（专科）汕尾职业技术学院外语系英语教育专业毕业设计
探讨情景教学法在小学英语教学中的应用
一、情景法的核心内容
1．时代背景
情景教学法（Situational Method），从20世纪60年代开始已经为英国的外语教学界所采用。这种方法认为“语言结构”和使用语言的“时空情景”有密切的关联性，注重语言习得与说话时的社会环境的密切关系。把所教语言与特定环境中的人联系起来，不强调预设的固定教学目标，不对学生提出统一的教学要求，而是强调学生借着老师的引导，在各种因素的互动中主动地探索和掌握知识。同传统教学法相比，情景教学法除了强调教学生掌握语言结构外，更加注重能力的掌握和在情景中习得语言。
所谓情景，就是人们进行语言交际活动中的一切内部条件和外部条件的总和。具体地说，是指使用语言形式进行交流信息的社会环境。语言学家弗斯认为，在有人类的交际活动中，语言环境对语言来说是必不可少的。语言功能的掌握，依赖于真实情景，创设情景不仅为训练学生语言创造条件，而且也能有效地促进学生思维能力以及其他品质的协调发展。它通过再现教材的或新创设的情景，引导学生理解和运用，在模拟真实或者说更加接近真实的环境中实现对于能力的培养。既然具体的语言都是在一定情景下使用的，那么情景的创设就必然有助于学生在真实的场景中使用。
2．理论基础
心理学理论基础：从当代心理学角度看，情景认知理论是情景教学法的理论基础之一。它认为个体的情感对认知活动至少有动力、强化、调节三方面的功能。动力功能是指情感对认知活动的增力或减力的效能，即健康的、积极的情感对认知活动起积极的发动或促进作用；消极不健康的情绪对认知活动的开始和运行起阻碍或抑制作用。而情景教学法就是要在教学过程中引起学生 积极健康的情感体验，直接提高学生对学习的积极性。 3．基本特征和优缺点
特点：语言教学应从口语开始，先听说，后读写；以外语教授外语；以情景方式把新语言点引出；词汇选择以常用为原则。在教学材料的安排上要按语法结构、句型，由易到难来安排。
优点：
1． 消除学生的紧张心理。情景教学法重视学生的情绪情感生活，集直观性、启发性、形象性、情感性于一体。情景教学的创设切合学生实际、切合教材内容、
1 （专科）汕尾职业技术学院外语系英语教育专业毕业设计
切合语言交际的实际，新颖而富于启发性。教师在课堂上使学生感到和蔼可亲、可信，学生就会消除紧张恐惧心理，踊跃发言，变被动学习主为主动学习，为学好该科奠定了可靠的心理基础。
2．吸引学生的注意力。 “注意”是学生认知客观世界，获取知识，发展智力和培养能力的基础。而情景教学法就是设法创设各种生动有趣，贴进学生生活的情景、画面，集中学生的注意力，调动他们的积极性，使他们寓乐于学，寓学于乐；学有所乐，学有所得。
3．降低学生的理解难度。情景中创设的语境是语言赖以生存和发展的环境，也是语言交际所依赖的环境。语言意义的理解，以及语言功能的实现皆需通过语境。情景教学法正是要想方设法利用各种手段为学生创设一种学习英语的语言环境。在相应的语言环境中完成教学内容，降低学生理解语言的难度。
缺点：
1．疏于强调整体结构感知和综合训练，忽视语言知识的分析和讲解，不利于学生学习和运用英语。在教学过程中教师通过充分巧妙地运用图片、适当用英语分析讲解语言点、用英语提问来提高学生听说读写和应用英语的综合能力。
2．过于重视语言形式，忽视交际能力的培养。强调以情景为线索来选择和安排语言材料，但由于情景的设计常常是虚构的，因而情景中的话语并不能最大限度地满足学生言语交际的实际需要。在英语学习过程中，教师通过展示实物、图片、放映幻灯、教学电影，尽可能让学生运用各种感官，去充分感知学习内容，获得最大量的信息，从而加深对学习内容的印象，把课文内容与实际情景、事物联系起来，以帮助学生形成正确的、深刻的概念。
二、教学模式
1．创设—感知
这是小学英语情景教学模式的初始环节，在这一环节中教师通过认真专研教材，设计教学方案，为学生学习创设情景，营造良好的课堂氛围，使学生初步感受新知，并以此激发学生的学习兴趣和求知欲。 2．启发—领悟
这是小学英语情景教学模式的重要环节，在这一环节中教师通过实物、图片多媒体等创设情景，将抽象的单词、句型直观化、形象化，使英语教学自然而然地在一定的情景中进行。帮助学生理解、记忆所学的新知识，加强英语语言的训
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练。
3．引导—创设
这是小学英语情景教学模式的中心环节，在这一环节中，教师应确立学生的主体地位，引导学生在感悟的基础上自主创设情景，熟练掌握并运用所学知识，培养合作和交流的意识，提高口语交际能力。 4．链接—迁移
这是小学英语情景教学模式的最后环节，在这一环节中，教师把课堂向社会链接，为学生提供真实的生活情景，将学习场地从教室迁移至室外，培养学生的实践能力，拓宽英语学习界面。
三、教学活动设计
（一） Activity one: sing a song to teach new words
1．Teaching material: words from new PEP English for primary school students book 1 unit5 about colors.2.Activity name: sing a song to teach new words.3.Introduction: the activity mainly aims to help the students to read and recognize the different colors; what’s more, by the end of the leon students can use the words to make a short dialogue.The teacher will first let the students to warm up by singing a song they have learned before, and then teach the new words by teaching a new song with the help of some pictures.Therefore, there is some pictures draw with different color clothes used at the beginning of the leon.At the middle of the leon, teacher will check the new words students have mastered by letting the students to read the color of stationery and color the pictures, and teach students to learn and make dialogue.At the end of the leon, teacher organizes the whole cla to sing the new song together.
4.Procedures: Step 1: warm up (2 minutes) Teacher: greeting to the students.Students: greeting to the teacher.Teacher: asks the students together to sing the song “Hello! How are you?”
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Students: to sing the song with teacher.
Hello! How are you? Hello! Hello! Hello! Hello! Hello! Hello! How are you? Hello! Hello! Hello! Hello! Hello! Hello! How are you? I’m fine.I’m fine.Thank you.Thank you.I’m fine.I’m fine.I’m fine.Thank you.Thank you.I’m fine.Step 2: lead in (20 minutes) Teacher: tells the students that they are going to learn a new song about color and say out the name of the song, then the teacher sing the song one time by herself.
Who is wearing green today? Who is wearing green today? Green today? Green today? Who is wearing green today? Green today? While singing, the teacher will present the first picture draw with green cloth.Students：be quiet and listen to the teacher.Teacher: teaches the song sentence by sentence for two times.Students: learn the song following the teacher.Teacher: sticks the picture to the blackboard, and writes down the word “green” on the blackboard and teaches the students how to read it.Students: read the word after the teacher.Teacher: uses the above way to teach other five new words (red, blue, and yellow, orange, purple).
Step 3: practice (15 minutes) Teacher: shows the relevant colors of real stationery object, and review the words (pencil, pen, bag, sharpener, eraser, and ruler) one words two times.Students: read the six words after the teacher.Teacher: shows an object to ask student say out the color and the word.For example: when teacher shows a green pencil, student should say ‘green pencil’.
Students: say out the color and the word according to the color and object the teacher shows.Teacher: gives a picture which including pencil, pen, bag, sharpener, eraser, ruler to
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every student, and then ask the students to color the picture according to their favor.Students: color the picture according to their favor.Teacher: teaches the students to make a short dialogue A: I have a ruler.B: what color is it? A: Gue! B: Yellow? Green? A: Yes./ No, it’s......Students: make a dialogue with their partner according to their real situations.Step 4: (3 minutes) Teacher: organize the whole cla to sing the new song and change the key word of color when it neceary.
（二）Activity two: role play 1.Teaching materials: words and sentences from PEP English for primary school student book 1 unit 5 let‟s eat.Words: chicken, bread, cake, French fries, hamburgers
Sentences: What do you like to eat?
—— I like to eat...
---- What about…?
——Yes, I like it very much./No, I don‟t like it.Could I have…?
---- Here you are.
----Thank you.
----You are welcome.
2.Activity name: role-play 3.Introduction: In order to consolidate the words and sentence structures the students learned last period.The teacher applies The Situational Approach to this role-play activity at the beginning of the leon. In this 25-minute activity, some pictures about foods, chalks, and blackboard will be used. Through this activity, the teacher will know about the students\' understanding of the words and sentence patterns.On the other hand, it\'s a good chance for the students to practice using the target language smoothly.Furthermore, students‟ communicative ability will be developed.4.Teaching procedures: Step1: revision (1 minute) The teacher will show the pictures about foods which they learned last leon to the students and ask them to say out the words one by one ( The teacher ask the students question: “what‟s this in English？‟‟，pointing at the picture about foods on the teacher\'s hand, guiding the students to answer according to
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the pictures on the teacher‟s hand and say out which foods they like or they don\'t like) Step2: before- activity (6 minutes) The teacher writes down the sentence structures they learned last leon on the blackboard and tell the students they will do an activity named role-play Provide a specific situation to the students (Situation: Mary and Lucy and Lily are clamates.One day, they are going to see a movie, before this, they want to have some foods；
therefore, Lily goes to buy the tickets and waits at the cinema, Mary and Lucy go to the MacDonald to buy some foods,.) (3) The teacher tells them the rules to do this activity and then divide the students into several groups of four members.(Teacher may say: “There are three members in each group, one acts as a waiter, and the other two are customers.You all should make a conversation according to the situation, using the words that we just review and the sentence structures on the blackboard.I will give you 5 minutes to prepare”.) When the whole cla are preparing, the teacher should walk around to provide help if neceary.(Poible situation: Some students may ask the teacher how he/she can describe when he/she wants to ask Lucy \"what does Lily like to eat\".The teacher‟s poible answer, “You can say what does Lily like to eat?) Step3: during- activity (approx.13 minutes) Ask the students whether they have finished the preparation Invite one group to perform in front of the cla as an example.（Poible conversation between four students: student A(act as Lucy),student B(act as Mary ), student C(act as Lily), student D(act as waiter), student A, student B, student C and student D are abbreviate to A,B,C,D respectively in the following description）
A: I am hungry; I want to buy some foods first.B: Ok, let‟s go to the MacDonald.C: I go to buy the ticket.D: What can I do for you? A and B: We want to buy some foods.D: OK, what do you like to eat?‟‟
A：I like to eat hamburger and chicken.B: What does Lily like to eat? A: Lily likes to eat bread and hot dogs, what about you? B: I like to eat cake.A: What about French fries? B: No, I don‟t like it.Could I have a cup of coke? D: sure! Hamburger, chicken, bread, hot dogs, and a cup of coke .Here you are.A and B: Thank you C: You are welcome.(3)Ask other groups to give performance Step4:after-activity (5 minutes)
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The teacher makes conclusion about students‟ performance and the grammar points.(1)The teacher prizes students‟ excellent performance (2)Guide the students to understand grammar point initially: the usage of the third personal singular (Teacher may say: “Ok，after your acting, can you get some points that are different from our last leon.”
Students‟ poible answer, we also use the “does” and “likes” in the conversation.Teacher may answer: “Yes, so clever, this is a grammar points, the third personal singular.The teacher explains the grammar point by listing more examples on the blackboard (Teacher may says, please look at more examples Examples: Sentence1: What does your sister likes to eat? Sentence2:My sister likes to eat cake .etc.）
When we want to ask someone else which food she/he likes, we can use this sentence pattern, what does ---likes to eat? You can answer; he/she likes to eat---)
（三）Activity three: gueing game
1.Teaching materials:
Words: pig, monkey, duck, dog, cat, cow, mouse, Sentences: What is it? It is…… 2.Activity name: gueing game 3.Introduction: In order to consolidate the words and sentence structures the students are going to learn.The teacher applies The Situational Approach to this gueing game at the end of the leon. In this activity, some PPT about animals, recorder, chalks, and blackboard will be used. Through this activity, the teacher will know about the students\' understanding of the words and sentence patterns.On the other hand, it\'s a good chance for the students to practice using the target language smoothly.Furthermore, students‟ communicative ability will be developed.4.Teaching procedures: Step1: warm up (2 minutes) The teacher will ask the students to sing a song they have learned before.(The teacher asks the students question: “boys and girls, do you remember the song Alibaba we have learned before, let‟s sing it together. Step2: before- activity (15 minutes) The teacher checks the homework which was given last leon. (The teacher say:“I remember I gave you a homework to observe the animals around you, have you finished it? What kind of animals can you see at home？anyone who want to share your ideas, pleased put up your hand.”) (The students properly answer in Chinese:“I can see dog, cat, chicken, duck at home.”)
Then the teacher prizes the students those who finished the homework perfectly, and tells the students they are going to start a new leon
(The teacher may say:“All of you done a good job! Next, we are going to start a new
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leon about animals.) The teacher present the PPT and play the sound of animals to the students by asking „„what is it or what are they?‟‟, then guide the students to learn the new words and sentence structures.While teaching, teacher should use the chalks to write down the new words on the blackboard.After that, teacher can check the words by inviting some students to reading the words.Step3: during- activity (approx.13 minutes) After teaching the new words, the teacher tells the students that they are going to play a game called gueing game and explains the rules of the game to the students (The teacher say: “We are going to play a gue game, the game is to gue the animals, I will show you a small part of body of animals through PPT, then, I will play the recorder two times for you to listen the sound of animals, finally you should stand up and say out the name of animals you gue.The one, who stand up quickly and answer correctly, will be the winner.”) The teacher presents a small part of animals, for example, when teach the word“pig”, teacher can show the nose of pig, and then play the sound of pig with recorder and asking the question“what is it or what are they”.If student answers right, teacher can prize his or she by saying “your answer is right, very good, please continue.” Then the teacher can show the ears of dog, the tail of monkey, the mouth of duck, etc, to continue the game.In the other hand, teacher can invite some students to show the any part of the animals and play the recorder, and the others to gue what animals it is or what animals they are.
Step4:after-activity (5 minutes) The teacher makes conclusion about students‟ performance and the grammar points.(1)The teacher prizes students‟ excellent performance (2)Guide the students to understand grammar point: the usage of the plural Examples: Sentence1: What are they? Sentence2: They are apples ）
When we want to ask someone else the things more than two numbers, we can use this sentence pattern: What are…? You can answer: They are…
（四）Activity four: matching game 1.Teaching materials:
Words: tomato, potato, cucumber, onion, carrot, watermelon, pineapple 2.Activity Name: matching game
3.Introduction: The game is interesting, whose chief object is to consolidate the words the students are going to learn.The teacher applies The Situational Approach to this gueing game at the beginning of the leon. In this activity, some PPT and cards about vegetables and fruits, chalks, and blackboard will be used.Through the
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game, students can enjoy themselves in the course of learning.4.Procedures:
Step 1: warm up(1 minute) The teacher asks the students to say a chant to warm up (The teacher say:“boys and girls, before a leon, let‟s say the chant“How much is that colorful dre”together, are you ready? Let‟s go”) How much is that colorful dre? Very expensive, very expensive.How much is that pretty skirt? Very expensive, very expensive How much is this yellow shirt? Very cheap, very cheap.Good！I want this shirt.The teacher tells the students they moving to a new leon and the topic of the leon.(The teacher may say:“we are going to move to a new leon about vegetables and fruits, let‟s learn it together.”) Step 2：presentation(10 minutes) The teacher shows students the PPT which including the vegetables and fruits one by one, and asks the whole cla whether they like to eat it or not.Then the teacher teaches the new words one by one.(The teacher may say:“Do you like to eat those vegetables and fruits? Do you know how to speak it in English? Let‟s learn it one by one.”) The teacher presents the picture of tomato in computer and guides the students to read it.(The teacher says:“Look! What are they? They are tomatoes.Please read after me one word two times, tomato, t-o-m-a-t-o, tomato, tomatoes.”) After finishing teaching the new words, the teacher checks the words students have learned by asking some students read the words and spell it in English.Finally，the teacher prizes the students who perform well in checking.
Step 3: game-playing The teacher tells the students that they are going to play a game. And then gives the instructions of the game to the students, and then divided the students into several groups of four members.(The teacher may say:“We have learned the new words, now we are going to play a matching game.Look! There are some cards with pictures on my right hand, and some cards with words on my left hand; I will put these cards in two sides in random, when playing, you can choose a picture from my right side, it‟s a picture of tomato, next you can choose a card from my left side, it‟s a word of onion, tomato and onion they can‟t match, so you should say:“tomato and onion they can‟t match.”and put the cards on it‟s original place.But, if you get a word of tomato, you can say:“tomato and tomato they can match.”and keep the both cards.The person who collects the more cards will be the winner.Now I need a student to play with me as an example, then I will divide all of you into several groups.There are four members in each group.”) The teacher gives the cards to each group and asks the students to begin the game.When the whole claes are playing, the teacher should walk around to guide the students to do the game according to the game rules if neceary.Finally, the teacher can make an aement to the whole cla and prize those who have won the game.
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四、总结
小学英语教学的目的就在于要使学生爱学、乐学、善学。在英语课堂教学中合理创设情景教学，不仅能浓厚英语环境氛围，增加教学的直观性，还能很好地活跃课堂气氛，优化课堂教学，真正调动学生学习英语的主观能动性，培养他们的语言交际能力，提高课堂教学的效率。通过情景教学，还可以加强语言信息输入，产生语言内化，做到学以致用，从而为学生进一步学习英语奠定良好的基础。因此，教师在运用情景教学法进行的教学过程中要设法结合学生的实际，合理创设情景，让学生身临其境，增强学生的兴趣和印象。
五、参考文献
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