英语修辞手法
12级商务英语1班 高腾 学号201222410201 1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we aociate with one to the other.For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.1.In his dream he saw the tiny figure fall as a fly 在他的梦中他看见那小小的人影像苍蝇一般地落了下来。
————《英语文摘》2015-2
比喻形象生动，把人影比作苍蝇突出其渺小。
2.The old man’s hair is as white as snow.老人的头发雪白。———The Washington Post 2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.For example, the world is a stage.隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.1.Life is an isthmus between two eternities.生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道
——《21 century》2014-3 2.I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.
————《英语文摘》2015-2
这里用肌肉代指力气，肌肉的功能也就是出力气，直接用肌肉来代表则用了暗喻手法，加强表达效果。
3）Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions .For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.
1.The sun smiled down on the green meadows 太阳向着绿茵茵的草地俯首微笑
————《natural science》2015-1 2.The ancient wilderne dreamed, stretched itself all open to the sun,and seemed to sigh with immeasurable content.
————《GUARDIAN》 古老的荒野做着梦, 直挺挺地躺在太阳下, 好像无限满足地叹了口气。
给荒野以人格，通过对荒野的描写展现出当时的情景，给人感同身受的感觉，也让画面更形象具体。 3.But the house was cold，closed，and unfriendly.可是那房子冷漠无情，门窗紧闭，一点也不友好。
————《英语文摘》2015-3 4) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.For instance, he almost died laughing.夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..1.I was mad for succe and on the news of succe I went mad with joy.我对于成功极度地渴望，每当听到我获得成功的消息，我都高兴得快疯了。————《英语文摘》2015-2 2.1 want to crash you in my arms and cover you with all my kies 我要拥你入怀，吻遍你。
————《LETTER》 “crash”与“cover”这两个动词用得如此精彩与顶极,将小伙子对爱人炽热真切的爱情渲泄得尽善尽美,
5）Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expreion for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.For instance, we refer to \"die\" as” pa away\".婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话
1.If anything happened to me, please take care of my wife and children.
————《英语学习报》2015.5
如果我有个三长两短的话，请照看我的妻子与小孩。这里的anything可以指“不幸”，甚至“死亡”是委婉的修辞格
2.用 sanitation engineer 替代garbage man(清洁工) 3.用 the disadvantaged替代 the poor(穷人) 4.用 industrial action替代 strike(罢工) ——《网络》
6）Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.1.When the war was over，he laid down the sword and took up the pen. 战争结束后，他弃戎从文
————《economist》
2.Sometimes the pen maybe mightier than the sword.有时文人比武士更有力量。
————《economist》
3.The meenger was not long in returning, followed by a pair of heavy boot that came bumping along the paage like boxes.送信人不久就回来了, 后面跟着一个穿着笨重鞭子的人, 在过道里走得咯噔咯噔乱响, 像滚动的箱子一样。
————《Reader’s Digest》
此例中 a pair of heavy boot (一双笨重的靴子) 属于Metonymy 译文加词为“一个穿着笨重靴子的人” 4.The baby was brought up on the bottle.这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。————《dope》
7）Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part.For instance, they say there\'s bread and work for all.She was dreed in silks.
提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般
1.Many hand,make light woke. 局部代替整体,用hands表示干活的人 ————《economist》 2..The fox goes very well with your cap. 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.————《Reader’s Digest》 3.6.It was reported that China won the volleyball match.椐报载：在这次排球赛中，中国队赢了。
————《21 century》 （以国家名称China代该国球队the Chinese Volleyball Team）
8）Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words.For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms.(Here \"arms\" has two meanings: a person\'s body; weapons carried by a soldier.) 双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意与谐音的方式出现.1.Make your every hello a real good-buy.
让你的每地声“哈”都真的物有所值。
————《Nature Magazine》 2.We must all hang together, or we shall hang separately.
我们必须紧密地团结在一起, 否则我们将被一个个地绞死。
————《Reader’s Digest》 3.What do lawyers do when they die? Lie still 律师死了干啥? 身子动弹不得, 嘴上撒谎依旧。
————《英语文摘》2014-9 原文通过谐音使用一种称为Pun的修辞格,构造出“一语双关”的艺术意境。谐音之妙,顿生诙谐幽默。要传达出原作的这种美学效果,必须进行创造性翻译。译文以汉语“对隅”辞格变通对译“ Lie still” ,通过转换辞格,前后对照,使双重含义泾渭分明,从而使原文的妙处“失之东隅,收之桑榆”。
9）Irony: (反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good. Irony 的含义比汉语的反语广泛。它包括 verbal irony, dramatic irony, situational irony。也是正话反说，反话正说，一般需借助于特定的上下文与语境才能被正确理解。在多数情况下， irony可以译成汉语的反语。
1.She talked about great people as if she had the fee-simple of May fair, and when the court went into mourning, she always wore black.
————《英语文学周报》2015-1 她一开口就是某某勋爵某某大人，那口气竟好象她生来就是贵族。宫里有了丧事，她没有一回不穿孝。
2.The house detective’s piggy eyes surveyed her scornfully from his gro jeweled face.
————《英语文学周报》2015-2 探长用他那双夹在面部隆起的肉堆中的猪眼睛轻蔑地将她上下打量了一番。用反语修辞格讽刺意味浓厚，
3.The Bible,\" he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, \" is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as part of a divine plan.
————《读者文摘》2014-3 “《圣经》，”他用洪亮的嗓音大喊大叫道，“是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作证的学者专家们赶出这个法庭的。这些专家们来到这里的目的是想证明主张人类祖先来自丛林的进化论与上帝按照天机，依其形象创造人类并安排到这个世界上来的看法，是并行不悖的。”
4.“ If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarettes, don\' t listen.....they\' re probably trying to trick you into living.”
————《American Cancer Society》 这是一则反语在广告中使用的极好例证。不是说教般告诉人们“ Smoking is harmful to your health”,该公益广告以反语的形式将这个意思表达了出来,从而创造出轻松而幽默的氛围,使他更易于被读者接受。
10) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned.For example, the weatherman said it would be worm.He must take his readings in a bathroom.反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.1.This diligent student seldom reads more than an hour per month.
————《Reader’s Digest》
这个勤奋的学生每个月读书时间不超过一小时。
2.he is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need
————《free talk》
你不需要时他总是最值得依赖的
11）Allegory （讽喻） an expreive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上，传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义。
1.there is no garden without its weed
表面意思没有不长草的花园，言外之意没有什么是完美的
————《Fortune》 2.A proof of the budding is in the eating 表面意思布丁好不好，吃了才知道，言外之意实践出真知
————《Forbes》 12）Paradox: (仿拟） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary toestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.For example more haste, le speed.
这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞.
1.More haste, le speed。欲速则不达
————《Reader’s Digest》
2.The child is the father to the man。（童年时代可决定人之未来）三岁看大，四岁看老。
————《英语文摘》2015-3
3.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year。罗马不是一天建成的，一年也不行。
————《经济学人》2015-4 13）Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compreed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility。
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调与的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.1.A miserable，merry Christmas. 悲喜交加的圣诞节。
————《经济学人》 2.He called my conviction a victorious defeat.他称这次庭审结果是一次“胜利的失败”。
————《Reader’s Digest》 3.It [New York]has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great man, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.
———O.Henry 这座城市(指纽约)里有的是心灵最空虚的百万富翁,人格最渺小的伟人,最目空一切的乞丐,最使人瞧不上眼 的美女,最肮脏龌龊的摩天大楼,与最乏味的娱乐,比我所见到过的任何城市都有过之而无不及。
原文中一连用了六个Oxymoron辞格,十分生动、形象地描述了作者对大都市纽约的印象,从而深刻地揭示了纽约在繁华背后隐藏着丑陋的双重性,极富哲理,发人深省。
14）Antithesis: (对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis.For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法. 1.Not that I loved Caesar le but that I loved Rome more. 不是我不喜欢凯撒，而是我更喜欢罗马 这是《凯撒大帝》里的台词 将意义相反的语句并列在一起做对比突出表达效果。
2.Give me liberty, or give me death.给我自由，否则杀了我。
————《Reader’s Digest》
15）Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for \"ladder\" and implies the progreion of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly.For example, I came, I saw, I conquered. 这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.1.I came, I saw, I conquered.我来了，看了，征服了
2.Social position,friends,reputation,life itself,had no longer any attraction for him.社会地位、朋友、名誉、生活本身对他再没有什么吸引力了. 分析：通过渐进逐步过渡到高潮，在两个句子中分别达到了突出表达与强调的作用。
16) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addreed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.
1.England! awake! awake! awake!英格兰，醒来吧，醒来吧，醒来吧
————《经济学人》2015-4 2.Who is like You, O Lord, among the gods?耶与华啊，众神之中谁能像你？ ————《圣经》 分析：突然的发出，表现强调。
17）Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax.It involves stating one\'s thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous.For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat. 与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列. 1.Alas!Alas!What shall I do?I\'ve lost my wife and best hat,too。
————《Reader’s Digest》 哎呀哎呀!我怎么办呢?我失去了妻子,又丢了最好的帽子
2.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.————《英语学习报》
士兵的职责是保卫祖国与剥土豆皮.
18） Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect.It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called \"front rhyme\".For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.头韵是在一句话中, 或一个诗行中, 用了几个以同样字母开头的词。
1.He is all fire and fight.他怒气冲冲, 来势汹汹。
2.From their slopes flow streams feeding the oases strung along the rim of inland deserts.条条溪水, 潺潺而下, 滋润着镶嵌于内陆沙漠边缘的片片绿洲。
以上两句采用英语的头韵修辞法, 译为汉语时分别改为汉语对偶; 汉语叠词、象声词等修辞法。 3.Then Lieutenant Grub launched the old recruiting routine,“See, save and serve!” 于是, 格拉布上尉开始说起招兵的老一套了“:见见世面, 攒点钱, 为国家出点力!此例主要修辞手法是头韵。See,save and serve 在用作不及物动词时, 宾语实际上隐含在动词后面, 译成汉语时需要把它表达出来。因此译文中分别增加了“世面”、“钱”、“国家”三个词。加词翻译的原则是所加的词原文虽然没有,然而却包含了这层意思。加词以后能更清楚地表现原文的思想韵味,又不增加新的意思。
19）Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are aociated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement。
1.The meenger was not long in returning, followed by a pair of heavy boot that came bumping along the paage like boxes.送信人不久就回来了, 后面跟着一个穿着笨重鞭子的人, 在过道里走得咯噔咯噔乱响, 像滚动的箱子一样。
碰撞属于拟声译文增词为“咯噔咯噔乱响
20） Analogy(类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.1..Appropriate praise to a child is what the sun is to a flower。
————《nature》 恰当的赞扬对孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用一样。
2.Writing a book of poetry is like dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.写一本有关诗歌的书如同将一片玫瑰花瓣扔进大峡谷等待它的回音。
————《Reader’s Digest》 第一句将“赞扬对孩子的‘作用’”与“阳光对花朵的‘作用’”做类比，突出表现了赞扬的好处，而第二句将“写书的‘动作’”与“把玫瑰花瓣扔到大峡谷‘等回音’”相类比表现写诗求回应的艰难。这两句中都只是作用与动作的对比，并无本体与喻体。域名与何安与在本质上有区别。
21) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法).In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence.
1.He addreed you and me, and desired us to follow him.(Here us is used to refer to you and me.（第一种）他游说了我与你，让咱们跟随他； 2.while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career（第二种） 当他在战斗中失去肢体，心灵甚至生命时，其他人却在后面追求着教育与事业。 (Here to losing one\'s limbs in literal; to lose one\'s mind is figurative, and means to go mad.) 第一句中用我们（us）来包含我与你（you and I）；第二句中则是用失去肢体与心灵等来表现他即将步入疯狂。
22) Zeugma: (轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses.1.Two bandits killed the man and the luggage.两个匪徒干掉了那个人并抢了行李。 ———《21 century》2.Lawsuit consumes time, and money, and rest, and friends.诉讼使人耗费时间、金钱并使人失去安宁与朋友。
————《21 century》 ：第一句中kill 支配了两个宾语，本不用于kill的宾语luggage也纳入了其支配；第二句则是将rest与friends 纳入了consume的支配下修饰。
23）rhetorical repetition(叠言)Rhetorical repetition at the beginning of a phrase of the word or words with which the previous phrase ended
1.It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.
————《china daily》
它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血与汗水去创造。2.Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, le pain, le discomfort, le death, le disease and le deformity.
————《世界医学杂志》
因为优良的医疗技术与外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，与更少残废。分析：通过叠言加强语气达到强调作用。
24）synesthesia（通感）a sensation that normally occurs in one sense modality occurs when another modality is stimulated.
1.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.有些书只需浅尝辄止，另一些供囫囵吞枣，尚有数需要细嚼慢咽，消化吸收。
——《Forbes》2.The people are silent in the baking court.人们在气氛炙热的法庭上鸦雀无声。 ——《News Week》 第一句将读书与吃联系在一起，让人更容易理解，第二句中baking本意为“烘、烤”，移用到法庭上来形容审判时的严肃、紧张的气氛，使读者有身临其境之感。
