一）段首句
1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying______.Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.
3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life.First, ____ Second,____.What makes things worse is that______.4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。
Nowadays，it is common to ______.Many people like ______ because ______.
Besides，______.
5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.
6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……
People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person.Some people say that ______.To them,_____.
7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.
8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.10.根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while.Obviously，______，but why?
（二）中间段落句
1.相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。
On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.2.但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I dont think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst ofall，___.3.……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……
______is neceary and important to our countrys development and construction.First，______.Whats more, _____.Most important of all,______.4.有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。
There are several measures for us to adopt.First, we can______ 5.面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面， Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______.For one thing，______For another，______ 6.早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it.For example._____.In addition.
_____.All these measures will certainly______.7.为什么……？第一个原因是……；第二个原因是……；第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……
Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is
______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.8.然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own
disadvantages, such as ______.9.尽管如此，我相信……更有利。
Nonethele, I believe that ______is more advantageous.10.完全同意……这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下：
I fully agree with the statement that ______ because
1.It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population.
2.It is (has been) estimated that the worlds population could reach 6 billion by the end of the century.
3.It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of succe but hard work. 4.It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we can overcome.
5.As is known man is the product of labor.
6.It is a common saying that man who has a settled purpose will surely succeed.
7.It is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace.
8.It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.
9.Its hard to say whether the plan is practicable.
10.There is no doubt that others will help you if you have any difficulties.
11.It seems certain that they have made a series of experiments.
12.It is said that bats have been using radar for millions of years.
13.To tell the truth, many mistakes we made could have been avoided.
14.As we know, it was not until recently that the problem was solved.
15.It must be admitted that you havent done what you promised to do.
16.In my opinion, this computer is different from that one you saw.
17.It is certain that we have a long way to go.
18.All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.
19.As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.
20.It has been proved that every substance, no matter what it is, is made up of atoms.
21.It has been decided that we are going to build a railway whose base must be completed within his year.
22.It is obvious (evident) that the succe of the innovation depends on our concerted efforts. 23.To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.
24.It is natural that one may have trouble expreing complicated ideas in simple English.
25.What is more important, the agreement they have negotiated is being carried out.
26.We will be succeful as long as we persevere.
27.Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may not apply to things happening here.
28.It is true that we must redouble our efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.
29.I take it for granted that they will support this idea.
30.In a certain sense, a succeful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.
31.The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.
32.There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production.
33.There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production.
34.Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldnt utter a word.
35.As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
36.Our goal must be attained.Our goal can unquestionably be attained.
37.Noting can prevent us from realizing the four modernizations.
38.Now in China, more and more families can afford to buy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, TV sets, video orders.
39.No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it. 40.It can be said that without knowledge of science and technology, it is impoible to build socialist modernizations
英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析．
一． 不一致（Disagreements）
所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等． 例１． When one have money ,he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．) 剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致．
改为： Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
二． 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）
英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．例１． I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末．
三． 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）
在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生． 例１． There are many ways to know the society.For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句．
改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper. 四． 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died.这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了． 改为：
When I was ten, my grandfather died.例１． To do well in college, good grades are eential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚． 改为：
To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
五． 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech) “词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等． 例１． None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。 改为：
None can deny the importance of money.
六． 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns) 指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句： Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。) 读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例1.And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. 剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为： We can also know society by serving it ourselves.
七． 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences) 什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。
例１． There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。 改为：
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或：
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world
八． 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction) Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
例１． The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。) 剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。 改为：
The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
九． 累赘(Redundancy) 言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：
In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his lazine, I like him.例１． For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。
改为：
Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十． 不连贯(Incoherence) 不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。 例１． The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。 改为：
Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十一． 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage) 所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。
例1．Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc
写作绝招一（如何写好开头和结尾）
一 开头万能公式：
1． 开头万能公式一：
名人名言有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？经典句型：A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that…
2。开头万能公式二：
数字统计原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： Honesty 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 Travel by Bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。 Youth 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。 Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work? 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …
二 结尾万能公式：
1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论
说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：
Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politene and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！ 更多过渡短语：
to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型：
Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…
几年的英语写作基础试卷在考查内容和试题类型上改动不大，保持了命题的连贯性。考查内容包括三大部分：句子的组成、段落的写作、应用文写作。题型有重写句子、改写病句、识别主题句、重新组合段落、识别与段落内容无关的句子、写信六种。本文将按题型顺序对二ＯＯＯ年试题的考核知识点与解题思路进行分析和探讨，同时，也将对考生答题中的典型错误作一剖析，希望能有益于准备参加今年考试的同学。
第一大题 重写句子（本大题共10小题，每小题1.5分，共15分）
Rewrite each of the following sentences according to the requirement.
一，考核知识点：考查loose sentence 与periodic sentence之间的转换。
●试题：
2.I felt like taking a walk after watching the sunset.(periodic sentence)
3.While they were waiting in line for the concert tickets, the rain stopped.(loose sentence)
●答案：
2.After watching the sunset, I felt like taking a walk.
3.The rain stopped while they were waiting in line for the concert tickets.
●解题关键：
（１） 明确两种句型的特点：就语义结构而论，periodic sentence（掉尾句）中主要信息在后，次要信息在前，使句子的重心置于句尾，旨在造成悬念，引人入胜；而loose sentence（松散句）则正相反，将句义重心放在句首，使主要信息一目了然。就语法结构而言，periodic sentence（掉尾句）将句子成分中的修饰部分放在主要成分（一般为主谓结构）之前；而loose sentence（松散句）则反之。 （２） 第二题原句主要信息为 I felt like taking a walk，放在次要信息After watching the sunset之前，原句是loose sentence（松散句）,变换句型只要将主次信息换位即可。第三题原句的主要信息为the rain stopped，次要信息为while they were waiting in line for the concert tickets，原句是periodic sentence（掉尾句）,变换成loose sentence（松散句）,需主次信息换位。
二，考核知识点：考查将两个独立短句合并成一个simple sentence的能力。
●试题：
5.The letter is from my foreign friend.The letter arrived today.(simple sentence)
9.My roommate was waiting for me at the door.He had a book in his hand.(simple sentence)
●答案：
5.The letter from my foreign friend arrived today.
9.My roommate with a book in his hand was waiting for me at the door.
●解题关键：
（1） 明确simple sentence（简单句）的构成：simple sentence（简单句）包含一个主语+谓语动词（S+V）的结构。
（2） 将两个短句的共同主语作为合并后的simple sentence（简单句）的主语，并将其中包含主要信息的短句的谓语动词确立为simple sentence（简单句）的谓语动词，另一短句转化为修饰成分。
（3） 第5题原句中第一个短句为次要信息，介词短语from my foreign friend可作为修饰成分。第9题原句中，第一个短句包含主要信息，其谓语动词was waiting可作为合并后的simple sentence（简单句）的谓语动词，第二个短句He had a book in his hand,可转化为with引导的介词短语结构，作修饰成分。
●考生典型答题错误分析
（错误）The letter which arrived today is from my foreign friend. （分析）错误有二：
一、未将原句中包含主要信息的短句的谓语动词arrived作为合并后的simple sentence（简单句）的谓语动词；
二、含有定语从句的句子不是simple sentence（简单句），而是complex sentence（复合句）。
（错误）The letter arrived today is from my foreign friend.
（分析）这是一个病句，句中出现两个没有合适方式连接的谓语动词，根本不符合语法规则。
（错误）My roommate, who had a book in his hand, was waiting for me at the door.
（分析）此句中who had a book in his hand是定语从句，而simple sentence（简单句）中不能含有从句。
三，考核知识点：考查独立短句与compound sentence之间的转换
●试题：
1.Jerry is a good student.He studies hard and grasps concepts well.(compound sentence)
6.We could take a taxi.We could walk to the restaurant.(compound sentence)
10.I needed butter to make the cookie better.I couldn’t find any.I used vegetable oil instead.(compound sentence)
●答案：
1.Jerry is a good student, for he studies hard and grasps concepts well.
6.We could take a taxi or we could walk to the restaurant.
10.I needed butter to make the cookie better, but I couldn’t find any, so I used vegetable oil instead.
●解题关键：
（1） 明确compound sentence（并列句）的特点：compound sentence（并列句）是由并列连词或特定的标点符号将意义相关、结构完整的两个或两个以上的simple sentence（简单句）连接起来构成的。 （2） 理顺独立短句间逻辑关系：是承递、转折、选择、还是因果？确定好后在并列连接词and, nor, but, yet, or, for, so之中选一个出来连接各分句。
（3） 第1题中，两分句间的关系为前因后果，所以选择for引出解释原因的分句。第6题中，两分句为选择关系，可用or连接。第10题较为复杂，前两个分句是转折关系，可用but或yet连接；它们又与第三个分句形成前因后果的关系，所以选择so引出结果。
●考生典型答题错误分析
（错误）Jerry is a good student for he studies hard and grasps concepts well.
（分析）用for引导表示原因的分句时，它前面一定要用comma（逗号）。
（错误）For Jerry is a good student, he studies hard and grasps concepts well.
（分析）除了因果关系不妥外，for的位置也不正确。用for连接两个简单句时，前句表示结果或结论，后句说明产生前述结果的原因，所以for只能出现在后句中。
（错误）We could take a taxi or walk to the restaurant.
（分析）此句仍是一个simple sentence（简单句）而不是compound sentence（并列句），compound sentence（并列句）必须包含两个或两个以上的simple sentence（简单句）
四，考核知识点：考查compound sentence与complex sentence之间的转换
●试题：
4.The tape recorder was not working right, so I returned it to the store.(complex sentence)
●答案：
4.Because the tape recorder was not working right, I returned it to the store.
●解题关键： （1） 了解complex sentence（复合句）的构成：complex sentence（复合句）包含一个主句及一个或多个从句。从句分为名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。
（2） 第4题原句是compound sentence（并列句），两个分句为因果关系，要把compound sentence（并列句）重写成complex sentence（复合句）时，只需将第一个分句改为由从属连接词because引导的原因状语从句即可。
●考生典型答题错误分析
（错误）I returned the tape recorder to the store, for it was not working right.
（分析）for虽然也可引导表示原因的分句，但它是并列连接词，用在compound sentence（并列句）中，这点与because、as、since等引导原因状语从句的从属连接词不同。
五，考核知识点：考查对compound-complex sentence的掌握和运用。
●试题：
7.If you want me to clean your windows, please give me a week’s notice.I am very busy this month.(compound-complex sentence)
●答案：
7.If you want me to clean your windows, please give me a week’s notice, for I am very busy this month.
●解题关键：
（1） 了解compound-complex sentence（并列复合句）的构成：顾名思义，compound-complex sentence（并列复合句）是由复合句并列而形成的。具体地说，compound-complex sentence（并列复合句）可以是一个简单句与一个主从复合句用并列连接词连接起来的，也可以是两个主从复合句的并列。
（2） 第7题原句中的第一个句子是含有条件状语从句的主从复合句，第一句与第二句是前因后果的关系，将两句话用并列连接词for连接起来，即可合并为一个compound - complex sentence（并列复合句）。
●考生典型答题错误分析 （错误）Please give me a week’s notice if you want me to clean your windows, because I am very busy this month.
（分析）此句仍是complex sentence（复合句），因为because为从属连接词。在表示原因的连接词中，只有for是并列连接词，用于连接两个具有并列关系的分句。阅卷中发现，相当多的考生没有掌握好连接词for的用法。
六，考核知识点：考查对parallel structure概念的掌握和运用
●试题：
8.Minnie bought a ticket to the play.She went out for dinner.She arrived at the theater by 8:00.(parallel structure)
●答案：
8.Minnie bought a ticket to the play, went out for dinner, and arrived at the theater by 8:00.
●解题关键：
（1） 明确parallel structure（平行结构）的特点：parallel structure（平行结构）是把两个或两个以上意思并列的成分用同等的语法形式表示出来。平行的结构可以是单词、词组、从句，也可以是句子。
（2） 第8题原有的三个短句中，主语均为Minnie，谓语动词bought、went out、及arrived是意思并列的成分，可以成为平行结构。
●考生典型答题错误分析
（错误）Minnie bought a ticket to the play, arrived at the theater by 8:00,and went out for dinner.
（分析）Minnie买票、外出吃饭、到达剧院是按照时间顺序先后发生的，次序不能随意更改。
（错误）Minnie bought a ticket to the play, went out for dinner, then arrived at the theater by 8:00. （分析）then不是并列连接词，不能取代and。
上一讲，我们对第一种题型\"重写句子\"的考核知识点与解题思路进行了分析和探讨，并对考生答题中的典型错误作了剖析。本讲我们将研究第二种题型\"改写病句\"，病句中的一些语病在中国学生的英文写作中十分常见，值得认真推敲
语写作基础考试题型：《英语写作基础自学考试大纲》的规定“本课程试卷采用的题型主要包括：判断题、改错题、改写题、概要写作、应用文写作等”。判断题、改错题、改写题等主要考核应考生对句子(The Sentence)和段落(The Paragraph)基本知识点如改写句子包括改写掉尾句(periodic sentence)、平行结构(parallel structure)等和判断主题句(topic sentence)等掌握情况；例如：
Ⅰ.Revise the following sentences according to the requirement 1.The plan began to shake noticeably as soon as it lifted off the runway.(periodic sentence) 2.James Joyce\'s Ulyes,a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list,has been banned by the school board.(parallel structure) Ⅱ.Read the following paragraph carefully and select the best topic sentence from the four poible answers that follow the paragraph.Topic sentence:
.Actually,this idea is far from the truth.The Aborigines have been able to survive for centuries in the harsh environment of the desert because their minds are highly trained in the knowledge of food sources.Since they have no means of storing food,their entire attention must be directed toward their daily search for food.From the youngest child to the oldest member of the tribe,food gathering is the top priority.The Aborigines poe a profound understanding of the life around them.a.In the earliest years,children are taught when foods ripen,where foods are to be found,when animals sleep for months and produce,and where water is likely to be found.b.The Aboriginse\'in－depth knowledge of the environment around them.c.The interior of Australia is arid and inhospitable to human beings.d.Many observers have mistakenly thought that the aborigines,with so few tools.
must have a lower intelligence than other races.概要写作和应用文写作则不仅要求应考生掌握写概要的基本要领及应用文写作的技巧，同时要求他们将写句子和段落的技巧融合在应用文写作之中，最终写出格式正确、用词得当、表达得体的应用文来。概要(Precis)写作主要是先给出一篇文章，然后给出写概要的指令，如“Read the following paage and write a precis in one paragraph of about 100words.Try to write in your own words as far as poible.”应用文(Practical Writing)写作由三部分组成：便条(Note)、信函(Letter)和个人简历(Resume)。它们写作的形式必须根据要求写出或是某种便条，或是某种信函，或是个人简历。如下面是一则未能赴约而表示歉意的便条写作指令：Write a note of apology about 70－100 words to your friends according to the situation described: You have made an appointment with your friends to have lunch together.But for some reasons you cannot keep the appointment.Please state your reasons and expre your regret for breaking the appointment.You could also expre your hope for the gathering.再如：下面是一则打算上大学继续深造的申请信写作指令：You are planning to further your studies in a college or university.Write an application to that institution.In your letter,provide the neceary information about yourself,tell them your want to study math and find out about the poibility of receiving financial support.(150－200) 从上述的几种题型中，尤其是后三种，我们可以发现，无论是概要、便条还是信函等写作都是一种根据所提供信息的短文写作把这些已知信息写成一篇具有连贯性的概要、便条、信函或个人简历。换言之，就是考核应考生的基本写作能
