税务机关：
国税局：State Administration of Taxation地税局：bureau of local taxation地方税务局：Local Taxation bureau
外汇管理局：Foreign Exchange Control Board财政部：The Ministry of Finance财政局：finance bureau
海关：the customs统计局： Statistics Bureau工商行政管理局： Administration of Industry and Commerce
出入境检验检疫局：Administration for EntryExit Inspection and Quarantine中国证监会：China Securities Regulatory Commiion (CSRS) 劳动和社会保障部：Ministry of Labour and Social Security
税种：
营业税：Busine tax增值税：VAT (value added tax)消费税：Excise印花税：Stamp tax/duty
个人所得税：Personal（Individual） income tax城市维护建设税：City maintenance construction tax
企业所得税：Corporate/enterprise/busine income tax资源税：Resource tax土地增值税：Increment tax on land value 房产税：House property tax土地使用税：Land use tax车船使用税：Operation tax of vehicle and ship
耕地占用税：Farmland use tax教育费附加：Extra charges of education funds税收的本质特征: the “three features” oftaxation 税收类型：
课征目的：一般税（普通税）General Tax；特别税（目的税，特定目的税）Specific Tax
计税依据：从价税 Ad valorem Tax；从量税Unit tax征收实体：实物税In Kind Tax；货币税Monetized Tax；劳役税 labor Tax 税收和价格关系：价内税 Tax With the Price；价外税Off-price Tax税负转嫁：直接税Direct Tax；间接税Indirect Tax 税收管理权限：中央税Central Tax；地方税Local Tax；中央地方共享税Shared Tax）
课税对象：商品劳务税（销售税）Goods and Services Tax；所得税Income Tax；财产税Property Tax；资源税resource tax 税收要素：
1、纳税人：纳税人（纳税义务人）Tax Payer；负税人Tax Bearer；扣缴义务人Withholding Agent
2、课税对象Object of Taxation
3、税基Tax Base
4、税目Item of Tax
5、税率：税率结构:Tax rate structure 税率等级：Tax bracket
定额税率固定税率，Fixed Tax Rate；比例税率Proportional Tax Rate；
累进税率Progreive Tax Rate全额累进税率（Progreive tax rate in exce of total amount）
超额累进税率（Progreive tax rate in exce of specific amount）
名义税率（表列税率）Nominal Tax Rate；实际税率（有效税率）、实际负担率,Effective Tax Rate
累退税率Regreive tax rate边际税率marginal tax rate；平均税率average tax rate
6、纳税环节impact point of taxation
7、纳税期限tax day；the aeable period for tax payment
8、纳税地点tax payment place
9、减免税（税收优惠）,tax preference起征点tax threshold
免征额（费用扣除）tax deduction税收中性tax neutrality预算约束线budget constraint
无差异曲线indifference curve收入效应income effect替代效应substitution effect
税收超额负担deadweight lose; Exce Burden：消费者剩余consumer surplus 生产者剩余producer surplus
需求价格弹性price elasticity of demand供给价格弹性price elasticity of supply
洛伦茨曲线lorenz curve基尼系数gini coefficient税收乘数Multiplier theory
税收自动稳定机制automatic stabilizers——内在稳定器built-in stabilizers
稳健的财政政策：Prudent fiscal policy积极的财政政策：Pro-active fiscal policy
扩张性财政政策：Loose or expansionary policy紧缩性财政政策：Tight or contractionary policy
税负转嫁和归宿：
税收负担Tax Burden税负转嫁Tax Shifting税收归宿Tax Incidence：法定归宿Legal Incidence；经济归宿Economic Incidence 逃漏税Tax Evasion 偷税：tax dodging最优税收optimal taxation
前转Forward Shifting；后转Backward Shifting；混转Diffused Shifting；税收资本化Capitalization of Taxation
税制结构structure of tax system：主体税种main tax；辅助税种subsidiary tax
税式支出：
税式支出 Tax Expenditure system :税收减免tax abatement and tax exemption税收抵免tax credit税前扣除pre-tax deduction优惠退税preferential tax refund（reinforcement）加速折旧accelerated depreciation
盈亏互抵lo carry-forward and carry-backward延期纳税tax deferral税收豁免tax exemption税收饶让tax sparing
优惠税率preferential tax rate
There is an old saying, \"Nothing in life is certain except death and taxes.\" The first part is true for everyone and the second certainly true for anyone in china who is of legal age, has a job, or ever buys anything.Income tax, busine tax, and resource tax are just a few of the fees that government impose on its citizens.
Tax is very important to our country, which can be used in the public services, such as education, road construction, public health and so on.As we all know, tax makes up a great part of our country\'s revenue, and the development of our country depends on it.From what has been discued above, we can see that it is everyone\'s legal duty to pay tax, because it means making contributions to the country and everyone can benefit from it.Those who try to dodge and evade taxation are sure to be punished, In a word, paying tax is our responsibility for society.
I would be swollen with pride if I become a really tax payer ..
