推荐第1篇：四级翻译
Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a paage from Chinese to English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
2016年12月英语四级翻译真题及参考答案（卷一）
红色
在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福，在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运与快乐。因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写，用红墨水写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯行为。
2016年12月英语四级翻译真题及参考答案（卷二）
在中国文化中，黄颜色是一种很重要的颜色，因为它具有独特的象征意义。在封建(feudal)社会中，它象征统治者的权力和权威。那时，黄色是专为皇帝使用的颜色，皇家宫殿全都漆成黄色，皇袍总是黄色的，而普通老百姓是禁止穿黄色衣服的。在中国，黄色也是收获的象征。秋天庄稼成熟时，田野变得一片金黄。人们兴高采烈，庆祝丰收。
要点1：黄颜色是一种很重要的颜色yellow is an important color, 相信这句大家都能译的出来，不过要注意：“黄颜色”不需要写yellow color，因为yellow本来就是黄色。 要点2：它具有独特的象征意义which carries a unique symbolic meaning.
要点3：它象征着统治者的权利和权威It embodies rulers’ power and authority.此处，统治者可以接受的译法还有：governor, dominator都是可以的。象征还可以写成symbolize,represent.要点4：皇家宫殿全都漆成黄色royal palaces were painted with yellow.皇家宫殿royal palaces，皇帝emperor，黄袍imperial robes.要点5：普通老百姓是禁止穿黄色衣服的average people were not allowed to wear yellow clothes，禁止还可以用：ban, forbid.
要点6：秋天庄稼成熟时，田野变得一片金黄When crops are ripe in Fall, the farmlands become a piece of golden yellow.
2016年12月英语四级翻译真题及参考答案（卷三）
白色
随着中国的改革开放，如今很多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。新娘在婚礼上穿着白色婚纱，因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征。然而，在中国传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。因此务必记住，白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物，尤其不要送给老年人或危重病人。同样，礼金也不能装在白色信封里，而要装在红色信封里。
参考范文：
William Pu
Sunday,
December 18, 2016
1、
模拟题
上个世纪90年代以来，气候问题日渐被世人关注并演化成为一个全球政治议题。20年的气候谈判展现出气候政治博弈的复杂局面，利益主体的分化和博弈主题的扩展造成了气候政治合作这一全球性难题。在这样的背景下，我国应当做出如下战略选择加以应对：一是掌握主动，坚持低碳发展；二是积极应对，争取话语优势；三是广泛参与，改造游戏规则。
参考译文
Since the 1990\'s, climate problems have become a global concern as a topic on the world political agenda. Climate negotiations in the past 20 years have ended in a complicated situation of political game on climate, and the differentiation of the interest subjects and the extension of the theme of the game have become a global dilemma in the political cooperation on climate. Under such circumstances, China should respond with the following strategic choices: 1.taking the initiative in our own hands and sticking to low-carbon emiion development; 2.making active responses and striving for a bigger say; and 3.taking an extensive participation, and trying to reform the game rule
2、徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多很不可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景。
Xu Xiake toured and investigated 16 provinces in his lifetime, covering almost the whole country.When he was carrying out his investigations, he never took blind belief in the conclusions in the books.Instead he found a lot of unreliable points in the geographic records taken by his predeceors.In order to make his investigations reliable and thorough, he seldom traveled by carriage or boat.Instead, he took long, arduous trips on foot almost all the time, climbing mountains and hills.In order to learn the truth of nature, he always chose to conduct investigations in mountainous roads and lonely woods, where he discovered a lot of magnificent peaks and beautiful sights.
3、一档在国内异常火爆的电视比赛节目，引发了不少人的焦虑——大家书写汉字的能力正在不断衰退。
电脑和智能手机的迅速发展和普及，致使很多年轻人都拿起了笔却写不来字。若不借助电子产品的提醒，不少人连常用的那一万多个汉字都会想不起该怎么写。
复杂的汉字书写体系是中国古代文化遗留下来的瑰宝，而这一体系正不可避免地面临着退化的命运。 参考译文：
A televised contest that has become hugely popular in China has led to nationwide hand-wringing over the population’s increasing inability to write Chinese characters. The rapid rise of computers and smartphones has left most young people barely able to write by hand, with many unable to recall the estimated 10,000 characters used in daily life without an electronic prompt.The country’s complex writing system, a highly prized treasure of its ancient culture, is entering an inexorable decline.
4、从10月1日起，中国“草根英雄”（也称“感动2013人物”）第三季度网络人物评选正式启动。
评选活动由新华社发起并主办。网友可以通过网站、微博和手机应用三种方式为心中最爱的“草根英雄”投票。
评选将从20位候选人中选出10位主要事迹在道德和社会领域引起过广泛关注的网络人物。
陕西省28年治沙73000公顷“逐梦大漠”的牛玉琴，即是候选人之一。 参考译文：
Online voting kicked off on October 1st to select China’s graroots heroes or “Good Samaritans” for the third quarter of 2013.
Initiated and sponsored by Xinhua News Agency, netizens can vote for their favorites online or via microblogs and mobile applications. A total of 10 individuals will be selected from 20 candidates known for actions that have drawn attention to moral and societal iues. Shaanxi Province’s Niu Yuqin, who over the last 28 years has planted over 73,000 hectares of trees to control desertification, is among the candidates.
5、在中国，喝茶是一种仪式（ritual），一种精致的品味（refined taste）的展示。人们在饮茶的同时，也领略品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中国人最流行的打发时间的方式。过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆而开始一天的生活。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻货就政治话题进行激烈的辩论。
参考译文：
Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste.While drinking tea, people also take delight in the eence of tea itself.Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way of pastime among Chinese.In the past, they would start the day with a visit to a well-known teahouse.Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs.People come here not just for tea, but also to discu local news or to have intensive debates on political matters.
6、旅游业是近二十年来在世界各地迅速发展的一个行业，现在正引起中国公众越来越多的注意。许多人给报纸写信，就促进中国旅游业的发展提出了种种建议。人们的看法是，发展旅游业将有助于促进中国人民和其他国家人民之间的相互了解和友谊，并将有利于文化、科学、技术方面的交流。还会有助于为中国的伟大事业积累资金。
参考译文：
Tourism, a fast developing busine over the last two decades in all parts of the world, is now receiving increasing attention among the Chinese public.Many people have written to the pre making suggestions for the promotion of tourism in China.It is believed that the development of tourism will help promote mutual understanding and friendship between the people of China and other countries, and facilitate exchanges in the field of culture, science and technology.Moreover, it will help accumulate funds for China’s great cause.
7、意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗(Marco Pole)曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步(stroll)街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。
参考译文：
The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impreed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the most fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; OnEarth there are Suzhou and Hangzhou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake.As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products.
8、目前，人类的生存环境正在遭到破坏，美丽的大自然已经不那么美丽了。保护野生动物，也就是保护人娄自己。我强烈呼吁：不要再捕杀黑猩猩，不要再捕杀野生动物了，让我们人类多一些地球上的朋友，多给我们下一代保留一些野生动物吧! 否则，地球将毁灭在人类手 中，人类将毁灭在自己手中。
参考译文：
At present, man’s living environment is being ruined, and beautiful nature is no longer so beautiful.Protection of wild life is protection of man himself.So I appeal strongly to all to stop killing the chimpanzee or any other wild animal.Let us human beings have more friends on the earth, and
leave more wild life for future generations.Or the earth would be destroyed by man, and man by man himself.
9、农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日——中秋节。在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和幸运的圆月。此时，大人们吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着灯笼尽情玩耍。中秋节最早可能是一个庆祝丰收的节日。后来，月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了它神话色彩。此后，每年中秋月圆之时，人们向月宫仙女嫦娥祈福的传说便流传开来。
参考译文：
\"Zhong Qiu Jie\", which is also known as the Mid-Autumn Festival, is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar.It is a time for family members and loved ones to get together and enjoy the full moon - a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck.Adults will usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of many varieties with a good cup of piping hot Chinese tea, while the little ones run around with their lanterns.\"Zhong Qiu Jie\" probably began as a harvest festival.The festival was later given a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady in the moon.Thus started the legend of the lady in the moon to whom people would pray at the Mid-Autumn Festival.
10、端午节，又称为五五节，因为端午节是在农历的五月五日，它是中国重要的节庆之一。这个节日是为了纪念楚国 (the Chu Emperor) 的大夫屈原，他因为对朝廷 (court) 的贪污腐败感到绝望而投河自尽。镇上的人纷纷冲上船去救他，却没有成功。后来大家把米撒到水里，希望把饥饿的鱼群从他的躯体边引开。多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐渐演变成赛龙舟和吃粽子(一种包在竹叶中的米食)的传统。
参考译文：
The Dragon Boat Festival, also called Double Fifth Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth moon of the lunar calendar.It is one of the most important Chinese festivals.The festival commemorates Qu Yuan, a minister in the service of the Chu Emperor.Despairing over corruption at court, Qu threw himself into a river.Townspeople jumped into their boats and tried in vain to save him.Then, hoping to distract hungry fish from his body, the people scattered rice on the water.Over the years, the story of Qu’s demise transformed into the traditions of racing dragon boats and eating zongzi – a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves.
11、春节是中国最重要的节日，也是大家所熟悉的中国新年。对于中国人来说，这个节日的重要性如同圣诞节对于西方人。 具体的节庆日期是由农历（lunar calendar）而不是由公历（Gregorian calendar）决定的。所以，春节的节庆日期一般在元月下旬与二月上旬之间。新年的准备活动自腊月底（农历年底）开始，人们忙于扫尘，还清债务，理发，置新衣。人们也会在家中或到庙里烧香（burn incense）祭祖，祈求老天爷保佑平安。
译文：The most important holiday in China is the Spring Festival, which is also known as the Chinese New Year.To the Chinese people it is as important as Christmas to the westerners.The date for this annual celebration is determined by the lunar calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar, so the timing of the holiday varies form late January to early February.Preparations for the New Year begin on the final days of the last lunar month when most families clean their homes, pay their debts, have their hair cut and buy new clothes.People also burn incense at home or in the temples to pay respect to their ancestors and to pray to the God for a happy life in the coming year.
12、原文：中国日益扩大的国际接触对其进步一直是至关重要的。中国能够在已取得的经济成功的基础上进一步发展，关键是它进入了世界市场。让我们看几个统计数字。1979年以来，外贸占中国国民生产总值（Gro National Product/GNP）的比重从10%上升到45%。融入世界市场已成为中国经济生活的一个基本事实。继之而来的是融入世界投资体系。外国资金大量流入中国，外资存量（reserve of foreign funds）从1989年的50亿美元上升到1994年的近900亿美元。
译文：China’s growing international engagement has been vital to her progre.The key to sustaining and building on early economic succe was China’s move into the world markets.Let’s consider a couple of statistics.Since 1979 foreign trade, as a share of China’s GNP has risen from 10% to 45%.Integration in the world markets became a bare fact of Chinese economic life.With that came integration into the world investment system.Foreign funds flowed into China in a spectacular way.The reserve of foreign funds grew form ＄ 5 billion in 1989 to nearly 90 billion by 1994.
13、我们中国是世界上最大的国家之一，它的领土和整个欧洲的面积差不多相等。在这个广大的领土之上，有广大的肥田沃地给我们以衣食之源；有纵横全国的大小山脉，生长了广大的森林，贮藏了丰富的矿产；有很多的江河湖泽，给我们以舟揖和灌溉之利；有很长的海岸线，给我们以交通海外各民族的方便。（136字） 难点注释：
1）广大的肥田沃地large areas of fertile land
2)给我们以衣食之源provide us with food and clothing
3）纵横全国的大小山脉mountain ranges acro its length and breadth
4）广大的森林，丰富的矿产with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits
5）给我们以舟揖和灌溉之利provide us with water transport and irrigation
6）交通海外各民族的方便facilitate communication with nations beyond the seas 参考译文：
China is one of the largest countries in the world，her territory being about the size of the whole of Europe.In the vast country of ours there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and clothing，mountain ranges acro its length and breadth with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits，many rivers and lakes which provide us with water transport and irrigation，and a long coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the seas.
14、一周七天不间断的学习，这些学生的生活的每一分钟都在为高考准备，因为高考决定了他们的命运。对于那些来自贫困或者农村家庭的孩子们来说，在这场考试中好好表现，毫无置疑是他们爬上社会阶梯并成功的唯一的方法。竞争是激烈的，大部分的高中生最后不得不被分配到职业学校去。（128字）
每一分钟都在为高考准备are regimented(严格地管制) almost every minute of the day as they prepare for 不得不被分配到be relegated（归入，把降低到） to 参考译文：
Studying seven days a week, the students’ lives are regimented(严格地管制) almost every minute of the day as they prepare for the end-of-year exam that can determine their fate.For many students from poor or rural backgrounds, a strong performance on the test is the only way to climb the social ladder and excel without connections.Competition is fierce and the majority of high school seniors will be relegated（归入，把降低到） to vocational schools.
15、污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。现在人们以怀疑的态度看待“发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。伴随着人口增长的是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。许多人认为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种兵贵神速。
参考译文：
Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives.2) Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement.3) Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life.4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air water and land.5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living, in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of.6) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.7) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of poeions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.
16、现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。
参考译文：
College students now bear heavy academic preure.2) You will find them—except seniors who are beginning to look for a job—always too busy in studies to join campus organizations too busy to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities too busy to share the interests of their friends and too busy to pay attention to anything that is not connected with their studies.3) In short they have become nothing but a robot.4) They are under preure to do too much work in too little time.5) If their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight while they go to a movie they will feel guilty.6) The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleeple all night.7) They study so hard that they have hardly had time to savor life and to pursue other interests to grow as well-rounded people.8) The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happine and health.
17、新年春节刚过，农村的破旧小车站就挤满了成千上万的农民。他们只有一个目的，到城市去。八十年代处，农村的改革，使得千千万万的农民从土地上解放了出来，纷纷跑到城市找工作。自那以后，这种大规模的民工潮一直使城市感到头痛。这不仅是因为对城市设施造成了极大的压力，而且他们担心会引发许多社会矛盾。所以外来民工往往补被看成二等公民，不能成为城市居民，孩子不能在城市读书。但是另一方面，城市和经济开发区的发展急切需要大批劳力到工厂和建设工地。而且政府也感到如果不让农民出来。而农民的不满加剧，会导致社会*。
参考译文“
Only a few days after the Lunar New Year in dilapidated little railway stations throughout the countryside millions of peasants are gathering with a single purpose to get to the cities.3,4) Even since the early 1980s when the agricultural reform freed millions of farmers to seek city jobs the ma not just because of the preure it puts on infrastructure.5) Many fear that migration on such a giant scale will lead to social strain,6) As a result they have treated the migrants as second-cla citizens.6) For instance workers form the rural heartland are denied the right to settle down as permanent residents and to send their children to city schools.7) But on the other hand in booming cities and special economic zones factories and construction sites need all the labor they can get.8,9) And the government believe that if the rural maes did not get a share of and poor countryside would further widen leading to a building-up resentment that might fuel social unrest.
18、不同的人对退休持不同的态度。有些人认为退休后可以好好享受晚年的生活。但真的退下来了，他们则有点失望。看到自己就要被抛到废物堆里，他们不甘认命，设法另找事干来发挥自己的于热，以继续得到收入。另一些人则对一生中这样一个重大变动早有准备。他们一生为工作操劳，现在筋疲力尽了，渴望退休后能放松拉紧的弦，好好休息。由于不再需要每天早晨去赶公共汽车了，不再要为晋级虑。就可以有足够的时间去追求童年时的梦想，如写写书、画画图、种种花、周游各地。总的来说，没有像男的一样感到可怕。
参考译文：
Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2) Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3) but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4) Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5) Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6) Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7) As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream such as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8) On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9) Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far le threatening experience for a woman than for a man.
19、当我们从全球的角度来看环境问题时，首先注意的是环境问题引起人们的各种担心。发达国家担心的是大气和水的污染，能源的紧张，城市对农村面积的不断蚕食。发展中国家最担心的是营养不良，人口增长，水源不足，缺少教育和就业机会。
参考译文：
When we examine environmental problems in a global context the first thing that imprees us is the variety of concerns they evode.2, 3) Whereas in the developed world the focus is on air and water pollution the energy shortage and chewing up of the rural areas by urban sprawl the concern of the developing countries will most likely center on malnutrition population growth insufficiency of water the lack of education and jobs.
20、这次长江流域的水灾是44年来最严重的。官方的数字表明已有2000多人死亡，1380万人被迫离开家园。占中国总耕地面积3%的450万公顷的农作物被毁。工厂被迫停工，产量受到影响。客运的货运也被迫中断。在未来的许多岁月里，人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。尽管损失如此严重，举国上下，展民与洪水的斗争是非常值得称赞的。在抗洪斗争中，中国人民显示了令人叹服的守堤防洪的能力，例如这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。事实上，差不多有数百万平民百姓参加了这一人类巨大的斗争。
参考译文：
The floods in the Yangtze River basin are the worst in 44 years.2) Official figures indicate that more than 2000 people have been drowned and 13.8 million have been driven from their jhomes.3) Crops have been destroyed on 4.5 million hectares.3 percent of China’s total cropland.4) Industrial output has suffered as factories have had to shut.5) The transportation of goods and people has been disrupted.6) The overall effect on China’s economy will be felt for many months.7/8) Despite the serious damage China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide effort to deal with flooding during which the Chinese have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for shoring up dikes and protecting themselves from flooding.9) For example 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded.10) Literally millions of civilians are involved in this enormous human effort.
推荐第2篇：四级翻译
Confucius）是春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period）的大思想家、大教育家和儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始人，是古代中国人心目中的圣人。孔子的言论和生平活动记录在由他的弟子或再传弟子编成的《论语》（The Analects）一书中。《论语》是中国古代文化的经典著作。在孔子之后几千年的中国历史上，没有哪一位思想家、文学家和政治家不受《论语》的影响。不研究《论语》，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。
As a great thinker,educator and founder of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn Period,Confucius is a sage to the ancient Chinese people.His words and life storywere recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects.As an enduring claic of Chinese culture, The Analects has influenced allthinkers, writers and politicians in the thousand years’ Chinese history after Confucius.No scholar could trulyunderstand this long-standing culture or the inner world of the ancient Chinesewithout this book. NO.2 大约在两千多年前，中国就出现了蜡染（wax printing）。在中国服饰中，蜡染是一种流传时间长、流行范围大、使用领域广的服装工艺。蜡染是在布匹着色的过程中，以蜂蜡（beeswax）作为防止染色的材料。蜂蜡干了之后，会产生一些裂纹，这些裂纹在染色过程中渗透进靛蓝色，于是形成了如冰花式样的美妙纹理。这样自然天成的纹理可以说是蜡染的灵魂所在。
Wax printingappeared in China about 2,000 years ago.Wax printing has long been awidespread technique used in the history of Chinese fashion.During the dyeingproce, beeswax is applied to prevent some parts of the cloth form being dyed.When the beeswax dries, it develops cracks, which absorb indigo in the proceof dyeing, thus forming the beautiful natural lines resembling breaking ice.These naturally formed lines represent the beauty and soul of wax printing.NO.3 景泰蓝（cloisonné）是驰名中外的传统工艺，它集青铜艺术、瓷器和雕刻诸种工艺制作技巧于一身，是一门地道的北京绝活。它是收藏家收藏的佳品，也是人们居家使用的精美物品。这项工艺始创于明代景泰年间，初创时的颜色主要是蓝色，故得名“景泰蓝”。到了成化年间，景泰蓝技术进一步成熟，这个时期的作品沉稳凝重又透明灵动，而且铜胎也极为讲究。
Cloisonné is a traditional art widely known in and outsideChina.It is a kind of superb local expertise form of Beijing, which combinesthe skills of bronze art, porcelain, carving and other types of folk arts.Itis deemed valuable in the eyes of collectors, as well as refined ornaments fordaily use.The making of cloisonné first appearedduring the Jingtai reign of the Ming Dynasty, with the main colour used beingblue, hence the name “Jingtai Blue” as it became known later on.By the time of the Chenghua reign, thetechniques for making cloisonné were further
lacking ineloquence or vividne.Moreover, its cast was always made of choice copper.NO.4 西塘在浙江嘉兴，位于上海和杭州之间。这个占地规模并不大的古镇有着悠久的历史，它初建于春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period），位于吴国和越国的交界处。西塘的大致规模在宋代之前就已经形成，今所见西塘著名的桥梁望仙桥（Wangxian Bridge）就是宋代的遗迹。在明清时期，西塘既是远近闻名的鱼米之乡，又是著名的丝绸制造之地，还以制陶业（ceramics）而享誉全国。
Xitang is located inJiaxing, Zhejiang Province, between Shanghai and Hangzhou.Though small insize, this ancient town boasts a long history.It was first built during theSpring and Autumn Period, at the border between the states of Wu and Yue.Thepresent layout had already taken shape before the Song Dynasty, and the famousWangxian Bridge in Xitang is a legacy of the Song Dynasty.By the Ming and QingDynasties, Xitang had become a well-known trade center for farm products, silksand ceramics, all produced in the surrounding areas and famous throughout thecountry.NO.5 秧歌舞（Yangko dance）是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作迅速有力。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳舞来保持健康，同时他们也乐在其中。
The Yangko dance isa traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northernprovinces.Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and theirmovements are vigorous and quick.During holidays, such as the lunar New Yearand the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongsthey swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter howcold it is outside.In recent years, elderly people in some cities in NortheastChina have been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancersenjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round.NO.6 中国的青铜器时代（Bronze Age）从夏开始，经历商、西周到春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period），前后持续了一千五百多年的时间。大量出土的青铜器物表明，中国创造了灿烂的青铜文明。这些青铜器物不仅有丰富的政治和宗教内涵，而且还具有很高的艺术价值。今藏于中国历史博物馆的大盂鼎（the Great Ding for Yu）是中国青铜器时代的代表性作品之一。它是西周康王（King Kang）时期的作品，距今大约有三千多年。 The Bronze Age inChina lasted more than 1,500 years, from the Xia through the
numbers of unearthedartifacts indicate a high level of ancient bronze civilization in the country.They feature rich political and religious themes, and are of high artisticvalue.A representative example is the Great Ding for Yu, which is nowpreserved in the Museum of Chinese History.It was cast about 3,000 years agoduring the reign of King Kang of Western Zhou Dynasty.NO.7 1911 年，中国爆发了历史上的第一次资产阶级革命——辛亥革命（the Revolution of 1911），它推翻了中国封建社会的最后一个朝代——清朝，废除了中国延续了2000 多年的封建帝制，建立了中国的第一个民主共和国——中华民国。民国政府成立以后，要求全国人民都剪掉头上的辫子（queues），选择自己喜欢的发型。至此，在中国延续了280 多年的辫子法令终于被解除。
In 1911, the firstbourgeois revolution in Chinese history — the Revolution of 1911 broke out.The last dynasty of the Chinesefeudal society, Qing Dynasty, was over-thrown and the monarch system that had ahistory of more than 2,000 years was abolished.The Republic of China, thefirst democratic republic in China, was founded in 1912.After its foundation,the government of Republic of China had required the citizens to cut off theirqueues and make the haircut they liked.Since then, the wearing-queue orderthat had lasted for more than 280 years in China has been abolished.NO.8 出现在中国五代时期的妇女缠足（foot-binding），虽然最初是宫廷舞女为了方便跳舞而采用的一种行为，但由于有人认为脚裹起来更好看，所有很多人就开始效仿起来。到了宋代，封建社会的纲常思想非常严重，受到男尊女卑的封建礼教的影响，女子裹脚的风气被传承下来，并逐渐成为一种习俗。为了与妇女的小脚相适应，宋代还出现了专门为裹足妇女制作的弓鞋（gongxie）。
The practice offoot-binding for women appeared in the Five Dynasties, but in the beginning, itwas only adopted by the court dancers for convenience while dancing.Sincepeople thought the foot-binding made women’s feet look more beautiful, many females rushed to follow suit.Bythe Song Dynasty, due to the importance of feudal ethical thoughts andinfluence of the feudal male superiority conception, the practice offoot-binding was inherited and became a custom.In the Song Dynasty, to meetthe needs of women’s small feet, a kind of speciallydesigned shoes gongxie was made.NO.9 据中国古代史书记载，治水有功的大禹通过禅让制接替舜成为部落联盟首领。但大禹死后，他的儿子夏启却破坏禅让的传统，自立为国王，建立了中国历史上第一个奴隶制国家——夏。从此，王位实行世袭制度，中国社会从此步入阶级社会。夏代处在中国社会从原始社
会向奴隶社会过渡的时期，社会生活的各个方面依然保存着原始社会的种种痕迹。 According to theChinese ancient documents, the legendary leader Shun abdicated and handed overhis leadership to Da Yu who had made great contribution to controlling theflood of the Yellow River of China.When Da Yu died, his son Xia Qi breachedthe tradition of demise system and set himself as the king.Xia, the firstslavery nation in Chinese history, was founded.Since then, the hereditarysystem had been practiced.Thus, China stepped into a cla society.The XiaDynasty was a transition from primitive society to slave society.At that time,all aspects of social life still reserved traces of primitive society.NO.10 北京烤鸭是自封建帝王时代就在北京城流行的著名菜肴，如今它被认为是中国的一道国菜。这道菜以它薄而脆的酥皮，以及厨师们在客人面前片鸭子的真实情形而著称。专门用于制作烤鸭的鸭子在养殖65 天后就被屠宰了，鸭子在烤制前要先用调料腌制（season），然后才送进焖炉或者挂炉.鸭肉通常配上葱（scallion）、黄瓜和甜面酱，用薄饼卷着食用。 Peking duck is afamous dish that has been popular since the imperial erain Beijing, and is now considered a national dish of China.The dish is prizedfor the thin, crisp skin with authentic vision of the dish serving sliced infront of the diners by the cook.Ducks bred specially for the dish areslaughtered after 65 days and seasoned before being roasted in a closed or hungoven.The meat is usually eaten with pancakes, scallion, cucumbers and sweetbean sauce.收起
As is shown in the graph… 如图所示…
The graph shows that… 图表显示…
As can be seen from the table,… 从表格中可以看出…
From the chart, we know that… 从这张表中,我们可知…
All these data clearly prove the fact that… 所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即…
The increase of ….In the city has reached to 20%.….在这个城市的增长已达到20%.
In 1985, the number remained the same.1985年,这个数字保持不变.
There was a gradual decline in 1989.1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况
一.开头段常用提出现象句型
1.Nowadays more and more…are commonly and widely…in everyday life.
如今，在日常生活中，越来越多…被广泛…
2.In recent years…is gaining growing popularity with…
近年来，…受到越来越多…的欢迎
3.Recent years have been a boom in…
近年来，出现了迅速增长。
4.Nowadays, there are many…
如今，出现了许多…
5.Nowadays,…has become a very common matter in…
如今，…已经成为在…的常见现象。
6.Nowadays, there is a growing tendency in…
如今，在…方面出现了上升趋势。
7.Recently…has aoused wide concern…/has been brought into focus.
最近，…引起了广泛关注/受到了人们的关注。
8.Most of us may have such experience that…
我们当中许多人可能都有…这种经历。
二.开头段常用引出他人观点的句型
9.In reaction to the phenomenon of…, some people say…
针对…现象，有人说…
10.When asked about…most people say…
当被问到…，大多数人认为…
11.When it comes to…, some people think…
关于…,有人认为…
12.Now, it is widely believed that…
现在，许多人认为…
三.开头/中间段常用引出两种不同观点的句型
13.There is a public debate today over… some people believed that…Others claim that…
如今社会上出现了关于…的争论。有些人认为…另一些人则声称…
14.When it comes to/talking about…, quite a few people believe that …but other people think differently.
当谈及…时，有相当一部分人认为…然而，另一些人则有不同的想法。
15.People’s opinion wary when they talk about…Some maintain that…Others believe that…
当谈及…时，人们观点不一。有人坚持认为…另有人认为…
四.开头段常用引出故事/事件句型
16.At about…o’clock in the…,when I…, I saw…
…点在…,当我正…的时候，我看见…
17.It was a …morning, when a …suddenly…
五.中间段常用引出优缺点/不足/影响句型
18.The advantages of…lies in many ways.
…有许多有点/好处。
19….as in the case with many iues, has both merits and demetits.
正如许多事物一样，…也是既有优点又有不足的。
20….will bring about an unfavorable effects/influence on…
…会为…造成不好的影响。
21.…may give rise to/result in a number of problems.
…会导致一系列的问题。
六.中间段/结尾段常用引出原因句型
22.Why…? Three factors can explain this.First… Second…Third…
为什么…?有三个因素可以解释。首先，…其次…，第三…
23.As for/Among the factors for…,…counts for the half, the rest depends on…
就导致…的因素而言，…是一部分原因，另一部分原因是…
七.中间/结尾段常用引出解决方法句型
24.How to…? The key words are as follows.To begins with, …Next, …Finally, …
如何…?关键措施如下。首先…其次…最后…
25.Such …would not …if we knew the following ways to handle …First,… Second,…Third…(虚拟语气)
如果我们掌握了以下处理…的方法，如此的…可能不会…第一个方法是…第二个方法是…第三个方法是…
八.结尾段常用引出“我”的个人观点的句型
26.As far as I am concerned, I agree with…
就我个人而言，我支持…
27.As to me, the former/latter opinion is more acceptable.
对我来说，前/后一种观点更可以接受。
28.For my part, I am on the side of…
对我来所，我站在…那边。
29.As I see it, …
就我看来，…
30.From my perspective, I…
就我而言，我…
九.图表作文开头段常用引出总体趋势的句型
31.As can be seen from the line/bar/chart/table that…increased/rose/grew/dramatically from…
从图表可见，自…以来，…出现了极大的增长。
推荐第3篇：四级翻译
四级翻译
中秋节为每年的农历(lunar calendar)八月十五，是中国仅次于春节的第二大传统节日。这一天是家人团聚的日子，月亮是中秋节庆祝的主题。全家人聚在一起品尝美味的月饼，观赏象征丰裕、和谐和幸运的圆月。中秋节也被认为是一个丰收的节日，因为秋季是收获的季节，各种水果、蔬菜和粮食作物都在此时成熟。许多动人的传说也与中秋节有关，如“嫦娥奔月”(Chang\'e\'s flight to the moon)。
Celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar, Mid-Autumn Festival is an important traditional festival in China, next only to Spring Festival.
It is a day of family reunion.The moon is the theme of celebrations.
Family members get together to taste delicious moon cakes and enjoy the full moon - a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck.
Mid-Autumn Festival is also considered as a harvest festival, because autumn is a season of harvest when various fruits, vegetables and crops are ripe.
Many touching legends are also aociated with Mid-Autumn Festival, such as “Chang\'e\'s flight to the moon”.
推荐第4篇：四级翻译
在中国，农历九月九日为传统的重阳节。九九重阳因为与“久久”同音，有长久长寿的含意，况且秋季也是一年收获的黄金季节，重阳佳节，寓意深远。在1989年，我国把每年的九月九日定为老人节，这是传统与现代的巧妙结合，使传统的重阳节成为尊老、敬老、爱老、助老的老年人的节日。在重阳节这一天不少家庭的晚辈会陪伴年老的长辈到郊外活动或为老人准备一些可口的饮食。
The Double Ninth Festival comes on September the ninth on the lunar calendar in China.The traditional festival sounds like “everlasting” in Chinese and thus implies a long life.What’s more, autumn is a golden season for harvest, which renders the festival meaningful.In 1989, September the ninth was designated as the day for the old in China, which is a tactful combination of traditional and modern practice, and becomes a festival for respecting, loving and helping the old.In the festival the younger generation of many families will accompany the elder on the trip to the suburb or prepare some delicious food for them.看到涂红画绿的脸谱（facial painting），你一定会想到戏曲。脸谱是中国戏曲艺术的重要组成部分，也是中华传统文化的瑰宝。京剧脸谱，是具有中华民族特色的一种的化妆方法。在京剧中每个历史人物都有一种大概的谱式，就像唱歌要按照乐谱一样，所以称为“脸谱”。 京剧脸谱与角色的性格有关：红色表示忠勇正义；黑色表示刚烈正直；蓝色表示桀骜不驯的人；白色象征阴险狡诈的人。
2014年6月四级翻译预测参考范文：
You are sure to aociate the colorful facial painting with Chinese operas when you lay eyes on it.As an important part of the art of Chinese operas, the facial painting is also what is treasured in Chinese traditional culture.Beijing opera facial makeup is typical of Chinese nationality.Every historical figure’s face corresponds to a certain facial pattern in Beijing opera, which functions as “乐谱”（the music for singers to follow）, hence the use of the term “脸谱（facial makeup）” .Beijing opera makeup reflects the character’s nature: red signifies loyalty, bravery and justice; black moral integrity and honesty, blue tendency towards rebellion; white a subtle character.
推荐第5篇：白云山
白云山
白云山是一座国家级的大公园。
站在白云山的大门前，满园的绿映入我的眼帘，这里到处是绿草，到处是绿树，到处是绿阴。微风从山顶上吹来，使人神清气爽，心旷神怡。
走进白云山，漫步在山路上，可以看见路旁载满了一些五颜六色的鲜花，满山遍野的鲜花都在怒放。登上山顶，俯视大地，就看见整座大山好像都淹没在花海之中。站在这里，那么多美丽的景色，看也看不尽，真叫人心花怒放。
过了一会儿，我们来到了充满欢乐歌声的天地——呜谷春。这是小鸟的天堂，这里面有成千上万只五彩斑斓的小鸟在这里自由自在的生活娱乐，十分开心。它们时而聚，时而散，时而飞，时而落，真像一群快乐的小精灵在游玩。
白云山还有很多景物去等你来欣赏，快来这里游玩吧。
推荐第6篇：四级翻译讲义
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大学英语四级翻译讲义
英语翻译三步曲 第一：找主干 第二：定时态 第三：加修饰 第
一、找主干
什么是句子的主干？――主要成份
第二、定时态
如何确定时态？找信号词 A一般现在时
信号词：现在、是、总是、给
谓语构成： be动词（am/is are）动词原形（do/does）
B 一般过去时
信号词：过去某个具体时间点(从前、早在、在2011年,朝代）
相传，据说
谓语构成：be（was，were）或者 did C.现在完成时
信号词：（副词）到目前为止，已经，自从，在近……以来，早就 （助词）了，过，
结构： have/ has + done (动词的过去分词) 表示完成时的时间状语标志 D.一般将来时
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信号词：将来、会、可以…
谓语构成： will (be going to)+do E 现在进行时
信号词：正在、此时此刻、
（助词）正……着
谓语构成： be（am/is are）+doing F.情态动词
结构:should/may/can/could/must等+do 信号词：将，可能，也许
时间状语
一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶。 (1312四） An emperor found the tea five thousand years ago.在明清期间，茶馆遍布全国。 (1312四）
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the tea houses were widespread all over the country.
几个世纪以来，西湖一直以其秀美风景而闻名于世。
For centuries, the West Lake has been well-known for its beautiful scenery.
地点状语
“中国结”(Chinese Knot)在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚。(1312四） Chinese Knot means love, marriage and reunion in Chinese.
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好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡.(1312四）
Good cooks always try to seek balance among grains, meat and vegetables.
方式状语
中国应进一步发展核能.(1406四）
China should further develop the nuclear energy. 食物对健康至关重要.(1312四）
Food is crucially important to health.阅读对于中小学生尤为重要.(1406四）
Reading is crucially important to primary and middle school students. 目的状语
为了，针对，以
用to do 形式
为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除（样题）。 To sweep away the ill fortune and bring in good luck,… 针对这一问题，中国政府正开始发起低碳行动。 To tackle this problem,….
为了促进教育公平，中国已经投入360亿元，用于改善农村地区教育设施。
To promote the equality of education, China …...青奥会于①八月②在南京③隆重开幕。
在汉语中通常排列为“时间→地点→方式→动词”的顺序， 在英语中通常排列为“动词→方式→地点→时间”的顺序。
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how→where→when
The Youth Olympic Games began ceremoniously in Nanjing in August. 我从看到你第一眼就从心底里深深地爱上了你。 I love you deeply from the bottom of my heart at the first sight.简单句语序：主+谓+宾+How+Where+When 请试着将下面短语组成一个完整的句子。
Games
played
yesterday
in the room
the children
quietly The children played games quietly in the room yesterday.before lunch
the letter
in his office
quickly he read He read the letter quickly in his office before lunch.the little boy
an apple
this morning
ate
greedily in the kitchen. The little boy ate an apple greedily in the kitchen this morning.
第四：加修饰（形容词）的翻译： a、单个形容词翻译
中国结已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。
Chinese Knot has become an elegant and colorful art and craft.
b、复合形容词
副词+动词过去分词形式＝＝形容词
“你要茶还是咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问题。
”Would you like tea or coffee?”, that is a frequently-asked question to dinning people.
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精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。
Well-prepared food is both delicious and good-looking.新版的牛津（Oxford）英语词典 newly-edited Oxford English Dictionary 新公布的计划 newly-announced plan 新建的高楼 recently/newly-built architectures 精心设计的景观 well-designed landscape
（二）、of 结构
茶是中国的瑰宝。(1312四）
Tea is the treasure of China. (of结构）
(1) 随着
随着时代的发展with the development of times
随着技术和安全措施的改进with the improvement of technology and security measures
随着电脑和智能手机的迅速发展和普及with the fast development and popularity of computers and smart phones （2）史
中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史。
Chinese paper-cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.
北京首都国际机场(Beijing Capital International Airport)已有50多年的历史。
Beijing Capital International Airport has a history of more than 50 years. （3）部分
太极拳是东方文化的重要组成部分。
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Taijiquan is an important part of the oriental culture.城镇化已经成为我国社会和经济发展的重要组成部分。
Urbanization has become an important component of social and economic development in China.(4)分数
核电目前只占其总发电量的2% Nuclear power currently only accounts for 2% of the total generating capacity.中国老年人口占据人口总数的三分之一。
Chinese elder people account for one third of the total population.
…….之一 句型
主谓+ one of +形容词+范围词+地点
皮影戏是中国最著名民间戏剧形式之一.
Shadow play is one of the most famous folk art forms in China. 茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一。 Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world.
（三）、介词短语
a、表拥有
中心词+with短语
有三千年历史的城市
a city with a history of 3,000 years. b、表地点
中心词+from/in/+somewhere 农村和山区的儿童
the children in rural and mountainous areas
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c 表方位
中心词+in+sth.工业升级中的结构性障碍(structural obstacle )
the structural obstacle in industrial upgrading d 表目的
中心词+for sth. 馈赠外国友人的礼物 the gift for foreign friends
被动句结构
• 一般现在时：be（am is are）+done • 现在进行时： be（am is are）+being + done • 一般过去时：was、were +done • 一般将来时：will be done • 现在完成时：have/has been done • 情态动词：must(can/could等) be done 真题演练
The famous novel is said to
(已经被翻译成多种语言).（2012-6）
We look forward to
(被邀请出席开幕式).
一、点型的被字句
（1）信号词
被，由，让，给，遭，受，通过 为…所称，用于 （2 ）判断句
是+动词+的
语言是在实践中形成的。Language has been formed in practice.
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二、隐形被动句
今天食堂吃饺子。
三、习惯性被动句
我们，人们，大家
被动句的翻译步骤： 第一：定主干（定谓语动词） 第二：定时态
第三：加被动
一、点型的被字句
被字句
在中国，烹饪被视为一种技能（1312四）。In China, cooking is regarded as a skill.由字句
家里的大事由男人做主。The important things in family are decided by men.于字句
这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍
These funds are used to improve teaching facilities and purchase books. 遭字句
目前，人类的生存环境正在遭到破坏。
Currently, the human’s living environment is being destroyed severely.受字句
中国武侠连续剧(Chinese Wuxia series)在西方受到大众的欢迎。 Chinese Wuxia series is welcomed by the audience in the west.
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称
《本草纲目》堪称中医史上最完整的医书。
Ben Cao Gang Mu is regarded as the most complete Medical book in the history of traditional Chinese medicine.
（2）：是、、、的
地基是石头砌成的.The foundation is made of stones 真题演练
换句话说，核能是可以安全开发和利用的。
In other words, the nuclear energy can be exploited and utilized safely. 中国结(the Chinese knot) 最初是手工艺人发明的。（ 13.12 四）
The Chinese Knot was initially invented by craftsmen.
第二：隐形被动句
房间已经打扫干净了。The room has been cleaned. 文章总算写完了。The article has finally been finished.
第三：习惯性被动句(泛指人称代词,人们，我们开头) 人们用它来辟邪。It is used to ward off evil spirits.人们用它来记录事件。It is used to record events. 真题演练
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１这种形式的手工艺(handcraft)代代相传。 This kind of craft has been paed down for generations.
2、中国结常常作为礼物交换.
The Chinese Knot is often given as a gift for exchange.
如何翻译无主句？
第一：加人称代词 第二：译为被动
第三：it is +a.+to do(做某事是……，很难，很容易) 第四：there be/appear/exist（有，现在，存在）
第一：加人称代词
开车没有方向盘不行。 You can’t turn a car without the wheel. 外面下雨了。 It’s raining outside．
接到你的情书，非常高兴。
（我）接到你的情书,（我）非常高兴。
I am very glad to have received your love letter.
第二：译为被动
食堂今天吃饺子。Dumplings are served in the dining hall today.
第三：it is +a.+to do(做某事是……，很难，很容易) 很难弄清楚这个习俗的起源。
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It is difficult to make clear the origins of the custom.
第四、译为存现句型，there be 信号词 有，存在，出现 中西方饮食习惯存在具大差异。
There exist great differences between Chinese and western eating habits.
必须保证孩子们的安全。
Children’s safety must be guaranteed. We must guarantee children’s safety.It is eential to guarantee children’s safety. 并列句
并列句＝简单句+并列连词+简单句 表并列关系 和, 不仅，而且
and, both..and…
as well as , not only ...but also..., , neither…nor 表转折关系：但是，然而
but,however, while
表选择关系：或者
or, either…or
成功有一千个理由，失败却只有一个。
――――约翰肯尼迪（John F Kennedy）
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Victory has a thousand fathers, but defeat is an orphan.谈恋爱，是跟一个人的优点在谈恋爱，
谈结婚，是跟一个人的缺点在过日子。
Dating someone is dating with his or her merits,while marrying someone is marrying his or her demerits.
改错题
１ 丽江古城位于云南西北部，是纳西族(Naxi ethnic group)聚居(Home to)的地方。
Lijiang ancient city is located in the northwest of Yun Nan province, and home to Naxi ethnic group.
2 许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶。
Many westerners will choose coffee, while the choice of Chinese may be tea. 3 茶是中国的瑰宝，也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。
Not only is tea an ethnic drinking, but also was an important component of Chinese traditional culture.
真题演练
在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要 用于装饰的目的。
In ancient times, it was used for recording events, while now it is mainly used for a decoration purpose.中餐既美味又健康Chinese food is both delicious and healthy.
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中国园林是中国文化的标志，已有3000多年的悠久历史。
Chinese garden is a symbol of Chinese Culture and it has a long history of more than 3000 years.
定语从句
作用一：帮助我们翻译长定语
作用二：帮助我们翻译难词
翻译定语从句的步聚： 第一：译主干，确定先行词 第二：加关系词 第三：译从句
The prevention and treatment of AIDS is
(我们可以合作的领域）(0806四）
一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到了本地农村学校就读。 Some students who have been transferred to city schools to receive a better education are now moving back to their local rural schools.
其中 among which(事) among whom(人) 杭州特产众多，其中以丝绸和茶叶最受欢迎。
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Hangzhou owns numerous special local products, among which the silk and the tea is the most popular.
历史上涌现了一批杰出的元曲剧作家，其中以关汉卿最负盛名。
There appeared a great number of outstanding playwrights of Yuan opera in history, among whom Guan Hanqing was the most famous. 翻译难词
瓷器,和丝绸一样，是享誉海外的中国特产。
Chinaware, like silk, is a specialty of China that is very famous overseas.
宾语从句
判断：宾语是一个句子
信号词：认为 deem 声称maintain 显示reveal 强调stre 建议advise
结构：主语+谓语+(that)+从句
如果谓语动词是现在时，从句可以用任何时态；
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如果谓语动词是过去时，从句要用相应的过去时态。 他们强调，人们应当读好书，尤其是经典著作。
They stre that people should read good books, especially claical ones. 有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。
Some educational workers have suggested that a National Reading Day be set up since 2003.
时间状语从句
引导词：when, until 信号词：时，当….时 【真题链接】
.例子一：(CET4 2006/12) 一些心理学家表明人们出门在外时可能会感到孤独。
---Some psychologists claim that people may feel lonely_________________________.例子二：(CET4 2014/06) 饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美。(1312四） Tea-drinking was introduced to Japan in the 6th century, but was not introduced to Europe and America until the 18th
century.
条件状语从句
引导词：if
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信号词：如果，假如 主将从现
从句：if+主语+do/does 主句：主语+will +do If you do what you love, money will follow.
如果错过了太阳时你流泪，那么你也要错过群星了。
----- 泰戈尔
If you shed tears when you mi the sun, you’ll mi the stars. 主情从现
如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ ---If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 从句：if+主语+do/does 主句：主语+must/can/may等 主祈从现
---If you want to know the value of money, go and try to borrow some.从句：if +主语+do/does 主句：祈使句
否定：don’t do/never do sth.
If you can’t say anything nice, don’t say anything at all. If you are ever in trouble, don’t try tobe brave, just run, runaway. 【真题链接】
Please come here at ten tomorrow morning if it is convenient for you.(如果你方便的话）
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假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣，以后要养成阅读的习惯就很难了。（1406四）
If they don’t develop the interest of reading during this crucial period, it will be difficult to get into the habit of reading late.
第四次课内容：
第一：如果升级and连接的并列句（同位语，分词作状语，非限定性定语从句） 第二：三个提分句型 第三：段落翻译注意事项
1 汉语是一种古老的语言，已有四千多年的历史。
Chinese is an ancient language,and it has a history of more than four thousand years.2 宋徽宗是北宋第八位皇帝，也是宋朝最著名的皇帝之一。
Song Huizong is the eighth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, and he is also one of the most famous emperors in the Song Dynasty.相在同点：第一：前后两句主语一致
第二：第一句是个系表结构 方法：把第一个系表结构变为同位语 升级后的句型为：
汉语是一种古老的语言，已有四千多年的历史。
Chinese, an old language, has a history of more than four thousand years. 宋徽宗是北宋第八位皇帝，也是宋朝最著名的皇帝之一。
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Song Huizong, the eighth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, is also one of the most famous emperors in the Song Dynasty.
课堂练习
剪纸（Paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一，有一千五百多年的历史。
Paper-cutting, one of the most popular traditional folk art forms, has a history of more than 1500 years.
在中国，月饼是一种特殊的食品，广受海内 外华人的欢迎。
Moon cakes, a special kind of food in China, are deeply loved by the Chinese both at home and abroad.
中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华文化的一部分，为中国的繁荣做出了很大的贡献。
Traditional Chinese Medicine, a component of Chinese culture, has made great contributions to the prosperity of China.
句型升级2 我们坐在高高的谷堆旁边，听妈妈讲那过去的故事。
We sat on the high hillock and listened to the old story. We sat on the high hillock, listening to the old story.
相同点
第一：前后两句主语一致
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第二：动词与主语是主动关系
第一：保留主动词
第二：次动词用ing形式
课堂练习
近年来，越来越多的女性在政府部门任职，参与国家政务活动。
In recent years, an increasing number of females have taken office in thegovernment, participating in the national political affairs.
元代时戏剧曾传到世界上很多国家，迷倒了不少国外戏迷。
Drama was introduced to many countries during the Yuan Dynasty, attracting many foreign audience.
句型升级3 我们依偎在妈妈的怀里，听妈妈讲那过去的故事。
We were nestled in the mother’s arm and listened to the old story. 如果前后两句主语一致，动词与主语的是一主一被
方法一： Nestled in the mother’s arm, we listened to the old story. 方法二： We were nestled in the mother’s arm, listening to the old story.
上海自由贸易区(Shanghai Trade Zone)位于上海市的郊区，面积为28.78平方公里。
Located on the outskirts of Shanghai city, Shanghai Trade Zone covers an area of
20
28.78 square kilometers.
Shanghai Trade Zone is located on the outskirts of Shanghai city, covering an area of 28.78 square kilometers.
句型升级4 非限定性从句(重复先行词) 后一个句子用这，给，使，
步聚：第一：翻译主句
第二：逗号后面接which
第三：which+动词+其他成份
中国人每天使用筷子，这在很多外国朋友 眼里似乎是一个奇迹。 Chinese people use chopsticks everyday, which seems to be a miracle to many foreigners.这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍，使16万多所中小学获益。（1406四） These funds are used to improve teaching facilities and purchase books, which benefits more than 160,000 primary and secondary schools.2008年北京奥运会开幕式上，一位小姑娘唱起了《歌唱祖国》，给所有观众都留下了深刻的印象。
In the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics, a little girl sang the song of Ode to Motherland, which greatly impreed all the audiences.
提分句型１：时间段+witne+名词
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1949年中华人民共和国成立。
The year 1949 witneed the founding of the People\'s Republic of China
提分句型２：So+形容词+be+主语+that+完整句子 青春是如此短暂以至于我们来不及道别。
Our youth is so transient that we have no time to bid farewell. So transient is our youth that we have no time to bid farewell.
道别是如此漫长以至于我们用尽余生去遗忘。
The farewell is so long that we have to spend all the rest of our lives to forget. So long is the farewell that we have to spend all the rest of our lives to forget.
提分句型３：So+副词+do+主语+谓语+that (如果主语是复数用do,如果主语是单数用does)
他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事。
They study so hard that they have no time to enjoy their lives and do anything else.So hard do they study that they hardly have time to enjoy their lives and do anything else.
第一：读
（1）第一遍：主干，时态，语态
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（2） 第二遍：定语，状语
（3）第三遍：合译句子
第二：写
（1）写难词 （2）写信号词 （３）写长句
第三：查
(1)查时态 (2)查单复数
3)查漏译
（
推荐第7篇：英语四级翻译
试卷一：中餐
【真题原文】许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜
之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。
【翻译答案】Most people like Chinese food.In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill but also an art.The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking.Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account.Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as
healthy.
试卷二：信息技术
【真题原文】信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起
广大人民的重视是一件好事。
【翻译答案】As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Information Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course.Regarding to this phenomenon, people holding different views.Some people think it is not neceary, for students should learn the traditional curriculum.Another part of people think it is a need, because China should keep pace with the times.
Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology aroused public concern.
试卷三：茶文化
【真题原文】\"你要茶还是咖啡?\"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，
茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。
【翻译答案】\"Would you like tea or coffee?\" That’s a question people often asked when having meal.Most westerners will choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea.According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country.Tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until the 18th century does it spread to Europe and America.Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China but also an
important part of Chinese tradition and culture.
试卷四：中国结【真题原文】中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换或作为饰品祈求好运和辟邪。这种形式的手工艺代代相传，现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。
【翻译答案】The Chinese knot was originally invented by the craftsmen.After hundreds of years of continuous improvement，it has become a kind of elegant and colorful arts and crafts.In the ancient times，people used it to record the events，but now it was used mainly for decorative purposes.In Chinese, the knot means love, marriage and reunion, and is often a jewelry used for gift exchange or praying for good luck and warding off evil spirits.This form of handicrafts pa down from generation to generation, and
then it has become increasingly popular in China and around the world.
1.元宵节： Lantern Festival
2.刺绣：embroidery
3.重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival
4.清明节：Tomb sweeping day
5.剪纸：Paper Cutting
6.书法：Calligraphy
7.对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets
8.象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters
9.人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow
10.四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle
11.战国：Warring States
12.风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen
13.铁饭碗：Iron Bowl
14.函授部：The Correspondence Department
15.集体舞：Group Dance
16.黄土高原：Loe Plateau
17.红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals
18.中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day
19.结婚证：Marriage Certificate
20.儒家文化：Confucian Culture
21.附属学校：Affiliated school
22.古装片：Costume Drama
23.武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie
24.元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup)
25.一国两制：One Country, Two Systems
26.火锅：Hot Pot
27.四人帮：Gang of Four
28.《诗经》：The Book of Songs
29.素质教育：Eential-qualities-oriented Education
30.《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian
31.大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement)
32.《西游记》：The Journey to the West
33.除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival
34.针灸：Acupuncture
35.唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery
36.中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics
37.偏旁：radical
38.孟子：Mencius
39.亭/阁： Pavilion/ Attic
40.大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises
41.火药：gunpowder
42.农历：Lunar Calendar
43.印/玺：Seal/Stamp
44.物质精神文明建设：The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization
45.京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera
46.秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera
47.太极拳：Tai Chi
48.独生子女证：The Certificate of One-child
49.天坛：Altar ofHeaven in Beijing
50.小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand
51.红双喜：Double Happine
52.政治辅导员：Political Counselor/School Counselor
53.春卷：Spring Roll(s)
54.莲藕：Lotus Root
55.追星族：Star Struck
56.故宫博物院：The Palace Museum
57.相声：Cro-talk/Comic Dialogue
58.下岗：Lay off/Laid off
59.北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck
60.高等自学考试：Self-taught Examination of Higher Education
61.烟花爆竹：fireworks and firecracker
62.敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves
63.电视小品：TV Sketch/TV Skit
64.香港澳门同胞：Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao
65.文化大革命：Cultural Revolution
66.长江中下游地区：The Mid-low Reaches of Yangtze River
67.门当户对：Perfect Match/Exact Match
68.《水浒》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh
69.中外合资企业：Joint Ventures
70.文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）：\"The Four Treasure of the Study\" \"Brush, Inkstick, Paper, and Inkstone\"
71.兵马俑：cotta Warriors/ Terracotta Army
72.旗袍：cheongsam
推荐第8篇：英语四级翻译
1.琴棋书画
中国人最懂得消遣，中国从前的读书人， 闲暇时间以琴棋书画作为消遣。在中国人看来，艺术品的好坏，意味着作者人格的高低，所以弹琴、下棋、写字和绘画，都代表一个人的修养。弹琴不是要做音乐家，而是随着美妙的琴声，进入一个辽阔的世界，净化自己的心灵。下棋不是为了胜负，而是磨练耐性和使人眼光远大。写字不仅是把字写漂亮，同时也是为了陶冶情操。绘画则是借着画面上的简单线条，表现自己的想象的世界。
Music, che, calligraphy and painting
Chinese people have the best idea about recreation.Scholars of ancient times enjoyed themselves through music, che, calligraphy and painting in their leisure time.In the eyes of the Chinese people, the quality of the artifacts is a reflection of the character of the creator.Thus, playing musical instruments, playing che, writing calligraphy or painting show one’s culture.By playing music, one does not aim to be a musician but to enter a broader world, purifying one’s soul in the beautiful music.By playing che, one does not aim to be the winner but to cultivate patience and foresight.By calligraphy, one aims not only to write beautifully but also to improve his mind.Through painting, one exprees an imaginary world with simple lines. 2.孝
孝是中国人的一种最重要的民族美德。孔子认为孝道是各种美德的基础。孟子认为，如果人人都能孝顺父母，尊敬长辈，就可以使天下太平。一个人如果能尽孝道，就不会做出越礼犯法的行为。而且，孝顺父母的人往往性情淳厚，有见义勇为的品德，对于公益事业一定热心。社会的组成分子如果能推广孝顺父母的品德，热心公益，就会使社会更容易进步。 Filial piety Filial piety is the most important national virtue to the Chinese people.Confucius considered it to be the foundation of other virtues.Mencius believed that if everyone had filial piety for his parents and respect for older generations, there would be peace in the world.Those with filial piety will break neither etiquette nor the law.Such people are usually simple in nature, courageous in a just cause and enthusiastic in promoting the public good for sure.If society is eager for filial piety and ardent for the public good, it will be easier to make progre. 3.中文
越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，使他们认识到孩子掌握双语的好处--- 既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。这些人对中文的态度几乎完全改变了。曾几何时，他们还骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时送孩子来中国游览，欣赏壮观的自然风光，了解丰富的文化遗产。
Chinese language An increasing number of Chinese parents overseas with English education background have realized how important it is for their children to command Chinese as well as to master indispensable English.The rise of china has awakened their awarene of the benefits of bilingual study of their children, both to increase their chances of employment and to facilitate their contact and familiarity with tow different cultures: the Oriental and the Occidental.They have almost completely changed their attitudes towards Chinese.At one time they proudly declared that they only knew English.Now, they have begun to positively support their children’s study of Chinese and Chinese culture, and send them on frequent visits to China to admire its magnificent natural scenery and learn its cultural heritage. 4.元宵节
正月十五元宵节是中华民族的传统节日，也是春节之后的第一个重要节日。这是一年中第一个月圆之夜，也是大地回春的夜晚，人们对此加以庆祝，也是庆贺新春的延续。按中国民间的传统，在这天上皓月悬挂的夜晚，人们要点起彩灯万盏，以示庆贺。中国幅员辽阔，历史悠久，所以关于元宵节的习俗在全国各地也不尽相同，其中吃元宵、赏花灯、猜灯谜等是元宵节重要的民间习俗。 Lantern festival The lantern festival on the 15th day of the first month in the lunar calendar is a traditional festival of the Chinese nation, and the first important one after Spring Festival.This is the first full moon night of the year, and also marks the return of spring, for which people continue their celebration of the New Year.In keeping with folk tradition in china, people light thousands of color lanterns for celebration on this moon-lit night.Because of its vast territory and long history, china has many different customs for Lantern Festival acro the country, among which eating yuanxiao ( sweet, sticky rice dumplings ), admiring beautiful lanterns and gueing lantern riddles are the most important. 5.中国传统文化
中华民族的传统文化博大精深、源远流长。早在两千多年前， 就产生了以孔孟为代表的道家学说。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族的传统文化有许多珍品，比如强调仁爱、强调群体、强调天下为公、特别是强调吃苦耐劳、尊师重教的传统美德。所有这些都对家庭、社会和国家都起到了巨大的维系和调节作用。
Traditional Chinese Culture
Traditional Chinese Culture, extensive and profound, enjoys a long history.More than 2000 years ago Chinese Confucianism and Taoism emerged, founded by Confucius and Mencius, and Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, respectively.From example, it strees the importance of kindne and love, the interests of the community, the idea that the world is for all, and especially the traditional virtues such as diligence and endurance, respecting teachers and valuing education.All these have played a great role in binding and regulating the family, the society and the country.
6.诚信原则
中国人以前都生活在大家庭李， 有很多亲戚相互来往。 男人在外面做事谋生，也会结交许多朋友。 中国人交朋友， 秉持的最重要的原则是“诚”和“信”。自己以诚心待人，自然可以换来真实的友谊；尊重别人，自然会被尊重。 而且要信守诺言，绝不欺骗。中国人不仅把这些原则应用在私人的交往上， 在和其他国家办理外交的时候， 也同样遵守这些原则。
Sincerity and faithfulne In the past, the Chinese lived in extended family groups, with many relatives as their social contacts.The men of the family would also make many friends in the course of making their way in the world.Chinese people try to maintain two most important principles in friendship: sincerity and faithfulne.They exchange sincerity for true friendship as might be expected, and receive respect by respecting others.They keep their promises without deceit.Chinese people not only apply these principles in personal contacts, but also follow them in their diplomatic relations with other countries. 7.中药
众所周知， 在最近两百年之前的大部分时间里， 人类一直依赖传统药物与疾病斗争。 各大文明古国几乎都有自己的民族医药体系， 其中又以中国的中医药体系最为完备，成就最大。 可以说，中国的中医药体系是古代医药科学的最高表现。中药绝大部分来源于天然的植物，其次是动物、矿物等。中国各地使用的中药已达5000种左右，用各种药材配成的方剂，更是数不胜数。
Chinese medicine As is commonly known, until the most recent two centuries people fought against disease with traditional drugs.Ancient civilizations all had their own national drug system, among which the Chinese system was the most comprehensive and achieved the greatest results.We could say that the Chinese traditional drug system is the supreme representation of the type.Traditional Chinese drugs come mostly from natural plants.With some from animals and minerals.There are about 5000 traditional drugs in use acro China, and countle prescriptions made with those drugs.
8.清明节
清明节是中国人扫墓的日子。 中国人的乡土观念很重，他们认为世界虽然广大，但只有自己曾经亲手耕耘过的这块土地最可爱。 这块土地属于他们，同样的， 他们也属于这块土地。 传说从前中国人出远门的时候，身边总要带一包故乡的泥土， 这样他就不会轻易生病。一个人即使死在他乡，他的家人总要想办法把他的遗体运回去，葬在故乡的土地上。
Tomb-sweeping Day Tomb-sweeping day is the day for Chinese people to pay respect to their ancestors at their graves.Chinese people have strong loyalty to their hometown, believing the land they have cultivated is the most precious, no matter where they may go in the vast world.The land belongs to them and they belong in their own land.It is said that Chinese people of ancient times, when out of town, would take some soil from their hometown to protect them from illne.When one dies in a foreign land, his family will go to great lengths to carry back his remains to be buried in his own land.
9.中国画
中国画线条简单，却能给人无限的想象空间。 所以中国人看画，事实上是在心里作画。 也许有人会问： 中国的山水画家为什么老是喜欢画一些简陋的茅房，而不画高大的建筑呢？这是因为中国人觉得物质生活是短暂的，人的精神却是永恒的。 一个人如果领悟了天地的辽阔， 山水的永久，他还能不觉察自己的渺小，而变得谦虚吗？
Chinese Painting Chinese painting, though simple in line, inspires a boundle realm of imagination.Therefore, when Chinese people appreciate their paintings, they are actually painting in their mind.Some may ask: why do Chinese landscape painters love to paint shabby cottages instead of high buildings? It is because they sense the brevity of physical life but the eternity of the human spirit.If one realizes the boundlene of heaven and earth and the eternity of mountains and rivers, how could he be otherwise than humble at his own insignificance in the universe?
10.世界多元文化
一个音符无法表达出优美的旋律，一种颜色难以描绘出多彩的画卷。世界是一座丰富多彩的艺术殿堂，各国人民创造的独特文化都是这座殿堂里的瑰宝。 人类历史发展的过程，就是各种文明不断交流、融合、创新的过程。人类历史上各种文明都以各自的独特方式为人类进步做出了贡献。 我们应该积极维护世界多样性，推动不同文明的对话和交融，相互借鉴而不是相互排斥，使人类更加和睦幸福，让世界更加丰富多彩。
Cultural Diversity
A composer cannot write an enchanting melody with only one note, and a painter cannot paint a landscape with only one pigment.The world is a treasure house displaying unique cultural achievements created by people from all countries.The history of human development is the proce of different civilizations interacting with each other for mutual enrichment, and all civilization have contributed to the progre of mankind in their own way.We should uphold the diversity of the world, enhance dialogue and interaction between civilizations, and draw on each other’s strengths instead of being mutually exclusive.When this is done, mankind will enjoy greater harmony and happine, and the world will become a more colorful place to live.
11.端午节
根据传说，楚国政治家兼诗人屈原忧国忧时，在五月五日投江自尽。 人们敬爱这位爱国诗人， 驾船寻找他的遗体， 却没有找到。 后来人们把糯米包在竹叶里面， 做成粽子，驾着小船到达出事地点，把粽子丢到水里， 当做祭品， 这就是粽子和龙舟比赛的起源。 在南方水乡， 每年端午节都有龙舟比赛。
Dragon Boat Festival
According to legend, Qu Yuan, a politician and poet in the Chu Kingdom of ancient China, jumped into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, committing suicide in his concern about the current circumstances and future fate of the country.In their reverence for the patriotic poet, people rowed out in boats to make glutinous rice dumplings, rowed to the site of the suicide, and threw them into the water as a sacrifice.This is the origin of both glutinous rice dumplings and the dragon boat race.In the riverside towns of south China, there dragon boat races every Dragon Boat Festival.
12.孔子学院（Confucius Institute）是中国在世界各地设立的教育和文化交流机构。推广汉语、传播中国文化是设立该机构的目的。孔子学院最重要的一项工作就是给世界各地的汉语学习者提供标准的教材以及正规的汉语学习渠道。全球首家孔子学院于2004年在韩国首尔（Seoul）成立，目前已遍布106个国家。孔子学院有力地推动了中国文化的交流与融合（integration）。
Confucius Institute is an institute of education and cultural communication established by China all over the world.Its aim is to promote Chinese language and spread Chinese culture.The most important task of Confucius Institute is to provide standard textbooks and a formal channel to learn Chinese for learners all over the world.The first Confucius Institute opened in 2004 in Seoul, South Korea.At present, it has been established in 106 countries.Confucius Institute has greatly promoted the exchange and integration of cultures between China and the rest of the world.
13.大熊猫被称为“中国国宝”（China’s national treasure）是中国特有的动物。大熊猫外表黑白相间，体型肥胖，是一种温顺可爱的动物。它们主要生活在中国西南地区，80%以上分布于四川境内。它们习惯居住在温暖潮湿的环境中，喜欢吃竹类。由于生育率低，对生活环境的要求又相当高，它们的数量越来越少。中国政府早已意识到这一问题的严重性，所以做出了很多努力来保护这一濒危物种。
Referred to as “China’s national treasure”, panda is an animal unique to China.With a black and white coat as well as a fat body, it is a gentle and lovely animal.Pandas live mainly in the southwest part of china, over 80% of them living in Sichuan Province.They are accustomed to living in warm and wet environment.Bamboo is their favorite food.Because of low birth rate and high requirement for living environment, the number of pandas is declining.Having realized the seriousne of the problem, Chinese government has made a lot of efforts to protect the endangered species.
推荐第9篇：四级翻译练习
1.孔子
孔子(Confucius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和 宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰，中国思想史上 20 世纪伟大的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作 西方的苏格拉底。
参考译文: Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung.Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius’s influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.
2.京剧
京剧(Beijing Opera)是中国的国粹。 作为一门古老的艺术，京剧的服装 （costume)、脸谱(facial mask)更易被人喜爱。不同的服装类型反映不同的人物身份特征。富贵者的服装缀满精美的刺绣;穷困者的服装则简单朴素，少有装饰(elemental)。 脸谱是京剧中塑造人物 形象的重要 手段，它是用不同的颜色在脸上勾画出来的。脸谱的颜色让人一看便知角色(portray)的善恶。比如白色代表奸诈(treachery)， 黑色代表正直不阿，黄色是骁勇，蓝、绿色多用于绿林 好汉(rebellious fighters)，金、银色多用于神佛(divinity and Buddhism)等。
参考译文: Beijing Opera is the cream of the Chinese culture.As a traditional art form, its costumes and facial mask are more popular with people.Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the status of different characters.There are more decorations in the costumes of nobles，while those of the poor tend to be simple and le elemental.Facial masks can reflect qualities of different characters.Facial masks using different colors are important ways to portray a character.People can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks.In general，white usually represents treachery, black represents righteousne, yellow represents bravery, blue and green represent rebellious fighters，while gold and silver represent divinity and Buddhism.
3.茶马古道
茶马古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)两边，生活着 20 多个少数 民族。不同的地方有着各自美丽而神奇的自然风景和传统文化，比 如:大理，丽江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅鲁藏布江 大峡谷和布达拉宫(Potala Palace)。古道的两旁有庙宇、岩石壁画、骚站(post house),古桥和木板路，还有少数民族舞蹈和民族服装。时至今天，虽然这条古道的踪迹都消失了，但它的文化和历史价值仍然存在。
参考译文: Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minorities.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.
4.八大菜系
中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家， 每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。 地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发 展已经成形。 最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粤、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系， 这八 种被人们称为“八大菜系” 。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样 的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。
参考译文: China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines” .Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.
5.四合院
四合院是从明代的北京延续下来的古典建筑风格的住宅。四合 院之间的狭窄的街道被称为 “胡同” 。一个四合院有园林包围着四个房子，有高高的围墙保护。四合院与胡同都是人们 常见到的，有超 过 700 多年的历史，但是由于现在的城市改造和中国经济的发展，四合院 慢慢地从北京消失。
参考译文: Si He Yuan is a claical architecture style of residential housing of Beijing citizens dated from the Ming Dynasty.The narrow streets between the Si He Yuan are called “Hutong”.A single implementation of Si He Yuan comprises of garden surrounded by four houses and protected by high walls.Si He Yuan with Hutong which have been very familiar to people，having a history of more than 700 years now suffer from the urban renovation and economic development of China, and they are slowly disappearing from Beijing.
6.少林功夫
少林功夫(Shaolin Kungfii)是河南登封少林寺信奉佛教文化的和尚们练习的一种武术(martial arts)。少林寺，建于北魏(the Northern Wei Dynasty)太和期(Taihe Period)十九年，是少林功夫发展的文化空间。少林功夫最初是佛教僧侣练习的，他们的职责是保护寺庙。 现在经过 1500 多年的发展，少林功夫已逐步发展成为一种完美技术和丰富含义相融合的艺术，在全世界享有声誉。
参考译文: Shaolin Kungfu is a kind of martial arts practiced by monks under the special Buddhist culture of the Shaolin Temple in Dengfeng City, Henan Province.The Shaolin Temple, built in the Nineteenth year of Taihe Period during the Northern Wei Dynasty, is a cultural space for the development of the Shaolin Kungfu.The Shaolin Kungfii, which is originally practiced by the Buddhist monks whose duties were to protect the temple, has been gradually developed into an art of perfect technology, abundant meanings and high reputation in the whole world after more than 1500 years of development.
7.秧歌
秧歌是农历正月的主要的民族花市形式。 在这种活动中， 两人都盛装打扮， 轮流唱歌跳舞， 其他人作为唱歌和跳舞的搭档。锣(gong) 鼓按照节奏敲打;唢呐（suona)或其他传统的弦乐 器、木管乐器作为背景音乐。
参考译文: Yangge, which is one of the main forms of folk flower fair actions in the first month of the lunar year.In this activity, two people are dreed up, singing and dancing in antiphonal style, others act as singing and dancing partners.The gong and drum are beaten in rhythm; traditional stringed and woodwind instruments are dubbed in background music.
8.筷子
说到筷子(chopsticks)的起源，中国是世界上第一个使用筷子的 国家，用筷子吃饭已经有至 少 3000 年的历史了。筷子看起来很简单， 只有两根小细棒，但它有很多功能，比如挑选， 移动，夹，搅拌或 者挖。此外，它便于使用，价格便宜。而且筷子也是世界上独有的 餐具 (tableware)。使用筷子的人，无论是中国人还是外国人，都无不钦佩筷子的发明者。
As the origin of chopsticks, China is the first country in the world to use chopsticks and has a history of at least 3,000 years to have meals with chopsticks.Chopsticks seems quite simple with only two small and thin sticks, but it is in poeion of many functions, such as picking, moving, nipping, mixing and digging; moreover，it is convenient for use and cheap in price.Besides, chopsticks are also unique tableware in the world.Anyone using chopsticks， no matter Chinese or foreigners, would without exception admire the inventor of chopsticks.
9.扇子
中国扇子的历史可以追溯到 3000 多年前的商朝(the Shang Dynasty)。第一种扇子叫作 “扇汗” （Shanhan),是拴在马车上用来 挡住强烈的阳光，给乘客遮雨的。“扇汗”有点像现在的雨伞。后来 “扇汗”变成了由薄但是结实的丝绸或者鸟的羽毛做成的长柄扇，称为中山扇 （Zhangshan fan),它主要用于皇帝的仪仗(honour guard)装饰。
参考译文: The history of Chinese fan can be dated to over 3,000 years ago，around the Shang Dynasty.The first type of fan, known as Shanhan, was tied to a horse-drawn carriage to shut out the strong sunshine and shelter the paengers from the rainfall.The Shanhan was a bit like today’s umbrella.Later this Shanhan became a long-handled fan made of thin and tough silk or birds5 feathers, called a Zhangshan fan, which was mainly used by the emperor’s honour guard as decoration.
10.中国茶
中国是茶的故乡。 据说早在五六千年前， 中国就有了茶树(tea- shrub),而且有关茶树的人类 文明可以追溯到两千年前。来自中国的茶和丝绸、瓷器(porcelain)—样，在 1000 年前为世界所知，而且一直是中国重要的出口产品。目前世界上 40 多个国家种植茶，其中亚 洲国家的产量占世界总产量的 90%。其他国家的茶树都直接或间接地起源于中国。
参考译文: China is the homeland of tea.It is believed that China has tea- shrubs as early as five to six thousand years ago，and human cultivation of tea pants can date back two thousand years.Tea from China，along with her silk and porcelain, began to be known the world over more than a thousand years ago and has since always been an important Chinese export.At present more than forty countries in the world grow tea with Asian countries producing 90% of the world’s total output.All tea trees in other countries have their origin directly or indirectly in China.
11.丝绸之路
丝绸之路(the Silk Road)是历史上连接中国和地中海的一条重要 贸易路线。因为这条路上的 丝绸贸易占绝大部分，所以在 1877 年它 被德国的一位地理学家命名为“丝绸之路” 。这条 古道从长安开始， 经过河西走廊(the Hexi Corridor),到达敦煌后分成三条：南部路线， 中部 路线和北部路线。 这三条路遍布新疆维吾尔自治区(Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region)， 然后扩展到巴基斯坦(Pakistan)，印度， 甚至罗马。
参考译文: The Silk Road is a historically important international trade route between China and the Mediterranean.Because silk comprised a large proportion of trade along this road, in 1877, it was named the Silk Road by an eminent German geographer.This ancient road begins at Chang’an, then by way of the Hexi Corridor，and it reaches Dunhuang, where it divides into three, the Southern Route，Central Route and Northern Route.The three routes spread all over the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and then they extend as far as Pakistan, India and even Rome.
12.经济水平多样化的中国
中国是一个文化、语言、风俗和经济水平都很多样化的地方。 经济格局尤其多样化。大城市如北京，广州和上海是现代的，相对富裕的。然而，约 50%的中国人仍然生活在农村地区，尽管中国只有 10%的土地是可耕地(arable land)。数百万农村居民仍然依靠体力劳动或役畜(draft animal)耕作。两三百万农民迁到城镇寻找工作。 一般来说，南部和东部沿海地区比内陆地区更富有，西部和北部，以及西南部是非常不发达的地区。 参考译文: China is a very diverse place with large variations in culture, language, customs and economic levels.The economic landscape is particularly diverse.The major cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai are moden and comparatively wealthy.However, about 50% of Chinese still live in rural areas even though only 10% of China ’s land is arable.Hundreds of millions of rural residents still farm with manual labour or draft animals.Some 200 to 300 million former peasants migrated to townships and cities in search of work.Generally the southern and eastern coastal regions are wealthier while inland areas, the far west and north, and the southwest are much le developed.
13.中国对外贸易
对于世界上很多国家来说，中国正迅速成为他们最重要的双边 (bilateral)贸易伙伴。然而， 中国和世界其他国家之间贸易不平衡的问题已经引发了关注。尤其是美国对中国的贸易赤字是最大的， 达到了 3150 亿美元，这个数字是十年前的三倍还多。贸易纠纷(trade dispute) 也越来越多，主要是关于倾销(dumping)、知识产权和人民币的估价。
参考译文: For many countries around the world, China is rapidly becoming their most important bilateral trade partner.However，there have been concerns over large trade imbalances between China and the rest of the world.The US in particular has the largest trade deficit in the world with China at $315 billion, more than three times what it was a decade ago.There have also been a growing number of trade disputes brought against, mainly for dumping, intellectual property and the valuation of the yuan.
14.中国的假日
中国人民依法享受超过 115 天的假期，其中包括 104 天的周末和 11 天的节假日。中国一 年中有 7个法定假日，包括元旦(New Year’s Day),春节（Spring Festival),清明节（Qingming Festival), 五一劳动节(May Day)，端午节(Dragon Boat Festival),中秋节(Mid- Autumn Day)和国庆节(National Day)。员工有 5 至 15 天的带薪年假。学生和老师有大约三个月的寒暑假。在中国，暑假一般约在 7 月 1 日开始，8 月 31 日左右结束，寒假是根据春节的日期，通常是在 1 月或 2 月
参考译文: Chinese people legally enjoy over 115 days off including 104 days of weekends and 11 days of festivals.China has seven legal holidays in a year，including New Year’s Day, Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, May Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Day and National Day.Employees have 5 to 15 days of paid annual leave.Students and teachers have summer and winter vacations for about three months.The summer vacation in China generally starts around July 1st and ends around August 31st，and the winter vacation usually falls on January or February according to the date of the Spring Festival.
15.信用卡
信用卡(credit card)是银行所创造出来的最便捷同时也是最危险 的信用工具。通过信用卡， 人们可以先用银行付账的方式购买那些 负担不起的物品， 同时， 银行也将对此征收比 一般贷款要高的利率 (interest rate)。遗憾的是，信用卡现巳成为资本主义体制(capitalist system)的重要组成部分，而该体制就得依赖消费(consumption)的持续增长。
Credit cards are one of the most convenient devices ever created by the banking system but, at the same time, one of the most dangerous.They allow people to buy things they，otherwise, couldn’t afford， with money created by the banks and, charged out at much higher interest rates than normal loans.Unfortunately, credit cards have become an eential part of the capitalist system which only survives on the continued growth in consumption.
参考译文: 16.老龄化
根据全国老龄工作委员会(the China National Committee On Aging)的数据来看，到 2053 年， 中国 60 岁及以上的老人数量预计 会从目前的 1.85 亿一跃变为 4.87 亿，或者说是占总人口 的 35%。扩张的比例是由于寿命的增加和计划生育政策(family planning policies) 限制大部分城市家庭只生一个孩子。快速老龄化对社会和经济稳定 造成了严重威胁。
参考译文:The number of people aged 60 and above in China is expected to jump from the current 185 million to 487 million, or 35 percent of the population, by 2053，according to figures from the China National Committee On Aging.The expanding ratio is due both an increase in life expectancy and by family planning policies that limit most urban families to a single child.Rapid aging poses serious threats to the country’s social and economic stability.
17.中国经济
自从 1978 年经济改革以来，中国已经完成了从中央计划经济 (centrally planned economy)向 市场经济(market based economy)的转变。超过 6 亿人已经脱离了贫困，但是仍然有超过 1.7 亿人生活在 国际贫困线以下，每天少于 1.25 美元。2012 年，中国的人均 GDP 为 12405.67 美 元，这是 30 年前的 37 倍。到 2018 年，中国的人均 GDP 将从世界第 90 位上升到第 75 位。 然而，这仍然是低于预计的世界平均水平。
参考译文: Since initiating market reforms in 1978，China has shifted from a centrally planned to a market based economy.More than 600 million citizens have been lifted out of poverty, but over 170 million people still live below the $1.25-a-day international poverty line.In 2012, China’s GDP (PPP) per capita was $12,405.67.This is 37 times higher than what it was just 30 years ago.By 2018， China’ s GDP per capita will climb from the 90th to 75th highest in the world.This however will still be below the forecasted world average.
18.中国的保健食品
中国的保健食品（health food)市场首次出现于 20 世纪 80 年代。 保健食品是指具有特定保 健功能或补充维生素或矿物质的食品。保 健食品适用于特定人群消费，具有调节人体功能 的效果， 但不用于治疗疾病的目的。 保健食品有两种。 一种是具有特定保健功能的食品， 另外一种是营养补充剂。
China’s health food market first emerged in the 1980s.Health food refers to food products which claim to have specific health functions or supplement one’s vitamins or minerals.Health food is suitable for the consumption by specific groups of people and has the effect of regulating human body functions, but is not used for the purpose of treating diseases.There are two kinds of health food.One is food with specific health functions, the other is nutritional supplements.
19.成年子女必须探望父母的法律
这周颁布的一项新法律要求子女必须经常探望年龄超过 60 岁的 父母， 并确保他们经济和精 神上的需求得到满足。星期二，新华社 报导了_条新闻，来自江苏市无锡市的一位 77 岁的老太太起诉她的女儿忽略她。这是新法律生效后的第一起案件， 当地法院规定她的女儿至少每月探望母亲两次，并提供财力支持。但是这项法律引发了争议。有人说这给了那些因为工作、学习或者其他原因搬离家乡的人更多压力。 参考译文: A new national law introduced this week requires the offspring of parents older than 60 to visit their parents “frequently” and make sure their financial and spiritual needs are met.On Tuesday, Xinhua reported a news that a 77-year-old woman from Jiangsu city of Wuxi sued her daughter for neglecting her.In the first case after the new law came into effect, the local court ruled that her daughter must visit her at least twice a month and provide financial support.But the law’s introduction has proved controversial.Some say it puts too much preure on those who move away from home for work, study or other opportunities.
20.中国游客出境游
联合国下属机构世界旅游组织(World Tourism Organization)公布的数据显示，中国游客对全 球旅游业的贡献最大。中国人去年花 在出境游上的支出膨胀至 1020 亿美元，同 2011 年相 比增长了 40%。 联合国世界旅游组织在其网站上发布的一份声明中说，这一增幅令 中国 迅速超越德国和美国。后两者在之前是出境游支出最高的两个 国家。2012 年德美两国出境 旅游支出均同比增长 6%,约 840 亿美元。 参考译文: The figures from the United Nations World Tourism Organization show that Chinese travelers are making the most contributions to the global tourism industry.Chinese travelers spent a record $102 billion on outbound tourism last year, a 40% rise from 2011.That surge sent China screaming past Germany and the U.S.— the former No.1 and No.2 spenders, respectively 一 which both saw tourist outlays increase 6% year- on-year to around $84 billion in 2012, the UNWTO said in a statement on its website.
21.大学生就业问题
2008 全球经济衰退导致中国的新毕业生的就业市场显著下降。 2009 年毕业的学生将加入到 2008 年毕业仍在找工作的 300 万学生之中。毕业生过剩(glut)也可以归因于大学入学率的提高和教育机构的增加。 虽然大学的学生人数增加了， 但是他们的质量并没有明显地提高。 在大多数情况下， 毕业生无法在 2008 年找到合适的就业机 会是因为他们没有行业所需的技能。
The 2008 global receion resulted in a significant drop in the job market for China’s new graduates.Students graduating in 2009 will join around three million students who graduated in 2008 and are still seeking job opportunities.The graduate glut can also be attributed to a rise in the number of college enrollments and educational institutions.Although the number of college students has increased, there has not been any significant improvement in their quality.In most cases, graduates were unable to find suitable employment in 2008 because they did not have the skills required by the industry.
推荐第10篇：四级翻译孝道
中国传统认为孝顺(filial piety)是我们在父母有生之年应该一直秉承的、最 重要的美德。成为孝子是任何一个中国人首要的责任，这意味着要尽可能完全服 从父母，关怀父母，不惜任何代价满足他们的需求。中国传统认为孝顺还有一些 其他特征，如父母过世后，长子需要一手操办葬礼；儿子必须确保家里的香火(family line)得以延续。
According to Chinese tradition，filial piety is the most important virtue to be cherished throughout one\'s parents\' lifespan.Being a filial child is the uppermost duty of any Chinese and it means showing complete obedience to parents，taking care of them，and meeting their demands at any cost as poible as one can.Chinese tradition takes a view that filial piety has some other features, too.For example，the eldest son is required to perform all the rituals after the death of his parents; the son has to ensure that the family line will continue.
1.中国传统认为孝顺是我们在父母有生之年应该一直秉承的、最重要的美德: “中国传统认为”可译为状语According to Chinese tradition; “在父母有生之年”即“在父母的一生中”，可译为throughout one\'s parents\' lifespan;秉承„的美德”意为“视„为美德”，这里的“视”含有“珍视”的意思，故可译为cherish; “美德”可译为virtue;整句可译为 According to Chinese tradition, filial piety is the most important virtue to be cherished throughout one\'s parents\' lifespan.2.成为孝子是任何一个中国人首要的责任，这意味着要尽可能完全服从父母, 关怀父母，不惜任何代价满足他们的需求:此句可译为一个并列句，用动名词短语作主语，即being a filial child;其中“完全服从”可译为 complete obedience； “关怀父母”可译为take care of them;“不惜任何代价”可译为at any cost； “满足他们的需求”可译为meet their demands。
3.如父母过世后，长子需要一手操办葬礼:“需要”可译为be required to; “一手操办”可译为perform all the rituals，因本句有“父母过世后”这句话，故“葬礼” 可以省去不译。
4.儿子必须确保家里的香火得以延续:“确保”可译为make sure或ensure; “家里的香火得以延续”是具有中国特色的表达，可以意译，意思是“家族血脉要继 续\' 可译为the fkmily line will continue。
第11篇：四级翻译练习
随着中国的改革开放，如今很多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。新娘在婚礼上穿着白色的婚纱，因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征。然而，在中国的传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。因此务必记住，白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物，尤其不要送给老年人或危重病人。同样，礼金也不能装在白色的信封里，而要装在红色的信封里。 改革开放：reform and opening up 西式：in western style 葬礼：funeral 祝人康复的礼物：gifts for patients 危重病人：critically sick patients 礼金：cash gift
With China’s reform and opening up, quite a number of youngsters would like to celebrate their weddings in western style.The bride wears a white wedding dre at the ceremony, as white is regarded as a symbol of purity.However, in traditional Chinese culture, white is a color that is often used in funerals.That’s why it’s neceary to keep in mind that white flowers must not be gifts for patients, especially not for the elders or critically sick patients.Similarly, the cash gift shouldn’t be packed in a white envelope, but in a red one.
在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福。在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运和快乐。因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写，用红墨水书写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯。 象征：symbolize signify
mean
represent 到处可见：can be seen/found everywhere
中国革命和共产党：Chinese Revolution and Communist Party 冒犯：offense
The color of red in Chinese culture usually symbolizes good luck, longevity and happine.Red can be found everywhere during Chinese Spring Festival and on other joyous occasions.Cash is often put in red envelopes and sent to family members or close friends as a gift.Its popularity in China can also be attributed to the fact that people aociate it with the Chinese Revolution and Communist Party.However, red does not signify good luck and joy all the time in that the name of the dead used to be written in red.Thus it is regarded as an offense to write the names of Chinese people in red ink.
第12篇：四级翻译中秋节
人们在农历八月十五日庆祝中国的传统节日-----中秋节。几千年来，中国人喜欢讲人的悲欢离合与月亮的阴晴圆缺联系起来。因为满月时圆的，象征着团圆，中秋节也被成为团圆节。所有家庭成员会尽力团聚在这特殊的日子里，而那些不能回家的人则观望明月，以寄思念。此外，月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神奇故事看，也赋予了这一丰收节日以神话色彩。
Mid-Autumn Festival, one of Chinese traditional festivals, is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar.For thousands of years, Chinese people like to relate joy and sorrow, parting and reunion to changes of the moon (as it waxes and wanes).Since the full moon is round, which symbolizes reunion, the Mid-Autumn Festival is also known as the festival of reunion.All family members try to get together on this special day, while those who can not return home try to watch the bright moonlight to send/expre their longing for their loved ones.In addition, this harvest festival is also given a mythological flavor with legends of Change-E, the beautiful fairy in the moon.
第13篇：四级 短文翻译
颐和园(the Summer Palace)是世界上规模最大，保存最完整，文化内涵最丰富的皇家御苑，被誉为皇家园林博物馆。园内建筑吸收了中国各地建筑的精华。东部的宫殿区和内廷区，是典型的东方四合院(quadrangle)风格。南部的湖泊区是仿杭州西湖景色，一道西堤(dyke)把湖泊一分为二，具有浓郁的江南情调；万寿山(Longevity Hill)的北面，是典型的西藏喇嘛庙宇(Tibetan lamasery)风格，有白塔及城堡式建筑；北部的苏州街，店铺林立，水道纵通(cricroing watercourses)，又是典型的江南水乡风格。
中国人喜欢喝茶，也常常用茶来招待朋友和客人。茶叶是中国人生活中的必需品。茶树原产于中国。中国古人发现茶树后，起初是把茶叶用于药用，后来才当作饮料。花茶（scented tea）是中国独有的一个茶类，是在茶叶中加入香花熏制而成的。最有名的花茶是福建产的茉莉花茶(jasmine tea)。喝茶不但可以止渴，还能消除疲劳，帮助消化，预防一些疾病。长期饮茶，对人的身体很有益处。
文学是文化中最有活力，最灿烂辉煌的一部分。在历史发展的长河里，中国古代文学蕴含(embody)了中华文化的基本精神，体现了中国人的美学(esthetics)追求，承载了中华民族的理想信念，表现出自己独特的个性和风采。从远古(primeval times)神话(mythology)到唐诗宋词，明清小说......各种文学形式，高潮迭起，连绵数千年，涌现出许多古今文明的文学家(litterateur)和不朽的文学作品。
丝绸之路(the Silk Road)是公元前二世纪开始出现的一条联系中国和欧亚大陆的交通要道，由于这条道路开始时以丝绸贸易为主，所以人们便称它为丝绸之路。这条陆上道路从中国长安开始，经甘肃，新疆，进而到中亚，西亚，并一直联结到地中海(the Mediterranean)沿岸各国。丝绸之路不仅是一条古代通商的道路，它更是连接古代中华文明，印度文明，埃及(Egypt)文明，希腊(Greece)文明和美索不达米亚(the Mesopotamian plains)文明的纽带，是东西方文化和科学技术交流的桥梁。
中国是风筝的故乡。放风筝有益于身体健康，所以，许多国家十分流行放风筝。中国人不仅把放风筝当作有趣的游戏和有益于身体健康的体育活动，也常常把风筝当作装饰挂在墙上。目前，中国的风筝已经远销到日本以及东南亚和欧美的许多国家，受到了世界各国人民的欢迎。近年来，山东潍坊每年都要举行国际风筝节。
旗袍(cheong-Sam)源自清代满族(Manchu)女性服饰，被誉为中国传统服饰(habilatory)文化的典范。它不仅在整体造型的风格方面符合中国文化和谐的特点，而且它的装饰手法也展现着浓厚的东方特质(oriental idiosyncrasy)。另外，穿旗袍可以增加形体的修长感，配上中高跟鞋，更可以抬升人体的重心(the center of gravity)，将东方女性的端庄(civility)，典雅和含蓄的美展露出来。因此旗袍在中华民族服装中独领风骚，久盛不衰。
汉语是中国汉民族使用的语言，汉语历史悠久，在3000多年前就有了相当成熟的文字。汉
语有超过12亿的使用者，是使用人数最多的语言之一，除了中国，新加坡，马来西亚等国也有相当一部分人使用汉语，分布在世界各地的几千万华侨，华裔，也以汉语的各种方言为自己的母语。汉语是中国人使用的主要语言，也是联合国的工作语言。
中国人的生活多姿多彩，有许多很有意思的民俗(folkways)。最有意思的可能要数中式婚礼了。中国人结婚与西方人不大一样，西方人要进教堂，而中国人要大摆筵席；西方人要上帝赐福，而中国人要拜天地，拜父母；西方人穿着洁白的婚纱举行婚礼，而中国传统的婚礼需要新郎新娘穿红衣服，因为红色在中国象征着吉利、喜庆。
The Summer Palace is the largest and the best-preserved royal garden in the world with the richest cultural connotation, hence it is honored as a museum of royal gardens.The buildings in the palace are the architectural cream from all parts of China.The administrative and residential areas in the east of the palace are typical of the quadrangle in northern China,Where the enclosed courtyards are connected by various roofed causeways.The lake in its south,however,is an imitation of West Lake of Hangzhou,where a dyke divides the lake in two,thus giving it an obvious touch of southern China landscape.On the north side of Longevity Hill,the scene is that of Tibetan lamasery,where stand white pagodas and buildings like blockhouses.And in the north,the Suzhou Market Street,with all kinds of shops its cricroing watercourses,is again in the style of the waterscape in southern China.
The Chinese people like to drink tea,and often entertain friends and guests with it.The tealeaf is a neceity in the life ofthe Chinese people.China is the homeland of tea.The ancient Chinese first used it for medicinal purposes before developing tea as a drink.Scented tea is peculiar to China,which is made by smoking tea leaves with fragrant flowers.The most famous one is jasmine tea produced in Fujian Province.Drinking tea can quench one’s thirst,dispel fatigue,help digestion and prevent some diseases.The constant drinking of tea is quite beneficial for people’s health.
Literature is the most dynamic and splendid part of Chinese culture.Throughout the long history,Chinese ancient literature has embodied the underlying spirits of Chinese culture,reflected the Chinese people’s pursuit for esthetics and faith for ideal society,and moreover,demonstrated the distinctive Chinese character.For centuries,a succeion of diversified literary forms,for instance,mythologies in primeval times,poems and Ci in the Tang and Song dynasties,novels in the Ming and Qing dynasties,etc,have come into being.Many great litterateurs are still remembered today and their masterpieces have gained perpetual fame.
The silk Road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia,West Asia,Africa,and the European continent.It appeared as early as the second century and was traveled mainly by silk merchants,herce the name.The Silk Road began in Chang’an,paing through Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia,West Asia,and to lands by the Mediterranean.The Silk Road functioned not only as a trade route,but also as a bridge that linked the ancient civilizations of China,India,Egypt,Greece and the Mesopotamian plains.It also helped to promote the exchange of cultures and science and technology between east and west.
China is the birthplace of kites.Because flying kites is beneficial to one’s health,it is gaining popularity in many countries.The Chinese regard it as an interesting game as well as a sport helping keep fit.Some people also hang kites on the wall for decoration.Chinese kites,which are popular among people all over the world,are now available for sale in Japan,Southeast Asia and many countries in Europe and America.In recent years,the annual International Kite Festival has been held in Weifang of Chandong Province.
The cheong-sam has its origin in the Manchu female’s costumes in the Qing dynasty and han been regarded as the model of Chinese traditional habilatory culture.As for the reason,the cheong-sam not only accords with the characteristic of harmony within Chinese culture in terms of the style,but also shows rich oriental idiosyncrasy with regard to ornamental techniques.In addition,the cheong-sam will give more prominence to a lady’s slender figure,and also help to heighten the center of gravity of human bodies together with high-heel shoes,so that civility,elegance and dignity will be fully displayed.Therefore,the cheong-sam developed its own trend,which has been long lasting.
Used by the Han people in China,the Chinese language has a long history,having established a fairly mature written language more than 3000 years ago.The Chinese language has more than 1.2 billion users and can be regarded as the one spoken by the greatest number of person.In addition to China,some people in Singapore and Malaysia also use Chinese,and millions of overseas Chinese and foreign citizens of Chinese origin distributed around the world use various Chinese dialects as native language.The Chinese language is the main language used by Chinese,also one of the working languages of the United Nations.
The Chinese life is colorful with many interesting folkways.The Chinese wedding may be a focus of interest.There are many differences between the Chinese and the West in weddings,as the people in the West go to church while the Chinese celebrate with a feast.Westerners hope that God will ble them while the Chinese thank heaven and their parents.Westerners wear white wedding drees while the bride and groom wear red according to Chinese tradition,because red symbolize good luck and happine.
第14篇：四级翻译 端午节
端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。
The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan\'s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.
第15篇：英语四级翻译
2014年12月大学英语四级翻译练习及解析10
如今，越来越多的大学生抱怨很难找到好工作。造成这一现象的原因如下：首先，大学生把在校的大多数 时间都用在了专业学科学习上，只有当他们开始找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏必要的职业培训。其次，大 学生之间的竞争也越来越激烈，这导致任何一名大学生找到工作的机会都变小了。因此，强烈建议大学生在 课余时间做一些兼职工作，以积累相关的工作经验。
参考答案
Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job.The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack neceary job training.Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce.And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job.Therefore, it is highly suggested that college students should do some part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience.
难点精析
1.抱怨很难找到好工作：翻译为complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job。其中“抱怨做某事”用句型complain about doing sth.表示，having great difficulties in finding a good job表示“找工作有困难”，用到了句型have difficulties in doing sth.。
2.只有当他们开始找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏必要的职业培训：翻译为it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack neceary job training。‘‘只有当 才 ’’用强调句型it is only when„that„表示。 ，
3.导致：翻译为results in,同义短语有lead to和bring about，但是表示不好的结果时一般用短语result in。
4.强烈建议：翻译为it is highly suggested that...，其中highly suggested也可以用 strongly recommended 替换，都表示“强烈建议做某事”。
5.积累相关的工作经验：翻译为accumulate relevant working experience.2014年12月大学英语四级翻译练习及解析9
茶马古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)两边，生活着20多个少数 民族。不同的地方有着各自美丽而神奇的自然风景和传统文化，比 如:大理，丽江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅鲁藏布江大峡谷和布 达拉宫(Potala Palace)。古道的两旁有庙宇、岩石壁画、骚站(post ?house),古桥和木板路，还有少数民族舞蹈和民族服装。时至今天，虽然这条古道的踪迹都消失了，但它的文化和历史价值仍然存在。
参考译文
Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minori?ties.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.
2014年12月大学英语四级翻译练习及解析8
就像向中国出售商品的公司会看到收益有损失一样，中国经济 活动放缓有着世界性的影响。包括澳大利亚、巴西和东南亚在内的 其他国家近年来都看到了巨大的利润，因为中国对自然资源有需求。 中国的需求下降巳经对很多商品的价格有了影响。上周，中国财政 部长楼继伟表示,今年的经济增长可能为7%,而这不一定是“底线”。
A slowdown in economic activity in China has a global impact as companies that sell to China may see revenues suffer.Countries includ?ing Australia, Brazil and others in South East Asia have seen huge profits in recent years because of Chinese demand for natural resources.The fall in demand from China has already had an impact on the prices of many commodities.Last week，China’s Finance Minister Lou Jiwei indicated that economic growth could be 7% for the year, and that this may not be the “bottom line”
2014年12月大学英语四级翻译练习及解析7
乒乓球在中国是一项颇受欢迎和推崇的运动。长期以来，它的确是中国唯一的运动，似乎集足球、篮球和棒球于一身，但却更受欢迎。任何人都可以打乒乓球，所需的只是一副拍子(paddle)、一个球、一张桌子和一张网而已，这些都易于临时拼凑(improvise)。人们可以在休息间隙或消磨时间时打兵兵球。在中国的学校、工厂甚至某些公司里，都能找到乒兵球桌。
参考答案:
Table tennis is a sport which gains much popularity and praise in China.For a long time, it has really been the only sport in China and seemed to set football,basketball and baseball all rolled into one, but it was more popular.Anyone can play table tennis, for all required are a pair of paddles and ball and a table and net, which are easy to be improvised.People can play it when taking a break or killing time.You can find table-tennis tables in schools, factories or even some companies all over China.
2014年12月大学英语四级翻译练习及解析6
1936年竺可桢授命出任浙江大学校长。在此之前，他已经是一位声名卓著的自然科学家了。从1936年到1949年，竺可桢当了十三年大学校长。在连绵不断的战争、学运的夹缝中，在极为恶劣的环境下，他跋涉五千里、五易校址、历经五省、颠沛流离，居然将这所他接手时只有三个学院、十六个系的大学办成了拥有七个学院、二十七个学系全国最完整的两所大学之一。
In 1936,Zhu Kezhen was appointed as the principal of Zhejiang University.Even before then,he had been a famous natural scientist.From 1936 to 1949,Zhu Kezhen worked as the university principal for 13 years.In the extremely hostile environment filled with converging attacks by continuous wars and various university affairs,being homele and miserable,he trudged 5,000 li and drifted from place to place through 5 provinces,with the university location being changed 5 times.He actually developed the university into one of the nation\'s two most integrated universities composed of 7 schools and 27 departments,compared with only 3 schools and 16 departments when he took it over.
他跋涉五千里、五易校址、历经五省、颠沛流离，
分析: 颠沛流离:drifted from place to place,这个词还有另外一层意思就是“无家可归，生活痛苦”，为了意思表达的全面，将“homele and miserable”以分词形式作伴随状语译出，可以表达这是一种持续的状态。
2014年12月大学英语四级翻译练习及解析5
中国公司想创造世界品牌，外国公司想增加在中国的销量，这些都正改变着中国的设计产业。中国制造商意识到，若他们想在本国市场脱颖而出，在外国市场崭露头角，就必须设计更好的产品。索尼这样的外国公司也开始明白，从前海外公司常把随便什么地方设计的产品拿到中国来卖，而现在，中国消费者变得更加挑剔，他们不再那样容易满足了。
参考答案:
Chinese companies want to create world brands and the foreign companies want to increase the selling in China which all change the Chinese design industry.The Chinese manufacturers realize that they have to design better products if they want to stand out in the domestic markets as well as distinguish themselves in the foreign markets.Previously,the overseas caompanies always took the products which were designed in somewhere to Chinese market,but now the foreign companies such as Sony begins to realize that the Chinese consumers become more and more fastidious and no longer easy to be satisfied.
若他们想在本国市场脱颖而出，在外国市场崭露头角，就必须设计更好的产品。
分析:
这里的“脱颖而出”和“崭露头角意思相近”，我们尽量选择不同的译法，两个词语可以分别译为“stand out”和“distinguish themselves”。
第16篇：四级翻译预测
文化类
剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。
cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts.Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.The color most frequently used in paper cuttings is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity.Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.京剧 Peking opera 昆曲
Kunqu opera 中国画
traditional Chinese painting 人物画
portrait 功夫Kungfo 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏 shadow play 杂技 acrobatics 刺绣 embroidery 苏绣 Suzhou embroidery 书法 calligraphy 中国画 traditional Chinese painting 水墨画 Chinese brush painting 中国结 Chinese knot 论语
Analects of Confucius 瓷器
porcelain 火药
gunpowder 印刷术
printing
丝绸之路
Silk Route/Road 山水
landscape painting 花鸟
flower and bird 草虫
gra and insect 工笔
elaborate style 毛笔
writing brush 书法
calligraphic art 书法家
calligraphic artist 手工艺品
handicraft 手工艺品
articles of handcraft art 文物
cultural relics/antiques 国宝
national treasure 人民大会堂
Great Hall of the People 故宫博物馆
Imperial Palace Museum
教育读书类
中国教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。他们强调，人们应当读好书，尤其是经典著作，通过阅读，人们能更好地学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作，而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。阅读对于中小学生尤为重要，假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣，以后要养成阅读的习惯就很难了。
For a long time, educational workers in China have come to realize the significance of reading for the nation.Since 2003, some of them have suggested that a National Day for Reading should be set up.They emphasize that people should reading good books, especially claic ones.Through reading, individuals can better learn to be grateful, responsible and cooperative with others.And the purpose of education is to cultivate these basic qualities.Reading is of vital importance for students in primary and middle schools，because if they do not foster interest of reading in this key period, it will be difficult for them to develop the habit of reading in future.
素质教育 quality-oriented education 希望工程Project Hope 走读生 non-resident student
研究生 graduate student; post-graduate (student) 应届毕业生 graduating student 校园数字化 campus digitalization 校园文化 campus culture 学汉语热 enthusiasm in learning Chinese 高等学府 institution of higher education 综合性大学 comprehensive university 文科院校 colleges of (liberal) arts 理工科大学 college / university of science and engineering 师范学院 teachers’ college; normal college 高分低能 high scores and low abilities 高考(university/college) entrance examination 教育界 education circle 教育投入 input in education 九年义务教育 nine-year compulsory education 课外活动 extracurricular activities 必修课 required/compulsory course 选修课 elective/optional course 基础课 basic courses 专业课 specialized courses 课程表 school schedule
教学大纲 teaching program; syllabus 学分 credit 人才战 competition for talented people 商务英语证书 Busine English Certificate (BEC)
升学率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade; enrollment rate 学龄儿重school-ager 学前教育 preschool education 学生减负 alleviate the burden on students 应试教育 exam-oriented education 职业道德 work ethics; profeional ethics 职业培训job training 智商 intelligence quotient (IQ) 助学行动 activity to aist the impoverished/poor students 科技类
中国的互联网社区是全世界发展最快的。2010年，中国约有4.2亿网民( netizen )，且人数还在迅速增长。互联网的日渐流行带来了重大的社会变化。中国网民往往不同于美国网民。美国网民更多的是受实际需要的驱使，用互联网为工具发电子邮件、买卖商品、规划旅程或付款。中国网民更多是出于社交原因使用互联网，因而更广泛地使用QQ、聊天室等。
The Internet community in China is developing fastest in the world.In 2010, there were approximately 420 million netizens, and the number is still on speedy increase.The growing popularity of the Internet leads to significant social changes.Usually, Chinese netizens are different from their American counterparts.Netizens in U.S.tend to focus on their practical needs for the Internet, which serves as a tool to send emails, purchase and sell commodities, plan tours, or pay.For Chinese netizens, the Internet is more frequently used for social purpose, and thus, QQ and chatting rooms are widely preferred.
数码科技 digital technology 网络世界cyber world 网络文化cyber culture 网络犯罪cyber crime 网上购物 online shopping 高产优质 high yield and high quality 高科技园 high-tech park 工业园区 industrial park 信息港info port
信息革命 information revolution 电子货币e-currency
人工智能 artificial intelligence (AI) 生物技术 bio-technology 克隆 cloning 基因工程 genetic engineering 转基因食品 genetically modified food (GM food) 三维电影 three-dimensional movie 虚拟银行virtual bank 信息高速公路 information superhighway 新兴学科 new branch of science; emerging discipline 纳米 nanometer 个人数字助理 personal digital aistant (PDA) 生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture 技术密集产品 technology-intensive product 电子商务 e-busine; e-commerce 电子管理e-management
办公自动化 Office Automation (OA) 信息高地 information highland 信息检索 information retrieval 电话会议 teleconference 无土栽培 soille cultivation 超级杂交水稻super-hybrid rice 科技发展 scientific and technological advancement 重点项目key project 国家重点工程 national key projects
一带一路
人类社会正处在一个大发展大变革大调整时代。4年来，全球100多个国家和国际组织积极支持和参与“一带一路”建设（the Belt and Road Initiative）。2014年至2016年，中国同“一带一路”沿线国家贸易总额超过3万亿美元。中国对“一带一路”沿线国家投资累计超过500亿美元。中国企业已经在20多个国家建设56个经贸合作区（economic cooperation zone），为有关国家创造近11亿美元税收（tax revenue）和18万个就业岗位。
Humankind has reached an age of great progre, greattransformation and profound changes.Four years on, over 100 countries andinternational organizations have supported and got involved in the Belt andRoadInitiative.Trade between China and other Beltand Road countries exceeded 3 trillion U.S.dollars in the 2014-2016 period,and China\'s investment in these countries surpaed 50 billion dollars.Chinesecompanies have set up 56 economic cooperation zones in over 20 countries,generating some 1.1 billion dollars of tax revenue and 180 thousand jobs forthem.
经济环境类
当外国人第一次来到中国，他们不仅惊讶于中国经济的快速发展，还惊讶于经济发展带来的环境恶化。经济发展确实改善了人们的生活，但恶劣的空气和食品质量又会降低人们的幸福感。虽然很多人说这是发展的必然途径，但他们忽略了一点，即经济发展造成的环境伤害很难弥补。比如北京的雾霾（smog）已经严重影响人们的生活。幸运的是，政府已经意识到这个问题，一系列改善环境的行动正在进行。
When foreigners firstly come to China, they are shocked/ surprised by not only the rapid/speedy development of China’s economy, but also environmental pollution by economic development.The advance of economy truly enhances people’s life, but bad air and food quality reduce people’s happine.Although a host of people said this is a neceary trend of development, it is rather difficult to recover the environmental damage because of economic development.A case in point is that the smog has seriously influenced people’s life.Fortunately, the government has come to realize this problem, and a series of actions /measures have been taken to improve environment.物质文明和精神文明 material and spiritual civilization 小康社会 a well-off society 一个中国原则 the one-China principle 与时俱进 keep pace with the times 综合国力 overall national strength 贫富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor 社会保障 social security
独生子女 the only child in a family 民工 migrant laborers 名人 celebrity 全民健身运动 nationwide fitne campaign 全国人口普查 nationwide census 老龄化 aging of population 人口出生率birth rate 水污染water pollution/water contamination 环境质量恶化deterioration of environment 沙漠化desertization 淡水资源短缺shortage of fresh water 沙尘暴dust storm 全球变暖 global warming 动物灭绝the extinction of animal 水资源缺乏water scarcity 生态失衡disruption of ecological Balance 过度使用农药over-usage of pesticide
第17篇：英语四级翻译
一、历史文化
四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。
China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world.China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides ,it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords.All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world.But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as pricele pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richne, all of which have won people’s admiration.You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品质，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同，强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情找，“民为邦本”，“民贵君轻”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐劳，勤俭持家，尊师重教的传统美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭，国家和社会起到了巨大的维系与调节作用。
The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long,long course.More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and ZhuangZi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term” the masters’hundred schools.” The traditional Chinese culture presents many precious idea sand qualities, which are eentially populist and democratic.For example, they lay stre on the importance of kindne and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all.Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”; the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country” and that “people are the more important than the monarch”; the code of conduct of “Treat othersas you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation: endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management ,and respecting teachers and valuing education .All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family, the country and the society.汉语：从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。
In a sense ,Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago.During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Sealscript, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script.Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts.Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study.As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy.孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰，中国思想史上20世纪伟大的的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作西方的苏格拉底。 Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung.Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.红楼梦：《红楼梦》问世二百年以来,通过汉文原文和各种译文读过此书的人,不知有多少亿!这么多的读者哪一个是先看批评家的文章,然而再让批评家牵着鼻子走,按图索骥地去读原作呢?我看是绝无仅有的。一切文学作品,特别是象《红楼梦》这样伟大的作品,内容异常地丰富,涉及到的社会层面异常地多,简直象是一个宝山，一座迷宫。而读者群就更加复杂，他们来读《红楼梦》，会各就自己的特点，欣赏该书中的某一个方面，受到鼓舞，受到启发，引起了喜爱;也可能受到打击，引起了憎恶。总之是千差万别。
Ever since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions some 200 years ago, hundreds of millions of people have read its Chinese original or its translations in various languages.Of these innumerable people, how many have read the novel by starting with a perusal of the critics\' articles and allowing themselves to be led by the nose by the critics as to how to read the novel? Next to none.All literary works, especially a monumental one like A Dream of Red Mansions, are extremely rich in content and involve perse social strata-to such an extent that they virtually resemble a mountain of treasure or a labyrinth.And the readers are even more complicated, differing from each other in family background.They will each appreciate a certain aspect of the novel according to their own inpiduality.They may feel inspired and enlightened, and hence love it, or they may feel hurt, and hence loathe it.In short, the reactions vary.
二、传统节日 春节：春节庆祝活动是一年中最重要的庆祝活动。中国人庆祝春节的方式可能略微不同，但其愿望几乎是相同的，他们希望其家人和朋友来年健康和幸运。春节庆祝活动通常持续15天。庆祝活动包括春节的年夜饭，放鞭炮，给儿童压岁钱，春节钟声和春节问候。大多数中国人将在春节的第7天停止庆祝活动，因为全国性节假通常在这一天结束，但在公共场所的庆祝活动可能最终持续到正月十五。 Chinese New Year Celebration is the most important celebration of the year.Chinese people may celebrate the Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes are almost the same; they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during next year.Chinese New Year Celebration usually lasts for 15 days .Celebratory activities include Chinese New Feast, firecrackers, giving lucky money to children, the New Year bell ringing and Chinese New Year Greetings .Most of Chinese people will stop the celebrating in their home on the 7th day of New Year because the national holiday usually ends around that day, however celebrations in public areas can last until the 15th day of New Year.清明节：清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的，除了讲究禁火、扫墓，还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因为清明节要寒食禁火，为了防止寒食冷藏伤身，所以大家来参加一些体育活动，以锻炼身体。因此，这个节日既有祭扫新坟生别死离得悲酸泪，又有踏青游玩的欢笑声，是一个富有特色的节日。
Ching MingFestival (the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of interesting .In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a series of custom sports.According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise.Therefore, this festival which has both the acid tears of sorrow for the died and the laughter from the players, is adistinctive holiday.元宵节：与大多数中国节日一样，元宵节同样有自己的特色小吃，成为“汤圆”(也叫“元宵”)。汤圆外形圆圆的，外皮由糯米制成，内陷或甜或辣。人们都说汤圆有两个象征之意，一为农历的第一个月圆，二为家庭团聚圆满。元宵节传统习俗中还有一部分是关于猜灯谜的游戏。在过去，这些谜语大多出自于模糊的文学典故和中国古典文学之中，所以猜灯谜以前多为知识份子的“领地”。踩高跷，敲大鼓和舞龙狮也是元宵节主要的娱乐活动。
Like most Chinese festivals, the Lantern Festival has its own special food, called “tangyuan”.These are round, glutinous rice dumplings with sweet or spicy fillings.The dumplings are said to symbolize both the first full moon and family utility and completene.Part of the lantern festival tradition involves a game to gue riddles attached to the lanterns.In the old days the riddles were obscure literary allusions to the Chinese claics and so were mainly the preserve of the educated claes.Stilt-walking ,drumming and dragon and lion dancing are the main entertainment forms of the Lantern Festival.端午节：端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。 The Duan WuFestival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patrioticpoet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as are sult of being vilified .People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of QuYuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.中秋节：农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日——中秋节。在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和好运的圆月。此时，大人们尽情吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着明亮的兔子灯尽情玩耍。月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了这个节日神话色彩。传说古时候，天空曾有10个太阳围着地球旋转。后翌射下了其中9个太阳，拯救了地球上的生灵。他偷了长生不老药，却被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，从而产生了嫦娥奔月的故事。
The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month.It is atime for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck.Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of various kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns.The festival wasendowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady inthe moon.According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had 10 suns circling over it.Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth.Hestole the elixir of life, which can make people immortal.However, his wife ,Chang-E drank it.Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into the moon came int obeing.
三、传统事物
筷子：中国人使用筷子已经有3 000多年的历史了。中国的筷子夹菜的一端是圆的，象征着天；另一端是方的，象征着地。这是因为，维持充足的食物供应是天地之间最重要的事情。中国有个古老的风俗，女子出嫁时要用筷子当嫁妆，因为“筷子”与“快子”谐音。根据中国的餐桌礼仪，吃饭时一直握着筷子是不礼貌的。将菜送入口中后，应立刻把筷子放下。吃饭时，用筷子指着别人会对其造成冒犯。
There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks .Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth.It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth.There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be apart of a girl’s dowry.Kuaizi (chopsticks) is pronounced the same as “kuaizi”.The latter symbolized “quick” and “son”.According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal.As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should putdown the chopsticks.It would offend others to point at them with chopsticks over the meal.文房四宝：在中国，笔、墨、纸、砚（ink slab），就是人们所说的“文房四宝”，在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品，并逐步成为收藏品。文房四宝品类繁多，丰富多彩，选材制作不断趋于完善、精美，历代都有名品、名匠产生，成为一种深厚的文化积淀。在当今时代，使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习、写作的人越来越少了，但是，在中国的书法、绘画、收藏以及修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代的作用。
In China, “four treasures of the study” refers to “writing brush”, “ink stick”, “paper” and“ink slab”, playing an important role in paing on Chinese civilization.They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection.There is a large variety of these four treasures.Selecting of materials and making proce have become increasingly delicate and perfect.Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound proce of cultural accumulation In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study” have been increasingly rarely used for study or writhing, but they are still playing anir replaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating one\'s mind.中国结：中国结（The Chinese Knot）是一种古老的艺术形式。人们发现，绳结可以追朔到10万年前。中国人不仅用绳结来固定、包裹、狩猎、捕鱼，还用来记录事件，而且有些绳结纯粹起装饰作用。中国结具有文化内涵（cultural connotation）。由于结在汉语中的发音与“吉”相近。吉的意思是“福、禄、寿、喜、财、安、康”，这是中国人永恒的追求，因此有些中国结表达出人们的各种愿望。例如：新婚夫妇的房间通常用一个盘长结（Pan-chang Knot）来装饰，象征着永恒的爱情。 The Chinese Knot is an ancient art form and artifacts could be found as far back as 100 000years ago.Chinese people used knots for more than justfastening , wraping, hunting, fishing .Knots were also to record events ,and someknots had purely ornamentak functions.The Chinese Knot has cultural connotations .Since knot is pronounce d as\"jie\" in Chinese similar with that of \"ji\",which means bleing,goodsalary,longevity,happpine,fortune,safety and health and is the everl astingpursuit of Chinese people ,some Chinese Knots espre people\'s various hopes.Forexample ,the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with a Pan-Chang Knot to symbolizeeternal love.八大菜系：中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。
China is atime-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources,and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines havetaken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographicalenvironment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.Themost influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and HuiCuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the“Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by persified cooking skills,with each having its strong points.
四、传统艺术
京剧：京剧被奉为中国的国粹，来源于18世纪晚期的安徽和湖北的当地剧种。京剧是中国所有剧种中最有影响力和代表性的，在中国乃至世界享有声誉。京剧完美融合了多种艺术形式。京剧集传统音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、杂耍、武术于一身，以华丽的戏服、逼真的脸谱和程式化的演出套路而闻名。京剧脸谱上每一种图形和亮丽的颜色都有象征意义：红色表示忠诚，蓝色表示残暴，黑色表示正直。 Known as China’s national opera, Peking Opera originated in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces.Peking Opera is the mostinfluential and representative of all operas in China.It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world.Peking Opera is aharmonious combination of many art forms.It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts.It is famous for itsexquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules.Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning: red suggests loyalty; blue suggests cruelty; black suggests honesty.武术：武术在我国源远流长，是中华民族传统文化的瑰宝。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产，不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类的共同财富。// 为了更好的推广武术运动，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联做了大量的艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术运动已被列为一种具有与保龄球运动和国际标准舞同等地位的奥运表演项目。//武术的蓬勃发展，除得益于其项目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武术大师功不可没。//老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术的种子，使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身的运动很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武术大师已遍布世界各地，武术爱好者也与日俱增。
Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times.It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture.As well know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.// The Chinese Wushu Aociation and International Wushu Federation (IWUF) have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement.Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event.//The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractivene of the sport but also to emigrant Chinese wushu masters over the years.// Martial artists of the older generation shave sown wushu seeds in foreign countries.Wushu, which can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soon became popular on new lands.Today superb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase with each paing day.狮舞：狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。
The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck .Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of bravene and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has are corded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore ,performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happine.
四六级考试的作文题目无非就是两类： 第一．和自己发展有关的个人成长成功话题； 第二．和社会现象相关的学校社会热点话题； 而四六级的写作结构很固定： 第一段：引出话题（对于图画描述） 第二段：阐释话题 第三段：总结话题
第一类话题需要大家说自己的认识，其实就是喊出一些无用的口号，并且的变了方的把这些口号喊的比较复杂，人在成长成功过程中的品质通常包括了：某种品质对成功很重要: 可能出现的主题词：
顺境与逆境( Favorable Circumstances and adverse Circumstances) 勤奋（diligence; painstaking work） 谨慎和坚毅（prudence and determination） 热情和乐观（, enthusiasm and optimism）
博学和求知（learnedne and seeking knowledge/pursuit of knowledge） 绝望和坚持（Frustration and perseverance） 独立性问(independence) 感恩(gratitude) 创新( creation and innovation) 鼓励 (encouragement) 自满和谦逊 （self-satisfied and modest） 合作（cooperation）等：注意替换主题词就可以了.
All in all, by cooperation among each other, we will be able to explore a wider world and reach further horizon.Furthermore, whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work are nearer to succe.Just as John Adams, the second U.S.president quoted from the ancient Greek Aesop’s Fables,“United we stand, divided we fall.”
自信：(confidence)
(可以把独立换成考场上需要你写的主题词，比如，the spirit of impendence等)
社会和学校话题：
对于学校社会话题同样是喊出口号，分析利弊，不可能写出太多实质的话题：
常见的话题：
1． 资源保护(Energy and Resource Saving)环境保护( Environmental protection) 低碳环保（low-carbon life）旅游对环境的影响（ 2． 人口增长(The growth of China’s population) 3． 社会保障问题(Social security fund) 4． 假冒伪劣产品问题( Counterfeits and unqualified products)食品安全(food safety) 5． 消费者权益保护问题( The protection of consumers rights and interests) 6． 社会诚信的缺失 （Honest is the best policy .It pays to be honest.）
It is not hard to notice that without honesty/credibility, hardly can individuals or organizations make money, take profits, let alone obtain wealth in the long term, especially in this fiercely competitive modern world, I argue.我认为，不难发现，要是没有诚信在这样一个竞争激烈的现代社会中，从长期来看个人和组织是很难赚到钱，赚到利润的，更不必说获得财富了。
7.知识产权保护问题（Intellectual Property protection.No plagiarizing） 8． 微博和微信的强势崛起（ The rise of the WeiBo,Wechat ） 9． 传统文化的传播（traditional Chinese culture）
It is my view that national culture as pricele spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished.Meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture.While global economic integration has fostered thorough cultural interchanges, it is multiculturalism that eentially makes the society and its people diverse, colorful, vigorous and open-minded.Neverthele, certainly, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its eence and to resist its dark side.Only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.孝敬父母（caring parents ）(filial piety) Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witne the ideal scene in which our parents can enjoy their life to the uttermost.10． 提高学生的身体素质（ physical exercise build a strong body and relieve preure and keep a pleasant mood）
11． 大学生的就业（ sticking to our own choice of following our parent’s arrangement ）
Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witne the ideal scene in which our graduates can enjoy their careers to the uttermost.12． 大学城的建造（the construction of university town）
Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witne the ideal scene in which our students can enjoy their study to the uttermost.
先谈社会话题：
负面的话题无非要涉及解决的问题，正面话题就是展望未来，现在送大家一些在考研和四六级中正负面话题都能用的表达：
The general public is supposed to enhance their awarene that 大众需要提升对于…的意识是，
In view of the complexity of such a topic, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally.考虑到话题的复杂性，我们必须从社会，经济和文化角度来对待这个话题。
In a sense, it is not why sth.exists in today’s world but what we should do to cope with it.总之，不是讨论为什么在今天的世界会存在这种话题，而在于我们应该怎么去应对他。
文章最后一定能用到的表达：
In view of the importance and the complexity of such a positive/negative phenomenon, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally and maintain it the very force that has driven our society/或 life forward.Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witne the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their life to the uttermost./或in which student can enjoy their study to the uttermost.
特别警惕，四六级还可以出一些应用文作为考察的对象，这里附上一篇欢迎辞； My dear new friends, You are welcomed to join in our English club.I am very glad that you will be a part of our fantastic club.Established in 2001, our club has celebrated her 10th birthday.In the past ten years, a lot of interesting activities have been designed and organized.Our most famous activities include talk shows, speech competition and role play competition.In our club, you will have ample opportunities to enjoy English movies, meet foreign friends and of course practice your oral English with them.I am sure you will enjoy happy moments in our club and make progre in your English learning.
第18篇：四级翻译练习
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
（一）
1.Just do it_____________（尽自己最大努力）.
2._____________（抽象意义上的语言）is our facility to talk to each other.
3.We should pursue economic policies______________（根据国家利益）.
4.We delayed our departure____________（由于暴风雨）.
5.We had better_____________（趁天气暖和）by going for a walk this afternoon.
（二）
1.Because she knew French, she______________（比我们有利）.
2.Adults should________________（原谅孩子的无知）.
3.You should_________（充分利用）.
4.The river__________（冲破堤岸）.
5.Please_____________________（将问题提出来）.
（三）
1._______________________（如果发生火灾）, ring the alarm bell.
2.______________________（在这种情况下）, I couldn’t go away.
3.Your care-free nature often_____________（遇到钱的问题）.
4.I will do it________________（如果你帮我）.
5.You may___________（学一学）the claic school of photographers.
（四）
1.We want our methods to be____________（最新的）.
2.The naughty boy________________（以…为乐）pulling the cat’s tail.
3.A little persistence_____________ （发挥重要作用）between succe and failure.
4.That detail_____________ （和…毫无关系）the main point of the article.
5.The regulation doesn’t_____________ （生效）until the first of March.
（五）
1.The first signs of spring are______________（显而易见）.
2.He finished the job__________________ (但却损害了健康).
3.We must____________（面对困难）manfully and accept the responsibilities of our actions.
4.You can________________（随时找我们帮忙）whenever you have difficulties.
5.__________________ （你的梦想将会落空）if you don’t work on them.
（六）
1.The substance does not diolve in water___________________ （不管是否加热）.
2.Not only______________（他向我收费过高）；but he didn’t do a good repair job either.
3.Your loes in trade this year are nothing_____________ （与我的相比）.
4.One average, it is said, visitors spend only_____________（一半的钱）in a day in Leeds as in London.
5.By contrast, American mothers were more likely_____________（把孩子的成功归因于）natural1
talent.
（七）
1.All universities______________ （正在做好准备）for an increased intake of students.
2.After her lost son was found, _____________ （她破涕为笑）.
3.He never ______________ （追名逐利）.
4.My mother wanted me to___________________（从事教育工作）.
5.He has given up smoking__________________（永远的）.
（八）
1.When he gets old, he will_________________ （把公司交给儿子来经营）.
2.His tastes are______________________（和我的相同）.
3.We should serve the people__________________(全心全意的).
4.___________________（要是他没有花这么多钱该多好）.
5.The population of Africa is growing_____________(极其迅速).
（九）
1.Without steady economic development, it is impoible to meet the people basic needs in life, _______________(更别提) protect the ecosystem and environment.
2.You are____________(自由的) to leave at any time you want.
3.____________________（鉴于国际局势的变化）, the Chinese government wishes to share with the governments of other countries some of its basic views concerning the establishment of a new international order.
4.This new discovery ____________ （有助于说明这个问题）.
5.We must never______________ (辜负) our parents’ trust and expectation.
(十)
1.Her beauty cannot_________________________（弥补她的愚蠢）.
2.The ship was ____________________（任凭波涛的摆布）.
3.We ought to___________________（充分利用时间）.
4.Being a profeional actor_____________(必定) means working nights and Sundays.
5._______________________(既然我们学完了这门课程)，we shall start doing more revision.
（十一）
1.Men like that never____________________（冒险尝试）.
2.He had not yet attempted to_________________________(把他的理论付诸实践).
3.She answered these embarraing questions__________________（镇定自若）.
4._________________（关于）what we did last month I would like to read you this letter
received.
5.When defeat is _____________（不可避免）, nothing matters.
第19篇：四级翻译练习
目 录
1.家庭暴力 2.留守儿童 3.毕业后就结婚 4.青奥会 5.毛笔 6.睡眠 7.乒乓 8.中国式送礼 9.平遥古城 10.剩女 11.中餐 12.控制情绪 13.三手烟 14.七夕 15.吃火锅 16.赠送礼物 17.下午茶 18.功夫茶 19.筷子历史 20.八大菜系 21.京剧 22.风水 23.十二生肖 24.李白 25.胡同 26.丝绸之路 27.中国假期 28.中国扇子 29.洛阳 30.中国经济 1.【翻译原文】
家庭暴力(domestic violence)指的是在亲密关系(intimate relationship)中一方对另一方的虐待。通常来说，受害者是儿童和妇女。在中国古代，人们认为男人有权利惩罚他的孩子和妻子。广义上讲，家庭暴力不局限于明显的身体暴力，它也有许多其他的形式。关于家庭暴力产生的原因，出现了许多不同的理论，比如犯罪者的性格和心理特征。外部因素也有影响，比如犯罪者所处的环境。然而，没有一种理论能涵盖所有情况。
参考译文：
Domestic violence refers to the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship.Commonly the victims are children and women.In ancient China, people believe that a man has the right to punish his children and wife.In a broad sense, domestic violence is not limited to obvious physical violence.There are many other forms of violence.Many different theories are brought up as to the causes of domestic violence, such as the perpetrators\' personality and mental characteristics.External factors also play a part, such as the perpetrators\' surroundings.However, no theory seems to cover all cases.
2.【翻译原文】
大多数时候，留守儿童(leftover children)的问题很大程度上源于缺乏父母的情感关怀。通常，孩子由祖父母或父母的朋友、亲戚照顾。在大多数情况下，他们的监护人(guardian)没有受过很好的教育。对他们来说，确保孩子健康、吃得好是极重要的任务。只要孩子平安无事，他们就被认为做得很好了。监护人很少关心孩子的学习、心理需求或精神需求。他们也不花时间教孩子如何养成良好的习惯。
【参考译文】
Most of the time, problems of the leftover children largely arise from a lack of emotional care from their parents.Usually, the children\'s grandparents or their parent\'s friends or relatives look after these children.In most cases, their guardians are not well educated.To them，making sure that the children are healthy and fed well is the most important task.As long as the children are safe and sound，they are considered to have done a good job.Guardians seldom care about children\'s study，psychological needs, or mental demands.Neither do they spend some time to teach kids how to develop good habits.
3.【翻译原文】
越来越多来自北京、上海、广州、沈阳和其他一些大城市的大学生选择毕业后就结婚。这与20世纪80年代和90年代的情况形成了鲜明的对比，那时候很多城市的年轻人都推迟结婚，直到他们的年龄“足够大”—在30多岁甚至40多岁的时候。许多人花时间寻找有着良好的经济背景或好看的相貌的配偶，而不是寻找爱情。然而，这些选择毕业后就结婚的学生的父母必须照顾这些小夫妻的日常起居，因为这些年轻人仍然在探索如何作为一家人来生活。
【参考译文】
University students in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenyang and some other big cities are increasingly choosing to get married right after graduating.This is in sharp contrast to the situation in the 1980s and 1990swhen many urban youngsters put off marriage until they were “old enough”一in their 30s or even 40s.Many spent their time looking for spouses with good economic backgrounds or attractive faces, instead of looking for love.However, parents of these students choosing to get married right after graduating have to take care of the couples\' daily affairs, as the young people are still figuring out how to live as a family.
4.【翻译原文】
青年奥林匹克运动会是专为全世界青年人设立的综合体育赛事。第二届夏季青年奥林匹克运动会于2014年8月16日至28日在南京举行。本届青奥会的口号是“分享青春 共筑未来”;寓意全世界青年人在奥林匹克精神感召下，欢聚一堂，相互切磋，相互鼓励，增进友谊，共同成长。吉祥物创意来自雨花石，意为提倡自然、运动、健康、快乐的生活方式;会徽将南京明城墙城门和江南民居轮廓组合在一起，勾勒出“NANJING”字样，寓意青春之门。
【参考译文】
Youth Olympic Games, a comprehensive sports event, is designed for young people all over the world.The second summer youth Olympic Games was held from August 16, 2014 to 28 in Nanjing.Its slogan is \"Share the youth, Build the future”, which means the young people around the world in the Olympic spirit, get together and play each other, encourage each other, enhance friendship and grow up together.Its Mascot comes from rain flower stones, advocating a lifestyle of natural, sports, healthy and happy; Its emblem will outline NANJING Ming city wall gate and folk houses together, with the idea of the gate of youth.
5.【翻译原文】
毛笔，是一种源于中国的传统书写工具，也逐渐成为传统绘画工具。毛笔是汉族人民在生产实践中发明的。随着人类社会的不断发展，勤劳智慧的汉民族又不断地总结经验，存其精华，弃其糟粕，勇于探索，敢于创新。几千年以来，它为创造汉族民族光辉灿烂的文化，为促进汉民族与世界各族的文化交流，做出了卓越的贡献。毛笔是汉民族对世界艺术宝库提供的一件珍宝。
【参考译文】
Writing brush, a traditional writing tool originated from China, has also gradually become a traditional painting tool.Writing brush was invented by the Han people during their production practice.With the constant development of human society, the diligent and intelligent Han people kept summing up the experience.Discarding the dro while aimilating the eence, they strive to explore and blaze new trails.Over thousands of years, writing brush has made great contribution to creating the splendid culture of the Han people and to promoting the cultural exchange between people of all nationalities and the Han people.Writing brush is a treasure that the Han people have provided the world’s arts treasure house.
【重点表达】
存其精华，弃其糟粕 Discarding the dro while aimilating the eence
勇于探索，敢于创新strive to explore and blaze new trails
光辉灿烂的文化splendid culture
6.【翻译原文】
我们的身体夜晚需要休息，白天需要清醒。大多数人每晚需要8到8.5个小时的睡眠才能正常运转。找到更多的时间、更好的睡眠方法可能是个挑战。科学家已经确认了80多种不同的睡眠紊乱症(sleep disorders)。有些睡眠紊乱症是遗传的。但是，许多睡眠紊乱症是由于熬夜，经常跨时区旅行以及上夜班而引起的。
【参考译文】
Our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day.Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives.Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge.Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders.Some sleeping disorders are genetic.But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time zone or by working nights.
【重点表达】
正常运转 function properly
找到更多的时间、更好的睡眠方法 find ways to get more and better sleep
熬夜 stay up late
经常跨时区旅行 travel frequently between time zone
上夜班 work nights
7.【翻译原文】
乒乓球在中国是一项颇受欢迎和推崇的运动。长期以来，它的确是中国唯一的运动，似乎集足球、篮球和棒球于一身，但却更受欢迎。任何人都可以打乒乓球，所需的只是一副拍子(paddle)、一个球、一张桌子和一张网而已，这些都易于临时拼凑。人们可以在休息间隙或消磨时间时打兵兵球。在中国的学校、工厂甚至某些公司里，都能找到乒兵球桌。
【参考译文】
Table tennis is a sport which gains much popularity and praise in China.For a long time, it has really been the only sport in China and seemed to set football, basketball and baseball all rolled into one, but it was more popular.Anyone can play table tennis, for all required are a pair of paddles and ball and a table and net, which are easy to be improvised.People can play it when taking a break or killing time.You can find table-tennis tables in schools, factories or even some companies all over China.
词句点拨：
1、gain popularity 赢得观众;大受欢迎
e.g.Earthy tone colors for apparel and gear continue to gain in popularity compared to bright colors.
相对于明亮的色调,土色系列的色调持续在服装与装备的应用中获得喜爱.
2、rolled into one (把不同的人或物的特点)合为一体的
e.g.This is our kitchen, sitting and dining room all rolled into one.
这既是我们的厨房，又是客厅和餐厅。
3、improvise 拼凑
vt.& vi.即兴创作; 临时提供，临时凑成
e.g.Sometimes I improvise and change the words because I forget them.
有时，我临场发挥改了词，因为我把原来的词给忘了。
8.【翻译原文】
在中国，赠送礼物应考虑具体情况和场合。礼物常用红色或其他喜庆的颜色(festive color)来包装，但白色或黑色不适宜用于此。当你将礼物递出去时，收礼者(recipient)可能会礼貌谢绝。在情况下试着将礼物再-次送出去。通常收礼者在客人离开之后才打开礼物。此外，送礼还有—些禁忌(taboo)如给夫妻送伞就不合适，因为中文里“伞”与“散”同音。
【参考译文】
In China, we should consider the specific situation and occasion when presenting gifts.The gifts are usually packaged in red or other festive colors.But white and black and not suitable in the packaging.When you offer the gift, the recipient may refuse it politely.In this case, you could try to offer the present once again.Usually, the recipient won\'t open the gift until the guest leaves.In addition, there are some taboos in giving gifts.For example, it is inappropriate to present an umbrella as a gift to a couple because the word “umbrella” has the same pronunciation with another word \"separate\" in Chinese.
9.【翻译原文】
平遥古城位于山西省中部平遥县内，始建于西周宣王时期(公元前827年～公元前782年)。平遥古城是中国汉民族城市在明清时期的杰出范例，在中国历史的发展中，为人们展示了一幅非同寻常的汉族文化、社会、经济及宗教发展的完整画卷。平遥古城被称为“保存最为完好的四大古城”之一，也是中国仅有的以整座古城申报世界文化遗产获得成功的两座古城市之一。
【参考译文】
Located in Pingyao County in the middle of Shanxi Province, the Ancient City of Pingyao was built during the reign of Emperor Xuan in the Western Zhou Dynasty(from 827 BC to 782 BC).The Ancient City of Pingyao is a prominent example of the Han people\'s cities in the dynasties of Ming and Qing.It shows a complete and extraordinary picture of the development of culture, society, economy, and religions of the Han people.The Ancient City of Pingyao is called one of the “four best preserved ancient cities”, and one of China’s only two ancient cities that have succeeded in the application for the world culture heritage as a whole city.
10.【翻译原文】
“剩女(leftover women)”这个词被用来指那些在二十八九岁，甚至更大年龄仍未结婚的女性。有些人认为“剩女”是需要认真对待的社会力量,而另一些人则主张这个词应被视为褒义词，意思是“成功女性”。据2010年的中国婚姻调查 (Chinese National Marriage Survey)报道，90%的男人认为女人应该在27岁之前结婚。在中国，大部分“剩女”都是受过良好教育的中产阶级。跟以前几代人相比，如今的女性更加自由，更能够独立生活。
【参考译文】
“Leftover women”is a term that refers to women who remain unmarried in their late twenties and beyond.Some people regard leftover women as a social force to be reckoned with”,while others have argued that the term should be taken as a positive term to mean“succeful women”.In a 2010 Chinese National Marriage Survey, it was reported that 9 out of 10 men believe that women should be married before they are 27 years old.In China leftover women are mostly well-educated middle cla.Women today are more free and able to live independently in comparison to previous generations.
11.【翻译原文】
很多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。所以中餐美味又健康。
【参考译文】
Many people like Chinese food.In China, cooking is not only regarded as a skill but also an art.The well/carefully-prepared Chinese food is tasty and good-looking.The way of cooking and ingredients varies greatly acro China.However, good cooking has one thing in common, that is, to always concern colors, smell, tastes and nutrition.As food is vital for man’s health, good cooks are always making efforts to maintain balance between grains meats and vegetables.Thus, Chinese food is delicious and healthy.
12.【翻译原文】
那些保持适应性情绪控制状态的人，把逆境看作是暂时性的，相信困难应该会过去的。在一项危机中，他们很好地调整自己，坚信控制来源于激励的行动而非控制反应。他们不会受到紧张或痛苦情绪的惊吓;他们采取有效的应对策略，例如取得亲朋的支持和自我的述说。研究表明那些拥有高情商的人处理创伤性(traumatic)事件时很少会有负面心理问题。
【参考译文】
Those who maintain an adaptive state of emotional control regard adversity as temporary and have the belief that “This shall pa.” In a crisis, they well adjust themselves and firmly believe that the control comes from inspired action rather than controlling reaction.They are not terrified by intense or painful emotions; they employ effective coping strategies, such as obtaining support from relatives and friends, and self-talk.The study indicates that individuals with a high emotional intelligence handle traumatic events with rare negative psychological problems.
13.【翻译原文】
三手烟是指在吸烟几小时或几天之后仍然残留在地毯、衣物以及其他物品中的烟污染。据研究，许多人，尤其是烟民，都不知道三手烟会危害人们的健康。在接受调查的1500名烟民和非烟民中，绝大部分人都认同二手烟的危害。但当他们被问到是否知晓“吸入前一天有人吸烟的屋子里的空气会危害你的健康”时,只有65%的非烟民和43%的烟民回答是肯定的。
【参考译文】
Third-hand smoke refers to the tobacco smoke contamination that lingers on carpets, clothes and other materials hours or days after smoking.According to a study, a large number of people, particularly smokers, have no idea that the third-hand smoke is a health hazard for people.Of the 1,500 smokers and nonsmokers surveyed, the vast majority agree that second-hand smoke is harmful.But when asked whether they agreed with the statement,“Breathing air in a room where people smoked yesterday can harm your health,”only 65% of nonsmokers and 43% of smokers gave the affirmative answer.
14.【翻译原文】
自上世纪90年代后期起，七夕节(the Double SeventhFestival )开始被称为“中国的情人节”。这个节日可以追溯到汉朝，当时对恋人、女孩都是个特殊的日子。 这天，女孩会举行仪式，向织女(Zhinv)乞求智慧、技艺和美满婚姻，所以七夕节还被称为“乞巧节(the Begging for SkillsFestival)”。如今，一些传统习俗已经弱化。人们现在把七夕节当作浪漫的情人节来庆祝，尤其是在年轻人中间。
【参考译文】
The Double Seventh Festival has been called Chinese Valentine\'s Day since the late 1990s.The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty.It was then a special day not only for lovers, but also for girls.Girls would hold a ceremony to beg Zhinv for wisdom, skills and a satisfying marriage.So it is also called “the Begging for Skills Festival”.Today some traditional customs have been weakened.Now the festival is celebrated as a romantic valentine\'s day, particularly among young people.
15.【翻译原文】
火锅(hot pot)是中国的传统饮食方式之一，拥有几千年的历史。在寒冷的冬天，人们軎欢吃能立即暖身和提神的火锅。如今在许多现代家庭里，用煤炭加热的(coal-heated)传统火锅已经被电磁炉(induction cooker)火锅所取代。各地火锅风格各异，所使用的火锅原料也不尽相同。一般来说，用于火锅的肉类包括猪肉、牛肉、鸡肉、鸭肉等,其他的菜则包括蔬菜、蘑菇、面条等。
【参考译文】
With a history of several thousand years, hot pot is one of the traditional Chinese diets.In the cold winter, people like to eat the hot pot that instantly warms their bodies and lifts their spirits.Today in many modern homes, the traditional coal-heated hot pots have been replaced by induction cookers.Hot pot styles and ingredients vary from region to region in China.Generally, the common meats used include pork, beef, chicken, duck and others, while other hot pot dishes are vegetables, mushrooms, noodles, etc.
16.【翻译原文】
在中国，赠送礼物应考虑具体情况和场合。礼物常用红色或其他喜庆的颜色(festive color)来包装，但白色或黑色不适宜用于此。当你将礼物递出去时，收礼者(recipient)可能会礼貌谢绝。在情况下试着将礼物再-次送出去。通常收礼者在客人离开之后才打开礼物。此外，送礼还有—些禁忌(taboo)如给夫妻送伞就不合适，因为中文里“伞”与“散”同音。
【参考译文】
In China, we should consider the specific situation and occasion when presenting gifts.The gifts are usually packaged in red or other festive colors.But white and black and not suitable in the packaging.When you offer the gift, the recipient may refuse it politely.In this case, you could try to offer the present once again.Usually, the recipient won\'t open the gift until the guest leaves.In addition, there are some taboos in giving gifts.For example, it is inappropriate to present an umbrella as a gift to a couple because the word “umbrella” has the same pronunciation with another word \"separate\" in Chinese.
17.【翻译原文】
中国饮茶的传统可以追溯到公元前3000多年，但“下午茶”的概念却是到17世纪中叶(the mid 17th century)才在英国出现的。当时那里时兴的晚餐时间是晚上8点，所以一位公爵夫人(Duche)养成了在下午4点约朋友吃糕点的习惯。很快下午茶成为当时的社会潮流。随东西方文化交流的加深，这个英国传统逐渐进入中国。如今，下午茶在国内日渐流行起来，尤其是在广东和福建地区。
【参考译文】
Although the tradition of drinking tea dates back to more than 3,000 B.C.in China, it was not until the mid 17th century in the UK that appeared the concept of \"afternoon tea\".The dinner time then was popularly late at 8 pm, so a Duche developed a habit of inviting Mends to enjoy some cakes at 4 pm in the afternoon.Quickly, afternoon tea became a fashionable social event.With the cultural exchanges between the east and the west deepening, this British tradition was gradually in-traduced into China.Now, afternoon tea is increasingly popular in China, especially in the area ol Guangdong and Fijian provinces.
18.【翻译原文】
功夫茶(Gongfu tea)不是一种茶叶或茶的名字，而是一种冲泡的手艺。人们叫它功夫茶，足因为这种泡茶方式十分讲究：它的操作过程需要一定的技术，以及泡茶和品茶的知识和技能。功夫茶起源于宋朝，在广东的潮州府(今潮汕地区)一带最为盛行，后来在全国各地流行。功夫茶以浓度(concentration)高著称。制作功夫茶主要使用的茶叶足乌龙茶(Oolongtea),因为它能满足功夫茶色、香、味的要求。
【参考译文】
Gongfu tea is not one kind of tea or the name of tea, but a skill of making tea.People call it Gongfu tea for the reason of its exquisite proce.The operational procedures require certain techniques, knowledge and skill of brewing and tasting tea.Gongfu tea originated in the Song Dynasty and prevailed mostly in Chaozhou Guangdong Province(Now: Chaoshan Area).It later became popular around the nation.Gongfu tea is famous for its high concentration.Oolong tea is mainly used in making the Gongfu tea because it can meet the requirements of color, flavor and taste of the Gongfu tea.
19.【翻译原文】
筷子(chopsticks)是中国古人发明的一种具有鲜明民族特色的进食工具(tableware)，是反映中国饮食文化特色的重要组成部分。中国人使用筷子的历史可追溯到商代，距今已有三千多年。筷子可谓是中国国粹，既轻巧又灵活，在世界各国餐具中独树一帜，被西方人誉为“东方的文明”。凡是使用过筷子的人，不论中国人或是外国人，都因其使用方便、物美价廉而赞叹不绝。
【参考译文】
Chopsticks, invented by ancient Chinese people, are a kind of tableware with distinct national features, being an important component that reflects the characteristics of Chinese diet culture.The history of using chopsticks in China dates back to the Shang Dynasty, more than3,000 years ago.Chopsticks, the quinteence of Chinese culture, whose lightne and flexibility develop a school of its own among various tableware all over the world, are praised as \"Eastern Civilization\" by the westerners.All those people who have ever used chopsticks, no matter Chinese or foreigners, marvel at their convenience, excellent quality and reasonable price.
20.【翻译原文】
中国一个幅员辽阔、资源丰富、历史悠久的多民族国家，每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发展已经成形。最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系，这八种被人们称为“八大菜系”。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。
【参考译文】
China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.
21.【翻译原文】
长期以来，京剧界面临的一个重要问题就是如何让更多人尤其是年轻人认识京剧、了解京剧，喜爱京剧。高速发展的现代社会为人们带来了更多娱乐选择，在电影、电视、网络等冲击下，年轻一代大多数没有意愿也少有机会真正感受京剧的魅力。现有的京剧专家很多已步入中老年，不擅长用年轻人喜欢的语言和方式与他们沟通;而年轻一代中又极少有人既懂得京剧又愿意花费时间和精力去介绍京剧。
【参考译文】
For a long time, a serious problem Peking Opera has been facing is how to get more people, especially the young generations, to know about, to understand, and to be keen on Peking Opera.The modern society, which is developing fast, has brought people more options for recreation.Under the impacts of movies, TV shows, Internet, etc., most of the young generations show no interest or scarcely have any opportunity to truly feel the charm of Peking Opera.Many of the Peking Opera masters have entered middle or old age, and they are not good at communicating with the young people in the languages or ways they like.Among the young generations, there are few people who have a good understanding of Peking Opera and are willing to spend time or efforts introducing it.
【小贴士】
1.在翻译过程中适当使用定语从句会给你的译文加分，如The modern society, which is developing fast, has brought...
2.遇到否定意义的句子，不要总是用“not”，而可以使用一些表否定意义的词，如scarce，rare等，会使你的表达看起来更加成熟。
22.【翻译原文】
风水(Fengshui)是一门使人与环境达到和谐的艺术，是中国哲学在环境上的反映。人们相信自然环境影响人的命运。他们期望通过调整建筑的设计与布局，达到人与环境和谐，并使人得益于环境。风水也有迷信(superstition)的一面。如今风水在中国城市的年轻人中已不太时兴，但在中国的农村、香港、台湾地区以及新加坡和马来西亚，风水仍然流行。
【小贴士】
1.第1句含有两个分句，翻译时可把前一个分句“是„„艺术”看作“风水”的同位语译出，后一个分句作为句子的主干。定语“一门使人与环境达到和谐的”和“中国哲学在环境上的”都较长，可采用\"n + of +„\"的所有格形式，表所属。
2.第3句分句较多，信息较零散，但仔细分析可发现达到人与环境和谐，并使人得益于环境“是目的，而”通过调整建筑的设计与摆设“是方式，故翻译本句时宜改变句子的语序，把表示目的内容作为句子的主干，而”通过调整“则译成through引导的方式状语置后。
3.第4句“风水也有迷信的一面”，可译成“be of + n.”的结构，强调“具有„„特性”。
4.在最后一句中，地点状语“在„„马来西亚”很长，故翻译时将其置于句末，避免句子头重脚轻，也更符合英语的表达习惯。
【参考译文】
Fengshui, an art of harmonizing people with their environment, is the reflection of Chinese philosophy in environment.People believe that the natural environment affects people\'s fortunes.They expect to achieve harmony with the environment, and benefit from it through adjusting the design and layout of their houses.Fengshui is also of superstition on its side.Nowadays it is not much popular with young Chinese in the cities, but it is still welcomed in Chinese rural areas, Hong Kong and Taiwan as well as countries like Singapore and Malaysia.
23.【翻译原文】
为了让人们更好地记住年份，我们的祖先用12只动物来代表年份。即“十二生肖”(Chinese Zodiac)。每一年由一种动物代表，每隔12年进行一个循环，从鼠开始，以猪为结尾。每一种动物还有其独特的文化内涵(cultural connotation).例如，牛年出生的人据说“勤奋、冷静、可靠”，虎年出生的人则“强大、勇敢、但又急躁”。十二生肖在亚洲的其他国家，如韩国和日本也很流行。
【小贴士】
1.第1句中的“为了让人们更好地记住年份”，如果直译成in order to make people remember the years more easily.表达不够地道，有中国式英语的感觉。“让人们”是汉语中约定俗成的表达，翻译时可“省译”，此处表达为to order to remember即可。“即‘十二生肖’”可紧跟上文，用which引导的非限制性定语从句来表达。
2.第2句中的“每隔12年进行一个循环”可以用every 12 years comes in a circle表达，主语every 12 years为整体念的单数名词。“从鼠开始，以猪为结尾”用现在分词短语beginning with Rat and ending with Pig来表达，作“循环”的后置定语。
3.第4句中的“牛年出生的”宜处理成后置定语，用分词短语bornin the Year of Ox来表达。“据说„„”译为 is said to„。
4.翻译最后一句时，先译出主干(The Chinese Zodiac remains popular)。地点状语“在亚洲的其他国家”用介词短语 in other Asian countries 来表达。
【参考译文】
In order to remember the years more easily, our ancestors used twelve animals to represent the years, which is called the \"Chinese Zodiac\".Every year is represented by an animal and every 12 years comes in a circle beginning with Rat and ending with Pig.Each animal has its unique cultural connotations.For example, a person born in the Year of Ox is said to be hard working, calm, and reliable, while the person born in the Year of Tiger is powerful, brave, and impatient.The Chinese Zodiac remains popular as well in other Asian countries, such as Korea and Japan.
24.【翻译原文】
李白是唐朝(the Tang Dynasty)的著名诗人。他和他的朋友杜甫是唐代中期中国诗歌繁盛时期最杰出的两位人物。他一生四处游历，写下了大约1000首诗篇。这些诗堪称是赞美友情、享受大自然和饮酒作乐的模板。他的诗浪漫、豪迈，想象力丰富。作为一个浪漫主义天才，李白把中国的传统诗歌形式推向了一个新的离度，对后世的诗歌产生了深远的影响。
【小贴士】
1.第2句中的定语“唐代中期中国诗歌繁盛时期”的中心词是“繁盛时期”(in the flourishing)，“中国诗歌”是其定语，用介词短语of Chinese poetry来表达，时间范围较大的“唐代中期”(in the mid-Tang Dynasty)置于句末。
2.第3句中的“写下了大约1000首诗篇”用分词短语composing about 1,000 pieces of poems来表达，作状语。后一句以“这些诗”为主语，跟前一句关联较大，故将其处理成修饰前一句poems的定语从句，用 which引导。
3.第5句“他的诗浪漫、豪迈，想象力丰富”是中文的无动词句。翻译时，把“他的诗浪漫”转换为主干(his poems are romantic)，将“豪迈，想象力丰富”转换为状语，用介词短语with heroic style and rich imagination来表达。
4.最后一句可直译成并列结构，“推向„„高度”用take„to a height来表达，“对„„产生深远的影响”则用exerted a far-reaching influence oil„的表达方式。
【参考译文】
Li Bai was a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty.He and his friend Du Fu were the two most prominent figures in the flourishing of Chinese poetry in the mid-Tang Dynasty.He traveled around the country in his lifetime, composing about 1,000 pieces of poems which were models for celebrating the friendship, appreciating the nature and the joys of drinking wine.His poems are romantic with heroic style and rich imagination.As a romantic genius, Li Bai took traditional poetic forms to a new height and exerted a far-reaching influence on the poems of the future generation.
25.【翻译原文】
胡同(Hutong)是北京的一大特色，有着与北京城一样久远的历史。最早的胡同出现在元朝(the Yuan Dynasty)，如今大部分胡同是在明清时代(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)形成的。据专家考证，“胡同”一词源 干蒙古语(Mongolian)的“井”。自古以来胡同都是北京城里普通市民生息的场所，可以说是北京平民文化的代表。但随着人口的增加，很多古老的胡同已经消失，取而代之的是现代化的却没有特色的高楼大厦。
【小贴士】
1.第1句中的“馆藏丰富的”用现在分词短语表达，作后置定语，译作boasting vast collections.“一座宝藏” 可简单译为a treasure，但不如用a palace of treasure来表达语义更生动饱满。
2.第2句中的“但令人遗憾的是”可套用句型it is a pity that„，此处用副词regrettably置句首修饰一整句则更简单，是英语中常用的表达方式。
3.仔细分析可发现，第4句“这一举动„„良好的开端”中的“这一举动”指代前一句的内容，故将该句处理成非限制性定语从句，译作which is a good start„。 “为学术馆藏走近普通大众”表目的，故将其处理成状语，用不定式短语to bring academic collections closer to the general public 来表达。
4.最后一句进行了对比，重点为后一分句内容“国内的髙校博物馆仍然有待发掘”(the domestic university museums are still waiting to be discovered)。所以翻译时，可以考虑将这两个分句进行“合译”，后一分句作主句，前一分句则处理成用as引导的状语从句，使译文结构紧凑流畅。
【参考译文】
The university museums boasting vast collections are undoubtedly \"a palace of treasure\".Regrettably, however, this treasure has been receiving little attention.Recently, some university in Beijing announce that their museums will grant free acce to the public, which is a good start to bring academic collections closer to the general public.But as many world-cla university museums have long been famous attractions for tourists and scholars, the domestic university museums are still waiting to be discovered.
26.【翻译原文】
丝绸之路(the Silk Road)是历史上连接中国和地中海的一条重要 贸易路线。因为这条路上的丝绸贸易占绝大部分，所以在1877年它 被德国的一位地理学家命名为“丝绸之路”。这条古道从长安开始， 经过河西走廊(the Hexi Corridor),到达敦煌后分成三条：南部路线， 中部路线和北部路线。这三条路遍布新疆维吾尔自治区(Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region)，然后扩展到巴基斯坦(Pakistan)，印度， 甚至罗马。
【参考译文】
The Silk Road is a historically important international trade route between China and the Mediterranean.Because silk comprised a large proportion of trade along this road, in 1877, it was named the Silk Road by an eminent German geographer.This ancient road begins at Chang’an, then by way of the Hexi Corridor，and it reaches Dunhuang, where it divides into three, the Southern Route，Central Route and North¬ern Route.The three routes spread all over the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and then they extend as far as Pakistan, India and even Rome.
27.【翻译原文】
中国人民依法享受超过115天的假期，其中包括104天的周 末和11天的节假日。中国一年中有7个法定假日，包括元旦(New Year’s Day),春节(Spring Festival),清明节(Qingming Festival), 五一劳动节(May Day)，端午节(Dragon Boat Festival),中秋节(Mid- Autumn Day)和国庆节(National Day)。员工有5至15天的带薪年假。学生和老师有大约三个月的寒暑假。在中国，暑假_般约在7月1 日开始，8月31日左右结束，寒假是根据春节的日期，通常是在1 月或2月。
【参考译文】
Chinese people legally enjoy over 115 days off including 104 days of weekends and 11 days of festivals.China has seven legal holidays in a year，including New Year’s Day, Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, May Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Day and National Day.Employees have 5 to 15 days of paid annual leave.Students and teachers have summer and winter vacations for about three months.The summer vacation in China generally starts around July 1st and ends around August 31st，and the winter vacation usually falls on January or February according to the date of the Spring Festival. 28.【翻译原文】
中国扇子的历史可以追溯到3000多年前的商朝(the Shang Dynasty)。第一种扇子叫作“扇汗”(Shanhan),是拴在马车上用来 挡住强烈的阳光，给乘客遮雨的。“扇汗”有点像现在的雨伞。后来 “扇汗”变成了由薄但是结实的丝绸或者鸟的羽毛做成的长柄扇，称 为中山扇(Zhangshan fan),它主要用于皇帝的仪仗(honour guard)装 饰。
【参考译文】
The history of Chinese fan can be dated to over 3,000 years ago，around the Shang Dynasty.The first type of fan, known as Shanhan, was tied to a horse-drawn carriage to shut out the strong sunshine and shelter the paengers from the rainfall.The Shanhan was a bit like today’s umbrella.Later this Shanhan became a long-handled fan made of thin and tough silk or birds5 feathers, called a Zhangshan fan, which was mainly used by the emperor’s honour guard as decoration.
29.【翻译原文】
洛阳是地处中原的河南省西部一个地级市(prefecture-level city)。 它东部舭邻省会郑州，南接南阳，西连三门峡(S_enxia)，北邻济源。 在唐代(the Tang Dynasty),洛阳是东都(Dongdu)，东部首都，其人 口最多的时候有100万左右，仅次于当时世界上最大的城市——长安。 在短暂的五代(Five Dynasties)时期，洛阳是后梁(Later Liang)，后唐 (Later Tang)和后晋(Later Jin)的首都，后来。北宋(the North Song Dynasty)时期，洛阳是西部首都，也是宋朝的建立人赵匡胤的出生地。
【参考译文】
Luoyang is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province of Central China.It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, and Jiyuan to the north.During the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang was Dongdu (东都),the “Eastern Capital\' and at its height had a population of around one million, second only to Chang，an，which, at the time，was the largest city in the world.During the short-lived Five Dynasties, Luoyang was the capital of the Later Liang, Later Tang, and Later Jin.During the North Song Dynasty, Luoyang was the “Western Capital” and birthplace of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of Song Dynasty.
30.【翻译原文】
自从1978年经济改革以来，中国已经完成了从中央计划经济 (centrally planned economy)向市场经济(market based economy)的转变。超过6亿人已经脱离了贫困，但是仍然有超过1.7亿人生活在国际贫困线以下 天少于1.25美元。2012年，中国的人均GDP 为12405.67美元，这是30年前的37倍。到2018年，中国的人均 GDP将从世界第90位上升到第75位。然而，这仍然是低于预计的世界平均水平。
【参考译文】
Since initiating market reforms in 1978，China has shifted from a centrally planned to a market based economy.More than 600 million citizens have been lifted out of poverty, but over 170 million people still live below the $1.25-a-day international poverty line.In 2012, China’s GDP (PPP) per capita was $12,405.67.This is 37 times higher than what it was just 30 years ago.By 2018，China’s GDP per capita will climb from the 90th to 75th highest in the world.This however will still be below the forecasted world average.
第20篇：四级翻译专有名词汇总..
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四级翻译专有名词汇总
1.中国历史与文化
京剧 Peking opera 秦腔 Qin opera 功夫Kung Fu 太极Tai Chi
口 技 ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏 shadow play
折子戏 opera highlights 杂技 acrobatics
相声 witty dialogue comedy 刺绣 embroidery
苏绣 Suzhou embroidery 泥人 clay figure 书法 calligraphy
中国画 traditional Chinese painting 水墨画 Chinese brush painting 中国结 Chinese knot 中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术 paper-making 指南针 the compa 青铜器 bronze ware 瓷器 porcelain; china 唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝cloisonne 秋千swing 武术 martial arts 儒家思想Confucianism 儒家文化 Confucian culture 道教 Taoism 墨家 Mohism 法家 Legalism 佛教 Buddhism 孔子 Confucius 孟子 Mencius 老子 Lao Tzu 庄子 Chuang Tzu 墨子 Mo Tzu
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孙子Sun Tzu 象形文字 pictographic characters 文房四宝(笔墨纸研) the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone) 《大学》The Great Learning 《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean 《论语》The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》The Mencius 《孙子兵法》The Art of War 《三国演义》Three Kingdoms 《西游爷己》Journey to the West 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions 《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes 《山海经》The Claic of Mountains and Rivers 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror 《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals 《史记》Historical Records 《诗经》The Book of Songs 《易经》The I Ching; The Book of Changes 《礼记》The Book of Rites 《三字经》Three-character Scriptures 八股文 eight-part eay 五言绝句 five-character quatrain 七言律诗 seven-character octave 旗袍 cheongsam 中山装 Chinese tunic suit 唐装 Tang suit 风水 Feng Shui; geomantic omen
阳历 Solar calendar 阴历 Lunar calendar 闰年 leap year 十二生肖zodiac 春节 the Spring Festival 元宵节 the Lantern Festival 清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节 the Double-ninth Day 七夕节 the Double-seventh Day 春联 spring couplets 庙会 temple fair 爆竹 firecracker
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年画(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱 New Year gift-money 舞龙dragon dance 元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯 festival lantern 灯谜 lantern riddle 舞狮 lion dance 踩高跷 stilt walking 赛龙舟 dragon boat race 胡同hutong 山东菜 Shandong cuisine 川菜 Sichuan cuisine 粤菜 Canton cuisine 扬州菜 Yangzhou cuisine 月饼 moon cake 年糕 rice cake 油条 deep-fried dough sticks 豆浆 soybean milk 馒头 steamed buns 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 包子 steamed stuffed buns 北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck 拉面 hand-stretched noodles 馄饨 wonton (dumplings in soup) 豆腐 tofu? bean curd 麻花 fried dough twist 烧饼 clay oven rolls 皮蛋 100-year egg; century egg 蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg 糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks 火锅hot pot 长城 the Great Wall of China 烽火台 beacon tower 秦台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses 大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda 丝绸之路the Silk Road 敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes 华清池 Huaqing Hot Springs 五台山"Wutai Mountain 九华山 Jiuhua Mountain 蛾眉山Mount Emei 泰山 Mount Tai
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黄山 Mount Huangshan; the Yellow Mountain 故宫 the Imperial Palace 天坛 the Temple of Heaven 午门 Meridian Gate 大运河 Grand Canal 护城河the Moat 回音壁Echo Wall 居庸关 Juyongguan Pa 九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall 黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi 十三陵 the Ming Tombs 苏州园林 Suzhou gardens 西湖 West Lake 九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou Valley 日月潭 Sun Moon Lake 布达拉宫Potala Palace 鼓楼 drum tower 四合院 quadrangle; courtyard complex 孔庙 Confucius Temple 乐山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha 十八罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha 喇嘛Lama
2.中国经济
总需求 aggregate demand 总供给 aggregate supply 企业文化 corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象 corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司 cro-national corporation 创业精神 enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业 foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济 holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业 electronic industry 汽车制造工业 car industry 娱乐业 entertainment industry 信息产业 information industry 知识密集型产业 knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises
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轻工业 light industry 博彩业 lottery industry 制造业 manufacturing industry 垄断行业 monopoly industries 市场多元化 market diversification 市场经济 market economy 市场监管 market supervision 购买力 purchasing power 牛市 bull market 城镇化 urbanization 房地产 real estate 首付 down-payment 业主 home owner 个人购房贷款 individual housing loan 经济全球化 economic globalization 经济特区 special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长 economic growth 泡沫经济 bubble economy 关税tariff 纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy 货币投放量 the size of money supply 流动性过剩exce liquidity 经济过热 overheated economy 通货膨胀inflation 抑制通货膨胀curb inflation 注入流动性 to inject liquidity 贴现率 discount rate 存款准备金率 reserve requirement ratio (RRR) 公开市场业务 open market operation (OMO) 逆回购 reverse repurchase agreement; reverse repo 引导降低市场借贷成本
to guide the market borrowing costs to a lower level 稳健的货币政策prudent monetary policy 微调货币政策 to fine-tune monetary policy 硬着陆 hard landing 软着陆 soft landing 二十国集团 Group of Twenty (G2O) 财政部长 Finance Minister 全年预期经济增长目标the expected growth target for the whole year 经济活力 economic vitality 大规模经济刺激计划 a maive economic stimulus package 结构改革 structural reform 硬资产 hard aets
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软资产 soft aets 有形资产 tangible aets 经济走廊 economic corridor 整顿市场秩序 to rectify the market order 反垄断 antitrust; anti-monopoly 定价浮动 price fluctuations 谋求利益最大化 to maximize profit 债务审计audit of debt 地方性政府债务 local government debt/liability 公共财政体制改革 an overhaul of the public finance system 债务管理 debt management 信用支持 credit support 3.中国社会
多元文化论 cultural pluralism 文化适应 acculturation 社会保障 social security 班车 shuttle bus 相定迁户 a relocated unit or household 大龄青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age 独生子女 the only child in a family 单亲 single parent 福利彩票 welfare lotteries 家政服务 household management service 民工 migrant laborers 名人 celebrity 农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labor/laborers 青春期 puberty 全民健身运动 nationwide fitne campaign 全国人口普查 nationwide census 性骚扰 sexual harament 走私 smuggling 性别歧视 gender/sexual discrimination 年龄歧视 age discrimination 工作歧视 job discrimination 享乐主义hedonism 文盲 illiteracy 贫富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor 盗版 pirated/illegal copies 一国两制 One Country, Two Systems 三个代表 the Three Represents Theory 两会(人大、政协)Two Conferences (NPC and CPPCC) 南南合作 South-South Cooperation
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南北对话 North-South Dialog 人大常委会 People’s Congre Standing Committee 法制观念 awarene of law 法制国家 a country with an adequate legal system 改革开放 reform and opening-up 公务员 civil servants 官僚主义作风 the bureaucratic style of work 和谐并存 harmonious coexistence 计划生育 family planning 计划生育基本国策 the basic state policy of family planning 精神文明建设 the construction of spiritual civilization 居委会 neighborhood committee 科教兴国 national rejuvenation through science and education 可持续发展 sustainable development 廉洁高效 honesty and high efficiency 两岸关系 cro-straits relations 两岸谈判 cro-straits negotiations 领土完整 territorial integrity 民族精神 national spirit 普选制 general election system 求同存异 seek common ground while shelving differences 人大代表NPC member 毕业生分配 graduate placement; aignment of graduate 充电 update one’s knowledge 初等教育 elementary education 大学城 college town 大学社区 college community 高等教育 higher education 高等教育“211 工程” the “211 Project” for higher education 高等学府 institution of higher education 综合性大学 comprehensive university 文科院校 colleges of (liberal) arts 理工科大学 college / university of science and engineering 师范学院 teachers’ college; normal college 高分低能 high scores and low abilities 高考(university/college) entrance examination 高校扩招 the college expansion plan 教育界 education circle 教育投入 input in education 九年义务教育 nine-year compulsory education 考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools 物质文明和精神文明 material and spiritual civilization 小康社会 a well-off society
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小康水平a well-off standard 一个中国原则 the one-China principle 与时俱进 keep pace with the times 综合国力 overall national strength 共同愿望common desire “走出去”(战略)going global 不结盟 non-alignment 单边主义 unilateralism 多边政策 multilateralism 多极世界 multipolar world 人口老龄化 aging of population 人口出生率birth rate 社区服务 community service 道德法庭 court of ethics 盗用公款embezzlement 成人夜校 night school for adults 在职进修班 on-job training courses 政治思想教育 political and ideological education
8
