USA BASIC INFO
1the first settlement in North America
The first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English King.The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on them and by transplanting tobacco in the colony of Virginia.In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgees, and the same time they bought and enslaved black servants.These two greatly influenced the political and social development of the United States later.
2the religion reform and leaders
In the Religious Reformation, Martin Luther, a German profeor of theology, believed that sinful men could win salvation neither by good works nor through the church or the pope.And the only true guide to the will of god was the Bible.
John Calvin, a Frenchman, who had fled to Switzerland, started his reform movement.
In England, King Henry VIII, (8th) because of the political disputes with the Roman Catholic Church and his marital problems broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and set up the Church of England, and he became the head of the Church.
3the founding father of Unite State Benjamin Franklindrafted Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
George Washington the commander of Continental Army and Navy
4the cause of American Revolution
By the early 1760s, the 13 colonies in North America had developed a similar American pattern in politics, economy and cultural life and enjoyed the same frontier environment.As a result, they were ready to separate themselves from the old world.The American Revolution officially proclaimed the birth of a new nation of Americans.
5 3 civilizations
Aztecs, 阿兹台克Incas, Mayas
6Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in1791.The Bill of Rights was paed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to aemble public places, the right to own weapons and so on.
7check and balance p58
Three-part national government, they often refer to what they call its system of “check and balances”.The system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another.
8 declaration of independence
The declaration of independence proclaimed that 13 united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states.But they were not clear about the future political system of the United States and the relationship between the states and the government of the new nation.
9 united states constitution
The plan for the government was written in very simple language in a document called the constitution of the United States.1The constitution set up a federal 联邦的system with a strong central government.A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.2The constitution also called for the election of national leader.3It provided that federal laws would be made only by a congre made up of representatives elected by the people.It also provided for a national court system headed by a supreme court.
10wasp =a white Anglo-Saxon Protestant
American mainstream culture was developed from what is known as “WASP” culture and that people who settled
in the 13 North American colonies that would become the United States were mostly Protestant believers.11relationship between government and religion
The United States would have no state-supported religion.In this way, those men who formulated the principle tenets of the newly established political system hoped to insure that the diversity of religious belief would never become the source of social or political injustice or disaffection.
12 religions between USA and European
First of all, American with different religions lives together under the same law.The bill of rights in the US constitution insists that there should be no state religion.
Secondly, the religious beliefs of American continue to be strong with social progre.Thirdly, in the United States every church is completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.
13 three faiths
By the 1095s, the 3 faiths model of American religion had developed.American was considered to come in 3 basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish.In term of numbers, the Protestant are the strongest, the Catholic is next to the Protestant and Jewish are the smallest among the 3.
14 Mark Twain
Mark Twain is the pen name of Samuel Clemens.He was one of the greatest American writers.He captured a peculiarly American sense of humor.He represented a new American voice.His major work was The Adventures of Huckberry Finn which has been called the great novel in American literature.
15The lost generation
In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment.Some lived in Europe.They were known as the lost generation, two of the most representative of it were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.16Hemingway
His main characters were usually tough, silent men, good at sports or war but awkward in their dealing with women.Among his best books were The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and for whom the Bell Tolls.17nobel prize
Sinclair Lewis first one in USA /O’Neil /Saul Bellow/Isaac Bashevis Singer/
Hemingway /William Faulkner
18famous universities
California Institute of Technology 加州理工学院 Harvard University (MA) 哈佛大学Maachusetts Inst.of Technology 麻省理工学院 Princeton University (NJ) 普林斯顿大学Yale University (CT) 耶鲁大学 Stanford University (CA) 斯坦福大学 19Social separation
White and black couldn’t be together in a public place to enjoy the same right
20kkk
It was a secret organization which set up after the 1865 civil war of United States in the southern.It objected the liberation of black slavers in northern.Many years later, they came to alive to flight against the Jewish and Catholic people to keep the highest station of white.
21luther King
P155 A civil right leader during the movement in 1960s gave a lot of speech, like “I have a dream”.He won the Nobel peace prize in 1964s for his achievement of raising the image of black.22Conterculture
It rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.23hippies
They sought experience through dropping out and drug taking.But it was music, rock music in particular.They had a great impact on social moral.
24imagery of crime
Male, young, a member of a racial minority, and a city resident
25Cold war
By the end of WWII, the United States became the strongest country in the world.As the poeor of atomic bombs and much of the world’s gold reserve, the policy-maker of the US wanted world order, and the US encountered determined resistance from the Soviet Union.Finally the two wartime allies fell apart.
26NATO北大西洋公约组织
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization members are United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.Organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party
27Warsaw The Warsaw Treaty was the Soviet Bloc’s military response to NATO Pact.
28先发制人 Preemption
Preemption is formalized in the National Security Strategy iued in September 2002.When it determines that a country which is repreive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of ma destruction or has the potential to poe such weapons.
29杜鲁门主义Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine was a policy set forth by U.S.President Harry S.Truman on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S.would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.
30古巴导弹危机Cuban Miile Crisis
The Cuban Miile Crisis was a confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War.In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number of medium- and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear miiles with the ability to strike most of the continental United States.This iue was the turning point of the cold war.Can basic info(from sea to sea)
1the biggest city and the capital TorontoOttawa
210provinces and 3 territories
Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories.In turn, these may be grouped into regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (the latter made up of the three territories: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut).
3economy
Canadian economy is influenced by Canada’s physical geography: huge size and small population has made extracting and transporting goods to markets difficult.The second is United States, which shares the long and open border with it.The third is the government’s intervention介入in the economy, rather than the market plays a full role.
4central Canada
Central Canada, consisting of Ontario安大略and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provinces.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal蒙特利尔.
5Quebec
Quebec is a mainly French-speaking province in Canada.Here French speakers comprise 83% of the population.They feel that their linguistic and cultural heritage is threatened by the mainly English-speaking environment and that they are economically dominated by English Canada.They are keen to preserve the historic language and French-speaking culture.
6 Canada-US relations
They are the 2 of the most open and interconnected societies in the world.They share a long and undefended border and they are in many military alliance.They also share long term interests in their economy.But sometime s there is the point where differences of opinion occur.The relations often have been rocky.
Canada is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.
7political system
1Canada’s system of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Canada is monarchy and its official head of state is the Queen, who is represented by an official called a Governor General.2The federal government distinguishes from the lower level government.
3The parliament is divided into the house of common and the house of senate.The MP is elected.The head of the party which wins the most seats becomes the Prime minister.The cabinet is chosen by Prime Minister, is made up of senior Mps from the governing Party.
8party
加拿大自由党Liberal Party of Canada
加拿大保守党Conservative Party of Canada
加拿大新民主党New Democratic Party
英国下议院总有一个拥有绝对多数的政党，该党领袖被国王任命为首相。下议院第二大党的领袖则成为反对党领袖。
In the 2010 general election held on 6 May, the Conservatives gained a plurality多数 of seats in a hung parliament and Cameron was appointed Prime Minister on 11 May 2010, at the head of a coalition联合 between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats.At the age of 43, Cameron became the youngest British Prime Minister since the Earl of Liverpool 198 years earlier.The Cameron Ministry is the first coalition government in the United Kingdom since the Second World War.
