for equality, everyone in the house is treated as ordinary, but Jane is an alien and abnormal, Mrs.Reed and her children can vituperate even beat Jane at their own will, though for little thing.Jane can’t bear the disgrace any more, so she fights back.Both of the two females are pursing for equality, but reflect in different ways and different situations.Jane is an imaginative feature of Charlotte.

3.1.3 Different situations on pursing independence

As we all know, Jane Eyre is an outstanding novel to reflect her independence.Most of her childhood, she spends in the library with her two sisters and it is her obligation to take care for them.On the other hand, Charlotte does not like to play with other children; instead, she always has imaginations on the field.These encounters make Charlotte becomes an independent girl.For Jane, she is an orphan without brothers and sisters; she has no relatives after her Uncle Reed’s death.What’s worse, the mistre even the servants in the house don't like her very much.Therefore, Jane must make the personality of independence although at her immature age, she must learn to protect herself and take good care of herself.When she is sent to the girls’ school, the hypocritical headmaster and teachers pay no sympathy for the girls, the school rulings are strict and abnormal, the girls have little food and thin clothes.After Jane’s good friend Helen Burn’s death of illne, she has no choice but to survive on her own strong independent spirit under that bad environment.Charlotte and Jane Eyre have similar personalities like equality, independence and noble human dignity, but their personalities are raised in different life experiences.Charlotte confers most of her life experiences upon Jane but not completely.The purpose is to set up an image that is staunch and self-pride.

3.2 The similarity between Charlotte Bronte and Jane Eyre

Throughout Jane’s love story, it reflects the author’s attitude towards love.So, in this aspect, the two females have many similarities in love.According to the character of Charlotte Bronte, her family life may like calm water, but she may not feel happy, she may have been poor, but she may not value the property too much, she may not be very beautiful, but she may have a romantic idea about love.Charlotte Bronte must have been thought of what the perfect partner should be, they must cherish the same ideals and follow the same path, as the trees rooted in the same soil, or two branches on the same tree, they must have the same texture, so they can gain appreciation and understanding and love from each other.In Charlotte’s life, one young man is refused by Charlotte is her intimate friend’s brother; he is a shy and quiet gentleman, with a gentle personality and good quality.If they marry, their life will be courteous, calm and happy.Moreover, she can live together with her best friend, but Charlotte flatly refuses although it is a big temptation.In her mind, love and marriage are unifying, but she intuitively captures some discrepancies between them.Her romantic paion and unyielding ambition is not adapted to his quiet life like water, Charlotte boldly predicts that a gentle soften religious woman is the right marriage partner of his.Charlotte resolutely to refuse his proposal because she is certain she could not give him happine.In Charlotte’s term, love is noble and love is built based on equal human dignity.Then, Charlotte Bronte creates a female figure, who has much in common upon her love experiences, furthermore, Charlotte makes Jane’s love story more idealism and a happy ending.Jane Eyre meets the master, Mr.Rochester when she leaves for Thorn field Hall.He is a hardy man because his unhappy marriage, he marries Mi Mason, the woman has mean mind and extremely bad temper and becomes mad in four years after their marriage.When Rochester gets the first sight of Jane, he feels there is something new, a new vitality and a new feeling.The proce from strangers to love each other, Rochester is deeply conquered by the kind of rebellious spirit and the equality of self-esteem of Jane.Also, Mr.Rochester’s grace personality and vast knowledge attracts Jane very much.When Jane finds that she falls in love with the owner after such a disparity of social status, she has the courage to love because she believes that people are equal in spirit.Jane says: “Do you think, I am poor, obscure, plain and little, I am soulle and heartle? You think wrong! I have as much soul as you, and fill as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is for me to leave you, and we stood at God’s feet, equal, as we are!” I can say, the love of Jane is great and ordinary.Jane is great, because she love Rochester not for any of the utilitarian, even later, she aimlely leaves Thorn field Hall alone, she doesn’t take anything, including the pearls necklace Rochester gives her as a gift.Jane is ordinary, because her love is like ordinary people.We praise such love! The emotion Jane for Rochester is very sincere and single-minded, which mainly manifests on her dedicated and strong love for him.After Jane leaves Rochester, she does not abandon him emotionally, on the contrary, her loves likes a martyr, which is intended to sacrifice for him, no matter poor or rich.Throughout the numerous twists and turns, Jane finally realizes her longing for love—the love is full of freedom and equality.Though the results of the story, Charlotte wants to tell us, rebellion beats stubborn, freedom vanquishes fetter, equality defeats slavery.

4.Conclusion

Charlotte Bronte is a succeful female writer.The book Jane Eyre in other words is an autobiography through composing the image of Jane Eyre.Charlotte puts her own life experiences on the heroine in a dramatic way as she has a deep understanding of the circumstance of women in low status and points out the road of women gaining happine for themselves.The succe Jane gains wholly decided by her hardworking and lasting pursuit although she is a weak orphan girl with plain appearance in low cla.She owns nothing but ultimately gains a happy life.From the very beginning at Gates head to the last returns to Thorn field, the road is full of thorns.In this proce, she has ever had hesitance, perplexity and despondence; she never yields to the environment and the destiny.She has a heroic spirit in facing difficult.She is rebellious but we all favor this rebellion because we can see yearning and thirst for equality and freedom from her rebellion.Engels once points out “In any society, the degree of women’s liberation is the natural measure of measuring the general liberation.” What Jane Eyre has is a road of self-struggle, what she thinks is how to gain an equal status in society.From Jane Eyre, we can feel the demand of women liberation.So we still say Jane Eyre is great, Charlotte who publishes her own idea through Jane Eyre is greater.The spirit advocated by Charlotte Bronte of independence and sovereignty for women is what the modern women pursuing even today.

第17篇：英文论文写作

2.怎样写英文摘要？

可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。概述(30词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如：This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…

目的(30词左右)：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。

方法(50词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。

结果(50词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…

结论(60词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。

展望(20词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。

3.英文摘要有多长？

一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，特殊情况可以分成两到三段，但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。

4.英文摘要用什么语态和人称？

规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。

5.英文摘要用什么人称？

最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。

6.英文摘要用什么时态？

摘要的时态以一般现在时为主，表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时，用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时，总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。

注意：用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时：This paper aims to focus on… 而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时：This study investigated…

7.一定不能出现的东西

不常见的术语，插图，表格，数学公式，化学方程式，中文标点，过多的形容词，无关的背景资料，自我评价等。

200余篇英文论文被SCI/EI收录的牛人教你如何

写英语论文

今天我很荣幸地听了唐远炎教授关于>的讲座,唐远炎教授在国际刊物和国际会议上发表学术论文250多篇 (其中包括22本书籍,及章节), 其中 SCI检索80余篇,EI检索100余篇.听了他的讲座之后,感觉受益匪浅,有些观点和思想很有参考价值.在此想跟虫友们分享一下.

通过整理,在写英语论文过程中,主要注意的有以下几点:

第一.对于初写英语论文的人来讲.最好不要对原中文论文进行直译.在谈到这个观点时,唐教授一再强调初写英语论文一定要\"抄\",也就是说搜集一些类似的国外高级刊物的英语论文,在这些论文中找到要表达相似意思的英文句子,使用它的句型.这样写出来的论文更适合外国人的思维方式.也能让外国人更容易理解.同时也更容易被SCI,EI检索.他还说,按这种方式写过5篇论文左右,一些地道的英语表达方式就可以熟练的记住了.

第二.在写英语论文之前,首先要确定你要投什么样的期刊.其实投中文期刊论文也是这样的.举个很简单的例子,前几天,我有一个同学,写了一篇用数学问题解决纺织工程问题的论文.导师指导他说:\"如果你想投到>,在写论文时,在内容上就应该对一些数学知识作详细的说明,而纺织知识可以作粗略的介绍,但如果你想投到>期刊,那就应该对纺织的一些基础知识作详细的说明!\".因此,投不同类型的期刊有不同的写作手法.这样可以提高论文的录用率.

第三.要想写出被SCI/EI检索的文章一定要多花功夫在标题和摘要上.这也许是大家都知道的.外国人更注重创新,只要你觉得自己的观点有创新点,就不要怕不会被外文收录.还有一句话我还记忆忧新:\"做很少人做的研究领域,做难的研究领域\".这样的文章很容易被录用.

第四.中国有句古话:\"熟读唐诗三百首不会作诗也会吟.\"在写英语论文之前,做大量的阅读是必要的.但最好应该去读那些英语是母语国家学者写的论文.但是,必须注意的是.无论是硕士还是博士,永远应该把专业放在第一位,英语是放在第二位.英语只是一种工具.只是一种帮助你科研的工具.

第五.写英语论文时,不要使用外国人没有使用过的句型.即使这样的句子在语法上没有问题.但是外国人就是看不懂.也就相当于是一个病句.也许这种\"病句\"对你考CET有用,其实学英语口语也是这样的.在练英语口语时,希望虫友们记住:\"讲外国人从来没说过的英语,即使语法没有问题,也是错的.\"我国著名语言学家说过:\"想学好一门外语,首先要学好其文化!\"

以上就是我总结的一些观点.希望能对广大的虫友们有所帮助.同时希望你们能提出自己的观点.大家互相交流.实现我们共同的目标!

如果你有新的观点或对我的观点不赞同,大家一起探讨,谢谢批评指正!

我的邮箱software_wei@163.com

我的其他文章 http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=822575

通过这几天和虫友们的交流.我总结了一点新的观点.首先声明，这是真心话，希望能认真体会，能理解其中真意之后，一定就会懂的如何做研究。我老板平均每个毕业的博士都有6篇以上的SCI，他从来不强求学生发文章，只教如何做研究。下面的问题，他只和我说过一次，之后我的行动与之不相符就会被骂。现在成了习惯来这样思考，做事，发现真是事半功倍。

1.你在做研究之前，想过结果能不能发表没有？往哪里发？

2.写文章的高手是先把文章大框写好，空出数据来，等做完实验，填完空就可以发了。正谓心中有沟壑。

3.在想不清楚要写什么，要发到哪里去，自己做的与同行做的有什么出色之处，之前，就不要动手做事。去看文献，去想。想不清楚就做，不如不做要想这样子做，就得先看文献不是？要知道如何把文章架起来，要知道别人是如何讨论的，要知道你自己的数据是不是说明了与别人不一样的东东或别人没有做过。这个过程就是看文献，想的过程，这些搞清楚了，写就简单了。要是先做事，做完发现别人做过，或无法用理论解释，岂不是冤大头？这可是哥们儿我被老板骂过NN次得来的血的教训啊。本来不想把这种丢人的事写出来的，可看到兄弟们好多在犯和我同样的错误，就写一下罢。但愿有用

如何写出好的英文论文

1.用Times New Roman排版，12号字。

2.1寸页边距，双倍行距。

3.按照要求行文。

4.所有引言须标注。

5.以介绍性段落开头，结尾处要有结论。

6.确认正确完整地表达出自己的思想。

7.更正错别字。

8.时态须一致。

9.第一以及第二人称代词“我”，“我们”，“你”，“你们”等不能出现在

文中。

10.引言出处须标注。否则视作抄袭。

11.当引言出现在文中，建议要有提示性句子，如“根据**教授”，避免引言的

突兀。

12.使用引言时，句点和逗号均应出现在最后一个引号内，但冒号和分号除外。13.若引言的出处为某书的某章节，书名应加下划线或者用斜体标注。 14.避免频繁使用插入语（引言除外），分号，冒号，破折号。

15.不使用修饰性问句，如反问，设问等。

16.不使用夸张手法以及俚语。17.了解词语间不同的用法，例如“their”与“there”，“its”与“it’s”，“to”与“too”，“affect”与“effect”。 18.学术性文章中不使用缩略语。 19.提交之前仔细检查。

20.在提交日之前，欢迎给教授提供论文草样。

第18篇：英文论文翻译

英文论文翻译

一，英文题名的翻译

1 题名的结构

英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(nounphrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。短语型题名短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各短语型题名个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性，综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。

题名的字数题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。例如，美国医学会规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。总的原则是，题名应确切，简练，醒目题名应确切，题名应确切简练，醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。

2 中英文题名的一致性翻译

同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。

3 题名中的冠词的翻译

科技论文题名中的冠词简化冠词有简化冠词简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。

4 题名中的大小写翻译

题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式:

5 全部字母大写翻译；

每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词，连词，介词全部小写；题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。

6 题名中的缩略词语翻译

已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。

二，作者与作者单位的英译

作者:中国人名按汉语拼音拼写

单位:单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。三，英文论文翻译中英文摘要翻译

1 英文摘要的时态:

英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳。

一般现在时:用于说明研究目的，叙述研究内容，描述结果，得出结论，提出建议或讨论等；涉及到公认事实，自然规律，永恒真理等，也要用一般现在时。

一般过去时:用于叙述过去某一时刻的发现，某一研究过程(实验，观察，调查，医疗等过程)。用一般过去时描述的发现，现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律，永恒真理，只是当时情况；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。

现在完成时和过去完成时:完成时少用完成时少用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已

完成的事情完成时少用与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。

2 英文论文翻译中英文摘要的语态:

采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。

主动语态:摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态，有助于文字简洁，表达有力。

被动语态:以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。为强调动作承受者，采用被动语态为好；被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。

3 英文摘要的人称:原来摘要的首句多用第三人称Thispaper…等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如:Todescribe…，Tostudy…，Toinvestigate…，Toae…，Todetermine…，行文时最好不用第一人称行文时最好不用第一人称。行文时最好不用第一人称

4 注意事项

冠词:主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体，分类，时间，地名以及的独一无二的事物，形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经明确我们所指的是什么。

数词:避免用阿拉伯数字作首词避免用阿拉伯数字作首词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词单复数:一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。

使用短句使用短句:长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。使用短句

四英文论文翻译中《EI》对英文摘要的基本要求

1，英文摘要的完整性

目前，大多数作者在写英文摘要时，都是把论文前面的中文摘要翻译成英文。这种做法忽略了这样一个事实:由于论文是用中文写作的，中文读者在看了中文摘要后，不详之处还可以从论文全文中获得全面，详细的信息，但由于英文读者(如《EI》的编辑)一般看不懂中文，英文摘要成了他唯一的信息源。因此，这里要特别提出并强调英文摘要的完整性，即英文摘要所提供的信息必须是完整的。通过英文摘要就能对论文的主要目的，解决问题的主要方法，过程，及主要的结果，结论和文章的创新，独到之处，有一个较为完整的了解。注重定量分析是科学研究的重要特征之一，这一点也应该体现在英文摘要的写作中。英文论文翻译中，在写作英文摘要时，要避免过于笼统的，空洞无物的一般论述和结论。要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法，过程，结果和结论，这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路，又可以使你的论述言之有物，有根有据，使读者对你的研究工作有一个清晰，全面的认识。

2，《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求

《EI》中国信息部要求信息性文摘(InformationAbstract)应该用简洁，明确的语言(一般不超过150words)将论文的目的(Purposes)，主要的研究过程(Procedures)及所采用的方法(Methods)，由此得到的主要结果(Results)和得出的重要结论(Conclusions)表达清楚。

如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题:

本文的目的或要解决的问题(WhatIwanttodo?)

解决问题的方法及过程(HowIdidit?)

主要结果及结论(WhatresultsdidIgetandwhatconclusionscanIdraw?)

本文的创新，独到之处(Whatisnewandoriginalinthispaper?)

3 英文论文翻译中英文摘要各部分的写作

根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，能反映原始文献的主要信息。

目的(WhatIwanttodo?):主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。在这方面，《EI》提出了两点具体要求:

1)Eliminateorminimizebackgroundinformation(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)，

2)Avoidrepeatingthetitleorpartofthetitleinthefirstsentenceoftheabstract(避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。

过程与方法(HowIdidit?):主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也应包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中，过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题之后，接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题，最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。最常见的问题是泛泛而谈，空洞无物，只有定性的描述，使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此，在说明过程与方法时，应结合(指向)论文中的公式，实验框图等来进行阐述，这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路，又给那些看不懂中文(但却可以看懂公式，图，表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。

结果和结论(WhatresultsdidIgetandwhatconclusionscanIdraw?):代表着文章的主要成就和贡献，论文有没有价值，主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。因此，在写作结果和结论部分时，一般都要尽量结合实验结果或仿真结果的图，表，曲线等来加以说明，使结论部分言之有物，有根有据；同时，对那些看不懂中文的英文读者来说，通过这些图表，结合英文摘要的说明就可以比较清楚地了解论文的结果和结论。也只有这样，论文的结论才有说服力。如有可能，在结尾部分还可以将论文的结果和他人最新的研究结果进行比较，以突出论文的主要贡献和创新，独到之处(回答Whatisnewandoriginalinthispaper)。提高英文摘要的文字效能:《EI》很看重英文摘要的文字效能。为了提高文字效能，应尽量删去所有多余的字，句。在这方面，《EI》提出了两个原则:

Limittheabstracttonewinformation(摘要中只谈新的信息)，

Tryforbrevity(尽量使摘要简洁):

4，英文论文翻译中英文摘要的句法原则

尽量用短句(useshortsentences)

描述作者的工作一般用过去时态(因为工作是在过去做的)，但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时，应该用现在时态。

使用动词的主动语态，如:写成AexceedsB比写成BisexceededbyA更好。

第19篇：英文论文翻译

数控技术

摘要

数控技术是机械运动和控制技术的工作与数字信息处理技术。这是一个非常迅速发展的现代工业生产技术。数控设备是新技术的数控技术的形式向制造业的传统和新兴制造业的渗透，即所谓的数字设备。本文分析了高速、高精度、可靠性、工艺复杂的、多轴数控机床的发展趋势，并提出了一些在中国数控机床的发展存在的问题。

关键词：精度材料市场

1、在我们的时代数控机床的研究现状

世界各国对数控车床，加工中心，FMS，CIMS等各种新技术的研究和发展过程，与国际经济形势密切联系。机床行业和国际经济相互促进和发展，进入21世纪知识机警时代，人们的知识中所发挥的作用更为突出，机床行业作为机械制造业的基础，其核心地位和战略意义更加明显。在1991-1994年，全球的经济衰退，昂贵的FMS，CIMS降低温度，1995-2000年之间，国际经济以一个较低的速度增加，根据当今世界市场的不同领域用户对数控机床生产力提高的要求和世界四大国际机床展览会（EMO，IMT日本，中国CIMT JIMTOF，美国的欧洲）的展品分析，在我们的时代在数控车床的技术研究主要有以下几点：

（1）重视新技术和创新

在世界范围内，推出的新工艺，新材料，新结构，新的单位，以一个更具成本效益的方式进行新的组件的研究与开发，例如新的刀具材料、新的电主轴的主轴结构、高速、高速直线电机等。以创新的加工工艺的改进为基础，为加工超硬、难加工材料和特殊的复合和复杂的部分，不规则的曲面等,不断研究和开发新的机床品种。

（2）提高机床的精度和研究

为了提高加工中心加工精度，提高机床的刚性，减少振动的时刻，消除热变形，降低噪音，提高数控机床的定位精度、重复精度高、工作可靠、稳定性、精度保持性，世界上许多国家进行机床热误差运动负荷、车床的误差软件补偿技术研究的形状，以提高精度补偿，软件补偿措施，有的已经可能使这种误差的消除60%。并在不断开发精细加工，纳米加工。

（3）提高机加工生产率的研究

世界数控车床、主轴加工中心及相应的高速点轴、测量系统的直线、电机、高速数控系统的开发，都是以提高生产率为前提。

（4）很多国家已经开始对数控系统的研究智能化、公开化、网络化

A、数控系统的智能化研究

主要表现在以下几个方面：它是智能化为追求加工效率和加工质量，自我适应加工过程控制，工艺参数自动生成的研究；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，对反馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等进行研究；还有智能化自动编程、智能化的人机界面、智能诊断、智能监控等方面的研究。

B、数控系统的公开化研究

主要表现在以下几个方面：数控系统的开发是在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和支持，最后，通过改变，增加或剪裁结构对象（数值控制目标），形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统，快速实现不同品种、不同等级的开放式数控系统，形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通行规范、配置规范，运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。

C、满足生产线的制造系统，用于制造企业的网络化将极大地数控设备的信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式的基本单位。

2、加工中心的分类

（1）根据主轴空间位置分类如下，卧式和立式加工中心。

卧式加工中心，是指加工中心的主轴轴线水平设置。3-5个运动坐标轴卧式加工中心，常见的是三直线运动的坐标轴和回转运动坐标轴（转工作台轮），它能在工件一次装夹完成除安装面和顶面以外的其余4个面的加工，最适合加工箱体类工件。它与立式加工中心相比，结构复杂，占地面积大，质量大，价格高。

立式加工中心，立式加工中心的主轴轴线，为垂直设置，其结构多为固定立柱式，工作台为十字滑台，适合加工盘类零件，一般具有3个直线运动坐标轴，并可在工作台上安置一个水平轴的数控转台（第4轴）来加工螺旋类零件。立式加工中心结构简单，占地面积小，价格低，配备各种附件后，可对大多数工件的加工。

大型龙门加工中心的主轴，多为垂直设置，特别适用于大型或形状复杂的工件，这是在许多坐标龙门加工中心需要如航空，航天工业，一些加工大型汽轮机部分。

五面加工中心，这种加工中心有立式和卧式加工中心的功能，一个是插入后，可以完成除安装面外所有五个面的加工，这种加工使工件的形状误差降到最低，节省2次装夹工作，从而提高生产效率，降低处理成本。

（2）按工艺用途分

镗铣加工中心，它分为立式镗铣加工中心，卧式镗铣加工中心和龙门镗铣加工中心。它的处理技术主要依靠镗铣，用于壳体，壳和各种复杂零件特殊曲线和大过程，弯曲的轮廓加工表面，适用于多品种小批量生产。

复合加工中心，主要指五面复合加工，主轴头可自动回转，进行立，卧加工，在主轴自动回转后，在水平和垂直方向实现知道变换。

（3）按特殊功能分

单工作台、双工作台加工中心；

单轴、双轴、三轴及可换主轴箱的加工中心；

立式转塔加工中心和卧式转塔加工中心；

刀库加主轴换刀加工中心；

刀库接写手加主轴换刀加工中心；

刀库加机械手加双主轴转塔加工中心。

3、目前数控机床的发展趋势

目前，世界上先进制造技术的不断提高，超快切削、超精密加工等技术的应用，柔性制造系统的迅速发展和计算机集成系统的不断成熟，对数控技术也提出了更高的要求。目前正在开发的数控车床在以下几个方向：

（1)、高速度、高精度化速度和精度是数控机床的两个重要指标，它直接关系到加工效率和产品质量。目前，数控系统采用的型号，频率高的处理器，以提高系统的基本运行速度。同时，采用超大规模的集成电路和多微处理器结构，以提高系统的数据处理能力，即提高插补运算的速度和精度。并采用直线电动机直接驱动机床工作台的直线伺服进给方式，其高速度和动态响应特性相当优越。采用前馈控制技术，使追踪滞后误差大大减小，从而改善拐角切削的加工精度。

为适应超高速加工的要求，数控机床采用主轴电动机与机床结构形式主轴合二为一，实现变频电机与机床主轴的整合，轴承、电机主轴采用磁浮轴承，液体动静压轴承的形式或陶瓷滚动轴承等。目前，陶瓷刀具和金刚石涂层刀具已开始得到应用。

（2）多功能是改变组织各类加工中心（一个库容量可达100以上）的自动配置，可以实现铣削，镗削，钻削等多种工艺，车削，扩孔，扩孔，攻螺纹等过程，在同时在同一台机床上，现代数控车床采用多主轴、多面体切削，即同时对一个零件的不同部位进行不同方式的切削加工。由于采用多CPU结构和分级中断控制方法的数控系统，可以解决部分加工程序，同时在车床上，实现所谓的“前台程序，后台是编辑”。为了满足集成系统在柔性制造系统和计算机的需求，数控系统具有远距离串行接口，甚至可以联网，实现数控机床之间的数据通信，也可以直接对多台数控机床进行控制。

（3）现代智能化的数控车床，介绍了自适应控制技术，根据切削条件的变化，自动调节工作参数，使加工过程能保持最佳的工作状态，从而得到较高的加工精度和较小的表面粗糙度，可以同时改善刀具和设备生产效率的服务生活。具有自诊断、自修复功能，在整个工作状态中，系统随时对CNC系统本身以及与其相连的各种设备进行自诊断、检查。一旦出现故障时，立即采用停机等措施，并进行故障报警，提示发生故障的部位、原因等。还可以自动使故障模块脱机，而接通备用模块，以确保无人化工作环境的要求。为实现更高的故障诊断要求，其发展趋势是采用人工智能专家诊断系统。

（4）随着计算机应用技术的发展，数控编程自动化，CAD / CAM图形交互自动编程已得到目前更多的应用程序，这是数控技术发展的新趋势。它利用CAD绘制的零件加工模式，它是计算后可以通过计算机内的刀具轨迹数据然后处理，从而自动生成NC零件加工程序，为了实现CAD与CAM的集成。随着CIMS技术的发展，自动编程的方式在CAD／CAPP／CAM集成当前又出现了，它与CAD／CAM系统编程的最大区别是其编程所需的加工工艺参数不需要人工参与，直接从系统内的CAPP数据库获得。

（5）可靠性最大化，数控机床的可靠性一直是用户最关心的主要指标。数控系统将采用更高集成度的电路芯片，利用大规模或超大规模的专用及混合式集成电路，以减少元器件的数量，来提高可靠性。通过硬件功能软件化，以满足各种控制功能的要求，采用模块化，标准化，同时硬件结构机床本体的通用化、系列化，不仅使提高硬件生产批量，而且便于组织生产和质量把关。还通过自动运行启动诊断、在线诊断、离线诊断等多种诊断程序，实现对系统内硬件、软件和各种外部设备进行故障诊断和报警。利用报警提示，及时排除故障；利用容错技术，采用“冗余”设计的重要组成部分，以实现故障自恢复；利用各种测试，控制技术，生产超程、刀损、干扰、断电等各种意外时，自动进行相应的保护。

（6）控制系统小型化数控系统小型化便于将机、电装置结合为一体。目前，采用三维安装方法，使电子元器件必须使用高密度安装，占用空间缩小系统规模

更大。而利用新型的彩色液晶超薄显示替代传统的阴极射线管，使数控操作系统进一步缩小。所以这样可以方便地安装在机床上，更利于数控车床的操作的正确性。

参考文献：

［1］中国机床工具工业协会行业发展部.CIMT2001巡礼［J］.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(3)：18-20

［2］梁训王宣 ,周延佑.机床技术发展的新动向［J］.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(3)：21-28.

［3］中国机床工具工业协会数控系统分会.CIMT2001巡礼［J］.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(5)：13-17.

［4］杨学桐，李冬茹，何文立，等?距世纪数控机床技术发展战略研究［M］.北京：国家机械工业局，2000.

第20篇：平面设计英文论文

平面设计专业英语论文

There are several phases and procees in the user interface design some of which are more demanded upon than others depending on the project.(note for the remainder of this section the word system is used to denote any project whether it is a web site, application, or device)

Functionality requirements gatheringanalysis of the potential users of the system either through discuion with people who work with the users and/or the potential users themselves.

Typical questions involve:

What would the user want the system to do?

How would the system fit in with the users normal workflow or daily activities?How technically savvy is the user and what similar systems does the user already use?

What interface look & feel styles appeal to the user?

Information architecturedevelopment of wireframes, either in the form of paper prototypes or simple interactive screens.These prototypes are stripped of all look & feel elements and most content in order to concentrate on the interface.

Usability testingactual look & feel design of the final graphical user interface (GUI.) It may be based on the findings developed during the usability testing if usability is unpredictable, or based on communication objectives and styles that would appeal to the user.

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