American Civil War 1.The Origin of Civil War
The first part is the origin of Civil War.In its early independence US has only 13 states and in early 19th century up to 25 states, until 20th century up to 50 states.This is a sketch map of American territorial expansion.I want to mention Westward Movement which promote the development of western industry.This is the difference between north and south.Northern capitalist Industrial and Commercial economy,1810-1860 American industrial output increased by 9 times.While the northern industrial output accounting for the proportion of 91% , accounting for 75% of the GDP Southern plantation slavery economy,In 1790 the number of Southern slaves up to 67.7 million, and by 1860 the number increased to 400 million.Planters squeezed a profit of $ 80 from every slave, to the year of 1860 squeezed profits rose to $ 1400-2000 per person.Everywhere in the south to sell slaves in the scene.Everyone has heard of this novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin,an anti-slavery novel.To a certain extent, it led to regional conflicts in the civil war in the US.It is the contradiction whether to keep or abolish slavery that result in Civil War.The conflicting focuses are the contradiction between northern capitalist Industrial and Commercial economy and southern plantation slavery economy.
2.The development of Civil War
Development timeline --Before
The Compromise of 1850 was formally proposed by Clay and guided to paage by Douglas over Northern Whig and Southern Democrat opposition.It was enacted September 1850: 1.California admitted as a free state; 2.Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory organized with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty; 3.Texas dropped its claim to land ,in return for the aumption of $10 million of the old republic\'s debt.4.Slave trade was abolished in Washington, D.C.(but not slavery itself); 5.The Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened.[1] 1850妥协是由粘土正式提出并由道格拉斯引导穿越北方辉格党人和南方民主党人反对。这是九月颁布的1850： 加利福尼亚承认作为一个自由的国家；
犹他州和墨西哥州的新领地，由受欢迎的主权决定；
德克萨斯放弃了对土地的要求，以换取1000万美元的旧共和国债务的假设。 奴隶贸易在华盛顿被废除，但不是奴隶制度本身）； 逃亡奴隶法得到加强。
The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine.1854堪萨斯–内布拉斯加法案立法，这一学说。
The Kansas–Nebraska Actof 1854 (10 Stat.277) created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and was drafted by Democratic Senator Stephen A.Douglas of Illinois and President Franklin Pierce.The initial purpose of the Kansas–Nebraska Act was to open up thousands of new farms and make a feasible Midwestern Transcontinental Railroad.The popular sovereignty clause of the law led pro-slavery and anti-slavery elements to flood into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down, resulting in Bleeding Kansas.[2]
1 1854堪萨斯–内布拉斯加法案（10 Stat.277）创建了堪萨斯和内布拉斯加领地是由民主党参议员史蒂芬道格拉斯的伊利诺斯总统富兰克林起草。堪萨斯的–内布拉斯加法案的最初目的是为了打开成千上万的新农场，制定切实可行的中西部铁路。该法的受欢迎的主权条款导致了亲和反奴隶制的因素，以堪萨斯为目标，投票反对或下降，导致出血堪萨斯。
Republican Party was founded in 1854 in the northern .
Bleeding Kansas.presaged the Civil War.流血的堪萨斯预示着内战。
The actions of abolitionist John Brown Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom\'s Cabin (1852) and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859.[3] 认为南方集体荣誉的侮辱，包括汤姆叔叔的小屋的巨大成功（1852）[ 62 ]和废奴主义者约翰布朗动作试图煽动1859奴隶起义。
In 1860, Lincoln who advocate the abolition of slavery was elected president1860年主张废除奴隶制的林肯当选总统
【Lincoln\'s election The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for seceion.Efforts at compromise, including the \"Corwin Amendment\" and the \"Crittenden Compromise\", failed.Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction.The slave states, which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives, were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North. 林肯的当选
亚伯拉罕林肯在1860十一月选举脱离最终触发。[ 66 ]妥协，包括“科温修正案”和“克里坦登妥协”，失败。南方的领导人担心，林肯会停止奴隶制的扩展，并把它放在一个课程走向灭绝。在众议院，已经成为少数民族的奴隶，现在面临着一个未来，作为一个永久的少数人在参议院和选举团对一个日益强大的北方。】
Development timeline -- Outbreak
On December 18, 1860, the Crittenden Compromisewas proposed to re-establish the Miouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south.The adoption of this compromise would have likely prevented the seceion of every southern state apart from South Carolina, but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it.[4] 1860年12月18日，Crittenden妥协提出了重建的密苏里妥协线通过宪法禁止奴隶制的领土分界线以北的同时保证它的南部。这种妥协可能采用会阻止每一个南方州的分裂除了南卡罗来纳州，但林肯和共和党拒绝。
1860.12.20 the Seceion of South Carolina from the Federal Union The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860 and adopted the \"Declaration of the Immediate Causes which induce and justify the Seceion of South Carolina from the Federal Union\".会议召集全体一致投票决定脱离联邦在1860年12月20日通过的“直接原因导致申报证明南卡罗莱纳州脱离联邦”。
The remaining eight slave states join the Confederacy The \"cotton states\" of Miiippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed, seceding in January and February 1861.“棉花州”佛罗里达州，阿拉巴马州，密西西比州，佐治亚州，路易斯安那和德克萨斯紧随其后，在一月独立，二月
2 1861。
1861.2Formed Confederate Government of President Davies 于1861年2月组成邦联政府，戴维斯任总统。
Southern slave states have independently formed Confederate Government of President Davies in February
1861.4the Confederates preemptive captured Fort Sumter
1861.4the同盟者抢占萨姆特堡
1861,同年4月南方邦联军先发制人攻占萨姆特要塞，南大西洋沿岸最强大的要塞于是落于南方邦联之手,内战爆发。
In April of the same year the Confederates preemptive captured Fort Sumter .The most powerful fortre along the coast of southern the Atlantic fall in Confederate hands, then the Civil War outbreak.Development timeline Limited war--Eastern theater 1861年4月至1862年9月是“有限战争”阶段。双方都集中兵力于东战场为争夺对方首都而展开激战。南方军队统帅是杰出军事家罗伯特·李，他根据双方力量悬殊的状况，制定了以攻为守的战略，集中兵力寻歼北军主力，迫使北方签订城下之盟。而北方对战争准备不足，又采取了所谓的“大蛇计划”，把兵力分散在8000英里长的战线上，加上同情奴隶主的指挥官麦克莱兰采取消极战术，使北军连连受挫。 下面是这部分的主要的一系列战争
\"Limited war\" stage started from April 1861 to September 1862.Both the sides concentrated on the east fighting to compete for capitals of each other. Robert E.Lee, Southern army commander, was an outstanding military strategist; he depended on both the power disparity between the situations, developed a strategy for taking the offensive, concentrated forces to annihilate the main army of the North and forced the North to sign Peace Agreements.While the North was unprepared and taken the so-called \"snake plan\".The commander McClellan showed sympathy to slave owners and took a negative tactics, which caused the Northern Army continued to suffer.The following parts are the main wars: Battle of First Manaas In July 1861Eastern theater, Battle of First Manaasbroke out.
Confederate victory: McDowell loses to J.E.Johnston, Beauregard; Jackson named \"Stonewall\".盟军的胜利：麦克道威尔输给J.E.庄士敦，杰克逊命名为“石墙”。
Peninsula Campaign 1862.3-5半岛战役
The war began in earnest in 1862.Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River, southeast of Richmond.Although McClellan\'s army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign, Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines, then General Robert E.Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat.[5] 少将乔治B.麦克莱伦于7月26日拍摄的波托马克联邦军队的命令（他总联盟军队，一般是简单但随后被解除职务的少将亨利W.哈勒克青睐），而战争真正开始于1862。在林肯总统的强烈要求下开始进攻，麦克莱伦进攻弗吉尼亚1862春季的约克河和杰姆斯河之间的半岛，位于里士满东南部。虽然在半岛战役麦克莱伦的军队到了里士满的大门，[ 136 ] [ 137 ] [ 138 ]庄士敦停止了他的前进在七松之战，然后罗伯特将军和前下属杰姆斯朗斯特里特和杰克逊击败麦克莱伦在七天的战斗，迫使他退却。
The Seven-Days Battleswere a series of six major battles over the seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War.七天的战斗是一个系列的六大战役的七天，从6月25日到
3 1862年7月1日，附近的里士满，弗吉尼亚州，美国内战时期。 七日之战标志着半岛战役的北方的失败
Seven-day battles marked the failure of the north in the peninsula campaign.是一场著名的以少胜多的战争，李凭借此一战打出名将的威风。
It was a famous war with few armies beating the enemies, which made Lee well-known.In July defeated by the Confederate lead by Robert.Lee, victory Lee to move northwards; 7月被罗伯特.李指挥的南军击溃，李乘胜北进， 8月在布尔河再次击败北军，兵临华盛顿，
the Yankees in August again was beated in Boolean river and capture Washington; The Battle of Antietam McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in United States military history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or miing.Antietam is considered as a Union victory because it halted Lee\'s invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.[6] 麦克莱伦和李战斗在安蒂特姆战役马里兰夏普斯堡附近，1862年9月17日，在美国军事史上最血腥的一天，有22717人死亡，受伤或失踪，联合起来。[ 139 ] [ 141 ]李的军队，检查，最后回到弗吉尼亚麦克莱伦可以摧毁它。战是一个联盟的胜利，因为它阻止李入侵北方为林肯宣布解放奴隶宣言的机会。 这是北方在东线的第一场胜利
This was the first succe of the North in the Eastern Theater.Battle of Fredericksburg December 13, 1862 Confederate victory: Lee beats back repeated frontal aaults by Burnside Developmenttimeline Limited war--Western theater Battle of Fort Donelson
February 11–16, 1862 Gen.Ulyes S.Grant from an obscure and largely unproven leader to the rank of major general, and earned him the nickname of \"Unconditional Surrender\" Grant.尤利西斯将军格兰特从一个默默无闻的，主要是未经证实的领导人少将军衔，并为他赢得了绰号“无条件投降”格兰特。
The Battle of Hampton Roads, often referred to as either the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack (or Virginia) or the Battle of Ironclads, was the most noted and arguably most important naval battle of the American Civil War from the standpoint of the development of navies.汉普顿路战役，通常被称为战斗班长和梅里（或弗吉尼亚）或铁甲舰的战斗，是最著名的，从海军发展的角度对美国南北战争最重要的海战。
Battle of Shiloh
April 6–7, 1862 The Battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest battle in American history up to that time, 夏伊洛战役是美国历史上到那时最血腥的战斗
The capture of New Orleans(April 25 – May 1, 1862) during the American Civil War was an important event for the Union.This capture of the largest Confederate city was a major turning point and an incident of international importance.在美国内战期间，新奥尔良（1862年5月1日- 4月25日）的占领是联合会的一项重要活动。这是最大的转折点和一个事件的国际重要性，这是最大的南方联盟的城市。
4 Siege of Corinth April 29 – May 30, 1862 Miiippi
Union victory: Union forces capture town, Beauregard tricks Union in order to escape to Tupelo.战争从1862年9月进入了“革命战争阶段”。
It entered the Revolutionary War stage from September 1862. 林肯政府在内战初期进行战争的目的是恢复南北的统一，担心触动奴隶制度会把一些边境奴隶州推向南方叛乱者一方，从而失掉边境诸州这个重要的战略地区。由于北方政府不肯宣布解放奴隶。因此，在内战第一阶段，北方在军事上连遭失败。北军虽然在西线取得一系列辉煌战果，从南军手中夺取了几个重要战略据点，但是这些战果都被东线的惨败所抵消。在北方军事上屡次失败的情况下，共和党内部的激进派及社会上的废权主义者提出解放奴隶和武装黑人的主张。林肯也意识到解放奴隶的必要性。
The objective of North and South Lincoln government in the early years of the civil war was unify, they worried that the change slavery will push some of the slave in the states border toward the southern rebels, thus losing the border states that is important region.As the northern government refused to declare the liberation of slaves.Therefore, in the first phase of the civil war, the North has failed in the military.Union although in the West made a series of brilliant victories, achieve the important strategic strong hold from the hands of the Yugoslav army, but these victories are offset by the defeat of the East.Lincoln was also aware of the need to emancipate slaves
Development timeline Revolutionary War --Lincoln administration Homestead Act of 1862 Homestead Act in a certain extent to meet the Western reclamation the land requirement of the farmer, establish peasant land ownership, which is the US development of agricultural capitalism has created favorable conditions, homestead act--the most effective to promote the development of the western.《宅地法》规定，凡一家之长或年满21岁、从未参加叛乱之合众国公民，在宣誓获得土地是为了垦殖目的并缴纳10美元费用后，均可登记领取总数不超过160英亩（1英亩=0.40公顷）宅地，登记人在宅地上居住并耕种满5年，就可获得土地执照而成为该项宅地的所有者。《宅地法》还规定一项折偿条款，即如果登记人提出优先购买的申请，可于6个月后，以每英亩1.25美元的价格购买之。
Proclamation In 1861, Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the lo of the border states, and that \"to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game.\" 186
1、林肯担心过早尝试解放意味着边境国家的损失，而“失去肯塔基是几乎一样，满盘皆输。”
It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government, by running away or through advances of federal troops, the slave became legally free.它有了一个实用的效果，即一旦一个奴隶逃离了联邦政府的控制，或者通过联邦军队的进步，奴隶就变成了合法的自由。
It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in ten states.The Proclamation was based on the president\'s constitutional authority as commander in chief of the armed forces;it was not a law paed by Congre.The Proclamation also ordered that suitable persons among those freed could be enrolled into the paid service of United States\' forces, and ordered the Union Army (and all segments of the Executive branch) to \"recognize and maintain the freedom of\" the ex-slaves.The Proclamation did not compensate the owners, did not outlaw slavery, and did not grant citizenship o the ex-slaves (called freedmen).[7]
Development timeline --Revolutionary War
5 Battle of Chancellorsville
April 30 – May 6, 1863 Virginia Confederate victory: Lee defeats Hooker\'s Army of Potomac, Jackson mortally wounded.The Battle of Chancellorsville It was fought from April 30 to May 6, 1863。 Chancellorsville is known as Lee\'s \"perfect battle\".维尔被称为李的“完美的战役”因为他冒险决定将他的军队在一个更大的敌人的力量的存在，导致在一个显着的同盟胜利。胜利，
Siege of Vicksburg May 18 – July 4, 1863 Miiippi
Union victory: the siege ends; Grant accepts surrender of second Confederate army under Pemberton.The Siege of Vicksburg (May 18 – July 4, 1863) was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War.维克斯堡的围攻（5月18日–1863年7月4日）是最主要的军事行动在美国南北战争的维克斯堡战役。 是最后一个主要据点维克斯堡南方密西西比河上；因此，捕捉它完成了北部战略的第二部分，蟒蛇计划。
至此，北方控制了密西西比河，将南方领土一切两半。
So far, the North controlled the Miiippi River and the southern territory was divided into two parts..Battle of Brandy Station June 9, 1863
Virginia
The Battle of Brandy Station was the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the American Civil War, as well as the largest ever to take place on American soil.This battle marked the end of the Confederate cavalry\'s dominance in the East.白兰地车站战役是美国内战最大的主要是骑兵的参与，以及规模最大的一次发生在美国。这场战役标志着盟军在东部的优势地位结束了。
Battle of Gettysburg July 1–3, 1863 Pennsylvania 东
Union victory: Lee loses to Meade, Pickett\'s Charge fails, ends second and last invasion of North.The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war[13] and is often described as the war\'s turning point.[8] Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle, the most costly in US history.从两支军队的46000名士兵和51000名士兵之间，在三天的战斗中伤亡惨重，这是美国历史上最为昂贵的。
11月19日，林肯总统的葛底斯堡国家公墓落成典礼上的荣誉倒下的士兵和重新定义他的葛底斯堡演说的历史战争的目的。
这次大战是内战中最激烈的一次，战场上有棵树竟身中250弹。这一仗扭转了东线战局，从此北方完全掌握了主动权。
The war wasthe most intense battle during the civil war and a tree shouldhave 250 bombs .The battle reversed the Eastern war.From then the North fully grasped the initiative.
Second Battle of Fort Wagner July 18, 1863 South Carolina
Confederate victory: second of two Union attempts to take Ft.Wagner fails, heroism of the 54th Maachusetts.此战因为非洲裔美国人的奋力拼杀而成为政治上的宣传工具，但其实却是南军取得了决定性的胜利的关键。
Because of African-Americans’ struggle,this war become the tool of political propaganda, but in fact it was the critical decisive victory ofSouthern Army.The Battle of Chickamauga,fought September 19–20, 1863,[1] The battle was the most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater of the American Civil War.奇克莫加战役、战斗–9月19日20，1863。战斗是在美国南北战争的西方戏剧最重要的联盟失败，卷入战争的伤亡人数第二位以下的葛底斯堡战役。
The Chattanooga CampaignNovember 23–25, 1863 Tenneee
Union victory: Grant defeats Braxton Bragg and relieves Union forces besieged in Chattanooga.Bragg\'s defeat eliminated the Development timeline --End of war Battle of the Wilderne May 5–7, 1864
Virginia
Inconclusive: Grant and Lee meet inconclusively.The Battle of the Wilderne, fought May 5–7, 1864, was the first battle of Lt.Gen.Ulyes S.Grant\'s 1864 Virginia Overland Campaign against Gen.Robert E.Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War. 荒原之战，战斗–5月5日7，1864，是少尉尤利西斯S格兰特1864弗吉尼亚陆路攻打罗伯特李将军和美国南北战争中北部弗吉尼亚同盟军的第一场战斗。
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
May 8–21, 1864 Virginia
Inconclusive: Grant and Lee meet inconclusively, Grant writes to Halleck \"I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer\".Battle of Cold Harbor
May 31 –June 12, 1864 Virginia
Confederate victory: Lee repulses Grant, Confederate general says \"This is not war, this is murder\".The Battle of Cold Harbor was fought from May 31 to June 12, 1864, with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3.It was one of the final battles of Union Lt.Gen.Ulyes S.Grant\'s Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, and is remembered as one of American history\'s bloodiest, most lopsided battles.
冷港之战是从5月31日到1864年6月12日，最重要的战斗发生在6月3日。这是一个联盟中将尤利西斯S格兰特的陆上战役的最后战役，美国南北战争期间，是作为一个美国历史上最血腥、最不平衡的战斗。工会的数千名官兵死亡或受伤在对联盟的罗伯特·E·李将军的部队攻坚正面进攻是绝望。
Battle of Atlanta July 22, 1864 Georgia
Union victory: (Atlanta Campaign) Sherman turns back Hood\'s attack east of Atlanta.亚特兰大战役是美国南北内战中重要的一场战役，发生时间是1864年5月-6月。最终该战役北方军队的大获全胜并夺取亚特兰大而告终，南方军队为此付出了巨大的代价，战争的局面由此也得到了极大的改变。 Battle of Atlanta, started from May to June 1864, was an important battle in the Civil War.Battle of Mobile Bay August 2–23, 1864 Alabama
Union victory: David Farragut takes port, says \"Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead\".这一联盟的胜利，与捕获的亚特兰大，被广泛覆盖的联合报纸，是一个显着的提高亚伯拉罕林肯的出价三个月后的战斗。
Third Battle of Petersburg April 2, 1865 Virginia
Union victory: Grant defeats Lee.The Third Battle of Petersburg, also known as the Breakthrough at Petersburg or the Fall of Petersburg, was fought on April 2, 1865, south and southwest of Petersburg, Virginia, at the end of the 292-day Richmond–Petersburg Campaign (sometimes called the Siege of Petersburg) and in the beginning stage of the Appomattox Campaign near the conclusion of the American Civil War.As a result of that battle the Confederate right flank and rear were exposed, and the remaining supply lines cut, and the Confederate defenders were reduced by over 10,000 men killed, wounded, taken prisoner or in flight.Union soldiers occupied Richmond and Petersburg on April 3, 1865, but most of the Union Army pursued the Army of Northern Virginia until they surrounded it, forcing Robert E.Lee to surrender that army on April 9, 1865 after the Battle of Appomattox Court House, Virginia.彼得堡的第三战，也被称为在彼得堡或者秋天的彼得堡的突破，争取在1865年4月2日，南和彼得堡弗吉尼亚西
7 南部，在292天的里士满–彼得堡战役结束（有时称为彼得堡的包围）和在美国南北战争的结论阿波马托克斯活动开始阶段。由于战斗的结果，南方联盟的右翼和后方被曝光，和剩余的供应线切割，和联盟的防御者被减少了10000多人死亡，受伤，被俘或在飞行中。
联盟士兵占领里士满和圣彼得堡1865年4月3日，但大多数的联盟军队追赶北弗吉尼亚军队直到他们包围，迫使罗伯特李投降1865年4月9日，陆军阿波麦托克斯县府战役后，弗吉尼亚。 彼得斯堡是北方联邦军与南方联盟首都里士满之间的最后一道防线。
Petersburg is the last line of defense between the North federal army and the capital of the South.The surrender of the Confederate army of Robert E.Lee After an initial battle, Lee decided that the fight was now hopele, and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at the McLean House.[9] In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant\'s respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union, Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse, Traveller.
On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer.Lincoln died early the next morning, and Andrew Johnson became the president.Meanwhile, Confederate forces acro the South surrendered as news of Lee\'s surrender reached them.On April 26, 1865, General Joseph E.Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tenneee to Major General William T.Sherman at the Bennett Place near present-day Durham, North Carolina.It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces, effectively bringing the war to an end.
President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9, 1865; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day.On June 2, Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans-Miiippi Department.On June 23, Cherokee leader Stand Waite became the last Confederate General to surrender his forces.最初，李先生不打算投降，但计划重组在阿波麦托克斯县府村，那里的物资是等待，然后继续战争。格兰特追李和在他面前了，所以当李的军队到达阿波麦托克斯县府，他们被包围了。最初的战斗后，李某决定的斗争，现在是绝望，并放弃北弗吉尼亚军队于1865年4月9日，在麦克林房子。[ 170 ]在一个非传统的姿态，为格兰特的尊重与和平恢复南部邦联的联盟预期的迹象，李被允许保留他的剑和他的马，旅行。1865年4月14日，林肯总统是由约翰·威尔克斯·布斯枪杀，南方的同情者。第二天早晨，林肯去世了，约翰逊安得烈成为总统。同时，联邦军队在南方投降在李将军投降的消息他们。在1865年4月26日，约瑟庄士敦将军投降，近90000人在田纳西州的陆军少将威廉·舍曼在近现代的班尼特达勒姆，北卡罗来纳州。它证明是最大的投降的同盟军，有效地把战争结束。约翰逊总统正式宣布在1865年5月9日起义虚拟端；杰佛逊总统戴维斯被捕的第二天。 6月2日，柯比-史密斯正式投降，他的部队在跨密西西比部。 6月23日，切诺基领袖斯坦德·沃提成为最后的将军交出他的军队。
3.Appendix Film&Books
Gods and Generals《众神与将军》 Gettysburg《葛底斯堡战役》
Glory《光荣战役》Second Battle of Fort Wagner
Cold Mountain《冷山》
【耶鲁大学公开课:美国内战与重建,1845-1877】
【美国内战：Geoffrey Ward】
8 References
1.Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (2003) p.252 2.Nicole Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era (2006) ch 1 3.Bertram Wyatt-Brown, The Shaping of Southern Culture: Honor, Grace, and War, 1760s–1880s (2000).
Avery Craven, The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848–1861 (1953).4.Rhodes, James Ford.History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III (1920) pp.41–66
5.Foote 1974, p.464–519.
Bruce Catton, Terrible Swift Sword, pp.263–296.
McPherson 1988, pp.424–427.538–544.6.McPherson 1988, pp.538–544.543–545.557–558.7.\"The Emancipation Proclamation\".National Archives and Records Administration.Retrieved 2013-06-27.\"The Emancipation Proclamation: Freedom\'s first steps\".National Endowment for the Humanities.Retrieved 2013-06-27.8.Robert D.Quigley, Civil War Spoken Here: A Dictionary of Mispronounced People, Places and Things of the 1860\'s (Collingswood, NJ: C.W.Historicals, 1993), p.68.ISBN 0-9637745-0-6.
The Battle of Antietam, the culmination of Lee\'s first invasion of the North, had the largest number of casualties in a single day, about 23,000.
Rawley, p.147; Sauers, p.827; Gallagher, Lee and His Army, p.83; McPherson, p.665; Eicher, p.550.Gallagher and McPherson cite the combination of Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point.Eicher uses the arguably related expreion, \"High-water mark of the Confederacy\".9.William Marvel, Lee\'s Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox (2002), pp.158–81.
