英文论文题目及摘要写作
英文题名和英文摘要是学术类和技术类科技期刊论文的重要组成部分,是国际间传播、学术交流与合作的桥梁和媒介,有其特殊的意义和作用。好的英文题名和英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。为了帮助读者撰写论文英文题名和英文摘要,本文总结了英文题名和英文摘要的基本要求及注意事项,以给读者提供参考和指导。
一、论文题名
1.英文题名撰写的基本要求
题名应简明、具体、确切,能概括文章的主旨,符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则并有助于选择关键词和分类号。中文题名一般不超过20个汉字,必要时可加副题名。题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。英文题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母应大写。
2.英文题名撰写的注意事项
除了以上基本要求,我们在写英文题名时还应注意以下几个问题。
(1)英文题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,要注意采用正确的单词顺序,形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻。
(2)英文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。英文题名开头第一个字不得用the, and, an和a。
(3)英文题名中的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写。
4)中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
总之,题名的用词十分重要,它直接关系到读者对文章的取舍态度,务必字字斟酌。
二、论文摘要
1.摘要的定义
摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是论文主体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点,简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概括和总结。摘要能让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题名的不足,并为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提供方便。
2.摘要撰写的基本要求和注意事项
(1)不得简单重复题名中已有的信息,切忌把引言中出现的内容写入摘要,不要照搬论文正文中的小标题或论文结论部分的文字,也不要对论文内容作诠释和评价。
(2)尽量采用文字叙述,不要将文中的数据罗列在摘要中;文字要简洁,应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容,应删除无意义的或不必要的字眼;内容不宜展开论证说明,不要列举例证,不介绍研究过程。
(3)摘要的内容必须完整,不能把论文中所阐述的主要内容、观点遗漏,应写成一篇可以独立使用的短文。
(4)摘要一般不分段,切忌条列式书写法。陈述要客观,对研究过程、方法和成果等不宜做主观评价,也不宜与别人的研究作对比说明。
(5)用第三人称。建议采用“对……进行了研究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调查”等记述方式标明文献的性质和文献主题,不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。
(6)要使用规范化的名词术语,不用非公知公用的符号和术语。一般不用数学公式和化学结构式,不出现插图、表格。
3.英文摘要撰写的注意事项
原则上,以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
(1)英文摘要的时态。英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
(2)英文摘要的语态。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混合使用语态,更不要在一个句子里混用。现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多,因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。
(3)英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称this paper...等开头,现在倾向于用原形动词开头,如: to describe..., to investigate..., to study...等,行文时最好不用第一人称,以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。
4.英文摘要的常用句式
(1)回顾研究背景,常用的词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。
(2)阐明写作或研究目的,常用的词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等。此外,还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。
(3)介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围,常用的词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。
(4)介绍研究或试验过程,常用的词汇有test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discu, consider, analyze, analysis等。
(5)说明研究或试验方法,常用的词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等。 (6)展示研究成果,常用的词汇有show, result, present等。 (7)介绍结论,常用的词汇有summary, introduce, conclude等。
(8)陈述论文的论点和作者的观点,常用的词汇有suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。(9)阐明论证,常用的词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。(10)推荐和建议,常用的词汇有suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, neceity, neceary, expect等。
总之,在撰写英文题名和英文摘要时要做到准确、简洁、清楚,以便引起读者注意。除了解英文题名和英文摘要的基本要求和注意事项外,还需熟悉本行业术语的英文表达,扩大英语词汇量,掌握基本的英语语法规则,多看英文文献,提高英文写作及表达能力。
写作攻略
摘要是对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩并写成语义连贯的短文。它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不需加入任何主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。摘要写作要求简明扼要，用词准确。摘要题型写作是难度非常大的一种写作形式。随着考生英语水平的不断提高，这种题型引起考生的普遍重视。写作摘要时应该注意以下几点：
（1）动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，力求抓住其大意，掌握原文要点。 如果一遍不能明白，可以多读几次，读的次数越多越容易明白文章大意。
（2）摘要的长度不应超过原文的三分之一，一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考试时应遵守规定 2
的字数限制。
（3）在做摘要时考生切忌照搬原文，应该用自己的语言来写。一篇摘要应该是语言的再创造，而不是原文词语的简单堆砌。
（4）摘要应与原文的观点保持一致，为了使摘要条理清晰，无特殊情况应按原文的逻辑顺序排列。
（5）摘要要做到内容完整，没有大的遗漏，使读者无需查看原文就能够获得原文的主要内容。应重点反映主要观点，删除细节。
（6）削除例子，简化描述。用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。
（7）检查与修改时，考生应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。
另外，写摘要时应该使用简单的衔接词，如but, then, thus, yet, for等等，而不能使用at the same time, on the other hand 等。 2．必背模版句型
This paper mainly deals with...这篇论文主要是写……
This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...这篇文章的强调的主题是……
This eay presents knowledge that...这篇短文主要是讲关于……的知识。
This thesis discues/analyzes...这篇论文讨论/分析了……
This paper provides an overview of...这篇文章综述了……
This article compares...and summarizes key findings.这篇文章比较了……并总结了主要的发现。
This paper presents up-to-date information on...这篇论文介绍了关于……的最新信息。
This article not only describes...but also suggests...这篇文章不仅描述了……而且建议……
This paper provides a method of ...这篇为……提供了方法。
This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...这篇文章介绍一种分析……的可行程序。
This paper is devoted to examining the role of...这篇论文致力于研究……的作用。
This paper reflects the state of the art in...这篇论文展示了……目前的情况。
This article reviews the techniques used in...这篇文章综述了……领域采用的技术。
The writer of this eay tries to explore..本文作者试图探讨……
The aim/purpose/objective of this paper is to determine...本文的目的/目标是为了决定……
摘要写作三步走
一、阅读原文、把握主旨、梳理结构
拿到一篇文章，一定要仔细阅读，抓住其主旨，除此外，我们还要注意文章的承前启后的结构，而这通常体现在原文段落的段首，所以，万学海文英语钻石卡辅导老师们建议广大的2012年的考生们在阅读的时候，一定要注意并且关注位于每段段首的几个句子，同时要注意这些句子之间的语义和逻辑关系，通读文章之后，我们也要注意抓文章的关键词。
二、整合
我们摘录完所需要的关键词和句子后，接下来的工作就是需要对他们进行整合，然后在此基础上形成一篇完整的短文；在摘抄完了关键词和所需要的句子后，需要添加部分关联词语，这样就可以把不同的句子串联起来。最后需要在短文前放上文章的标题，至于文章的标题，在对原文的理解上，需要自己整理。
三、翻译
尽量使用自己熟悉的英语词汇来对应汉语句子中的词，如果对这些词语没有把握，千万不要勉强，万一找不到合适的词汇，可以使用替代词。
最后，特别提示：一定要用自己的语言来写摘要，摘要是一次文字上的再创造，而不是机械重复和简单堆砌，所以，广大的2012年的考生同学们可以试着将原文中需要写出来的材料进行改写：
有3个具体的参考方法：
1.改动原句中的某些成分的程序，比如状语的成分，可以放在句尾，可以用分词来做，也可以做成插入语等。
2.改动原句中一些词汇的词性，比如可以把动词的表达形式改成其相应的名词表达形式。
3.改写同义词，用具有相同意思的词语来表达原文中类似词语的意思。
摘要范文Directions: Study the following eay carefully and write a summary in about 100 words.
Student Rights
By Jeff Bakersfield Who knows better than the students themselves what a university should do for them and how they should be treated? Yet how often do students have any say at all in such important iues as faculty selection, curriculum planning, and scheduling? The answer is obvious: never.If university administrations refuse to include student representatives in the decision-making proce, something drastic must be done.
Let’s examine what is happening right here on our own campus in the areas mentioned above.The first major iue is the selection of faculty members.Never in the history of this college has a student been permitted to interview, examine the credentials of, or even meet prospective profeors.All hiring is done by a joint administrative faculty committee, often made up of people who will not even have extensive dealings with the individuals after they begin teaching.Those who have the most at stake and whose lives and academic careers will be governed by the profeorsnever even meet the new teachers until the first cla meeting.No one is better equipped to evaluate a profeor’s ability to communicate with students than those whom he or she intends to teach.Anyone can read curriculum vitae to ascertain the level of profeional training and experience someone has had, but the best judges of a teacher’s ability to teach, which is the primary function of any profeor, are undoubtedly the students themselves.
Students’interest in and commitment to appropriate curricula are even more obvious.We have come to college with very specific purposes in mind: to prepare ourselves intellectually and practically for the future.We know what we need to learn in order to compete succefully with others in our chosen fields.Why should we be kept out of the curriculum planning proce? If we pay for the textbooks, spend hours in the library doing research, and burn the midnight oil studying for tests and exams, why are we not permitted to give our opinions about the materials we will spend so many hours studying? It is imperative that our views be made known to curriculum planners.
Finally, the area of scheduling is of vital interest to students.The hours at which claes are offered affect the workings of our daily lives.Many of us must juggle work and cla schedules, but often administrators ignore such problems when they schedule claes.Schedules must be convenient and flexible so that all students have equal opportunities to take the most popular claes and those which are 4
most eential to their majors.If students helped with scheduling, never would there be two required courses offered at the same time for only one semester per academic year.Never would we have to wait two or three semesters to take a course that is a prerequisite for other desired courses, nor would we have to race acro campus in ten minutes to get from one cla to the next.Students are vitally concerned with the scheduling area.
In the 1960s and early 1970s, students were not too shy or fearful to demonstrate against the injustices they saw in the draft system and the Vietnam conflict.Why should students today be afraid to voice their opinions about the very important iues that affect their very lives? It is imperative that students act to protect their own rights.Fellow university students, I urge that you meet together and draw up demands to be presented to the administration.We must take the future in our own hands, not be led to it like paive sheep.Let us act now so that we will not be sorry later!
Summary
In his eay, Student Rights, Jeff Bakersfield stated that students had the right to be involved in university administrative decisions.Using the current situation on his own college campus as an example, he emphasized that students should be included in decisions regarding selection of faculty, curriculum planning, and scheduling of claes.He pointed out that students not only had more vital interests in the decisions made in these areas than those who traditionally settle the iues, but that they were also better equipped through their experiences as students to make intelligent decisions about them.Bakersfield concluded by stating that it was crucial for students to become actively involved in protesting unilateral administrative decisions and proposed that they meet to discu their mutual interests and demands.
译文
在学生的权利一文中，Jeff Bakersfield强调学生有权利参与学校行政决定的过程。他举了他所在学校作为例子，强调学生应该参与到员工招募、课程设置和课时安排等方面的决定。他指出学生对这些决定比那些做决定的人更感兴趣，另外，让他们做出关系切身利益的决定使他们更能成为好学生。Bakersfield 总结到学生应该主动要求打破原来单边决定模式，学生应该在一起讨论他们共同的兴趣和要求。
报告
1.写作攻略
报告是下级部门就某件事情向上级部门和领导回报工作、反映情况、提出建议等使用的上行公文。就其内容实质来说，可分为信息类报告和分析类报告。信息类报告在日常事务中经常发生，其目的是通报信息和情况，一般要求准确、正确、完整、简明扼要。分析类报告在语言和格式上则更加正式、复杂，其目的在于对某问题或情况进行调查、研究、分析、评估或论证后提出结论，篇幅一般较长。报告的写作主要有以下要求：
（1）写好一份报告，撰写人首先要对所要写的内容有充分的了解。写作时，应尽量多用被动语态，少用第一人称，以免主观、冒昧。
（2）一般英文报告都可采用书信格式。
（3）报告要有明确的中心思想、清楚的段落层次和合理的结构安排。 2.必背模版句型
The report is hereby made to ask for the approval of the board for the solution of the problem.请董事会批准这件事的解决方案。
This report will summarize……本报告将总结……
The report provides an introduction to……本报告介绍了…… The operation on…… is under smooth way.……的运行很正常。
This report only provides guidelines they can use to ae their own needs.本报告尽为他们评估自身需求提供一些指导。
May I have your approval of……by the end of this month？月底之前我能得到您就……的批准吗？ We will fulfill the task ahead of time.我们将提前完成任务。
Upon the request of the committee，we have conducted the report.应委员会的请求，我们完成了这份报告。
范例
Directions: You are now preparing for your graduation paper on the advantage and disadvantage of electronic mail; write a progre report to your tutor telling him what you have done last week.Your report should be no le than 100 words.To: Profeor Barbara Felton
From: James Green
Date: April 12, 2005
Subject: First progre report on research paper
This is the first of the two progre reports you asked me to submit about my research paper on the advantages and disadvantages of electronic mail.
Last week, I gathered information from library materials and from an interview.Of the twelve references listed on my proposal, I found only nine, for others I will go to search in a larger library.
As far as interview concerned, I had an extended interview with Mr.Moore of General Dynamics, who gave me some brochures as well as a copy of a report on electronic mail he wrote for General Dynamics-materials I hope to use in my paper.
Starting tomorrow, I will begin organizing my paper.I will be able to submit a rough draft by the end of this month.
Sincerely yours,
James Green
译文
这是您要求我做的有关电子邮件的利与弊论文的两个进展报告中的第一篇。
上周我收集的资料主要来源于图书馆和采访。您建议的12本参考书，我只找到了9本，其他的我准备到大些的图书馆去找。
至于采访，我对研究基础动力学的摩尔先生进行了一次深入的采访。他给了我一些介绍，同时还有一份他写的关于电子邮件的报告，我打算放到我的论文中。
从明天开始，我要开始组织我的论文。在月底应该可以将草稿给您看。
您诚挚的：詹姆士·格林
