Text B Worlds within Worlds New Words 1.planet n.行星
2.revolve vi.旋转；绕转
3.solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的 4.largely ad.1.大量地；2.主要地 5.glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁 n.闪光
6.cloudle a.无云的，晴朗的
7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的 8.astronaut n.宇航员
9.thrilling a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的，震颤的 10.outer a.外部的
11.whereas conj.而，却；反之
12.leer a.较小的，更少的，次要的
13.concerned a.1.有关的；2.关切的，担心的
14.microscopic a.1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的，细微的 15.whilst conj.1.当„时；2.然而；3.虽然，尽管 16.plateau （[复]plateaus或plateaux） n.高原 17.tropical a.1.热带的；2.炎热的 18.coloured a.有色的
19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰
20.circumstance n.[pl.]情况，环境；境遇
1.revolve v.旋转，绕转
The earth revolves round / around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
2.solar adj.太阳的，日光的，利用太阳光的 例：the solar system 太阳系 3.whereas ： conj.而，却，反之
He must be about sixty， whereas his wife looks about thirty.他一定有60岁了，而他的妻子看起来只有30岁。
You eat a maive plate of food for lunch， whereas I have just a sandwich.你中午吃了一大盘食物，而我只吃了个三明治。
4.concerned ： 有关的，关心的，担心的
I was quite a shock for all concerned.这对所有有关人士都是一个震惊。 Her job is something concerned with English.她的工作和英语有关。 5.tropical adj.热带的，炎热的
I'd love to live somewhere with a tropical climate.我想生活在某个属于热带气候的地方
August was almost tropical this year.今年八月十分炎热 6.circumstance n.环境，情况，境遇
We can't decide until we know all the circumstances.我们只有在了解所有的情况后才能作出决定。
词组 1.a great many ， a good many 很多 （ 后边加可数名词） 2.above all ： 最重要的，尤其；首先
Above all ， don't forget to write.最重要的是别忘了写信。
n choosing the curtain for a room， you should consider the material from the point of view of texture， its weight， its pattern - but its colour above all .在挑选房间窗帘面料时，你应该考虑质地、重量和图案等，但最重要的是颜色。
3.as a rule ： 在多数情况下，通常，一般而言 = usually As a rule I'm home by six.我通常六点前在家。
As a rule， I only read detective novels.通常我只读侦探小说。 4.together with ： 和，连同
These new facts， together with the other evidence， prove the prisoner's innocence.这些新的事实连同其他证据证明这个犯人清白无辜。
John， together with his brother， has gone to the party.约翰连同他的兄弟一起去参加宴会了。 注意together with 作插入语时，句子的谓语动词的数取决于前面的主语。 重点句子：
1.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudle night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or le like our own， but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.which 引导定语从句
so„ that„结果状语从句中it为形式主语
2.The earth is， however， very different from the moon， which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation， whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰the moon vegetation 植物
whereas = while 然而 live意为“有活力的”，在句中作表语。类似的形容词还有afraid， alone， alike， asleep， awake， aware等
in every respect 在每一个方面
3.In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction － that is to say， from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.to be flowing不定式作主语补语
concerned 是分词作定语，修饰the ocean or sea 4.There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas ，but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.Thousands/hundreds of + 名词复数 Eg.Hundreds of meters 此处waters指的是“大片的水，水域” peoples 表示人种
woods 表示森林，树木
5.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live， and it ought to be our busine to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.三个定语从句，由under which 和 两个in which 引导， 第一个：under which different people live 修饰 circumstances 第二个：in which they live 修饰 the way 第三个：in which we live 修饰 the way ought to = should 应该 busine 责任，业务
it是形式主语，真正主语是to try to understand those different circumstances 目的状语从句，由so that引导 other lands 其它国家
6.Above all， we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.注意动词 avoid 后接动名词作宾语 decide 判定
what 引导宾语从句作deciding的宾语
they have to live 是省略连词的定语从句，修饰lives 7.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people， the better we understand their ideas and， as a rule， the better we like those people themselves.注意 the more „， the better„， the better „ 比较结构 充语法知识
that 与 which引导定语从句的异同点 ：
that不可引导非限制性定语从句 which可引导非限制性定语从句 that 不可用作介词宾语 which可用作介词宾语 介词+ which in that “在于”， 是复合连词，非介词宾语
that 可以用于指代人或物 which不可以用于指代人
当先行词是不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级所修饰的词时，只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句
比如everything， anything， first， second等 练习：
1.词汇英译汉：
escape， explode， collapse， shrink， gravity， measurement， basis， launch， convincing， companion，
speculation， swallow， operate， to make use of， a great many， above all
2.句子英译汉：
1） Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.
2） The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.
3） Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
4） If a man fell into a black hole， he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
5） It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
6） On the other hand， scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.
7） There might be a maive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.
8） They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
3 句子汉译英
黑洞是什么，天文学家还没有完全解决这个问题。
Astronomers have not yet fully solved the problem of what a black hole is.
据说黑洞可以将其周围的一切物体，如星星吞食掉。
It is said that black holes are able to swallow up all the objects around them， such as stars .
对黑洞的研究刚刚开始，各种各样的假说层出不穷。
The research of black holes is just beginning and speculation about them are endle.
科学家仍不能说出黑洞内发生了什么。
Scientists still can not tell what happens inside a black hole.
It is still impoible for scientists to tell what happens inside a black hole.
如果我们认识了黑洞，黑洞就不那么可怕了。
If we understood black holes， they would not be so fearful .
Black holes will not be so fearful if we get to know them.
历年考题：
1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space ______ which matter has fallen and ______ which nothing can escape.
A.towards „ towards B.into „ from C.out of „ from D.through„ from
答案是B.考点：定语从句中介词+which 的结构；fall into 掉进去； escape from 从„ 逃离。
2.汉译英：要说出黑洞里面发生了什么是不可能的。（不定式作主语）
答案：It is impoible to say what happens inside the black hole.
3.汉译英： 只是在最近天文学家才开始对黑洞进行具体研究。（强调句型）
答案：It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
4.汉译英： 有些星辰的密度达到某一点就会爆炸。
答案：Some stars explode when their density increases to a certain point
Unit Three
Text A Euthanasia ： For and Against For and against=For or against Pro and（or） Con 赞成
安乐死是否合法？对于这个问题，不同的国家有不同的观点。在欧洲，荷兰和比利时两个国家已经给予其合法化。
Paras 1-4 The subject about euthanasia Paras 5-10 There are opinions for and against the practice of euthanasia practice=practice 实施，实践
New Word 1.weaken ： v.削弱；变弱； She seems to be weakening.They have never weakened their stand for human rights.派生词：weak a.虚弱的，软弱的 类似的词有：
2.debate ： 争论，辩论
用法：to debate on 对„ 进行辩论；
Lincoln debated Douglas on this iue.林肯与道格拉斯就这个问题进行了辩论。 Education is the current focus of public debate.教育是当前公众争论的焦点。 同义词：dispute
3.legal ： a.法律上的，合法的 派生词： illegal a.不合法的
4.request ： vt/n.请求，要求
搭配：request for 要求„ ； make a request for 要求；at sb‘s request 应„之要求； 例：He made a request for immediate help.他要求立即给予帮助。
The singer gave one more song at our request.歌唱家在我们的要求下又唱了一首歌。 They made a request to release the prisoners.他们要求释放犯人。
其他用法：request 后接that 从句时，从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气“should + 动词原形”的形式。例：He requested that he （should）stay for more days.他请求再住一些天。
5.criterion ： 标准，准则复数：criteria （批评、判断、决定的标准和准则） 例： What criteria do you use to judge a good wine？ 你用什么标准判断酒的好坏？ 同义词：standard 标准 （客观的、公正的标准，可用于比较、衡量事物） 例： The standard of living has improved greatly.生活的标准已经大大提高。
6.ensure ： vt.保证，保护；赋予 用法：ensure sb.that 确保„。
ensure sth.I can ensure that he will come at 12 o'clock.我能保证他将在12点钟来。 他的才能将保证他得到成功。 His ability will ensure his succe.
7.oppose vt.反对
派生词：opposition n.反对；opponent n.对手 用法：be opposed to 反对，
We are firmly opposed to this dirty political deal.我们坚决反对这场肮脏的政治交易。 What he said was totally opposed to the facts.他说的与事实完全相反。 He is very much opposed to my going abroad .他非常反对我出国。 区别：oppose 与be opposed to They opposed the plan.他们反对此计划。（表示动作） They were opposed to the plan 他们反对此计划。（表示态度）
8.disabled ： 伤残的，使失去战斗力的
派生词：disable v.使不能„ ； able adj.有能力的；enable v.使能够„„„；unable a.不能的，没有能力的；
用法：
the disabled 残疾人
disable sb.from doing sth.使某人不能干„ ， 使某人丧失能力；
一场事故使他再也不能打篮球了。 An accident disabled him from playing basketball. enable sb.to do sth.使某人能作某事
乘飞机使我们几个小时就能越过太平洋Flying enables us to go acro the Pacific in a few hours.be able to do sth.能够做某事
我们能说英语。 We are able to speak English.be unable to do sth.不能做某事
我们不能在9点钟之前到。 We are unable to get there before 9 o‘clock.
9.sensitive ： adj.敏感的，灵敏的 派生词：sense n.感觉，感知； 用法：be sensitive to 对 „很敏感
Her reply showed that she was very sensitive to criticism.她的回答表明她对批评非常敏感。 他对天气变化很敏感。He is sensitive to the change
Phrases 1.to debate on ： 关于„ 进行辩论
Lincoln debated Douglas on this iue.林肯与道格拉斯就这个问题进行了辩论。 2.to make request for ：要求
He made a request for immediate help.他要求立即给予帮助。 3.to opposed to ： 反对
He is very much opposed to my going abroad .4.to open up ： 打开，开办，开辟 We shall open up the resources of the NW areas of our country.我们将开发我国西北地区的资源。
They are preparing to open up a national debate.他们正准备展开一场全国性的争论。 5 to take „ into account ： 考虑到；估计
We must take local conditions into account.我们必须考虑到当地的条件。
You must take her inexperience into account.你必须考虑到她无经验而予以体谅。 相关词汇：to take „ into consideration 考虑到
6.need for ： 对„ 的需要
There's a growing need for cheap rented housing in the large cities.大城市对廉租房的需求不断增加。
Text A
Para.1
1.“We mustn‘t delay any longer„” 我们不可以再拖延了 mustn‘t 不应该，不可以
not any longer 不再，再也不 ， no longer 不再
Para.2 2.affected with a serious disease 为过去分词短语作原因状语；句中there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating 是knew 的两个宾语从句。
Para.3 3.Van Wendel‘s last three months of life „ „were filmed 不可数名词前面有单位词修饰，谓语的数与单位词的数一致。 例：Two bottles of beer were served .4.句中“being given a final， lethal injection by his doctor”为被动结构的动名词短语，用作介词 “before”的宾语。句中“film” 用作动词，表示“将故事拍成电影”。 5.句中“since ”为副词，表示“从那以后”； each time 引导的是时间状语从句。 Para.4
6.which引导定语从句修饰country ， although 引导让步状语从句 it is not technically legal 根据法律是不合法的。
technically ad.严格按法律意义地，严格遵循某些规章制度地 （备注：荷兰在2001年四月已立法）
7.who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch parliament two years ago 是定语从句修饰doctors.而其中 “ introduced „。 ago” 为过去分词短语作定语，修饰guidelines.介词under 在此表示“根据，按照”。 主句： doctors „ „ are usually not prosecuted.8.三个that 引导的都是demand 的宾语从句，说明执行安乐死必须同时满足这三个条件。demand 在此表示“规定”，而不是“要求”的意思，因此，其后所接宾语从句也没有用（should）+ 动词原形的虚拟语气形式。 introduce：推行
9 a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.a second doctor = another doctor 另外一名医生
第二部分 para.5 —— para.10
Para.5 提出问题 Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others？
10 Cees van Wendel‘s doctor， 是 Dr， Wilfred van Oijen的同位语。此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开。，谓语是 explains ， how he looks at the question：是宾语从句。 life的复数是lives
Para.6 11 as if = as though 仿佛，好像„似的
引导方式状语从句，一般用虚拟语气，如果与事实相符，也可用陈述语气。 12 In that case ， 在那种情况下 case n.情况，事例，案例，病例
killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine.杀人是我能想象出的最残忍的事情
Para.7、8（两位反对安乐死的人和他们的观点）
13 Many people， though， are totally against the practice of euthanasia， 此句中的though = however 14 Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia， 是Dr.Andrew Ferguson，的同位语。此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开。
15 “president of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement” 是Cicely Saunders 的同位语。此句的主语和谓语被同位语所分开。
“ that euthanasia doesn‘t take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying 是argue 的宾语从句；在宾语从句中，there are ways of caring for the dying 是take 的宾语从句。 16 “ that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does not make those people more vulnerable” 句中第一个that是think 的宾语从句的引导词，that legally allows the shortening of life 是定语从句，修饰anything .vulnerable 是形容词作宾语补语
Para.9
17“what those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me” 是主语从句，that dying people haven‘t the right 是表语从句；在主语从句中，who oppose euthanasia 是定语从句，修饰people.本句的意思：那些反对安乐死的人告诉我的是临终之人没有这个权利。 and that （time） when „
18Why not 是一个省略句， 意思是：Why not help them die？ Why not have euthanasia？
Para.10 19Some， however， would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia.that 引导宾语从句， 从句中 it 是形式主语，不定式 to use 是实际主语 20Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.并不是所有的病人都能得到如此高水平的个别护理和关照。 accept 是主动的接受 Text B Advantage Unfair
New Words Proper Names Walter Ellis
沃尔特。埃利斯
Oxbridge
牛津大学和剑桥大学 Oxford
牛津，牛津大学 Cambridge
剑桥，剑桥大学 John Rae
约翰。雷 Westminster
威斯敏斯特 France
法兰西，法国 Ivy League
常春藤联合会 Harvard
哈佛大学 Yale
耶鲁大学 Princeton
普林斯顿大学 Stanford
斯坦福大学 Berkeley
伯克利 ohn Major
约翰。梅杰
TextB 重点词汇：
1.appoint ： 任命，委任 appointment He‘s just been appointed as director of the publishing division.他刚被任命为出版社的主任。
2.acceible ： adj.易接近的，能进去的，
The problem with some of these drugs is that they are so very acceible .毒品的问题在于毒品太易得到了。
She has made some attempt to make opera acceible to a wider public.她曾尝试着让歌剧走进更广大的大众。
派生词：acce n.通路，入口，接近（或进入）的机会
3.to amount to ： 达到，总计；相当于
The cost amounts to $3，000 .费用总计3000 美元。 Her words amount to a refusal.她的话无异于拒绝。
4.to blame sb.for ： 为„ 责备某人
Public opinion blames Mrs.Smith for leading the girl astray .舆论责怪史密斯夫人把那位姑娘引入歧途。
You can‘t really blame Helen for not wanting to get involved .海伦不想被卷入其中，你确实不能为此责备她。
5.by nature ： 生来，天生，
He is an optimist by nature .他生来一个乐天派。
He was ， by nature ， a man of few words.他是天生沉默寡言的人。 a few+可数名词
a little + 不可数名词
Text B 重点句子：
1.Britain is still dominated by the old- boy network； it isn‘t what you know that matters， but who you know.强调句，不是你懂得知识重要，而是你认识谁重要
2.He claims that at Oxford and Cambridge Universities （Oxbridge for short） a few select people start on an escalator ride which， over the years， carries them to the tops of British privilege and power.比喻少数精选出来的人，进了牛津或剑桥，就像坐上了电梯一样，很快就会爬上英国权力的顶峰。
3.On average， about ￡5，000 a year is spent on each private school pupil， more than twice the amount spent on state school pupils.On average = On the average平均每个在私立学校读书的学生平均每年要花费约5000英镑，是每个国立学校学生花费的两倍多。
4.And how can they prepare their pupils for the special entrance exam to Oxford University， which requires extra preparation， and for which many public school pupils traditionally stay at school and do an additional term？
which 和for which都是引导定语从句修饰exam
5.When it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist because of the number of private school pupils they accept， profeor Stone of Oxford University argues that there is a simple fact he and his aociates cannot ignore：
When it comes to „ “当谈及，涉及„时”
例如：When it comes to our children taking the exam， I almost know nothing.当谈到孩子们的考试，我一无所知。
6.And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didn‘t himself go to Oxbridge， most of his ministers did.be worth + 动名词 用主动式表示被动含义
例如：This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读
The film is worth seeing.此电影值得一看。
1.词汇英译汉
weaken .deteriorate .debate .legal.request .criterion .ensure .oppose tradition consideration disabled .burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive
词组：。 to debate on .to make request for be opposed to .to take „ into account
2.句子英译汉（重点句）
Affected with a serious disease， van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.
Van Wendel‘s last three months of life before being given a final， lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown， it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.
What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven‘t the right.
The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering ， that there is no chance of a cure， and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia .
I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.
3.句子汉译英 P.59
安乐死的确能解除临终病人的痛苦。
Euthanasia can really help rid the dying patients of extreme suffering .
Euthanasia does release the dying people from their suffering .
你知道不知道荷兰是欧洲唯一允许安乐死的国家？
Do you know that the Netherlands is the only country in Europe that permits euthanasia ？
支持这一观点的医生并不意味着他们不关心病人。
Those doctors who support the idea never mean they don‘t care about / for patients .
在第一个医生诊断疾病之后，必须由另外一名医生确认病情。
After the first doctor has diagnosed the illne ， a second doctor must confirm the case .
反对者认为病人并不一定真正希望结束生命，可能请求之后另有他求。
Opponents think patients may not really want to end their lives， and probably there is another request behind the request .
