1.In the finite element method ,the actual continuum or body of matter like solid ,liquid or
gasis represented as an aemblage of subdivisions called finite elements .these elements areconsidered to be interconnected at specified joints which are called nodes or nodal points .the nodes usually lie on the element boundaries where adjacent elements are considered to be connected.
在有限元方法中，本来连续体物质像固体液体气体被看做是一个划分后有限单元的集合。这些单元被认为是在指定的关节是相互联系的,这些关节被称为节点。这些节点通常附着在与附近单元相联系的边界上
2.With the program registered in some information support, and the data and proper control
commands added, the program is ready to be tested by submitting it for proceing.At the beginning, the program will include some errors that may be syntax errors and logic errors.Syntax errors appears because some of the rules of the language are violated.Normally these can be easily detected and corrected.Logic errors correspond to the case that a syntax error-free program is submitted for execution, but it does not produce the desired results.随着程序的编写在信息的支持下，数据和合适的控制命令的增加，这个程序快速的被测试，通过提交它给过程。在开始时，这个程序会包含一些错误，语法错误和逻辑错误。语法错误出现，是因为一些语言规则被违反。通常这些能容易被发觉和改正。逻辑错误相应的原因，是一个语法自由错误程序被提交执行，但是它没有产生想要的结果。
3.This large discrepancy was explained by the proposal of Griffith that glay materials
contained cracklike defects which are as stre raisers.Griffith argued that for the case of uniaxial tensile loading of a material containing a crack in the plane perpendicular to the tensile axis, the crack would begin to grow and cause ultimate failure at strees below the theoretical strength.
这个大的差异被Griffith的提议解释，这个提议是玻璃质材料存在易碎的缺陷即应力集中。Griffith认为，例如单轴拉力荷载作用一个物体上，附体在垂直于拉力轴线的平面上有裂纹，裂纹将开始增在，在理论强度应力下导致最终的破坏
4.In recent years, high-strength alloys have become increasingly widely used.Because
fabrication methods are often imperfect, many structures made from these materials contain cracklike defects.As a consequence of this, fracture prior to plastic yield has become an increasingly familiar mode of failure.Under these circumstances,designs based solely on resistance to plastic deformation are often inadequate when high-strength materials are used.It is, therefore, important for many applications to have a theory for metals which can either predict the breaking loads for structures containing flaws or cracks of known geometry, or predict the maximum tolerable flaw size for a given load.The subject of relating the fracture strength of a part to the size of the flaws it contains is called fracture mechanics.
在最近几年，高强度合金的应用变得越来越广泛。因为制作方法常常不完美。许多用这些材料做成的结构存在易碎的缺点。这个导致的后果就是，断裂提前于屈服的破坏模式变得越来越平凡。在这些情况下，建立在完全抵抗塑性变形的基础上设计，在使用高强度合金时，常常不适当。因此，一个应用对于能够预测有裂纹和几何缺陷的结构的破坏，或是预测在一个荷载作用下，最大允许裂纹尺寸的理论就很重要。这个关于断裂强度和相应的断裂尺寸的学科被称为断裂力学
5.If the strain in the sample were to be strictly uniaxial, the holes would tend to elongate in
the tension direction and become smaller in the transverse direction.This would result in
long stringlike holes which would have little detrimental effect on the strength of the body.如果例子中的应变是严格的单轴应变，这些洞会趋向于拉伸沿着拉力方向，在横向上变小。这会产生长线型的洞，这些洞对物体的强度会有一些不利的影响
6.Civil engineering is claimed to be the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for
the use and convenience of man.The part played by civil engineers in pioneering work and in developing wide areas of the world has been and continues to be enormous.Civil engineers must make use of many different branches of knowledge including mathematics, theory of structures, hydraulics, soil mechanics, surveying, hydrology, geology and economics.
建筑工程被称作竖起来的艺术，力量的来源于现实生活中人们的使用和舒适。发挥工程师在创业和在世界的发展中的广大地区扮演着并将继续充当重要的角色，土木工程师一定使用许多不同的学科，包括数学，结构理论，水力学，土力学，测量，水文，地质学和经济学
7.In a world that is becoming more and more interdependent, there is an ever-increasing need
to link communications systems on various continents and to provide live international television coverage.This need is now being met by the communications satellites.
在一个越来越相互依存的世界里，对于把各个大陆的通讯系统连接起来和提供国际电视直播报道的需求不断增长，这种需求现在被通讯卫星所实现。
