英语试题 公共英语部分
注：括号里面的文字的意思：
1.根据整篇短文的理解加进去，只是为了正片读起来相对比较通顺而已，省去括号里面的内容也可。
2.考虑的翻译的可读性，改变了原本的表述方法，括号里是字面上的意思 3.每句与每句之间的衔接的逻辑连接词。 4.对前句翻译的说明。
另，有些翻译仍然不够通顺，请见谅！^_^
Put the following paage into Chinese:
1、Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning.
早教的批评者援引有关4岁的小孩是否已经准备好接受正规学习的研究。
Educators find that older toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, whereas their younger counterparts are more likely to fail.
一些教育者们发现那些学步较晚的小孩更能胜任学校的功课，而那些较早学步的小孩反而不尽人意。
Kindergarten children who turn five during the latter half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it comes to physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development.
那些4岁半即将5岁的幼儿园小孩，在生理、心理、社交、智力的发展上似乎处于劣势地位。
Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades and score higher on achievement tests throughout their schooling experience than do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five.
另外，相比于那些刚刚5岁就被送进幼儿园的小孩，那些接近6岁才进入幼儿园的小孩在他们学校功课中常常能够获得更好的成绩，在成绩测试中也常常获得较高的分数。 Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the same thing.（一个小孩）聪明、语言表达能力（是否强）与（他）是否适龄入学似乎并不是一回事。
It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today’s children with inner maturity.
如今小孩身上表现出来沉着、老练与内在的成熟，这两者很容易被混淆。
Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters whose parents push them to attain academic succe in preschool are le creative, have more anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage over their le-preured peers.实际上，有证据显示，早教所带来的恰恰适得其反。那些被父母后面督促着而学业有成的小孩（往往）缺乏创造力，而且对于考试他们显得更加焦虑。同时，相对于没有收到重压的同龄人，到学前教育结束之时，他们（已）难以维持最初在学业上的优势。
Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting.
对于将4岁小孩放入正式教育的这种做法，许多心理学家和教育家都持怀疑态度。
They question whether environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non disadvantaged home.
通过丰富环境能否显著地改变一个成长在普通家庭（字面：非弱势家庭）孩子的自然成长规律（字面：发展/成长时间表），这是他们有所质疑的地方。
They do not deny, however, the value of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children considerable freedom to play, develop at their own pace, and evolve their social skills.然而，他们也并不否认那些托儿所和幼儿园的发挥的重要性。它们给孩子们提供了家一样的环境，充分自由的玩乐空间，任孩子们慢慢成长（字面：让它们按照自己的步伐成长/发展），同时还培养了它们的社交能力。
But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now expected of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds.但是，它们也指出，以前许多在一年级才要求掌握的事情现在希望还在幼儿园的孩子也要学会，他们甚至还唯恐4岁的小孩知之过少（字面：他们唯恐小孩所要要求的将越来越多）。 These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too hard and thereby depriving them of their childhood.（同时）这些心理学家和教育家们认为，我们如此这般强压这些孩子以至于剥夺了他们的童年。
2、People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.
人的个性和行为习惯是如何形成的？这是困扰着人们很长时间的一个问题。
It\'s not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
为什么人的智力千差万别（一个人聪明，而另一个人却不是）？为什么有些人（一个人）乐于协作，有些人（另一个人）却争强好胜？要解释这些并不易。
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. 当然，这些问题也是社会科学家们所极其关心的问题。
They want to explain why we poe certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. 他们想（为我们）解释为什么我们具备特定的个性、表现出一定的行为举止。
There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thoughts on the matter have developed. 然而这并没有确切的答案（可言），但是基于这个问题的两个思想流派已经发展起来。 As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory.
正如你所料，两种思想流派是截然不同的，而二者理论的支持者之间存在剧烈的争论。 The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature/nurture.”
他们二者（关于这个问题的）争论的往往很容易被归结为“先天得之或后天养成”。
Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors.那些“先天得之”论的支持者认为，我们的性格和行为模式在很大程度上取决于生物和遗传因素。
That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory.我们所处的环境对我们能力、个性、行为（的塑造）甚至可能并没有什么作用，而这一点正是“先天得之”论的核心。
Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.这种理论甚至极端地坚持认为，我们的行为模式在很大程度上是先天决定的；因此，我们几乎完全受我们的本能所支配。
Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.
“后天养成”论的支持者们，抑或是常称之为行为学家，他们声称在决定我们的行为模式时，环境比以生理为基础的本能更为重要。
A behaviorist, B.F.Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.
一位名叫斯金纳（B.F.Skinner）行为学家认为，人类的行为模式完全是由周围环境塑造的。 The behaviorists\' view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
行为学家们有关人类的观点是相当的机械的；他们机械的认为，人类对环境刺激的反应是形成他们行为模式的基础。
The traditional belief that a woman\'s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions.
女人当主内（应当待家里）以及女人不应该外出工作，诸如上述传统观念在现如今的条件下将很难合理的维系。
It is said that it is a woman\'s task to care for the children, but families today tend to be small and with a year or two between children.（传统观念）还认为，女人的天职就是照顾小孩，然而现如今家庭规模在逐渐变小，小孩之间的年龄差距也就一两岁。
Thus a woman\'s whole period of child bearing may occur within five years. 如此一来，一个女人用来照顾小孩得所有时间也就五年之内。
Furthermore, with compulsory education from the age of five or six, her role as chief educator of her children soon ceases.
此外，随着五六岁适龄入学，女人作为孩子首席教育家的工作也很快就停止了。
Thus even if we agree, that a woman should stay at home to look after her children before they are of school age, for many women, this period would extend only for about ten years.因此，即使是我们同意，对于大多数女人来说，待在家里照顾孩子直到他们适龄入学，这段时间也仅仅是10年而已。
It might be argued that the house-proud women would still find plenty to do about the home. （然而，仍然）有可能会有争论说，那些以家庭为重的女人仍然可以找到很多与家庭有关的事情去做。
That may be so, but it is certainly no longer neceary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, mending and sewing.
女人们确有可能如上所述，但是究其一生去做煮饭、修补和缝纫的活已经不再是一个女人所必须的了。
Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.
洗衣机的问世将洗衣房里枯燥乏味的工作解放，最新式的洗衣机能完成将大量衣物洗涤到烘干的所有工作，而这些工作都是全自动的。
Refrigerators have made it poible to store food for long periods and many pre-cooked foods are obtainable in tins.
电冰箱的问世使得长时间储存食物成为可能，（与此同时）许多预熟的食物都保存到了罐头中。
Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be completed in one day a week. （这样一来）我们只需一周采购一次，而不是每天如此。
The new man-made fibres are more hardwearing than natural fibres and greatly reduce mending, while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful. （另外，）新型的人造纤维织物比自然纤维的织物更耐磨，在大大节省了修补工作的同时，这些成衣更便宜且更方便批量化。
3、In country after country, talk of nonsmokers’ right is in the air.
不吸烟者的权利问题正在一个又一个国家里议论开了。
While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking.虽然大多数的国家（对此）极少甚至不采取任何行动，然而有30个国家已经通过立法措施来控烟。
Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.一些国家通过出台多项法律来保证非烟民不被动吸二手烟（字面：还非烟民洁净的空气），或者通过法律减少香烟消费。
In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or le stabilized.
在一些发达国家，香烟消费或多或少已趋于稳定。
However, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progre—and is even encouraged.然而，在许多发展中国家，吸烟（个人认为应该翻译成，烟草消费）被视作经济发展的标志，更有甚者他们还鼓励吸烟。
As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries.
随着烟草公司的国际化，这些国家的烟民便成了烟草公司们的新大陆（字面：烟草公司需要在这些国家的烟民中找到新的市场）。
For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa—where U.S.tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.例如，美国烟草业在1974年向中东和北非输出的烟草总额增加了27%以上，为此他们做出了巨大的努力。
Smoking is harmful to the health of people.
吸烟有害健康。
World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. 世界各国政府应该开展严肃的禁烟运动。
Restrictions on cigarette advertisement, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theatres, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking.
限制香烟广告，在烟盒上标识吸烟危害，在剧院、影院、饭馆等公共场所禁烟（等），这是大多数国家为了保证非烟民利益以及控烟的普遍做法。
But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.然而，世界各国所关注的下一步重点是，如何让这些烟民更加自觉并且让他们意识到吸烟是陋习
Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.（同时，）我们应该尽最大努力去告诫年轻人沾上吸烟这个陋习将会带来的恶果。 And cigarette price should be boosted.与此同时，香烟的价格应当提高。
In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.在这漫长的禁烟赛跑中，毫无疑问，每个人的生活都将因禁烟而变得美好，然而人们却并没有为这场激烈的禁烟战争做好准备。
4、这一篇用了很多比喻及隐喻，还有类比，所以翻译起来比较难，到后面长句较多，超出我的能力范围。
We are told the ma media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each iue of the current affairs programme, Panoroma.
据我们所知，大众媒体是迄今为止最好的启迪民智的方式，比如在英国，时事节目“全景”（Panoroma）每一期都吸引了数百万的观众。
It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to so many intimations about societies.
确实，同时让如此众多的人如此频繁密集地置身于形形色色的社会暗示当中，像这样的情况，在人类历史中还从未有过。（这一句当中intimations about societies 社会暗示 翻译不好，请见谅）
This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities, width of judgement, a sense of the variety of poible attitudes.
置身于其中或许是一种获取某些重要知识、富有想象力的品质、广泛的判断力以及对事物各种可能态度的起点。
Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development.然而单凭如此置身其中却并不能使我们的智力和想象力有所增益。
It is no more than the maes of stone which lie around in a quarry and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral.这莫不如采石场中堆卧如山的顽石，你可信，他日将成筑造教堂之材。
The ma media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build.
大众媒体并不能筑起教堂，他们如此这般展示这些顽石也并不能使其成为可用之材。
For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe fleetingly individually interesting points of difference between them is sufficient in itself.因为作为这些顽石本身，他们都各自处在一个独立的、自足的世界当中，由于他们的含蓄，我们无非就只能这么看着他们，因此，身处这样的环境，快速的浏览这些顽石各自的闪光点足矣。
Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to — or feel we should try to — make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals.
确实，生活本就是各种问题的结合体，因此，身处这种环境中，作为公民或者作为个人的我们，都不得不去抑或觉得理应试着去做决定。（或者这么翻译：生活充满了许多不管我们作为公民还是个人都必须做出决定的问题。）
But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the ma media.
然而，这些抉择本身所具有的真实难度，还有抉择时所带来令人烦恼的难题，这一切都没有在大众媒体上得到报道和体现。（communitcated意为沟通，交流，若直译读起来不太通顺）
The disinclination to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the ma media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customer happy.
大众媒体不愿给出明确的答案，这种行为，不能简单的将其视为一种想要取乐顾客的商业手段。
It is within the grain of ma communications. 它是存在于大众传媒的产物之中的。
The organs of the Establishment, however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the ma media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where such enquiries might really hurt.
官方的机构（州、教会、志愿者协会、政党），无论他们是否可能是善意的，都注重自己的既得利益，确保公众的反应不是太激烈，注重自己在社会中的地位不被动摇，并极尽所能的对那些在大众媒体中工作的人造成影响，使他们不知不觉为政府机构的生产形式而左右，尽管这些新闻从业者会走个讨论、询问的过场，但这并不会触及到政府的关键之处。(触及到要害) They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché-aumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life.
他们揭露问题往往只是在民主社会可以接受的老一套观点内进行。既不对这些老一套的表示出一点过激的疑问，在涉及现代生活时也尽量不让各方面感到难堪。
They will stre the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation itself; they will therefore, again, aist a form of acceptance of the status quo (现状).他们会通过电视节目来施以刺激，但是出于利益的角度，这种做法很快的变成一种煽动；最后反过来又成为让大家接受现状的推手。
There were exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic. （当然）这种情况也有例外，然而却不是典型的。 The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public iues in the popular pre.在广播电视节目中常能看到这样的处理结果，就如同公共媒体应对普通的公共事件一样简单明了。
Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be aumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the proce of arriving at judgement.
公众媒体需要考虑到不同层次观众或读者的背景情况，然而常常发生的是
Programs such as this are noteworthy le for the “stimulation” they offer than for the fact that stimulation (repeated at regular intervals) may become a substitute for and so a hindrance to judgements carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and on the pulses.
Ma communications, then, do not ignore intellectual matters; they tend to castrate (使…丧失活力) them, to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and usele, a family plaything.
5、Writing, as a career, offers a range of personal rewards.
作为一种职业，写作能为作者提供一系列的回报。
It enables people to expre themselves, as well as to entertain, inform, and influence others. 写作让人表达自己的同时，同样能够娱乐、告知、影响他人。
With only a few tools -- paper, a typewriter, a pencil, and often a personal computer, a writer can have an impact on the surrounding world.仅仅需要一张纸、一台打印机、一支笔或者一台个人电脑，作家就可以凭此写出惊世之作。 But most authors spend hundreds of hours perfecting their skills before they can sell any of their works.然而，绝大多数的作家能够以写作养活生计之前，他们都需要花费时日去磨练他们的写作技艺。
A person who wants to be a writer should set aside some time to write every day. 要想成为一个作家，每日行文是必须的。
Learning to expre ideas clearly and effectively in writing takes a great deal of practice. 想要在文章中清晰、有效地表达自己的想法需要做大量的写作练习。 Many experienced writers keep a journal. 许多有经验的作家都有记日记的习惯。
A journal can serve as a storehouse for information, observations, and ideas. 日记是储存信息、观察和想法的宝库。 It can also be a place to develop new material.它同样也可以是提炼新素材的宝库。
Beginning writers should read many kinds of writing encountered every day and pay special attention to what they find most interesting.
初学写作的人应该阅读日常碰到的各式各样的作品，要特别留意那些他们特别感兴趣的文章。
News items, feature stories, textbooks, cookbooks, repair manuals, poems, eays, short stories, novels, and plays differ in their methods of organizing and presenting material.
新闻、特写、教材、食谱、维修手册、诗歌、散文、短篇故事、小说和戏剧在组织和呈现素材的时候各有各的手法。 A beginning writer who reads widely and carefully will develop an appreciation of different writing approaches and styles.
通过广泛而细致的阅读可以帮助初学写作的人提高对不同写作手法和写作风格作品的鉴赏能力。
In time, the writer can acquire a more flexible approach to his or her own work.随着时间的推移，作家就可以在他/她的作品中游刃有余。
Succeful authors write about subjects they know and understand.
成功的作家写的主题是他们知晓的领域。
They sometimes take weeks or months revising or refining an article, poem, or story. 有时候他们会花数周甚至数月时间去修改、精炼一篇文章、诗歌或者故事。
Beginning writers usually benefit from finding one or more friendly critics who will read their work and discu its strengths and weaknees with them.初学写作的人往往能从友善的评论家（的点评）那受益，因为这些评论家会研读他们的作品并与他们一同讨论作品的优点和缺点。
High schools and colleges offer many learning opportunities for young writers.
高中和大学为年轻的作家提供了许多学习的机会。 Composition and literature courses can be helpful.
作文和文学课程（对于年轻的作家）也非常有帮助。
Creative writing and journalism courses may further aist a beginning writer in developing his or her skills.
创意写作和新闻写作课程可以更加深入的帮助一个初学写作的人提升他/她的写作能力。 Many students work on literary magazines, newspapers, or yearbooks published by their schools. 许多学生在位文学杂志社、报社或者学校年鉴出版出版社工作。 They may write stories, edit articles, or gain other valuable experience.他们可能在那儿写故事、编辑文章，或者（为写作）积累宝贵的经验。
6、Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child-rearing, but what do fathers do?
鲜少有人怀疑母亲在照顾孩子方面的根本重要性，然而，爸爸（的重要性）呢 Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home. 他们对家里面的贡献仅仅是作为家里面第二个成年人所做的。 Bringing up children is demanding, streful and exhausting. 拉扯大一个小孩往往是吃力的、有压力且疲惫的。
Two adults can support and make up for each other\'s deficiencies and build on each other\'s strengths.两个大人（爸爸妈妈）可以相互支持，互补不足各取所长。
Fathers also bring an array of unique qualities.
爸爸（在养育孩子方面，同样）可以取得一系列特别的作用（字面：独特的品质）。 Some are familiar: protector and role model.
其中一些为人们所熟知，即保护者和（孩子的）榜样。 Teenage boys without fathers are notoriously prone to trouble. 众所周知，没有父亲的男孩更容易招惹麻烦。
The pathway to adulthood for daughters is somewhat easier, but they must still learn from their fathers, in ways they cannot from their mothers, how to relate to men. 女孩的成人之路相对来说要简单一些，然而，她们也必须仍然要从父亲那儿学习如何与男性相处，这一点是她们无法从母亲那儿学来的。
They learn from their fathers about heterosexual trust, intimacy and difference. 她们从父亲那儿学会了对异性的信任、亲密与区别。
They learn to appreciate their own femininity from the one male who is most special in their lives. 她们要从一个男人身上学习欣赏自己身上的女性温柔之美，而这个男人在她生命当中是那么特殊。
Most important, through loving and being loved by their fathers, they learn that they are love-worthy.最重要的是，通过从她们的父亲那儿学到爱与被爱，她们将会明白她们不负所爱（字面：她们是值得被爱的）。
Current research gives much deeper -- and more surprising -- insight into the father\'s role in child-rearing.对于儿童成长阶段父亲的角色，最近的研究给出了更加深刻且令人意外的发现。 One significantly overlooked dimension of fathering is play. 其中一个显然被忽略的方面就是玩耍。
From their children\'s birth through adolescence, fathers tend to emphasize play more than caretaking.
从呱呱坠地到青春期，父亲往往着重于与孩子们玩耍多过照顾。
The father\'s style of play is likely to be both physically stimulating and exciting.
与父亲玩耍的是的方式更加倾向于身心的激励（字面：身体上的刺激和让人兴奋）。
With older children it involves more teamwork, requiring competitive testing of physical and mental skills.
与年长一点的孩子相处时，玩耍中要包含了更多的团队合作，还需要有关心理和生理方面的小竞赛。
It frequently resembles a teaching relationship: come on, let me show you how. 这常常类似于一种教学关系——来吧，让我来教你怎么做。 Mothers play more at the child\'s level.
母亲与孩子之间的玩耍多在孩子们的孩童时期。 They seem willing to let the child direct play.她们对孩子们玩耍的期望较为直接。（字面：她们更希望让孩子们直接玩。）
Kids, at least in the early years, seem to prefer to play with daddy. 至少在最初的几年里，孩子们更愿意与他们的爸爸玩耍。
In one study of 2-5-year olds who were given a choice, more than two-thirds chose to play with their father.一个对2-5岁这个年龄段小孩的研究指出，当让这些小孩选择跟谁玩时，超过三分之一小孩得选择是他们的爸爸。
The way fathers play has effects on everything from the management of emotions to intelligence and academic achievement.
与父亲玩耍的方式会对很多方面产生影响，从情绪控制到智力发展，甚至是学业成绩。 It is particularly important in promoting self-control.特别是在情绪控制方面有非常重要的促进作用。
According to one expert, \"children who roughhouse with their fathers quickly learn that biting, kicking and other forms of physical violence are not acceptable.\" 按照一位教授的原话：“那些与他们父亲打闹的孩子们，早早就明白了打人和踢人或者其他形式的暴力行为都是不允许的。” They learn when to \"shut it down.\" 他们知道何时“住手”。
At play and in other realms, fathers tend to stre competition, challenge, initiative, risk taking and independence.
在玩耍亦或是其他的一些地方，父亲往往会强调竞争、挑战、主动、冒险和独立 Mothers, as caretakers, stre emotional security and personal safety. （而）母亲作为看护者，强调的是情绪上和人身的安全感。
On the playground fathers often try to get the child to swing even higher, while mothers are cautious, worrying about an accident.在游乐场中，爸爸经常试着让孩子的秋千摆的更高，而妈妈却总是小心翼翼担心意外。
7、（与第一篇重复）Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning.Educators find that older toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, whereas their younger counterparts are more likely to fail.Kindergarten children who turn five during the latter half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it comes to physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development.Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten tend to receive better grades and score higher on achievement tests throughout their schooling experience than do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five.Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the same thing.It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today’s children with inner maturity.Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters whose parents push them to attain academic succe in preschool are le creative, have more anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage over their le-preured peers. Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting.They question whether environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non disadvantaged home.They do not deny, however, the value of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children considerable freedom to play, develop at their own pace, and evolve their social skills.But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now expected of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds.These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too hard and thereby depriving them of their childhood.
8、Sociologically, advertising supports the ma communication media.
从社会学角度来说，广告是支撑大众传播媒体运营的基础。 It pays all the costs of commercial television and radio. 广告为商业电视和广播媒体提供开销。
It provides viewers with free entertainment and news programs, though viewers are often annoyed by commercial interruptions.
尽管观众们老是因为插播商业广告恼火，然而广告却为观众们提供了免费的娱乐和新闻节目（然而观众们正因此而不必为娱乐和新闻节目买单）。
Without advertising, readers would have to pay a higher price for newspapers and magazines, and many of the publications would go out of busine.如若没有广告，读者们便不得不为昂贵的报纸和杂志买单，许多出版商也会因此倒闭。
9、Most publications have lots of advantages.
各种出版物都有其各自的优势。
Paper is pleasant to handle, easy to read, and very portable: you can read it almost anywhere. 纸质出版物适于上手、易于阅读、便于携带，让你随时随地享受阅读。 On the other hand, print has its weaknees.而从另一方面来说，印刷品也有他的短板。
Paper is expensive, and articles are often cut to fit the space available.（那就是）纸张非常贵，并且文章通常都需要缩减以适纸张篇幅。 Printing and distributing paper is expensive and takes time.（同时）印刷和分发这些纸质出版物既耗时又耗财。
Printed materials are expensive to store and almost impoible to search. 印刷品的储藏较为昂贵，且难于（字面：基本上不可能用于）检索。 Electronic publishing offers solutions to all these problems.电子媒体为所有这些问题提供了解决方案。
10、In a report called Research Capability of the University System launched this week the group claims that funds are needed to pay for the “profeional development” of university teachers who are not active in research, to help them keep up with their subject and improve the courses they teach.一份叫做大学系统的潜在研究能力的报告在这周公布，其研究小组声称为了使那些消极于研究的大学老师跟上他们所在领域（的研究进展），提升他们所教课程的质量，我们需要建立一个基金来激励那些有专业发展的大学老师。
11、None of the methods conceived two decades ago has yet to discover a uniform warning signal that preceded all quakes, let alone any sign that would tell whether the coming temblor is mild or a killer.
20年前的这些预报地震的方法中，还尚未发现一种统一的预警信号能够提前预测地震，更不用说预警是否能提醒将至的地震的强烈程度。 Earthquake formation can be triggered by many factors. 地震是由许多因子引起的。
So, finding one all-purpose warning sign is impoible. 因此，找到一种通用的预警信号是不可能的。
12、Challenge aumptions.
挑战假设
Reserve the aumptions you make about problems. 记下你对于每个问题所做展开的设想。 List the aumptions and write the opposite. 将这些设想与对其立面一一罗列。
Henry Ford challenged the practice of having workers go to where building materials were kept, in order to build cars, by creating a system that brought the materials to the workers instead. 亨利·福特挑战了了汽车制造过程中的常规做法，创新了一种汽车装配系统，将所有的零配件的生产分配到每个工人手中，而不是像过去那样单纯将工人们领进堆满零配件的厂房里。
With this reversal, the aembly line was born.正是因为如此逆转，生产流水线就这样诞生了。
13、Nowadays, we hear a lot about the growing threat of globalization, accompanied by those warnings that the rich pattern of local life is being undermined, and many dialects and traditions are becoming extinct.如今，我们听到了不少有关全球化的威胁在不断增长的说法，还听到了这样的警告：丰富多彩的地方生活方式正在遭到破坏，许多方言和传统正在消亡。
But stop and think for a moment about the many positive aspects that globalization is bringing. 但是，静下心来，考虑一下全球化带来的许多有利之处。
Read on and you are bound to feel comforted, ready to face the global future, which is surely inevitable now.
继续思考下去，你肯定会觉得有所慰藉，乐于面对全球化的未来——现在看来，这种未来不可避免。
Consider the Internet, that prime example of our shrinking world. 想一想因特网这个使我们这个世界变小的绝好例子。
Leaving aside the all-to-familiar worries about pornography and political extremism, even the most narrow-minded must admit that the net offers immeasurable benefits, not just in terms of education, the sector for which it was originally designed, but more importantly on a global level, the spread of news and comment.
撇开人们对色情文学和政治极端化的普遍担忧，就连最目光短浅的人都肯定承认：因特网给我们带来了不可估量的利益，不只是在教育方面——因特网最初就是为教育设计的，更重要的是全球范围内信息和观念的传播。
It will be increasingly difficult for politicians to maintain their regimes of misinformation, as the oppreed will not only find support and comfort, but also be able to organize themselves more effectively.
对于政治家来说，要想维持他们误传的政权将会越来越困难，因为被压迫者将不仅得到支持与安慰，而且能够更有效地组织自己。
MTV is another global provider that is often criticized for imposing popular culture on the unsuspecting millions around the world.
音乐电视是另一个全球性的传播物——因为在全世界数以百万计没有疑心的人中强行推广流行文化而经常受到批评。
Yet the viewers\' judgment on MTV is undoubtedly positive; it is regarded as indispensable by most of the global teenage generation who watch it, a vital part of growing up.
不过，毫无疑问，观众对音乐电视的看法还是肯定的;全世界看过音乐电视的大多数青少年——正在成长的主要群体——都认为音乐电视绝对必要。 And in the final analysis, what harm can a few songs and videos cause? 总而言之，几首歌和几部录像能够造成怎样的损害? Is the world dominance of brands like Nike and Coca-Cola so bad for us when all is said and done?
在该说的都说了、该采取的行动也采取了时，像耐克和可口可乐这样的世界主导品牌就会对我们有害吗？
Sportswear and soft drinks are harmle products when compared to the many other things that have been globally available for a longer period of time--- heroin and cocaine, for example.同许多其他更长时期内在全世界都可得到的产品相比——比如海洛因和可卡因，运动装和不含酒精的饮料没有害处。
In any case, just because Nike shoes and Coke cans are for sale, it doesn\'t mean you have to buy them--- even globalization cannot deprive the individual of his free will.
无论如何，正是因为耐克运动鞋和可乐易拉罐在待销，所以并不意味着你非得购买它们不可——即使是全球化也不可能剥夺人们的自由意愿。
Critics of globalization can stop iuing their doom and gloom statements.全球化的批评者可以停止发表他们的悲观言论了。
Life goes on, and has more to offer for many citizens of the world than it did for their parents\' generation.
生活会继续，生活将给予世界上许多人的乐趣比给予这些人的父辈的乐趣多。
14、A quality education is the ultimate liberator.
素质教育是最根本的解放。
It can free people from poverty, giving them the power to greatly improve their lives and take a productive place in society.
它可以使人们摆脱贫困，赋予他们能力迅速改善他们的生活，从事社会中具有创造性的工作。
It can also free communities and countries, allowing them to leap forward into periods of wealth and social unity that otherwise would not be poible.
它还可以使社会和国家解除负担，使它们迅速跨入富裕与社会和睦的时期，而用别的方式是不可能达到这种效果的。
For this reason, the international community has committed itself to getting all the world\'s children into primary school by 2015, a commitment known as Education for All.
因此，国际社会承诺：到二○一五年时，将让世界上的所有儿童都上小学，这就是著名的“教育面向所有人”的承诺。
Can education for all be achieved by 2015? 到二○一五年时，“教育面向所有人”的目标能够实现吗? The answer is definitely \"yes\", although it is a difficult task. 尽管这是一项艰巨的任务，但回答肯定是“能够”。
If we now measure the goal in terms of children succefully completing a minimum of five years of primary school, instead of just enrolling for claes, which used to be the measuring stick for education, then the challenge becomes even more difficult.
如果我们现在根据孩子顺利读完最少五年的小学来评估该目标，而不只是根据班级的注册人数来评估该目标——过去用于评估教育的方法，那么，这种挑战就会更加艰难。
Only 32 countries were formerly believed to be at risk of not achieving education for all on the basis of enrollment rates.
以前，根据注册率，只有三十二个国家被认为面临实现不了“教育面向所有人”目标的风险。
The number rises to 88 if completion rates are used as the criterion.
如果把毕业率当作评估标准的话，那么这个数字会上升为八十八个。
Still, the goal is achievable with the right policies and the right support from the international community.
尽管如此，只要政策合适，国际社会又给予适当的援助，该目标还是可以实现的。
59 of the 88 countries at risk can reach universal primary completion by 2015 if they bring the efficiency and quality of their education systems into line with standards observed in higher-performing systems.
如果八十八个有风险的国家使其教育体系的效率和质量达到效率更高的体系所奉行的标准，那么，到二○一五年时，其中的五十九个国家就可以实现“所有孩子都能够小学毕业”的目标。
They also need significant increases in external financing and technical support. 这些国家也需要国际社会给予资金和技术方面的大力援助。
The 29 countries lagging farthest behind will not reach the goal without unprecedented rates of progre.
如果没有空前的发展速度，二十九个最落后的国家将不可能实现该目标。
But this is attainable with creative solutions, including use of information technologies, flexible and targeted foreign aid, and fewer people living in poverty.
但是，如果有创造性的解决方法，这个目标也可以实现——包括使用信息技术，国际社会灵活、目的明确的援助以及更少的生活贫困的人们。
A key leon of experience about what makes development effective is that a country\'s capacity to use aid well depends heavily on its policies, institutions and management.
但是，如果有创造性的解决方法，这个目标也可以实现——包括使用信息技术，国际社会灵活、目的明确的援助以及更少的生活贫困的人们。
Where a country scores well on these criteria, foreign aistance can be highly effective.基于这些标准，在一个国家表现好的领域，国际社会的援助就可能非常有效。
15、Speechwriting The succe of a speech is often attributed to the skill of the speaker, with merit being given to speakers who are confident, articulate, knowledgeable and able to deliver a speech with conviction.
演讲的成功往往归功于演讲者的技巧，这既是演讲者的优势，同时也足以让演讲者充满自信、滔滔不绝、旁征博引，且能够让其能够以坚定的信念进行演说。
But often it is not the speakers who write these moving speeches, it is a speechwriter. 然而，写出这些感人讲稿的却常常不是这些演讲者，而是演讲稿撰写人。 And one industry in which this practise is common is that of politics. 其中，政治圈便是深谙此道的行家。
So what does it take to be a political speechwriter? 那么，要如何才能成为一名政治演讲稿撰写人呢？
One technique is introducing contrast.
其中一个技巧就是引入对比。 This is extremely useful when presenting a positive spin on a negative iue.当你要通过积极的笔调来扭转消极事件的时候，这是极其有效的。
One of the most famous examples of this can be seen in a speech given by former American President John F Kennedy: \"Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country.\"
其中一个较有名的例子就是美国前总统约翰·肯尼迪的一次演讲：“不要问你的国家能为你做什么而是你能为你的国家做什么。”
Another technique is the use of three-part lists.另一个技巧就是三段式的应用。
This can be an excellent way of adding finality or confirming a statement. 这是一种让你给出结论和确认观点的绝佳方法。
Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair was a fan of this technique. 英国前首相托尼·布莱尔就就特别钟情于这种方法。
One of his most famous campaign slogans was \"education, education, education\". “教育、教育、教育”就是他最有名的竞选口号之一。
These techniques can be used like tools - they can be chosen from a toolbox and applied as neceary.这些技巧就像工具一般，当你需要的时候，你只需从工具箱里选择一件合适的就行。 A few other techniques you might find in a speechwriter\'s toolbox might be the use of imagery, anecdotes and alliteration.
当然还有其他一些技巧，如意象、奇闻轶事、押头韵等。
So next time you have to prepare a speech or presentation, try applying one or more of these techniques and see if you have what it takes to be a winning speechwriter.
那么下次当你准备一场演讲或其他表演时，试着用上面提到的技巧，看看你是否能成为一个成功的演讲稿撰写人。
16、What makes an original contributor in science is often not only ability, but also something else, something apparently intangible, and not easily detected.
一个人在科学中有独创的贡献，这往往不仅（是他的个人）能力问题，还有其他的因素，一些无形的、难以察觉的因素。
This extra something lies deeply within the individual and needs to be nurtured and tested. 这些因素深埋于每个人当中，需要去培养和磨练。
Motivation is a personal trait that is primarily instilled by seniors such as teachers or parents.
动机是因人而异的，它来自于老师、父母等长辈的循循善诱。 An important aspect in developing motivation is the setting of goals. 培养动力的一个重要方面是确定目标。
A person probably has set long-range goals, or at this point more like dreams, such as winning the Nobel Prize.
一个人可能已树立起长久的奋斗目标，这在当时看来还很不现实，比方说要获得诺贝尔奖。 This is great as long as the individual is realistically working toward short-range goals also.其实这是很好的，只要他同时能现实地向短期的目标去努力。
These are the day-to-day accomplishments that really make working hard seem fun.这些就是日常的成就，这些成就确实能使刻苦工作显得饶有乐趣。 Proficiency in anything requires a great deal of determination and self-discipline.要精通任何事情都需要极大的决心和自律精神。
I addition, a person’s ability to cope with frustration is also an important factor in one’s life career. 此外，一个人应付挫折的能力也是他毕生事业中起作用的一个重要因素。
Repeated failures at making experiments may be too much for many talented would-be scientists. 在实验过程中屡遭失敗，对于许多有“的想要成为科学家的人来说，可能是非常难受的。 The determination to continue, with the realization that everything worthwhile takes a great deal of patience, is an eential requirement.
认识到凡是值得去做的一切事情都需要极大的对性并决心继续做下去，这是必备的基本条件。
These factors, together with inherent dedication, will bring about the realization of one’s aspirations.
这些因素，再加上固有的献身精神，将会促使个人的强烈愿望得以实现。
Through all this it is not the triumph but the struggle that brings about the complete personal satisfaction in knowing that you as a scientist have given your all.
由于这一切并不是胜利，而是奋斗，你会产生一种只有你本人才能领略到的完全的满足，因为你意识到作为一个科学工作者你已经献出了你的一切。
17、I would compare reading to visiting friends — in the spiritual rather than physical sense.
我觉得读书好比串门儿——精神上的串门，而非身体力行的串门。
Opening the book is like getting into the door uninvited; and turning a few pages, we may find ourselves in his study.翻开书本就想推开一扇未拜访的朋友家的大门；略翻几页，我们便觉得我们已身临其境。 Besides, we can go visit him as frequently as we want and at any time we wish. 而且，只要我们愿意，我们可以无时无刻经常地去拜访他。
If we fail to get the pith of his argument, we can just leave without saying \"good-bye\" or turn to someone else for help, and come back to challenge him.
如果不得要领，还可以不辞而别，或者另找高明，抑或回头和他对质。
We can get close to the host and listen to every word he has to say, no matter where he resides, at home or abroad, what a person he was or is, a contemporary or a man of the past, whatever field he specializes in, or whether he is talking about a serious subject of importance or simply chatting plus cracking jokes.
不论我们要拜见的主人住在国内国外，不问他属于现代古代，不问他什么专业，不问他讲正经大道理或聊天说笑，都可以挨近前去听个足够。
We can indulge ourselves in the anecdotes and amazing tales of the past, and appreciate the profound nouveau theories of our own age or hear sensational arguments meant to shock the world.我们沉浸于前朝列代的遗闻逸事之中，也可以领教当代最奥妙的创新理论或有意惊人的故作高论。
In a nutshell, we can bang the door shut —closing the book that is —the minute we find anything disagreeable or distasteful, and leave forthwith.
反正话不投机或言不入耳，不妨抽身退场，甚至砰一下推上大门——就是说，拍地合上书面。
No one will blame us. 谁也不会嗔怪。
This is the kind of freedom we can hardly expect other than from the books.这是书以外的世界里难得的自由！
18、The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances.这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知。大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。
Whenever people gather together, an important topic of discuion has been how the Chinese nation can become prosperous and powerful in the 21st century.
大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。
Although the young people on the Mainland and in Taiwan live in different social contexts, with their individually different experiences of life, in the innermost recees of their hearts are wrought an indelible mark by the fine traditions of the Chinese culture.
虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记。
They all cherish the same ideal to rejuvenate the Chinese nation.他们都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。
In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulne.
在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强。海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。
People acro the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest poible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland. 海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。
The precious opportunities and the tremendous challenges at the turn of the century have pushed the young people to the foreground of the historical arena. 世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了历史前台。
At this transitional phase between the two millennia, in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes is a question to which we have to seek an answer.
跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。
19、The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds: material and nonmaterial.
任何社会的文化一般都被分为两类： 物质文化和非物质文化。
Material culture includes the man-made phenomena which have physical properties such as height, breadth, and weight.
物质文化包括具有高度、宽度和重量等物理属性的人为现象。
A boat, a machine, a house—all these objects are part of the material culture. 船、机器和房屋――所有这些东西都被归为物质文化的一部分。
The nonmaterial culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties: values, beliefs, traditions, and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society.非物质文化则是人类所处环境的一部分，它影响着人类的行为却缺乏上述的那些物质属性，非物质文化是人作为社会一员所创立和获得的价值观、信仰、传统观念及一切其他习惯和思想。
Contemporary sociological theory tends to aign primary importance to the nonmaterial culture in choosing problems for study.
当代社会学理论在选择说要研究的问题时，往往侧重于非物质文化。
It aumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture poible—indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them.比如，社会学理论认为船、飞机、汽车等物品的重要性远不如人们为制造这些东西——确切地说是为规定其使用方法而形成的传统观念的重要性。
The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the nonmaterial culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.当代社会学所强调的是，如若不是先有了能孕育物质文化的非物质文化，物质文化就无从产生。
20、As a scourge of the modern society, obesity has become the world’s biggest public-health iue today--the main cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war.
肥胖是现代社会的祸害，目前已经成为最严重的公众健康问题，心脏病主要因肥胖而起，而现如今因心脏病致死的人数已超过死于艾滋病、疟疾、战争的人数。
Since the World Health Organization labeled obesity an \"epidemic\" in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and Fast.自从世界卫生组织于 2000 年将肥胖症定为“流行病”以来，已经连篇累牍地发表了有关肥胖症引起可怕后果的报告。
Will public-health warnings, combined with media preure, persuade people to get thinner, just as they finally put them off tobacco?
对肥胖症发出的公共卫生警示，加上传媒宣传所形成的压力，是否会像最终促使烟民们戒烟那样，说服人们去减肥呢? Poibly.In the rich world, sales of healthier foods are booming and new figures suggest that over the past year Americans got very slightly thinner for the first time in recorded history.这是有可能的。在富裕国家，健康食品的销量正在大幅上升，而且新的数据表明，在过去的一年美国人的体重有史以来首次略有下降。
But even if Americans are losing a few ounces, it will be many years before the country solves the health problems caused by half a century’s dining to exce.
但是即使美国人是瘦了一点，美国要解决因半个世纪以来饮食过度而造成的健康问题，还需要许多年时间。
And, everywhere else in the world, people are still piling on the pounds. 况且，在世界各地，人们的体重仍在增加。
That’s why there is now a consensus among doctors that governments should do something to stop them.这就是为什么现在医生们一致认为各国政府应采取措施来制止人们发胖。
