English version
Leon four bill of lading
Shipping is the most extensively used form of transportation in the international trade.For instance, more than eighty percent of China’s exports are carried by sea-going ships.The most important shipping document is the bill of lading, or B/L for short, which is a document signed by or on behalf of the master of a carrying veel, certifying that the goods have been received on board in good order fortransportation and delivery as specified in the document.
The Bill of Lading fulfils at least three important functions: first, it serves as a receipt for goods signed by the shipping company (carrier) and given to the shipper (consignor); second, it is also evidence of a contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor; and third, it conveys a document of title because the legal owner of the bill of lading is the owner of goods it covers.
For this reason the bill of lading can be used to transfer the goods from one owner to another.when the exporter completes it, he can write the buyer\'s name in the space \"consignee\" .this means the consignee(receiver of the goods)is the legal owner of the goods, as named on the bill of lading.otherwise, the exporter can write \"to order\" in the consignee space.underneath \"to order\" he writes the name and addre of the agent.then the agent in the importing country can endorse the bill of lading to the buyer .in this way the importers can transfer the consignment to their customers.this means that there has to be a separate bill of lading for each consignee and several consignments cannot be consolidated on to one bill of lading.
The bill of lading is the central document of a sea export transportation.The shipper fills the form provided by the shipping company as soon as he has all the details of the goods.Then he sends the bill to the ship where an officer of the shipping company checks that the goods are”
In good order and condition” and signs the bill when the goods are loaded over the ship’s rail.The bill must be in the handset of the shipping company or their agents by the time the consignment is ready to be loaded.
When a consignment is loaded, an officer or agent of the shipping company signs the bill of lading that the goods have been “received in apparent good order and condition”.In other words, the consignment must be exactly as written on the bill of lading and not different.The cases should be undamaged and sacks, if any, should not be torn or stained.Drums of liquid should not be dented or leaking.The number and kind of packages should be the same as on the bill.
If there is any difference between what is said on the bill and the actual condition of the consignment, the shipping company has to write a clause on the bill giving the damage or lo.In this case, it is no longer a clean bill of lading and the bank representing the importer may not accept it.So the exporter’s bank may not be able to get payment for the goods.For this reason, “four” on “clause” Bill of lading must be avoided at all costs and the exporter must make sure that their goods arrive at the docks in good order and condition.
Sometimes certain defects of the goods are unavoidable.For instance, timber often has“split ends”.Chemicals cause discoloration on packing.In such cases the exporter must get the agreement of the importer to certain clauses on the bills of lading.There clauses must be agreed before the export contract is agreed and the importer should tell their bank about the agreed clauses.
It is customary to iue bills of lading in several originals: one copy of the bill is kept for the ship, and the other copies are sent to the exporter or direct to his bank.There negotiable bills of lading are used for payment.They are paed on to the exporter’s agents in the importing country.It is of vital importance for a buyer or a bank acting upon his instructions in paying the seller to ensure that all, or the full set of, originals are surrendered by the seller.Then the bills of lading together with other shipping documents are presented to the shipping company when the ship arrives.The shipping company compares the negotiable bills of lading with their copy on the ship, In this way the importer can show their legal right to the goods and obtain them from the ship.
An original negotiable copy of bill of lading duly endorsed shall be surrendered by the importer to the carrying veel in order to cause the release of the merchandise to him since it is a document which, as already indicated, serves to establish evidence of ownership over the goods described on the face instrument.However, there are instances when the bill of lading could not be availed of or secured at the time of entry of the importer is obligated to file an application for a bill of lading bond, if not cash bond.
Bills of lading may be claified in several wayside.First, we have what is known as straight and order bills of lading.In the case of straight bill of lading, the exporter or shipper is willing to surrender title to the goods as soon as shipment is made.The exporter, as such, consigns the goods to the order of the ultimate consignee (importer) and in so doing thereby creates what is known in busine and shipping circles as a straight bill of lading.In the case of order bill of lading, on the goods to the bank in the country of importation which iued the letter of credit vesting title upon same.
Another claification is the so–called on–board bill of lading and the received –for –shipment bill of lading.Without much elaboration, an on-board bill of lading indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on board the carrying veel bound for the port of destination.As regards the received-for-shipment bill of lading, it serves merely to acknowledge receipt of the goods by the carrier or its steamship agent without indicating whether the goods are actually loaded or not on the veel for which fright space was booked.
Traditionally, the on-board bill of lading has been the only acceptable document to be presented by the seller under the terms CFR and CIF, but in the near future it is expected that the document will be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) meage.
In recent years, a considerable simplification of documentary practices has been achieved.Bills of lading are frequently replaced by non-negotiable documents similar to those which are used for other modest of transport than carriage by sea.These documents are called “sea waybills”, “liner waybills ”,“freight receipts ”, or variants of such expreions.There non-negotiable documents are quite satisfactory to use except where the buyer wishes to sell the goods in transit by surrendering a paper document to the new buyer.In order to make this poible, the obligation of die seller to provide a bill of lading under (CFR and CIF must necearily he retained.However, when the contracting parties know that the buyer does not contemplate selling the goods in transit, they may specifically agree to relieve the seller from the obligation to provide a hill of lading, or, alternatively, they may use CPT and CIP where there is no requirement to provide a bill of lading.
中文版
优惠是在国际贸易中使用最广泛的运输形式。例如，超过80％的中国出口进行海船。最重要的货运单据是提单，或简称B / L，这是签署的文件或代表的船只，证明已收到货物在船上秩序良好运输的主交付指定的文件中。
条例草案提单符合至少有三个重要的功能：首先，它作为货物收据由船公司（承运人）签订，并给予托运人（发货人）;第二，它也是证据之间的运输合同承运人和托运人;第三，它传达了一个文档的标题，因为提单是货物所有人的合法拥有人，它涵盖了。
出于这个原因，可以用来提货单将货物从一个所有者。出口完成时，他可以写买方的名字在“收货人”的空间，这意味着命名的货物，提单上收货人接收货物的合法拥有人。否则，出口商可以写“为了”在收货人空间。下方的“命令”他写道代理的名称和地址。然后可以在进口国的代理提单给买方。赞同该法案，进口商可以以这种方式转移委托给他们的客户。这意味着必须有一个单独的法案为每个收货人几个托运提单不能合并在一份提单。提单是海出口运输的中央一号文件。托运人填写由船公司提供的表格，只要他有所有货物的详细情况。然后，他将法案船舶，船公司人员检查货物“
在良好的秩序和条件“和装载货物超过船舷时签署该法案。该法案必须在货物是准备要加载的时候，船公司或他们的代理人的听筒。
当一批货物装载，船公司的高级人员或代理人签署提单，货物已收到明显的良好秩序和条件“的法案。换句话说，托运货物必须写得完全一样的提单，而不是不同的对账单。应该是完好无损的情况下，麻袋，如果有的话，不应该被撕裂或染色。鼓的液体，不应被削弱或漏液。如对账单应该是相同的包的数量和种类。
如果有任何区别说什么对账单的实际情况寄售，船公司的条款写入该法案给予损害或损失。在这种情况下，它已经不再是一个清洁提单提单和银行代表进口商可能不接受它。因此，出口商的银行可能无法得到货款。出于这个原因，“条款”的“四个一”
提单必须不惜一切代价避免和出口商必须确保他们的货物到达码头，在良好的秩序和条件。有时存在一定的缺陷的商品都是不可避免的。例如，木材往往有“分叉”。化学品会导致变色包装。在这种情况下，出口商必须获得进口提货单上的某些条款的协议。条款之前必须商定出口合同约定和进口商应该告诉他们银行的同意条款。
这是习惯签发数份正本提单：该法案的一个副本被保存了船，其他副本会被发送到出口或直接向他的银行。有可转让的提单用于支付。它们被传递给出口商在进口国的代理。这是买方或银行按照他的指示向卖方付款，以确保全部或全套正本都已由卖方至关重要。然后向船公司提单连同其他货运单据的汇票，当船到达。船公司比较可转让票据提单副本在船上，在这样的进口商可以展示自己的货物的合法权利，并获得他们的船。
为了使发布的商品给他，因为这是一个文件，正如已经指出的，是要建立在所有权的证据，原始转让的副本提单法案正式批准的账面容器进口商须交回所述货物文书在脸上。不过，也有提货单时不能被利用或固定的时间进入进口商有义务提交一份申请，法案提单债券，如果不是现金债券。
提单可分为几个手下败将。首先，我们有什么被称为直和订单的提货单。出口商或托运人在记名提单的情况下，愿意投降尽快装运货物的所有权。正因为如此，出口托运货物最终收货人（进口商）的顺序，这样做，从而产生所谓的业务和航运界为记名提单。为了法案的情况下，提单，货物进口国发出相同信用归属称号后，信银行。
另一种分类是所谓的提单和提单接收装运单板上。没有太多的阐述，在装船提单表明货物已实际装载在船上载货船只开往目的港。至于接收装运提单，它仅仅提供确认收到货物由承运人或其轮船代理不表明货物是否实际加载或没有惊心动魄的空间被黄牌警告对血管。传统上，已装船提单上唯一可接受的CFR和CIF条件下由卖方提交的文件，但预计在不久的将来，该文件将被替换为同等作用的电子数据交换（EDI ）消息。
近年来，有相当简化单据的做法已经实现。频繁更换提单不可转让单据类似于那些用于其他温和的运输比海上运输。这些单据被称为“海运单”，“班轮运单”，“货运收据”，这样的表达式或变种。有不可转让单据都中规中矩，除了买方欲出售交出一纸文件给新的买方货物在运输途中的使用。为了做到这一点，模具卖方有义务提供下与提单（CFR和CIF必须他保留，然而，当合同当事人知道买方不打算销售在途货物，他们可以专门同意免除卖方有义务提供一座小山上，提单，或者，他们可能会使用CPT和CIP那里没有要求提供提单。
