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美文复习笔记

发布时间:2020-03-02 17:21:12 来源:范文大全 收藏本文 下载本文 手机版

美国文学

第一章 浪漫主义时期(18世纪末——内战爆发)

1、浪漫主义时期是美国文学史上最重要的时期,是

美国历史上的西部扩张westward expansion时期,人口增加population increase,向工业转化industrial transformation政治上,民主与平等称为国家的理想,产生了两党制。这个年轻国家的文学富有想象,形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。

2、浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣great

flowering时期,所以美国的浪漫主义时期也称为“美国的文艺复兴。”

3、英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响,美

国作家秉承了与英国一样的文化传统,形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。但这一时期著名的文学作品表现的却是富有美国色彩的浪漫主义思想,“西部开拓”pioneering into the west就是一个最好的例子。他们大量描述了美国本土的自然风光:原始的森林virgin forests,广袤的平原、苍茫的大海vast oceans.

这些自然景物成为人们品格的象征。The wilderne came to function almost as a

dramatic character that symbolized moral law.形成了美国文学中渴望逃离社会,回归自然的传统。The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.

这些传统在库伯的Leather-Stocking Tales、梭罗的Walden、马克·吐温的Adventures of Huckleberry Finn中都得到了明显的表现。

4、这一时期大多数文学作品,普遍强调文学的想象

力imagination和情感因素emotional qualities,包括生动的描写picturesque、异国情调的表达exotic、感官的体会sensuous、耸人听闻的sensational、超自然力的描述supernatural.

5、美国作家特别注重感情的自由表达free

expreion of emotions和人物的心理描写psychic states of their characters.

6、作品的主人公敏感sensitivity而富有激情

excitement.注重表现个人和普通人exalt the individual and the common man 是这一时期作品的强烈倾向,几乎为全国所崇尚。

7、Freneau, Bryant, Cooper的作品对客观自然

external nature的描写有强烈的兴趣。Freneau在“帝国的废墟”主题中对过去情景的秒学绘声绘色,欧文对哈德逊河传说的利用炉火纯青。

8、美国浪漫主义时期的文学上接英国文学传统,下

开美国文学之风。American Romanticism is ,in a certain way, derivative(衍生物).

9、美国清教Puritanism作为一种文化遗产,对美国

人的道德观念产生了很大影响,在美国文学中也留下了明显的印记。美国文学家的道德倾向tend more to moralize比欧洲文学家更浓。在霍桑、麦尔维尔的作品中加尔文主义Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。美国浪漫主义作家在人性上的理解也各自不同,爱默生和梭罗等超验主义者认为人类在自然中是神圣的man is divine in nature,因此人类是可以完善的perfectible,但霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人,因此需要道德力量来改善人性,《红字》一书就典型地反应了这个观点。

10 美国浪漫主义文学标志性运动是新英格兰超验主

义运动New England Transcendentalism。超验主义文学的主要代表:爱默生(只有人心灵的尊严the integrity of your own mind才是最神圣的)、梭罗,他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。

超验主义“承认人类具有本能地了解或认识真理的能力,能够超出感官获取知识。”

超验主义还认为自然是高尚的,个人是神圣的,

因此人必须自立。Nature is ennobling and the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.11 美国浪漫主义时期的作家:Philip Freneau、

William Cullen Bryant、Henry Wordsworth Longfellow、James Rael Lowell、John Greenleaf Whitter、Edgar Ellen Poe、欧文、爱默生、霍桑、麦尔维尔以及惠特曼。惠特曼以《草叶集》成为美国十九世纪最有影响的诗人。

一、Washington Irving

1、华盛顿·欧文第一个具有国际声誉的美国作家,浪

漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。

2、最初以笔名Jonathan Oldstyle给其哥哥编辑的

报纸投稿,这些系列文章都是讽刺纽约社会的,在这些文章中他把一切都看成是愚蠢的,包括他自己。

3、1819年至1820年,欧文出版了《见闻札记》The

Sketch Book,该书为欧文赢得了大西洋两岸的文学荣誉,书中有反映英国生活的文章,有美国本土化了的欧洲传说,如《瑞普·凡·温克尔》Rip Van Winkle和《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,都是受德国传说影响而写成的,

虽然带有异国情调,却属于美国语言文化,很容易引起人们对美国情况的想象。The tales about America made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring.欧文的贡献在于他把欧洲文学的传统引入了美国。

4、欧文的思想是保守的。Irving’s taste was

eentially conservative.这种保守倾向在《瑞普·凡·温克尔》中得到了一定程度的体现。This social conservatism and literary preference for the past is revealed, to some extent, in his famous story “Rip Van Winkle.”

欧文喜欢过去,喜欢梦境,不喜欢现在,不喜欢现实。Irving agree on the preferablity of the past to the present, and the preferability of a dream-like world to the real one.

5、欧文是“完善了美国文学的古典主义风格”的作

家。Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who “perfected the best claic style that American Literature ever produced.”

6、欧文在艺术创作方面堪称是“美国的金匠”。

7、Washington Irving is worth the honor of being

“the American Goldsmith” for his literary craftsmanship.

二、Ralph Waldo Emerson散文家eayist

1、爱默生是新英格兰超验主义运动的主要代表。

验主义俱乐部非正式的宣言就是《论自然》Nature,这是爱默生的第一本书,却使爱默生成为了新英格兰超验主义文学的发言人。

2、爱默生的《散文集》为他建立了永久的散文家的

声名,他的著名文章都收录在那里,这些文章表达了他的哲学思想philosophical discuions和超验主义的精神transcendental pursuits,如《论美国学者》The American Scholar,《论自立》 Self-Reliance,《论超灵》The Over-soul.他的《散文集续集》更彻底地表现了他自《散文集》发表以后的思想,其中《论诗人》和《论经验》,前者就美国文学的现状作出美学的评判,后者对唯心主义和日常生活的冲突进行讨论。爱默生的哲学思想和超验主义精神在美国具有重大影响,产生了像梭罗、惠特曼、狄金森。梭罗作为受爱默生的弟子,受爱默生及其作品Nature的影响巨大,梭罗写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。霍桑受爱默生超验主义理论很大影响。

3、爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学、个人及自然的重

要性。爱默生《论自然》中“透明眼球”a

transparent eyeball的比喻说明他的哲学思想:人是自然超灵的一部分,同时又能从自然中获取经验。爱默生相信直觉知识intuitive knowledge,觉得人应该自立。他在《论自立》中写道“Trust thyself,”相信你自己吧,人类可以发展完善自己的可能性是无限的。

4、爱默生通过使用自然作为精神、上帝或超灵的象

征,将清教的象征主义思想遗产臻于完美。

5、爱默生的散文风格:

1) causal style ,most of them were derived

from his journals or lectures

2) short, declarative sentences ,not quite

logically connected ,but illustrative statements of truth and thoughts.

3) His philosophical discuion is difficult to

understand but he use comparisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly expreed.

4) Employed the claics of Western

European literature to make and enrich his own points but never let them take the full reins of his discuion.Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style, as his The American Scholar in 1837.

三、Nathaniel Hawthorne

1、霍桑是美国文学史上最富矛盾情感most

ambivalent的作家,对人类内心世界 “interior of the heart” of man’s being具有极大的兴趣。

2、1837年,霍桑出版了《尽人皆知的故事》

Twice-Told Tales,a collection of short stories which attracted critical attention.

3、The Scarlet Letter is regarded as the best of

Hawthorne’s works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community are involved in and

affected by the sin of adultery通奸in different ways.在《红字》中,霍桑集中表现道德、情感和心理对大众的作用,揭示社会与个人的紧张矛盾。Hawthorne focuses on the moral,

emotional, and psychological effects of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals.4、The House of the Seven Gables、The

Blithedale Romance ( his own experiences on

the Brook Farm)、The Marble Faun ( a romance set in Italy, the book is concern about the dark aberrations of the human spirit精神失常。

5、霍桑的黑暗的人生观black vision of life and

human beings使他的内心世界不安和痛苦。Black vision refers to all men are by nature evil.

霍桑认为 “There is evil in every human heart , With the scarlet letter A as the biggest symbol of all, Hawthorne proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.Hawthorne is a master of symbolism.

9、the theme of Young Goodman Brown:

2011.4 简答6分

1) Young Goodman Brown is eentially an

allegory.It is concerned with a young Puritan who attend a witches’ Sabbath in which may remain latent潜在的, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity.” A piece of literary work should “show how we are all wronged and wrongers , and avenge报复 one another.”

6、In almost all Hawthorne’s works ,he discues

sin and evil.

In “Young Goodman Brown,” Hawthorne sets out to prove that everyone poees some evil secret.It exemplifies what Melville called the “power of blackne” in Hawthorne’s work.

In “The Minister’s Black Veil,” Hawthorne goes further to suggest that everyone tries to hold the evil secret from one another in the way the minister tries to convince his people with his black veil.

“The Birthmark,” drives home symbolically Hawthorne’s point that evil is man’s birthmark, something he is born with.

7、霍桑最关注的一个罪恶之源就是一个人过于自傲

自负。他笔下的这些自傲自负的知识分子

intellectuals因为缺乏人情的温暖和感情而成为恶棍villains.在一定程度上,霍桑对人类及人类历史的看法起源于清教。他本人不是清教徒,他认为“一代人的错误行为会遗传到下几代人”,并怀疑自己遗传了他先辈的罪恶。对罪恶的敏感和理解方式是典型的加尔文主义思想Calvinistic belief,认为人类本质是邪恶的,必然向上帝赎罪should obey God to atone for their sins.霍桑的许多作品中都抨击清教徒对人生的观念,在The House of the Seven Gables和The Scarlet Letter中都表现了这种反清教的思想。 “The

Custom-House” as an introductory note to The Scarlet Letter proves fruitful to Hawthorne’s imagination.

8、Hawthorne’s artistic feature:

the woods.

2) Goodman Brown’s journey is a symbolic

journey of discovering sin and evil in

human hearts.The discovery is horrible in that it makes Brown a distrust and doubtful man forever.

3) In dealing with the theme of guilt and sin ,

Hawthorne exemplifies the “power of blackne”.

4) The story faithfully reflects Hawthorne’s

Puritan belief: “ There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity.”

四.Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼

1、惠特曼是有强烈使命感with strong sense of

miion的美国著名诗人,他的诗体现了美国的民主思想,反映了美国独立战争和内战的重大史实,代表作是他毕生唯一一本诗集《草叶集》。惠特曼在《草叶集》中表现的是一种开放性、自由性及个性,他想表达新的诗情,开创一种新的诗歌传统。

2、沃尔特·惠特曼认为,诗歌可以塑造一个新的民族

精神,可以帮助脱离欧洲思想和殖民地统治的影响,还可以帮助美国人民重新理解其新的地位和在新的充满无限可能的国家里给自己定位。 As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the proce of creating a new nation.It could enable Americans to celebrate their release from the Old World and the colonial rule.

3、惠特曼的诗歌主题丰富,他关注整个勤劳的民族

the whole hard working people 以及新兴城市的生活the burgeoning life of cities。在他的诗中,个人价值的实现也得到了特殊的表现。《草叶集》绝大部分作品都是歌颂整个美国以及自我的most of the poems in Leaves of Gra sing of

the “en-mae” and the self as well。惠特曼

3、In Herman Melville’s final years he turned again 强调自我的物理存在和性爱 to prose fiction and wrote what is probably his

4、惠特曼也有一些政治抒情诗。Some of second famous work,Billy Budd ,not

Whiteman’s poems are politically committed.published,until 1924.Before and during the Civil War, Whiteman《比利.伯德》死后才出版 stood firmly on the side of the North and wrote

4、a series of poems incorporating his emotionsand feelings during the period, which weregathered as a collection under the title of 《鼓点》描写美国内战的。在《渡河的骑兵》(《草叶集》中《鼓点》里的一首诗)Cavalry Cro a Ford中惠特曼expreed

much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield.林肯的逝世让惠特曼很伤心,写下了《小院丁香花开时》 。mournful

5、惠特曼的艺术特色:poetic style

(1) By use “I” ,Whiteman’s poetic style is

marked 使用第一人称

(2) adopted “free verse”, without a fixed

beat or regular rhyme scheme.惠特曼认为,自由体诗把诗歌带入了一片新天地,引起读者的自由想象和共鸣allow the readers’ imagination to play。

(3) the images in his poems are

conventional

(4) he uses oral Englishsimple even

crude

(5) his vocabulary is amazing (6) parallelism排比and phonetic

recurrence are used at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems.

6、There Was a Child Went Forth 《有个孩子在长

大》describes the growth of a child 诗中作者自己儿童时期的经历与美国作为儿童时期有着相似之处。

7、 ,《草叶集》中的.

五、Herman Melville

1、Herman Melville is best known as his mighty book,, which is one of the world’s greatest masterpieces.

2、In 1841,Melville went to the South Sea on a whaling ship,where he gained the first-hand information about whaling that he used later in Moby-Dick.

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