The Aociation Between BME And Our Daily Life
2011161008陆翠凤
The first part: The background
Definition of Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical Engineeringis a new interdisciplinary, the theory and method of the comprehensive engineering, biology and medicine, change of state of human body system at all levels, and the use of engineering and technical means to control this kind of change, the purpose is to solve the relevant problems in medicine, protection of human health, disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation services
What are some of the specialty area?
In this field there is continual change and creation of new area due to rapid advancement in technology; however ,some of the well established specialty areas within the field of biomedical engineering are: bioinstrumentation; biomaterials;biomechanics;cellular,tiue and genetic engineering ;clinical engineering ;medical imaging; orthopedic surgery; rehabilitation engineering ;and systems physiology .
The history of the development of BME
This noun appears most early in the USA.In 1958, America established the International Federation for medical electronics, in 1965, the organization was renamed the International Federation for medical and biological engineering, and later became the international society of biomedical engineering.
Biomedical engineering has very good social benefit, and good economic benefit, prospects are very broad, is one of the countries are scrambling to develop high technology.In 1984, for example, American biomedical engineering and system of the market size of about US $11000000000.
The second part:
The aociation and application in our daily life
Bioinstrumentation
is the application of electronics and measurement techniques to development devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease .computers are an eential part of bioinstrumentation ,from the microproceor in a single-purpose instrument used to do a variety of small tasks to the microcomputer need to proce the large amount of information in medical imaging system
Biomaterial
A biomaterial is any material, natural or man-made, that comprises whole or part of a living structure or biomedical device which performs, augments, or replaces a natural function\".
A biomaterial is eentially a material that is used and adapted for a medical application.Biomaterials can have a benign function, such as being used for a heart valve, or may be bioactive, used for a more interactive purpose.
Biomechanics Biomechanics is the application principle and method of mechanics of mechanical
problems of quantitative study organisms in Biophysics branch.The scope of the study from the whole to the system, organs of biological.Biomechanics is based on energy conservation law of ma conservation, momentum, the three law and add the constitutive equation
describing the properties.Biomechanical study of key iues about the mechanics of medicine and physiology.According to the research object can be divided into different biological fluid mechanics, solid mechanics and biomechanics of biological.Biomechanical research, not only relates to the medical, sports, and has been deeply concerned traffic safety, aerospace, military science.
cellular, tiueand genetic engineering
Also known as gene splicing technique and DNA recombinant technology, is based on molecular genetics as the theoretical basis, to the modern method of molecular biological and microbiological methods, the different sources of gene according to preliminary design blueprint, in vitro, hybrid DNA molecules, and then into living cells, production of new products to change the genetic characteristics, biological original gain the new varieties
The use of genetic engineering technology, not only can the crops with high quality, high yield, good resistance and livestock, poultry breed new varieties, but also cultivateplants and animals, with special purpose.
Application in agriculture
Transgenic fish
Transgenic fish fast growth, resistance to adverse environment, good quality.
Transgenic cattle
Transgenic bovine milk containing human growth hormone
cucumber bacterial wilt resistance gene in sweet pepper
turn the fish cold tolerance gene in Tomato
cucumber resistance gene to bacterial wilt of potato
do not cause GM soy allergies
super animal
Introduction of storage protein gene super sheep and super mouse
special animal
Into human gene with special usage of pigs and mice
insect resistant cotton
Bacillus thuringiensis toxin proteins can be synthesized to kill bollworm, this part of the gene into cotton cells in vitro tiue culture, then can obtain transgenic cotton.Environmental protection
DNA gene probe project made can very sensitively detect viruses in the environment, bacterial contamination.
Indicator organism cultivated by means of gene engineering can be very sensitive to reflect the situation of the environmental pollution, is not easy because of environmental pollution and a large number of deaths, even also can absorb and transformation of pollutants.
Genetic engineering to make the \"super bacteria\" can devour and decomposition of a variety of environmental pollution (usually a bacterium can only decompose a hydrocarbon, petroleum by using gene engineering breeding succe of the \"super bacteria\" can decompose a plurality of hydrocarbons in petroleum.Some of them can devour the transformation of mercury, cadmium and other heavy metals, DDT decomposition and other toxic substances.)
Genetic engineering drug production:
Microbial growth is rapid, easy to control, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.If the gene into the microbial cell corresponding medicine composition, allowing them to generate the corresponding drug, can not only solve the problem of output, but also reduce the cost of production
Genetic engineering of insulin
Genetic engineering interferon
Other genetic engineering drugs
Artificial blood, interleukin, such as hepatitis B vaccine by gene engineering realization of industrialized production, for the release of human sufferings, play a significant role in improving the health level of human.
Gene diagnosis and gene therapy
Gene therapy is the normal in vivo gene into the patient, so that the expreion
product of the gene function, so as to achieve the purpose of treating disease, this is the most effective means of treatment of genetic disease.The method is: gene replacement, gene repair, gene amplification and gene inactivation
Artificial organs
Artificial joint, artificial cardiac pacemaker, artificial heart, artificial liver, artificial lung has been applied in clinical; the thousands on thousands of patients back to health.Can say, all kinds of human organs except the brain instead of artificial organs, the rest of the organs have poibility to replace the use of artificial organs
Artificial kidney dialyzer and dialysis solution by composition, dialyzer is the core of a semipermeable membrane, allowing low molecular substances such as electrolytes, glucose, water and other waste (such as urea) by, blood cells, plasma protein, bacteria, virus can not pa through, thereby regulating the body fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, relatively constant maintenance of internal environment.Mainly used in acute, chronic renal failure and acute drug intoxication, etc..
Artificial heart (pump).Device instead of cardiac function, structure and similar pump, can overcome resistance along the one-way flow driven flow.The artificial heart and lung are artificial heart lung machine
Artificial lung (oxygenator) device to exchange O2 and CO2 to simulate the lung, venous oxygen through oxygenator in the low oxygen content of arterial blood oxygen containing high
medical imaging Combines knowledge of a unique physical phenomenon (sound ,radiation ,magnetism,ect.) with high speed electronic data proceing ,analysis and display to generate an image .
Often ,these images can be obtained with minimal or completely noninvasiveprocedures ,making them lepainfuland more readily repeatable than invasive technique.The general
development trend is from static to dynamic image (fast imaging) development, the transition from black and white to color image, moving from 2D image to 3D image
DDR: refers to the control of computer image proceing functions, using a one-dimensional or two-dimensional X-ray detector directly to the X-ray image information into digital signal technology
X-CT: is to scan the human part thickne of certain level with the X-ray beam, received by the detector through the X-ray the level, into visible light, change from the photoelectric conversion into electrical signals, the analog / digital converter, the digital signal proceing, input computer MRI: (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Magnetic resonance imaging is an imaging, it uses magnetic resonance phenomena of electromagnetic signals obtained from the body, and reconstruct the information
Ultrasound imaging: Array acoustic delay stack imaging is the most traditional ultrasonic imaging, the most simple, is currently the most practical application of imaging methods widely.In this way, through every cell of the array is introduced into the different time delay, and then into a focused beam, in order to achieve the imaging points in the field.
Orthopedic surgery
Plastic surgery treatment scope is mainly defective skin, muscle and bone trauma, disease, congenital or acquired tiue or organ and deformity.Treatment includes repair and reconstruction of two content.Various tiue tautologies transplantation to operation method, also can use allogeneic, xenogeny tiue or tiue substitutes to repair various causes deformities or bone defects, in order to improve or restore physiological function and appearance
Cosmetic means and then plastic repair operation, use of drugs, medical equipment and other medical technology on people\'s appearance and various parts of the body, and then enhance the body\'s external beauty for science, technology and art of strong medical scientific purposes.For example: the burn and plastic: after burn scar deformity, caused the appearance or dysfunction in treatment and reconstruction.Operation can take skin grafting, skin flap, embedding dilator method
Surgical operation through improved appearance, so as to enhance self-confidence.For example, facial plastic, including cut double fold eyelid, Shavian chin, nose, lip, dimples, teeth, wrinkles, acne, hair, eyelashes.
Facial trauma, fractures, facial cleft lip and palate, other congenital facial deformity treatment and reconstruction
Burns: after burn scar deformity, caused the appearance or dysfunction in treatment and reconstruction.Operation can take skin grafting, skin flap, embedding dilator method Repair of privates: is the hymen repair, the foreskin phimosis
Bone surgery: limb on congenital malformations, the operation trauma, bone
Cosmetic dentistry: according to the uneven teeth or teeth color correction and repair Scar: scar repair for shaping of the beautification effect
rehabilitation engineering
Is the engineering and technical personnel in thecomprehensive rehabilitation
and related engineering theory, rehabilitation workers with each field of rehabilitation of disabled, disabled family members, close cooperation, in a variety of technical means, to help the disabled to maximize the development potential, to restore its independent life, learning, work, return to society, their ability to participate in social science.
Most of the estimated 650 million people living with disabilities around the world lack acce to appropriate medical care and rehabilitation services, especially those living in low- and middle-income countries.As a consequence, people with disabilities experience greater challenges in attaining and maintaining maximum independence and health.Lack of services creates a barrier to full inclusion and participation in all aspects of life.
Rehabilitation is procees intended to enable people with disabilities to reach and maintain optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychological and/or social function.Rehabilitation encompaes a wide range of activities including rehabilitative medical care, physical, psychological, speech, and occupational therapy and support services.People with disabilities should have acce to both general medical care and appropriate rehabilitation
services
The last partConclusion
With the rapid development of technology and society, there will be more and more aociation with our daily life.Biomedical engineering has very good social benefit, and good economic benefit, prospects are very broad, is one of the countries are scrambling to develop high technology.As a Biomedical Engineering student, we should be luck and should study more hard than ever before.
Future prospects for the development of Biomedical Engineering
As electronics, material science, engineering mechanics, information science and electronic computer in various fields such as progre, biomedical engineering has already become an important condition of modern medicine and biology.Research on Biomedical Engineering causes such as X ray computed tomography (XCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonic imaging, patient monitoring and biochemical analysis of a large number of new clinical diagnosis and monitoring technology, equipment and popularity; type laser and electromagnetic kinds of treatment equipment provides treatment and surgical operation new means the family health, and promote the development of the artificial heart; trap and artificial heart valve is saved and kept the world millions of heart disease in patients with normal life; artificial kidney blood purification technology to maintain a number of one hundred thousand renal failure patients; intraocular lens, artificial joints and functional prosthesis has been widely used in rehabilitation and auxiliary function of disabled people; biomechanics research deepened the understanding of the formation mechanism of serious harm to human health of arteriosclerosis and thrombosis, provides the basis for the design of artificial organs for the prevention and control of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and artificial heart valves, artificial blood veels and the like; the application of computer and information technology in medical and clinical expansion, is a fundamental change in the face of the hospital.Chinese scientists will also with the Chinese modern engineering method, conducted a preliminary study of TCM diagnostic objectification, traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese medicine expert system of main and collateral channels, has poured into the vigor for the new development of Chinese traditional medicine, modern medical progre and development of Biomedical Engineering inseparable.At the same time, biomedical engineering is an important foundation and the power of the medical care industry, research and application of medical and pharmaceutical industry and biomedical engineering has the most direct contact, it is driven by the industry occupies the important proportion in national economy, such as driving a year American biomedical engineering industry amounted to tens of billions of dollars.National investment in biomedical engineering, with the improvement of living standards and increased year by year.This subject is facing a new task of many, many achievements have industrialization prospect excellent, so called Chaoyang disciplines of biomedical engineering
