英语课堂有效教学活动的设计 背景(Background)
传统的课堂教学以教师的讲解为主，学生的地位和角色得不到重视，往往是知识的被动的接受者。课堂气氛比较沉闷，学生的积极性和主动性得不到提高。课程改革提倡以学生为中心，课程标准提倡任务型教学，但是在平时的课堂教学中，因为课堂教学时间紧，任务设计难度较大，任务型教学难以实施，且效率和效果都不很理想。因此，丰富的课堂教学活动有效地补充了这一不足。其原则是以学生为中心(student centered)，以学生活动为中心(activity centered)，教师只是充当指导者、帮助者、组织者和评价者的角色。
优势(What Advantages?)
以学生为中心，课堂注入活力(students activated)
活跃课堂气氛，创设学习环境(authentic environment)
调动全员参与，改善学习效果(students involved)
走出误区(Get rid of the misunderstandings)
活动包括游戏，但不完全是游戏
活动包括练习，但不完全是练习
活动需要合作，但不全依赖合作
活动需要时间，但不能浪费时间
活动必须有趣，但同时必须有效
活动是教学手段，但不是教学目的
设计策略(Strategies)
目的分析：活动设计为了达到什么目的？想取得什么效果？
对象分析：学生学情分析，包括心理特征，如兴趣、爱好等。
环节分析：什么环节使用？导入、理解、巩固还是输出阶段？
资源参考：教学参考书提供了一些活动可以参考、得到启发。
常见活动(Activities) Brainstorming (Words, Ideas)
Jigsaw Activities (Reading)
Dictoglo (Text, Stories)
Role Playing (Dialogues, Plays)
Interview (Famous People)
Games (Grammar & Vocabulary)
Discuion (Opinions)
Debating (Viewpoints)
Retelling (Text, Stories)
Presentation (Project)
Brainstorm
常用于课堂导入，激活学生已有知识图示，可以结合要学习的内容展开，为下一步学习warm up。也可以用于词汇学习的拓展，建立词汇之间的联系，并且为写作奠定词汇基础。
disaster: earthquake, snowstorm, volcano, flood, drought, tornado, hurricane, typhoon, suffer, struggle, victims, survive, survivors, rescue, rescuers, severe, serious, experience, recover from the pains, heal, direct economic loes, lo, damage, destroy, deaths and injuries, homele, ruins, bury (buried), diseases, fear, anxiety, depre volunteers, voluntary, psychological rescue, sympathy, care, concern, food, medical service, shelter, pure water, vaccination, social responsibilities, enrich our social experience
smoking and its harm：cigarettes, cigar, tobacco, nicotine, harmful, do harm to, dangerous, risk, fires, cause, form into the habit of, get rid of the habit of smoking, get addicted to smoking, addiction, in public, blood, rely on, develop lung cancer, heart disease, cause diseases, such as, tax, government, economy, expensive, ban, forbid, prohibit, expensive, cost a lot of money, treat the diseases caused by smoking, pollute, popular, more and more, teenagers, young people, youths, campus, secretly, scientific research, scientists, increase, die from, average, averagely speaking …
Why do we get typhoons? Typhoons are tropical storms with very high winds.They are also known as cyclones or hurricanes.They only occur in the tropical zones and start out to sea.A typhoon begins at sea where a low preure system has formed.To start, the water temperature needs to be very warm and the air, humid.
At first, the low preure system slowly sucks in this humid air.As this air flows into the low preure area, it circles around.This circling proce is helped because warm air rises, so this circling air also rises upward in a spiral like a corkscrew.When this happens, warm, moist air gets high into the atmosphere, it cools and forms rain clouds.In most cases, this proce causes rain and storms at sea which eventually clear.
However, a small number of these storms get bigger and bigger and develop into typhoons.Sometimes the air preure in the center of the low preure system falls dramatically.When this happens, air is sucked into the low preure system and the spiraling air around the center of the storm speeds up.By now, the wind speed is high (up to 120 kph) and the storm is violent and destructive.
Once a typhoon develops, it does not stay in the same place but moves about.Often, the typhoon moves from the sea onto the land.As the coast is croed, it is very powerful and destructive.However, the damage is leened the more it moves over on land because it needs water to maintain its momentum.When this happens, the typhoon changes into heavy rain.
Jigsaw Activities
常用于训练学生的信息整体感知和分析和综合能力。训练学生的阅读理解，尤其是对篇章结构的分析。
一篇文章分为四——五段，学生分为每人4--5人一组，段落顺序打乱，人手一段，阅读完之后，相互交流，并将文章按正确的段落顺序还原。 也可对某一段的每个句子进行类似的处理。
Legend of Babushka Part C
Babushka was a housewife who kept the cleanest house in the whole village.In fact, that is all she was interested in.when a new star appeared in the sky, she wasn’t interested.She kept cleaning.
1.
What did Babushka like doing most?
2.
Was she easily distracted from it?
Legend of Babushka Part A
But then there was a knock at the door.Babushka opened the door.There were three kings outside! They wanted to stay at Babushka’s house until night-time, when they would follow the star again.They said that the star would lead them to a baby called Jesus who would be king of Earth and Heaven.Babushka made them a lovely meal, and they stayed until night-time.
When night-time came, the kings were ready to follow the star.They asked Babushka if she would come with them.They said she could take the baby some food or a toy as a present.But Babushka said she would have to clean first, and would follow later on.So she cleaned and cleaned… until she fell asleep.
1.
Who was at the door? 2.
What did they want?
3.
Where would the star lead them?
4.
What did she say she had to do first?
Legend of Babushka Part D
When she woke up, it was morning.Because it was morning, Babushka couldn’t see the star, and so she couldn’t follow the kings.She went from place to place, asking people if the kings had been there.At each place she stopped, she left some of her presents for the little children.
1.
Why could Babushka not see the star?
2.
What dis Babushka do?
Legend of Babushka Part B
The Ruian people say that Babushka is still looking, and it is she who leaves presents for children at Christmas.
1.
Who do Ruians believe leaves presents for children at Christmas?
l Of course you can choose some more complicated stories or even arguments based on the different levels of the students.同位两人分为两组A组和B组，把一篇文章分成两部分Part A和Part B，分别发给A组和B组的同学，在Part A上提供Part B的问题和答案，在Part B上提供Part A的问题和答案。在他们分别完成阅读任务之后，分别向同位提问并检查对方的答案。如果遇到不同的答案，需要给对方指出。
Part A
Rhodes, Greece
It was a hot day in the airport.Our plane back home was delayed for twelve hours.A groan went up from my mother, my sister and me.What a terrible end to our two-week summer holiday! Dad turned around and said, “Come on, everyone, we’re going to the best restaurant in Rhodes.” We followed him into a taxi.“I want you to take us to the best restaurant here,” Dad told the taxi driver.A few minutes later we got out and sat down in a lovely open-air restaurant by the sea.A slight breeze from the sea kept the temperature cool as we sipped drinks.When the waiter came, Dad’s request was simple.“Just bring us the best food on the menu today,” he said.We started off our meal with some delicious goat cheese and salad.I don’t normally like goat’s cheese, but this came with a herb sauce that made it really delicious.The main course was grilled fish with lemon sauce.“The fish came straight from the fishing boats this morning,” the waiter told us.It really was superb.For our deert, we had a traditional Greek dish, baklava.Baklava is a cake made from thin layers of crispy pastry soaked in honey and nuts.It was delicious.We finished our meal and looked out over the sea to the mountains of Turkey far away.It was a wonderful end to a disappointing day.
Questions and Answers for Part B:
Questions:
1.
Why were the second writer and his wife in Turkey?
2.
What did they do there?
3.
Where did they have their meal according to the paage?
4.
Which course did the writer like most?
5.
Why did the writer and his wife feel there was no need to say anything to each other?
Answers 1.
Because they were on their honeymoon.
2.
They visited the historic places and relaxed on beaches beside the blue Aegean Sea.
3.
They had their meal at a table outside a small hotel nearby.
4.
The second course, which was roast lamb with a green salad of lettuce.
5.
Because they could enjoy the food and each other’s company.Part B
Ephesus, Turkey
My wife and I were on honeymoon in Turkey, visiting some historic places and relaxing on the beaches beside the blue Aegean Sea.I remember one place above all, not only for the scenery but for the food.We had walked for hours to reach a small house high in the hills above the town of Ephesus.The view was wonderful, through olive trees down to the blue sea hundreds of metres below.There was not much to see in the house, and we were hungry after our long walk.Luckily for us there was a small hotel nearby with some tables outside where we could eat, drink and enjoy the view.We walked over and sat down.We ordered a bottle of cool water and some snacks, and prepared to enjoy the evening.There were green and black olives stuffed with peppers, and octopus grilled in olive oil.They made our mouths water, and we quickly finished the first course! Our plates were cleared and we waited impatiently for the next course.It was my favourite, roast lamb with a green salad of lettuce.When we had finished the final course came.It was a salad of fresh fruit from local farms, picked that day.The flavour of the apples, oranges, grapes and other fruits in the dish was perfect.As my wife and I sat enjoying the food and each other’s company, we didn’t feel the need to say anything to each other.The happine of the moment was worth more than any words.
Questions and Answers for Part A:
Questions:
1.
What made the first writer and his family feel unhappy?
2.
How did they have a wonderful end to the disappointing day?
3.
How did they get to the restaurant?
4.
Did the writer enjoy the goat’s cheese in the restaurant? Why? 5.
What is baklava?
Answers:
1.
Their plane back home was delayed 12 hours.
2.
They had their meal in the best restaurant in the city.
3.
They went there by taxi.
4.
Yes.Because this time the goat’s cheese came with a herb sauce which made it really delicious.
5.
Baklava is a cake made from thin layers of crispy pastry soaked in honey and nuts.
Dictoglo
用于课文学习结束之后对课文内容的巩固，训练学生听、写等能力。
所用材料可以是所学课文的重点段落或者summary，不宜过长，以200个单词为宜。老师朗读三遍该篇短文：
First time，学生只听不写，in order to understand the general idea；
Second time，学生边听边写，note down what is heard；
Third time，学生边听边检查，in order to correct the mistakes。
然后学生以三到四人为一组，互相检查。可以由一名同学朗读，别的同学补充修改。
最后由一位同学向全班同学朗读。
要求：只要内容相同，文字不必和老师朗读的原文完全一致。
Role Play / Interview
用于语言输出阶段，如课文学习结束之后，表演对话、戏剧剧本、电影剧本或者人物传记等课文中的部分情节或者片段。
应在学生充分理解和经过充分准备的基础上进行表演，可以自选或者指定其中的一个或几个片段。
要求学生把握好自己所表演的角色的特点，如性格、语气、腔调、身体语言等细节。
可以进一步加深学生对于故事的理解，或者文学作品中对于人物的刻画，增加其学习体验，提高他们的艺术鉴赏水平，培养他们的英语表达能力。
如果有条件，可以让学生提前观看有关电影或者戏剧的视频片段，并要求他们尽量去模仿。
Games
你来比划我来猜：练习定语从句
一种帮助学生学习定语从句的游戏
类似李咏主持的《幸运52》中的一种游戏：一个比划一个猜。两名同学配合，一人面对屏幕、另一个人背对屏幕，面对屏幕的来比划或者解释屏幕上出现的某种事物，背对屏幕的那个人则要根据同伴的解释或者比划猜出它的名称。
我们可以把这种游戏应用到英语课堂，来提高学生运用英语来解释周围事物的能力和练习使用定语从句来进行描述的能力。第一次玩这种游戏时可以规定所猜的单词必须是教室范围以内的；游戏的组织比较简单，全班分几个小组，老师在屏幕上打上一个单词或呈现一幅图片，然后由面对屏幕的同学用英语来进行解释，解释对了而且同伴答对了，加1分，如果使用定语从句进行解释，就再加一分。
Some objects that are used in the game:
Computer, dictionary, textbook, chair, money, door, eraser, television, pocket, chalk, window, pen, glaes, shoes, paper, knife, pencil, keys, clock, door, water, knife, wall, keyboard, floor
Door: something you open before you enter a house or a room
Water: something that you drink when you are thirsty
Television: something which can broadcast news and other programs
…
其中有一些单词需要用介词加关系代词引导的定语从句来进行解释，如：
Dictionary: a book in which we can find the meanings or the pronunciation of a new word
Chair: a piece of furniture on which people sit
Money: something with which we can buy things
Computer: a machine with which we are playing the game
第一次做游戏，老师可以做一下model，或者是进行demonstration，帮助学生学习使用定语从句进行描述和解释。这种活动有以下几个优点：
1、锻炼学生英语思考的能力--They need to think in English.
2、锻炼学生英语表达的能力--They need to speak in English.
3、锻炼学生进行交际的能力--They need to communicate with each other in English.
4、锻炼学生学以致用的能力--They need to use what they have just learned.
5、...
缺点：同学们同时进行参与的范围比较小，大多数同学只是做了观众。课堂上难以提供充足的时间。
