1.the Boston Maacre：The Boston Maacre took place before the American War of
Independence.In 1768 some English troops under General Gage were sent to the colonies to help tax-collectors.The people of the colonies hated these soldiers.In the spring of 1770 in Boston, some of the English troops fired at the people.After the event, a big meeting was called，
demanding that the English troops should be removed.This showed that the people in the colonies began their struggle against the British rule.
2.“Winner-take-all” principle: This is a kind of principle in American Presidential election.The voters of a state have to choose between a Democratic list and a Republican list.If the candidates of a party for “eletors” in a given state receive a majority of the total vote, then the party is entitled to have all the electoral votes for that state, even though a presidential receives only slightly more than electoral votes of that state.
3.the American Civil Rights Movement: It mainly refers to the American black People\'s struggle against the racial discrimination in 1960\'s.As early as in 1950\'s,the black people once struggled against segregation in schools.In 1960, the blacks in 20 states held a large-scale sit-in
demonstration protesting against racial segregation.In 1961 the blacks held a freedom-rides
against segregation on buses.Under the out-standing leader Martin Luther King, the Civil Rights Movement went still further in mid-1960s.There was a march on Washington for ”Jobs and
Freedom”.So in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was paed.This movement shows the American black people\'s bravery and confidence in their struggles for equal rights and liberty.
4.Monroe Doctrine:Monroe Doctrine was a kind of American foreign policy when some European countries formed the Holy Alliance which seemed ready to put down the South America revolutions.In 1823 President James Monroe sent a maage to Congre.This is known as “Monroe Doctrice”.One of the main points says “The European Countries ought not star any new colonies in North or South American.” As a result, it stopped the Holy Alliance’s program and also revealed the United States’ desire of overseas expansion.
5.The New Deal: to deal with the Great Depreion .Franklin D.Roosevelt made a program known as the ”New Deal”.Roosevelt took efforts to cosolidate the old marker at abroad and also to conquer new ones.At home, many public project, were launched to create employment big industries made reforms.Roosevelt also took some measures of “social security”.The “New Deal” relaxed the economic crisis, made some conceions to the working people.
6.The Muckraker: a group of reform-minded journalists, made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society.Their publications helped stir American conscience and make the progreive movement a national one.
7.Manifest Destiny: it meant that the outward was inevitable, that the United States was driven on by a divine force that should not be denied.It reflected the view that the Lord had intended the United States to control the entire North American continent.
1.What important measures did Abraham Lincoln take during the Civil War? How do you evaluate them?---During American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln took two important measures, one is the “Homestead Bill”, the other is the “Emancipation Proclamation”.During the first stage of the war from 1861 to 1862, the North was in an unfavorable condition.The North army could not get much support from farmers and Negroes, because many farmers had not got enough land and Negroes had been still enslaved.So they had no interest in the war.In order to get support from the broad maes, Lincoln took these two measures.In May1862 Lincoln iued the Homestead Bill, and this stimulated the development of capitalist agriculture in the South, greatly
encouraged farmers.In September 1962, Lincoln iued the famous “Emancipation Proclamation” , freeing a great number of the slaves in the South and permitting them to join the armed forces of the North.After iuing the two measures, Lincoln”s army became much stonger and got more support from the broad maes.Finally Lincoln won the war.
2.What are the three branches of the U.S.government? What are the main functions of the three branches?---In the U.S.government three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial branches.The executive branch is headed by the President, consists of eleven departments and many independent agencies.The President performs many functions.He is the head of the government and chief of state.The President can negotiate foreign treaties, appoint government officials, command the armed forces.He makes foreign policy.He may introduce legislative bill to Congre.The legislative branch refers to Congre.Only Congre has the right to make laws.It is the supreme legislative body of the nation.It is made of two houses—the senate and the House of the Representatives.The judicial branch refers to the Supreme Court and some inferior courts.The Supreme Court is the highest court of the whole land and has the sole right to interpret the Constitution and review laws to see whether they are in agreement with the Constitution.The Supreme Court is headed by a Chief Justice and eight other justices.
3.Give a brief account of the U.S.overseas invasion and expansion in the 20th century.---By the end of the 19th century the United States had grown into a highly developed industrial country and reached the stage of imperialism.Then it began its overseas expansion.As early as 1899 ,the United States ,took East Samoa as her colony .And Hawaii fell into her control in 1893 .In 1898 U.S.Congre declared war on Spain.In 1903 the U.S.A.grabbed a big slice of the Panama territory in the U.S.controlled canal zone.It invaded China by means of both force and culture.In 1906 it put down the Cuban uprising.During the two world wars, the U.S.also extented its economic and military influences over Far East, Europe and the Pacific Region.After the war, the U.S.started its “Cold War”, and established NATO against the Soviet Union.In 1950 it invaded Korea.In 1964 the U.S.started long year’s Vietnam War.In 1970 it cast its troops to Cambodia.In 1990s the U.S.attacked Iraq and Kosovo.In a word, the United States never stops its aggreion and expansion.
4.The progreive movement 进步运动A movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people acro the country./The Progreive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms./In spite of limitations of the movement, it brought about changes and improvement in many fields.
