2017高考英语冲刺笔记整理
高中英语语法权威解析
目录:
第01章 名词性从句
第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解
第03章 高中英语语法中的省略现象
第04章 主谓一致
第05章 动词不定式
第06章 倒装结构
第07章 定语从句
第08章 被动语态
第09章 祈使句
第10章 感叹句
第11章 疑问句
第12章 名词
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It seems that„ 似乎„
It happened that„ 碰巧„
It appears that„ 似乎„
(4) It + 过去分词 + 从句
It is reported that„ 据报道„
It has been proved that„ 已证实„
It is said that„ 据说„
3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：
(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2)It is said /reported„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.
错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.
(3)It happens/occurs„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether „结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而that 则不然。例如：
a) What you said yesterday is right.
b) That she is still alive is a consolation
二.宾语从句
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正确表达：He impreed the manager as an honest man.
错误表达：He impreed the manager that he was an honest man.
7.否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, gue, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dre fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
三.表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that„ 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other claes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he mied the early bus.
四.同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1.同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2.同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
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10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.
A.that B.which C.whether D.if
11.Is _____he said really true?
A.that B.what C.why D.whether
12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.
A.That B.Whether C.If D.Where
13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.
A.while B.if C.that D.for
14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.
A.Whether B.This C.who D.If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.
A.What B.That C.Whether D.If
16.____you don’t like him is none of my busine.
A.What B.That C.Who D.How
17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.
A.What; what B.That; that C.what; that D.That ; what
18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.
A.What B.It C.All that D.That
19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.
A.believed B.think C.say D.hoped
20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A.What B.That C.How D.Where
Keys:
1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA
第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解
\"It\" 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：
一、It用作实词
表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that;替代前文中的内容;指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人;指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事;指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象„„
二、It用作形式主语
替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式主语的常见句型：
1.代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为
(1) It be adj.(for sb.) to do sth.
此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, neceary, unneceary, poible, impoible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, usele, dangerous„
例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.
(2) It be adj.of sb.to do sth.
此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtle, careful, carele, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.
例 It\'s kind of you to help me with the problem.
(3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型
It\'s no good/use doing„
It\'s (well)worth doing„
It\'s (well)worth one\'s while doing/to do„
It\'s (well)worth while doing/ to do
例 It\'s no use crying over spilt milk.
2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型
(1) It is + noun +从句
例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.
(2) It is adj.+clause
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例 It\'s the third time that he has failed the driving test.
5.It is/has been„ since „continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了
例 It\'s 10 years that he lived here
6.It was(not)„ before„过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了
例 It was not long before they arrived.
四、It 作形式宾语
用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式宾语的常见句型：
1.verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep„)
例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you\'ll do the task on your own.
2.verb+it+adj./noun (one\'s) doing (adj.=usele/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one\'s while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep„)
例 I\'ll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.
3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/neceary/unneceary/natural/eential that „ (should)„
verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that„(should)„
(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep„)
例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference.
4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)
例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.
5.v.+it + prep.+ that„
owe it to sb.that„把„归功于„
leave it to sb that„把„留给某人去做
take it for granted that „想当然
keep it in mind that„
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(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是„„”
例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won\'t finish it until next week.
(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”
例 Leave the table as it is.
3.as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”
例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.
4.if it weren\'t for„/if it hadn\'t been for„用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是„„，要不是„„”
例 If it weren\'t for Tom, I wouldn\'t be alive today.
5.that\'s it
(1).相当于That\'s all.That\'s so much.表示“至此为止，没有别的了”
例 You can have one more sweet, and that\'s it.
(2).相当于 That\'s right.表示“对啦”
例 — I gue the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That\'s it.
6.catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”
例 We\'ll really catch it form our teacher if we\'re late for cla again.
7.have it
(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”
例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.
(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”
例 I had it from John that she was going abroad.
8.have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”
例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.
9.so it seems / appears.
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例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday?
—It/That all depends.
24.It\'s up to sb.在口语中，相当于it\'s decided by sb.表示“由„„决定，由„„负责，取决于„„”
例 —Shall we go out for dinner?
—It\'s up to you.
“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练
1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?
A.that B.while C.in which D.then (88)
2.Is ____ neceary to complete the design before National Day?
A.this B.that C.it D.he (89)
3.I don\'t think ____ poible to master a foreign language without much memory work.
A.this B.that C.its D.it (91)
4.Does ______ matter if he can\'t finish the job on time?
A.this B.that C.he D.it (91)
5.It was not _____ she took off her glaes _____ I realized she was a famous film star.
A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D.when , then (92)
6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.
A.that B.this C.one D.it (93)
7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.
A.while B.which C.that D.since (94)
8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A.There B.This C.That D.It (95)
9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.
A.until B.that C.then D.so (97)
10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.
A.it B.that C.these D.them (98)
11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A.one B.that C.what D.it (2000)
12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)
A.this B.that C.it D.one
13.—Do you like ___ here?
—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全国卷)
A.this B.These C.That D.it
14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全国卷)
A.it B.One C.Himself D.another
15.The foreign Minister said, \" _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.\"(2004北京)
A.This is B.There is C.That is D.It is
16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progre.(2004北京)
A.It B.As C.That D.What
17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)
— ________, but usually once a week.
A.Have no idea B.It depends C.As usual D.Generally speaking
18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn\'t quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)
A.make out B.turn out C.go on D.come up
19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.
—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.
A.It just depends B.It\'s up to you C.All right D.Glad to hear that
20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.
A.not until midnight did he go
B.until midnight that he didn\'t go
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d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。
f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。
注意：
1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：
Her father told her to be careful when (she was)croing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
2) 当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时 ，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unle ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：
Unle (it is) neceary ,you\'d better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。
2.定语从句中的省略
1) 一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略;如：
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelene in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?(2002上海春季)
而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.( whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。
2)在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：
a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the bo.这是他第一次麻烦老板。
b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?
3)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ，从句不能用 how 来引导 ，应该用that 或 in which ，或将它们全部省略。如：
I don\'t like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。
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a) (There is) No smoking.禁止抽烟
b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ?
c) (You come)This way please.请这边走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ?
3.省略宾语 如：
—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你认识李先生吗?— I don’t know (him.) 我不认识他
4.省略表语 如：
—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗? Yes , I am (thirsty).是的，我是。
5.同时省略几个成分 如：
a) —Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ?—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。
b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。
四、动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合
1.不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：
a)— You should have thanked her before you left .—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。(2000上海春)
b) You can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做，你可以这么做。
2.不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)
b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come).她想来，可是她父母不让。
3.不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：
— I will be away on a busine trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ? — Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat).—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?—没关系，我很愿意。
4.不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：
He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。
五、动词不定式to 的省略
1.主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：
The only thing you have to do is pre the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
2.作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to.如：
He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。
3.主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：
All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要(做)的就是上学，努力学习。
4.当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：
It is easier to say than to do .说起来容易，做起来难。
5.在would rather„than„ 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略.如：
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
6.在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;why (not) do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。如：
a) I saw her enter the room.我看见她进入了房间
b) Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?
六.其他一些省略结构
1.名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：
We spent the weekend at the Mary\'s.我们在玛丽家过的周末。
2.What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：
a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀!
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
第四章 主谓一致
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More persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。
7.none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如:
None of us are (is) perfect.人无完人。
None of this worries me.这事一点不使我着急。
8.名词如: trousers, sciors, clothes, goods, glaes 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数.如:
His clothes are good.但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如:
A pair of glaes is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。
9.形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night ; 以及The United Nations 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
10.“a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数.如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited.参观了一两个地点。
(二) 内容一致原则:
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行车， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2.不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3.加减乘除用单数.如:
Fifteen minus five is ten .15减去5等于10。
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1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.
A.are/is B.are/are C.is/are D.are
2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.
A.is/years B.are/year old C.is/years old D.are/years of age
3.Now Tom with his clamates _____ football on the playground.
A.play B.are playing C.plays D.is playing
4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.
A.are B.has C.have D.is
5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.
A.are B.is C.were D.be
6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.
A.is B.are C.was D.has
7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.
A.are speaking B.is speaking C.were making a speech D.have a speech
8.\"If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,\" said the teacher to the monitor.
A.wants to buy the book/his B.want to buy the book/their
C.will buy the book/one\'s D.wants to have the book bought/her
9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.
A.are B.is stayed C.is D.are left
10.Having arrived at the station, _____.
A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp; B.th, e trai, n had left
C.the train was found left D.he found that the train had left
11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called \"Skyscraper Tower\".
A.stands B.standing C.which stands D.stand
12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.
A.will B.was C.is D.are
13.You as well _____ right.
A.I are B.I am C.as I am D.as I are
14.All but Dick _____ in Cla Three this term.
A.are B.is C.were D.was
15.-- Shall I wait here for three hours?
--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.
A.are not very long for you B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you
C.was not long enough for you D.will be too long for you
16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.
A.have not discued B.have not been discued
C.has not discued D.has not been discued
17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.
A.what is B.they are C.this D.which are
18.Every student and every teacher _____.
A.are going to attend the meeting B.have attended the meeting
C.has attended the meeting D.is attended the meeting
19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.
A.was eaten/were B.were eaten/was C.were eaten/were D.was eaten/was
20.This pair of shoes _____.
A.is her B.is hers C.are hers D.are her
21.There ______ no life on the moon.
A.is said to have B.are said to have C.is said to be D.are said to be
22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill
A.sheep; gra; leaves B.sheeps graes leaves
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47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island
A.are seen B.is seen C.see D.sees
48.Every means ______prevent the water from______
A.are used to polluting B.get used to polluting
C.is used to , polluted D.is used to ,being polluted
49.Each of the ______in the ship.
A.paenger has his own room B.paengers have their own room
C.paenger have their own room D.sengers has his own room
50.What we need ______good textbooks.
A.is B.are C.have D.has
51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discuing.
A.have something B.has something C.had something D.was something
52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.
A.is B.are C.are going D.have
53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.
A.are has B.are have C.is have D.is has
54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.
A.wish B.wishes C.hope D.are hoping
55._______ has been done.
A.nety—nine percents of the work B.Half of what he promised
C.Two-fifths of the articles D.Three quarter of the busine
答案：
1-5 BDDDB 6-10 ABACD 11-15 ACDAB 16-20 DBCDB
21-25 CACBA 26-30CBACA 31-35 CCADC 36-40CBCAD
41-45 BBCBD 46-50 DBDDB 51-55 BAABB
第五章 动词不定式
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b.We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, gue, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our cla.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having invented
答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn\'t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
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for 与of 的辨别方法
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
4.不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
5.不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
6.不定式作状语
1) 目的状语
To„ only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)„ as to„ (如此„„以便„„)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。
2) 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I\'m glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A.sit B.sit on C.be seat D.be sat on
答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于\"形容词+动词不定式\"结构的末尾。
用作介词的to
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A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning
答案：B.make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window„
She pretended not to see me when I paed by.我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1) Tell him ___ the window.
A.to shut not B.not to shut C.to not shut D.not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I paed by.
A.not to see B.not seeing C.to not see D.having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3) Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A.never to drive B.to never driver C.never driving D.never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth.此处用的是否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat no B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating
答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
不定式的特殊句型too„to„
1) too„to
太„以至于„
He is too excited to speak.他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I\'m afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为\"不太\"。
It\'s never too late to mend.(谚语) 改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常„ 等于very。
I\'m only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。
不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
不定式的特殊句型Why not
\"Why not +动词原形\"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：\"为什么不„„?\" \"干吗不„„?\"
例如：Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
不定式的时态和语态
时态\\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again.= I hope that I\'ll see you again.我希望再见到你。
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stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择\"stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事\"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
stop doing/to do
forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。
(已做)
The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don\'t forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh, I forgot___.
A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事
(未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事
(已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。
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I was beginning to get angry.我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。
I begin to understand the truth.我开始明白真相。
4) 物作主语时
It began to melt.
感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调\"我看见了\"这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调\"我见他正干活\"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1) They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow
答案：A.因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2) The miing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A.playing B.to be playing C.play D.to play
答案：A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb.doing sth句型。
第六章 倒装结构
一 全部倒装
全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1.here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：
1) There goes the bell.铃声渐渐消失了。
2) Then came the chairman.然后主席就来了
3) Here is your letter.这是你的信。
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Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜欢音乐。
3.表示\"也\"、\"也不\" 的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：
1) Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能说法语，我也能。
2) If you won\'t go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为\"的确如此\"。例如：
1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。
2) ---It\'s raining hard.
---So it is.---雨下得很大。 ---的确很大。
4.only放在句首，强调状语(副词，介词短语或状语从句等)，全句语序要部分倒装。例如：
Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被请了三次才来开会。
注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。
三 as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。此时应注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词;2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。
注意: 让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
四 其他部分倒装
1.so„ that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得动都不敢动。
2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：
May you all be happy.望大家开心愉快。
3.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：
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We depend on the land from which we get our food.
c) 多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
②先行词为those, people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.
③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
One who doesn\'t work hard will never succeed in his work.
④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you.
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
The first English book that I read was \"The Prince and the Pauper\" by Mark Twin.
d)先行词既有人，又有物时。
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as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。
As is know, smoking is harmful to one\'s health.
用法区别：
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we all know, he never smokes.
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。
She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.
(4)As 的用法 the same„ as; such„as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和„„一样„„。
I should like to use the same tool as is used here.
We should have such a dictionary as he is using.
定语从句语法专项练习习题精选
用适当的关系词填空：
1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.
2.I\'ll never forget the day________ we met each other last week.
3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.
4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.
5.I\'ll never forget the last day______ we spent together.
6.This is the school ______I used to study.
7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week?
8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition?
9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake?
10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake?
11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.
12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.
13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.
14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.
15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.
16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(认出)you.
18.This is the very novel about____we\'ve talked so much.
19.This is the way____he did it.
20.Who is the student _____was late for school today?
21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him?
22.What else was there in my brother____you didn\'t like?
23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.
24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.
25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.
26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.
27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.
28.And there is one point ______I\'d like your advice.
29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.
30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.
KEYS:
1.when 2.when 3.which 4.that/which 5.that
6.where 7.that/which 8.where 9.which 10.where
11.where 12.which 13.when 14.that 15.that
16.that 17.(that) 18.which 19.(that/in which) 20.that
21.that 22 that 23.whose 24.of which 25.whose
26.whom 27.when 28.that 29.that 30.where
第八章 被动语态
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3 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
三、被动语态的用法
1 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：
1) Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
2) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。
2 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：
1) This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
2) Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。
记忆歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
1 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2 把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)，根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主 动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。
3 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：
1) All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.
2) They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.
记忆歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
记忆歌诀：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如：
1) We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.
2) You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.
3) They should do it at once.= It should be done at once
第9讲祈使句
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