英语(期末复习) 第一章
1.According to many historians,the true pioneers of the modern digital computer are Charles Babbage and Augusta Ada Byron .2.A digital computer is generally made up of five distinct elements: a central procceing unit, input devices, memory storage devices, output devices,and a bus.3.The microproceor is a central proceing unit on a single chip.It was made poible in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the LSI circuit and the VLSI circuit.4.According to the text, modern digital computer can be divided into four major categories on the basis of cost and performance.They are microcomputers, workstations , minicomputers,and mainframes .5.The first electronic computers, such as Colous and ENIAC created in Britain and the United States respectively,used vacuum tubes, which later gave place to transistors .6.A program is a sequence of instructions that can be executed by a computer.It can either be built be built into the hardware or exist independently in the form of software.7.The smallest unit of information handled by a computer is bit, which is the abbreviation of binary digit , A group of eight bits makes up a(n) byte .8.One of the trends in computer development is microminiaturization ,the effort to computer more circuit elements into smaller and smaller chip space.第二章
1.The function of computer hardware is typically divided into there main categories.They are input ;, output ,and storage .2.The software that controls the interaction between the input and output hardware is called BIOS, which stands for Basic Input/Output System .3.The two most common types of scanners are flatbed scanners and hand-held scanners .4.Video displays commonly task one of two forms, they are CRT-based screens and LCD-based screens.5 In the text,the author mentions the of the most commonly uesd types of printers.They are_dot-matrix printers_,laser printer,and__inkjet printers _.6
According to the text,the two main types of
storage devices are_disk drives_and_memory _.7 It can be said that having a steady power source is important for a computer because RAM is_volatile_memory.8 A(n)_serial_connection transfers only one piece of data at a time while a(n)_parallel_connection transfers blocks of information at the same time.第八章
1、According to the geographical area covered ,a computer network is often claified as either a LAN , a(n) MAN ,or a WAN.
2、A net work can also be claified as either a(n) open network or a(n) closed network according to whether its internal operation is based on designs in the public domain or on innovation owned and controlled by a particular entity.
3、A network can also be claified according to its topology .Among the most popular topologies are the bus topology , ring topology, and star topology.
4、A popular protocol in networks based on the ring topology is the token ring protocol
1 developed by IBM in the 1970s.
5、In a(n) Ethernet system ,the right to transmit meages is controlled by the protocol know as CSMA/CD.
6、The client / server model for interproce communication defines the basic roles played by the procees as either a client or a server.
7、The peer-to-peer model involves two procees communicating as equals and usually executing on a(n) temporary basis.
8、Althought it is often used , the term peer-to-peer network is not very appropriate.第十一章
1 The year 2000 was a turning point in electronic commerce.It maked the end of the “dot-com__boom ___”.2 Most people use the terms “electeonic commerce”
and “electronic__busine_interchangeably.3 Based
on the types of participating_entities_electronic commerce can be claified into five categories:B2B, B2B, busine procees , C2C, and _B2G__.4
The three most commonly used categories of eletronic commerce and B2C , _B2B__,and busine procees.5 In C2C trnasactions, one party is selling, and thus as a busine, so they are sometimes treated as part of _B2C_electronic commerce.6
The first wave of eletronic commerce was dominated by_ U.S.或American_companies.7
In the first wave, there was an over-emphasis on creating new large enterprises to exploit eletronic commerce opportunities because of the easy acce to start-up_capital.8 The increase in_broadband_connections in homes is a key element in the second wave of electronic commerce.第十二章 1 Accoring to the text, the largest category of computer criminals is _employees_.2 People who gain unauthorized acce to a computer system for fun and challenge are called _hackers _.3 People who gain unauthorized acce to a computer system for malicious purposes are called _crackers_.4 Computer crime can take the form of damage_theft, and manipulation _.5 A(n)_worm_is a destructive promgram that fills a computer system with self-replicating information, clogging the system so that its operations are siowed or sopped.6 Software piracy_is the unauthorized
copying of programs for
personal gaim.7 Secuity measures for computer system consist of encryption, restricting_acce__,anticipating disasters, and making_backup_copies.8 Secret words or numbers that must be key into a computer system to gain acce are called_pawords_.英汉互译
2 第一章
1.artificial intelligence人工智能 2.paper-tape reader纸带阅读器 3.optical computer光计算机 4.neural network神经网络
5.instruction set指令集 6.parallel proceing并行处理
7.difference engine差分机 8.versatile logical element通用逻辑元件 9.silicon substrate硅衬底 10.vacuum tube真空管 11.数据的存储与处理 the storage and handling of data 12.超大规模集成电路 very large-scale integrated circuit 13.中央处理器 central proceing unit 14.个人计算机 personal computer 15.模拟计算机 analogue computer 16.数字计算机 digital computer 17.通用计算机 general-purpose computer 18.处理器芯片 proceor chip 19.操作指令 operating instructions 20.输入设备 input device 第二章
1.function key功能键，操作键 2.voice recognition module语音识别模块 3.touch-sensitive region触敏区 4.addre bus地址总线
5.flatbed scanner平板扫描仪 6.dot-matrix printer点阵打印机（针式打印机） 7.parallel connection并行连接 8.cathode ray tube阴极射线管
9.video game电子游戏 10.audio signal音频信号
11.操作系统 operating system 12.液晶显示（器） LCD (liquid crystal display) 13.喷墨打印机 inkjet printer 14.数据总线 data bus 15.串行连接 serial connection 16.易失性存储器 volatile memory 17.激光打印机 laser printer 18.磁盘驱动器 disk drive 19.基本输入/输出系统 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) 20.视频显示器 video display 第八章
1.file server文件服务器 2.carrier sense载波检测，载波监听 3.protocol suite协议组，协议集 4.peer-to-peer model对等模型 5.bus topology network总线拓扑网络
6.inter-machine cooperation机器间合作，计算机间合作
7.Ethernet protocol collection以太网协议集 8.proprietary network专有网络 9.utility package实用软件包，公用程序包 10.star network星形网络 11.局域网 local area network (LAN) 12.令牌环 token ring 13.无线网络 wirele network 14.封闭式网络 closed network 15.环形拓扑结构 ring topology 16.客户机/服务器模型 client/server model 17.网络应用程序 network application 18.进程间通信 interproce communication 19.打印服务器 print server 20.广域网 wide area network (WAN) 第十一章
1.customized marketing strategy定制的营销策略 2.B2G transaction企业对政府交易 3.mobile telephone移动电话 4.dot-com bust网络不景气 5.smart card智能卡，灵巧卡 6.digital piracy数字盗版
7.dot-com boom网络繁荣 8.C2C transaction消费者对消费者交易 9.Web auction site拍卖网站 10.fingerprint reader指纹读取器 11.射频识别装置 radio-frequency identification (RFID) device 12.电子数据交换 electronic data interchange (EDI)
3 13.库存管理技术 inventory management technology 14.知识产权 intellectual property 15.条形码 bar code 16.货币兑换 currency conversion 17.电子图书 electronic book 18.视网膜扫描仪 retina scanner 19.个人数字助理 personal digital aistant (PDA) 20.企业对企业电子商务 B2B electronic commerce 第十二章
1.encryption program加密程序 2.deletion command删除命令 3.authorized user授权的用户 4.backup copy备份
5.voltage surge电压浪涌 6.circuit breaker断路器
7.electronic component电子元件（或部件） 8.data-entry error数据输入错误 9.electronic break-in电子入侵 10.power line电力线，输电线 11.检测程序 detection program 12.电源 power source 13.破坏性计算机程序 destructive computer program 14.计算机病毒 computer virus 15.软件侵权 software piracy 16.硬盘驱动器 hard-disk drive 17.病毒检查程序 virus checker 18.主存储器 primary storage 19.电子公告板 electronic bulletin board 20.浪涌电压保护器 surge protector 翻译
A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions or program and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information. 计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数值数据进行运算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data.Programs can be built into the hardware itself, or they may exist independently in a form known as software.一个程序就是一系列指令，告诉计算机硬件对数据执行什么样的操作。程序可以内嵌在硬件本身里，或以软件的形式独立存在。
Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a computer and consists of the components that can be physically handled.计算机硬件是计算机运行所需要的设备，由可被物理操纵的部件组成。
The need to share information and resources among different computers has led to linked computer systems, called networks, in which computers are connected so that data can be transferred from machine to machine.在不同计算机之间共享信息和资源的需要，导致了相互连接的计算机系统的产生。这种 相互连接的计算机系统被称为网络。
A computer crime is an illegal action in which the perpetrator uses special knowledge of computer technology.计算机犯罪是犯罪者使用专门的计算机技术知识做出的非法行为。
4 Viruses are programs that “migrate” through networks and operating systems and attach themselves to different programs and databases.病毒是一种程序，在网络和操作系统中“迁移”，并附加到不同的程序和数据库上。
A variant on the virus is the worm.this destructive program fills a computer system with self-replicating information, clogging the system so that its operations are slowed or stopped.病毒的一个变种是蠕虫病毒。这种破坏性程序用自我复制的信息填满计算机系统，以阻 塞系统，使系统的运行减慢或停止。
英文缩写
IC 集成电路 LSI 大规模集成 VLSI 超大规模集成 I/O 输入/输出
BIOS 基本输入/输出系统 AI 人工智能 B2B 企业对企业 B2C 企业对消费者
B2G 企业对政府 C2C 消费者对消费者 P2P 对等的 CD-ROM 只读光盘
RAM 随机存储器 ROM 制度存储器 OS 操作系统 WWW 万维网
WAN 广域网 MAN 城域网 LAN 局域网 LCD 液晶显示器
TCP/IP TCP/IP协议，传输控制协议/网际协议CRT 阴极射线管 CSMA/CD 带有冲突检测的载波监听多路访问（协议）
C/S 客户机/服务器模型 ATM 自动柜员，机取款机 PDA 个人数字助理
英语名词
第一章：
digital computer（数字计算机）又称 Electronic computer （电子计算机） 第一代计算机：vacuum tube（真空管）;第二代计算机：transistor（晶体管） 第三代计算机：integrated circuit或RC（集成电路）
第四代计算机：Large integrated circuit （超大集成电路） 计算机最小单位：bit(位)，一个字节等于8位。 计算机分四种：Palmtop（掌上型计算机），workstation(工作站)，microcomputer(小型计算机)，mainframe(大型机)。
计算机的5个组成部分： (1) a central proceing unit; (2) input devices; (3)memory storage devices; (4) output devices; and (5) a communications network.（1）中央处理器；（2）输入设备；（3）存储设备；（4）输出设备；以及（5）被称作总线的通信网络。 第二章：
Input Hardware（输入硬件）： light pen(光笔)，mouse（鼠标），oystick（操纵杆），keyboard（键盘），scanner（描仪仪），microphone（麦克风），modulator-demodulator（调制器―解调器）。
output Hardware（输出硬件）： display（显示器），printer（打印机），speakers（音箱）。 Storage Hardware（存储硬件）：
Hard（硬盘）, floppy（软盘）, magneto-optical（磁光盘）,compact（光盘）。
5 扫描仪：flatbed scanner（平板式扫描仪），hand-held scanner（手持式扫描仪）。 显示器：cathode ray tube (CRT)（阴极射线管视频屏幕），liquid crystal display (LCD)（液晶显示视频屏幕）。
Inkjet printer（喷墨打印机），disk drive（磁盘驱动器），volatile memory（易失性存储器），nonvolatile memory（非易失性存储器）。
总线：addre bus（地址总线），data bus（数据总线）。
总线连接方式：serial connection（串行连接）parallel connection（并行连接）。
鼠标定义：A mouse is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one hand.（鼠标是为一只手抓握而设计的指示设备。）
键盘定义：A keyboard is a typewriter-like device that allows the user to type in text and commands to the computer.（键盘是一个像打字机的设备，它使用户得以向计算机键入文本和命令。）
麦克风定义：A microphone is a device for converting sound into signals that can then be stored, manipulated, and played back by the computer.（麦克风是将声音转换成可被计算机存储、处理和回放的信号的设备。）
调制解调器定义：A modem, which stands for modulator-demodulator, is a device that connects a computer to a telephone line and allows information to be transmitted to or received from another computer.（调制解调器代表调制器―解调器，是将计算机与电话线连接、允许信息传给或接自另一台计算机的设备。）
总线定义： A bus provides a common interconnected system composed of a group of wires or circuitry that coordinates and moves information between the internal parts of a computer.（总线提供了一种常见的互连系统，它由一组导线或电路组成，在计算机的内部组成部分之间协调和移动信息。）
第八章：
网络覆盖范围：LAN（局域网），MAN(城域网)，WAN（广域网） 网络开放：Open network（开网络），closed network（封闭式网络） 网络拓扑结构：Bus topology（总线拓扑结构），Ring topology（环形拓扑结构），Star topology（星形拓扑结构）。
网络协议：Tcp/IP（传输控制协议和网际协议），Token ring protocol（令牌环协议）用于ring topology（环形拓扑结构）
Client/server model c/s（客户机/服务器模型） Peer-to-peer（对等模型） CSMA/CD（用于以太网络）
协议定义：For a network to function reliably, it is important to establish rules by which network activities are conducted.Such rules are called protocols.（为了网络可靠运行，确立进行网络活动所遵循的规则很重要。这类规则称为协议）。
第十一章：
Word Wide Web（世界万维网）
宽带：The increase in broadband connections in homes is a key element in the second wave.（家里宽带连接的增加是第二次浪潮的一个关键要素）。
第十二章：
四种计算机安全手段：1.Encrypting Meages（给信息加密），2.Restricting Acce（限制访问），3.Anticipating Disasters （预防灾难），4.Backing up Data（备份数据）。
Unit1 1，
A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions or program and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating
6 other forms of information.
计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数值数据进行运算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。 2，A group of eight bits is called a byte, 8个位为一组，称为一个字节
3，(1) a central proceing unit; (2) input devices; (3)memory storage devices; (4) output devices; and (5) a communications network, called a bus, 它是由5个不同的要素组成的系统：（1）中央处理器；（2）输入设备；（3）存储设备；（4）输出设备；以及（5）被称作总线的通信网络，
4，A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data.
一个程序就是一系列指令，告诉计算机硬件对数据执行什么样的操作。 unit2 1, Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a computer and consists of the components that can be physically handled.
计算机硬件是计算机运行所需要的设备，由可进行物理处理的元件组成。
2, A mouse is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one hand. 鼠标是为一只手抓握而设计的指示设备。
3, A keyboard is a typewriter-like device that allows the user to type in text and commands to the computer.
键盘是一个像打字机的设备，它使用户得以向计算机键入文本和命令。
4, A modem, which stands for modulator-demodulator, is a device that connects a computer to a telephone line and allows information to be transmitted to or received from another computer.
调制解调器代表调制器―解调器，是将计算机与电话线连接、允许信息传给或接自另一台计算机的设备。
5, Displays commonly take one of two forms: a video screen with a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a video screen with a liquid crystal display (LCD).
显示器一般有两种形式：阴极射线管视频屏幕和液晶显示视频屏幕。
6, This type of connection transfers only one piece of data at a time, and is therefore slow. 这种连接一次只能传送一段数据，因此很慢。
Unit8 1, The need to share information and resources among different computers has led to linked computer systems, called networks, in which computers are connected so that data can be
7 transferred from machine to machine.在不同计算机之间共享信息和资源的需要，导致了相互连接的计算机系统的产生。这种相互连接的计算机系统被称为网络。
2, For a network to function reliably, it is important to establish rules by which network activities are conducted.Such rules are called protocols.为了网络可靠运行，确立进行网络活动所遵循的规则很重要。这类规则称为协议。 3, A popular convention used for interproce communication is the client/server model.进程间通信使用的一种流行规约是客户机/服务器模型。 Unit11,
Consumer shopping on the Web, often called busine-to-consumer (or B2C) 最常用的3种类型是：
(1) 消费者在网上购物，常称为企业对消费者（或B2C）电子商务.(2) Transactions conducted between businees on the Web, oftencalled busine-to-busine (or B2B) 企业之间在网上进行的交易，常称为企业对企业（或B2B）电子商务.(3) Transactions and busine procees that companies, governments, and other organizations undertake on the Internet to support selling and purchasing activities.公司、政府及其他机构为支持买卖活动而在因特网上采取的交易与商业过程 Unit12 1, A computer crime is an illegal action in which the perpetrator uses special knowledge of computer technology.
计算机犯罪是犯罪者使用专门的计算机技术知识做出的非法行为。
2, Viruses are programs that “migrate” through networks and operating systems and attach themselves to different programs and databases.病毒是一种程序，在网络和操作系统中“迁移”，并附加到不同的程序和数据库上。 3, A variant on the virus is the worm.This destructive program fills a computer system with self-replicating information, clogging the system so that its operations are slowed or stopped.病毒的一个变种是蠕虫病毒。这种破坏性程序用自我复制的信息填满计算机系统，以阻塞系统，使系统的运行减慢或停止。
4, Security measures consist of encryption, restricting acce, anticipating disasters, and making backup copies.安全措施包括加密、限制访问、预防灾难和制作备份。
5, Pawords are secret words or numbers that must be keyed into a computer system to gain acce.
口令是秘密的单词或数字，人们必须将其键入一个计算机系统才能对该系统进行访问。
