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中英文对照

金融危机下企业财务风险产生的原因及防范分析

财务风险管理

财会研究 金融危机下企业财务风险产生的原因 及防范分析 上

海理工大学管理学院 叶建波

[ 摘 要 ]08 年金融危机的爆发给我国企业带来了严重的影响 , 许多 企业由 于没 有做 好充 分的防 御准 备而 导致 企业财 务风 险的发生,面对危机,怎么样做好企业财务风险防范,是当前企业面临的首要问题,也是以后企业管理的重点。

[ 关键词 ] 信用风险 内部监控 激励机制 08 年金融 危机 给全 球经 济带来 了 严 重 的 影 响 , 我 国 企 业 在 金 融 危 机 下 ,也 普 遍 产 生 了 程 度 不 一 的 财 务 风 险 ,这 与 我 国 企 业 历 来 欠 缺 财务风险意识,缺乏有效的内部管理控制体系密切相关。 我国企业产生财务风险主要有以下几个原因 : 财务监控制度对企业财务管 理的 成功 起着关 键的 作用 。 在我 国,内部 财务监控制度的不健全和财务关系的混乱是产生企业财务风险的重 要因素之一。 与国外发达国 家相 比,我国 内部 财务 监控 制度的 普及 率 还较低。 即使有的企业有,也不能严格执行,由于管理体制的不完善和 缺乏有效的约束机制,导致企业的财务风险极易发生。 1. 企业财务管理系统不能适应外部复杂多边的宏观环境 随着全球经济一体化的 深入 发展 ,我国 企业的 财务 活动 也处 在了 全球的行业经济链之中,企业的财 务管 理的环 境由 此变 得更 加复杂 多 变 ,外 部 环 境 变 化 在 为 企 业 带 来 机 会 和 利 益 的 同 时 ,也 导 致 企 业 面 临 着各种风险,甚至是威胁,如全球 的宏观 经济 形势 变化、我国国 民经 济 整体形势变化、所在行业的政策变化、行业 景气 度、国 家信贷 以及 外汇 政策 的 调 整、银 行 利 率 的 变 化、外 汇 汇 率 的 波 动、通 货 膨 胀 程 度 等 等 。 这些因素存在于企业之外, 其变化 也是 企业 难以 预见和 难以 改变 的, 这就势必影响到企业的财务活动, 如利率的变动必然会产生利率风 险 ,包 括 支 付 的 利 息 过 多 的 风 险、产 生 利 息 的 投 资 发 生 亏 损 的 风 险 和 不能履行偿债义务的风险等;汇 率的 变动 则会直 接影 响到 我国 进出口 产品 的成 本, 人 民币升 值会 提高 我国 出口产 品的 成本 ,对出 口企 业 不 利,因而会影响我国外贸出口,从而 会减少 外贸 顺差 。 反之 ,则会提 高 进口产品成本,对进口企业不利。 而通货膨胀,将使企业资金供给持续 发生短缺,货币性资金持续贬值,实 物性 资金相 对升 值,垫 付成 本持续 升高。 宏观环境的不利变化给企 业带 来财务 风险 是实 实在 在的,轻 者 不能实现预期收益,重者血本无归。 4. 信用风险薄弱,应收账款拖欠严重 企业客户包括供应方和购买方, 企业的信用风险因客户性质的 不同也体现在两个方面。 在 现代 社会 ,市场 的竞争 机制 发挥 着重 要的 作用,要想扩大市场占有率,企 业不 仅要 生产出 合格 的产 品,还 要控制 好产品的成本和价格,同时必须巧妙合理的运用好信用促销。 但是,一 些 企 业 为 了 扩 大 销 售 量 和 销 售 额 ,盲 目 的 运 用 赊 销 策 略 ,忽 视 了 对 客 户的还款能力和资信水平的调 查, 最 终导致 企业 的应 收账 款增加 ,收 款风险增大情况的出现,最后蒙受风险和损失的还是企业自己 。 所以, 企 业 需 要 根 据 客 户 的 情 况 ,制 定 一 套 信 用 判 定 标 准 ,根 据 判 定 的 客 户 信用情况来判别是否该赊销产品。 加强对财务风险的防范,企业须做好以下几点: 1. 建立财务风险预警系统 (1 )加强信息管理 首 先 建 立 财 务 预 警 管 理 组 织 机 构 ,并 遵 循 “专 人 负 责、职 责 独 立 ” 的 原 则 ,确 保 财 务 预 警 分 析 的 工 作 能 够 有 专 人 落 实 ,且 不 受 其 他 组 织 机构的干扰和影响。 而且财 务风 险预 警系 统应该 是开 放性 的,不 仅包 括内部财务信息,还包括外部相关信息。 最为关键的是,系统信息要不 断更新,资料系统要不断升级 ,确保 财务 信息的 及时 性、准 确性 和有效 性。 (2 )健

全财务风险缝隙与处理机制 财务预警系统的关键和核心是高效率的财务风险分析方法 。 处理 财务风险的方法主要包括应急措施、补救方法和改进方案这三点。 (3 )建立财务风险预警的计算机辅助管理系统 由于工作量大与繁杂以 及要 求严 格的 原因,财 务风 险预 警系 统的 构 建 和 运 行 应 实 施 微 机 化 管 理 ,并 与 会 计 核 算 软 件 衔 接 ,进 行 动 态 监 督,减少数据采集、输入过程中的错误,保证信息质量。 (4 )加强人才培训,注重人才更新 人才的培养是企业发展 的核 心,企 业一 定要培 养一 批高 素质 的财 2. 资本结构不合理,资产流动性差 企业资金结构主要是指企业权益资金与负债资金以及固定资本 与流动资本的比例关系。 企业如果 出现 投资与 筹资 决策 的失 误,就会 导致企业的资本结构不合理,会 出现 负债比 例过 高,而 流动 资金少、资 金链断裂的现象。 企业债务比例高的直接后果就是使得企业不能到期 及时清还债务,陷入财务困境 之中 。 高负 债率当 然还 给企 业带 来高的 清还利息的压力,即债务成本,如 果企 业经营 不善 ,就会 导致 企业出 现 资不抵债,面临破产的危险。 因此,企业在融资时必须考虑到后续的还 债 能 力 ,否 则 ,会 因 为 流 动 资 金 不 足 和 变 现 能 力 不 强 而 导 致 财 务 风 险 的发生,最终导致企业破产的悲剧。 3. 企业财务内部监控制度不健全 内部财务监控制度作为 企业 财务 活动 中自我 调节、自我 约束 的内 在机制,在企业管理系统中具有举 足轻 重的作 用。 及 时建 立企 业内部 财会研究 注 册 会 计 师 的 审 计 质 量 ,能 够 保 证 公 司 合 理、有 效 的 运 用 会 计 政 策 的 选择。 同时,在法律上增强注册会计师的审计效力 ,更加确保公司的外 部约束机制。 1、健全相关法律法规 完善资本市场法制建设 ,通过 政策 法制 方面来 减少 会计 利润 的操 纵,我国颁布的《证券法》标志着 我国 市场 步入依 法治 市进 入的 崭新阶 段 ,但 是 资 本 市 场 的 法 制 建 设 还 有 待 完 善 ,应 出 台 更 加 具 体 的 法 律 约 束力的法律法规,规范我国的资本 市场的 行为 。 完善 会计 制度和 会计 准则 ,我 国 颁 布 的 《公 司 会 计 准 则 》是 一 个 更 加 完 善 的 会 计 法 规 ,但 仍 存在一定的局限性,会计政策选 择的主 体仍 然可 以利 用机会 谋求 自身 利益。 会计政策的制定机构应不断 完善 会计 政策 ,尽可能 减少 会计 政 策选择的空间。 6、加强经理人自身素质的培养 经理人是会计利润的操 纵者 ,经常 安排 他们参 见与 公司 经营 相关 的学习、培训等,能够提高经理 人自 身素 质和修 养,培 养管 理者 的战略 眼光和全局意识。 在实际的 经营 管理 过程中 ,更加 自觉 的按 照会计 准 则等规定进行管理,更多考虑公司整体的利益。 2、完善公司绩效考评体系 公司内部对管理人员的绩效考评主要以财务报表报出的数据为 依据,这种考评体系存在一定的局 限性 。 公司内 部应 改善 对经 理人的 绩效考评体系,建立一套科学、规 范的、以公司 价值 为导 向的 考核与 评 价体系,全方位考察管理人员的经 营效率 。 该体 系应 该具 有较强 的综 合性和操作性,能够灵活的、准确的对经理人的绩效进行考评 。

四、结语 综上所述, 文章首 先探讨 了公 司会 计政 策选择 的定 义及 必要 性, 接着分析影响公司价值的会计 政策 选择 的重要 因素 ,最后 探讨 了规范 会计政策选择的相关对策。 在现 实生 活中,相 信随 着我 国市 场经济 的 发 展 和 市 场 经 济 制 度 的 健 全 ,随 着 法 律 监 督 能 力 不 断 增 强 ,公 司 的 会 计政策选择将越来越规范。 3、健全的激励机制 经理人是会计利润操纵 的实 施者 ,公司 对经理 人从 物质 和精 神两 方面进行合适的奖励,有利于经理 人更 加自觉 的按 照会 计准 则进行 经 营管理,采取符合股东最大利益的行为。 同时,通过各种途径引导投资 者由追求会计利润最大化转移到追求公司价值最大化的轨道上来 。

Analysis of the causes and prevention of corporate financial risk in the financial crisis Financial Risk Management Accounting research on corporate financial risk analysis of the causes and prevention of financial crisis Sea University School of Management Ye Jianbo

[Abstract] 2008 financial crisis, China's enterprises to bring a serious impact on many companies did not make enough defensive preparations lead to the risk of corporate finance, in the face of the crisis, Zenmeyangzuo corporate financial risk enterprises are facing the most important iue, but also the future of enterprise management focus.

[Key words] credit risk internal control incentives in 2008 financial crisis has serious implications to the global economy, China's enterprises in the financial crisis, are generally produced with varying degrees of financial risk, China's enterprises has always been the lack of financial risk awarene, lack of effective internal management control system are closely related.China's enterprises generate financial risk for several reasons: the succe of the financial control system of financial management plays a key role.In China, the internal financial control system is not perfect and the chaos of the financial relationship is an important factor in a corporate financial risk.Compared with developed countries, the penetration rate of China's internal financial control system is still relatively low.Some companies can not be strictly enforced, due to the imperfections of the management system and the lack of effective restraint mechanism, leading to financial risk can easily occur.A.Enterprise financial management system can not adapt to the external complex multilateral macro-environment in-depth development of the global economic integration, the financial activities of our enterprise in the economic chain of the global industry, the financial management of the environment thus become more complex and volatile external environment, changes in busine opportunities and benefits at the same time, also led to the enterprises are faced with various risks, or even a threat, such as the global macroeconomic situation changes, changes in the situation of China's national economy as a whole, the industry's policy changes in the industry boom, the adjustment of the national credit and foreign exchange policy, changes in bank interest rates, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, inflation, the degree and so on.These factors exist outside the firm, the change is also difficult to predict and difficult to change, which is bound to affect the financial activities of enterprises, such as changes in interest rates would have interest rate risk, including the risk of exceive interest payments, resulting in interest the risk of lo and can not meet their debt obligations, risks of the investment; movements in exchange rates will directly affect the cost of China's import and export products, the appreciation of the renminbi will increase the cost of China's export products, export enterprises, which will affect ourexports, which will reduce the trade surplus.On the contrary, it will increase the cost of imported products, unfavorable import busine.Inflation, will enable the enterprise money supply, the continuing shortage of monetary funds continued to depreciate relative appreciation of the in-kind funds, to advance the cost continues to rise.Adverse changes in the macroeconomic environment to the enterprise financial risk is real, the light can not achieve the expected benefits and weight who lose everything.4.Weak credit risk in accounts receivable owed

to a serious enterprise customers, including supply-side and buy side, the credit risk of customers to the different nature is also reflected in two aspects.In modern society, the competition in the market mechanism to play an important role, in order to increase their market share, enterprises not only to produce qualified products, but also to control the cost and price of a good product, at the same time need to be smart and reasonable use of a good credit promotions.However, some companies in order to expand sales volume and sales, the blind use of credit strategy, ignoring the investigation of the customer's repayment ability and creditworthine, eventually leading to an increase in the receivables, receivables increased risk of happening Finally, at risk and the lo of the enterprise.Therefore, companies need customers to develop a set of credit criteria, to determine the customer credit situation to determine whether the credit products.Strengthen the prevention of financial risks, companies should take the following points: 1.Financial risk early warning system (1) first establish financial early warning management organizations to strengthen information management, and follow the principles of the person responsible, responsibility and independence, "to ensure that the analysis of the financial early warning to staff in implementing, and not subject to interference from other organizationsand impact.And financial risk early warning system should be open, including not only the internal financial information, including external information.The most critical system information to continuously update information systems to constantly upgrade, to ensure the timeline, accuracy and effectivene of the financial information.(2) the key and core of the gap of a sound financial risk and the mechanism for handling financial early warning system of efficient financial risk analysis.The handling of financial risks including emergency measures to remedy and improve the programs these three points.(3) the establishment of computer-aided management of financial risk early warning system due to heavy workload and complicated and demanding of reasons, financial risk early warning system construction and operation should implement a computerized management, and convergence with the accounting software, dynamic supervision, to reduce data collection, errors in the input proce, to ensure the quality of the information.(4) To strengthen personnel training, and focus on talent and update personnel training is the core of enterprise development, companies must develop a number of high-quality fiscal.The capital structure is irrational, the liquidity difference between corporate capital structure refers to the proportion of corporate equity capital and debt capital and fixed capital and working capital relations.If the investment and financing decision-making mistakes, will lead to capital structure is unreasonable, the debt ratio is too high, le liquidity, funding strand breaks phenomenon.A high proportion of corporate debt is a direct consequence makes the companies can not due to the timely discharge of debts, being in financial trouble.The high debt ratio, of course, returned to the enterprise to bring the preure of the high clear interest, namely, the cost of debt, if busine is poor, it will lead to enterprises insolvent and facing the risk of bankruptcy.Therefore, the financing must take into account the subsequent ability to repay debt, otherwise, because of the lack of liquidity and liquidity is not strong, which led to the occurrence of financial risk, and eventually led to the tragedy of corporate bankruptcies.3.Corporate financial internal control system is not perfect, self-regulation of internal financial control systems as a corporate finance activities, the

internal mechanism of self-restraint, has a pivotal role in the enterprise management system.The timely establishment of the internal accounting of Certified Public Accountants of audit quality, to ensure that the company is reasonable, effective use of the accounting policy choices.At the same time in the law to enhance the effectivene of the Certified Public Accountant audit, and more to ensure that the external constraint mechanism., Improve relevant laws and regulations to improve the capital market and legal system, through the policy of the rule of law to reduce the manipulation of accounting profits, China promulgated the "Securities Act" indicates that China market entered a new stage of their law to enter, but the legal construction of the capital market should be improved, the introduction of more specific legally binding laws and regulations to regulate the behavior of China's capital market.Improve the accounting system and accounting standards, China promulgated the "Accounting Standards" is a more complete accounting regulations, but there are still some limitations, the main body of accounting policy choices can still take advantage of opportunities to pursue their own interests.Accounting policy-making institutions should continue to improve the accounting policies, to minimize the space of accounting policy choice.Train managers to strengthen the quality of the manager is the accounting profit of the manipulator, often arranged they see related to the company's learning, training, etc., can improve the quality of managers and self-cultivation, and to train the managers of the strategic vision and global awarene .The actual management proce more consciously in accordance with the provisions of the Accounting Standards and other management to give more consideration to the interests of the company as a whole.2, and improve company performance appraisal system within the company management performance evaluation based on the financial statements reported data, this evaluation system has some limitations.Within the company should improve its performance appraisal system for managers, to establish a scientific, standardized to the value of the company-oriented aement and evaluation system, a full range of inspection management of operational efficiency.The system should have a strong and operational flexibility, accurate evaluation of the performance of the manager.Conclusion In summary, the article first discues the definition and neceity of the company's accounting policy choices, and then analyze the important factors affect the value of the company's accounting policy choices, and finally discues the related countermeasures to standardize the accounting policy choices.In real life, I believe that with the development of China's market economy and the integrity of the system of market economy, as the legal supervision and increased the capacity, the company's accounting policy choices will be more and more standardized.3, a sound incentive manager is the manipulation of accounting profits implementers, managers from both material and spiritual appropriate incentives, managers more conscious management, in accordance with the accounting standards to take the best interests of the Shareholders behaviors.At the same time, to guide investors through various means and transferred to the pursuit of accounting profits to maximize the pursuit of the company to maximize the value of the track up.

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