7、间接 直接
（1）英语 间接
汉语直接
Pa away
pine away be with god
go to a better world 寿终、作古、百年、驾鹤西游、与世长辞
（2） 委婉语
①官方委婉语
失业现象
Human resources underdevelopment
(人力资源未充分开发） 生活在贫困线以下的穷人 disadvantaged（机遇不佳） 侵略战争International armed conflict(国际武装冲突） 空袭
air support (空中增援）或overflight（越界飞行） 经济萧条（depreion） deflation(通货膨胀） ②职业委婉语
Gaoler (监狱看守）—prison officer Barber(理发师）——hair consultant The old(老人）——senior citizen Cooking（烹饪）——home science ③学校委婉语 低能儿：
subnormal、special child、slow
撒谎:
shows difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material
偷窃:
needs help in learning to respect the property rights of others （3）含蓄
①克制陈述
He had five sandwiches and a quart of milk for his snack.他吃了五个三明治，喝了一夸脱牛奶，作为他的小吃。 He had a mansion in the country and another little place in town.他在乡下有一座大厦，在城里还有个小地方。 ②间接肯定 双重否定
To my no small astoinshment, I found the house on fire.我发现房子着了火，这使我大吃一惊。 Similar mistakes are not uncommon.犯相同的错误很常见。 ③委婉否定
I don’t believe that Chinese is inferior to any language in the world.我相信，汉语并不亚于世界任何其他语言。 Let me catch you at it again! 别再干这种事了！
You could come at a better time.你来的不是时候。
As if anyone would believe that.别人才不信那一套呢。 你怎么知道？
鬼晓得！ （4）迂回
I’m terribly sorry to interrupt you,but I wonder if you would be so kind to lower your voices a little.不好意思，你能小点声吗？ She is about to be in a family way.. 她快要生孩子了.
8、被动 主动
语使用被动式，常常是为了表示某种客观、间接和非人称的口气，以迎合某些表达的需要。
汉语要表达同样的口气，往往不用被动式，而用无主句、主语省略句、主语泛称句以及其他句式。
9、静态与动态
英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态(static) 汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态(dynamic)。
10、替换与重复
一般来说，除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要，英语总的倾向是尽量避免重复，而常用替代、省略和变换的表达方法。
汉语则比较习惯于重复，因而常用实称、还原和复说的表达方法。汉语的重复还广泛表现在词语调配、句式安排和篇章结构等各个方面。
第三讲
Diction 选词法
一、Unit of Translation
二、Words in the Context
2、词语的翻译与语言语境（上下文）
1.We hope Mr.White will not forget himself, gone are the days when a representative of a large country in UN.may do whatever he likes.我们希望怀特先生不要忘乎所以，在联合国里一个大国代表可以为所欲为的日子已经一去不复返了。
We hope that our most respected Secretary General will not forget himself, his poor health is known to everybody.我们希望最可敬的秘书长先生不要过于操劳，要多多保重,他的健康状况欠佳是众所周知的。
九霄云外
我在同他说话的时候，他的脑子好像早已跑到九霄云外去了。
His mind seemed to be far away when I talked to him.
他早把我的话抛到了九霄云外。
He has cleanly forgotten my advice.
身体好，学习好，工作好。
Keep fit, study well and work hard.送礼 present a gift 送客
see sb.out
送雨伞
send an umbrella送孩子上学
take the child to school
送罪犯上法庭审判 hand criminal over to the court 送卫星上天 launch a satellite 送信 deliver a letter 送命 lose one’s life 送葬 take part in the funeral 浓茶
strong tea
浓墨 dark/thick ink
浓烟 dense smoke 1.A caller to the broadcasting station claimed responsibility for the bombing.有人打电话给广播电台，声称这爆炸是他干的。
2.Throughout centuries London has claimed to be the foremost city of the world.几个世纪以来，伦敦堪称世界一流城市。
3.Oxford claims a large share in the making of England.牛津大学对英国的发展贡献很大．
4.The explosion claimed more than twenty lives.这次爆炸使２０多人丧生。
5.The matter claims our first attention.这事急需我们予以注意.6.She can claim credit for the succe.她可以要求人们承认这次成功归功于她.7.My order had prior claims on your time.我的订货还要请你优先考虑.8.The store has more claims on admiration than it is poible to mention.这家商店声誉之好无以伦比,大大值得人们的赞美.9.His personality is his only claim to remembrances.人们能记起他来的惟有他的品格.(他唯一值得人们怀念的是他的品格) 1.This poses a challenge to logic.这简直是荒谬绝伦。
2.She looked at me with challenge.她以毫不在乎的眼光看着我。
3.This is a great challenge to the jurors.这对陪审员来说是一个非常艰巨的任务。
4.That those who had learned from us now excelled us was a real challenge.曾向我们学习的人反倒超过了我们，这对我们确实是个促进（激励 )。 5.The United States Government does not challenge that position.美国政府对这一立场不提出异议。 6.His question challenged us to think.他提出的问题促使我们去思考。
7.The task challenged his organizing ability.这项任务对他的组织能力是一个考验。 8.The sentry challenged us.哨兵问我们口令。
Recent discoveries have challenged their old notion.最近的发现使他们原来的观念成了问题。 10.They challenge for the Davis Cup.他们决心争夺戴维斯杯。
11.It’s the challenge of our time.这是我们时代的要求
12.Their succe is a challenge to my effort.他们的成就鞭策我做出努力。
3、词语的翻译与情景语境 1)在不同的话题领域： 红眼病 （医学）（在医院里）pink eye 红眼病 （嫉妒）green-eyed meenger: 信使；
一种传递信息的化学物质（遗传工程学） carrier: 携带者； 带菌体（医学、生物学） shuttle: 梭子；
航天飞机（航天） base:
In busine: 本金 In painting: 底涂
In military science: 根据地 2） 地点( place ) 语境中的地点是话语所产生的地点。 同一词语出现在不同的地点，其含义往往不同。如：
1.The boy is drawing a cart.那男孩正在画一辆大车。 那男孩正在拉一辆大车。 2.It’s time to go aboard.该上车了。/ 该上飞机了。/ 该上船了。 3）交际方式
交际方式即语言传播的方式和媒介，有口头和书面之分，文白之差别。因而要确定原文的文体和风格后再选择恰当的词义。
1.He wrote a letter to his friend.2.Premier Wen wrote a letter to American President.3.Mary received a love letter.
4、词语的翻译与文化语境
一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。(鲁迅《祝福》） After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked “fat”, and having made that complimentary remarks he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.笨猪 silly a pig-headed 倔驴
蓝眼睛
汉语中一般指外国人 Blue-eyed 英语中是“受宠爱的” 绿眼鬼---bug-eyed monster 林妹妹早就知道了，她如今要做新媳妇了。自然害羞，不肯见你的。
“She knows it already,” she said.“As she’s to marry you, she’ll naturally feel too shy to see you.” (杨宪益译）
She knows already.And as your bride-to-be, she would be much too embarraed to receive you now.（By Hawkes)
5、
三、Choice of Different Meanings
1、词的语法意义翻译 根据词类确定词义
英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。如： 1.Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.2.He likes mathematics more than physics.3.Like knows like.1.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。 2.他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。 3.英雄识英雄。 2.They went up wind.
他们迎风而行。
The ship is sailing up the river.(prep.) 这船正向河的上游航行。
3.The new museum is up and opens to the public.新博物馆已落成开放。
4.When will the up train start?（adj.)
上行车何时开？
5.The landlord promised his tenants there would be no further ups this year.房东向房客们保证今年不再提高房租。 We all have our ups and downs.（nouns) 命运盛衰不定。（人生总有起起落落。） 6.Prices are being upped by 20%.价格上涨了20%.7.She upped and threw the teapot at him.(verbs) 她跳起来,将茶壶向她掷去.1.Bullet fell round him.(prep.)
子弹落在他的周围。
2.The planets move round the sun in the same direction and nearly in the same plain.
诸行星以同一方向且同一平面绕着太阳运行。
3.Shall I show you round?
我领你四处看看好吗?
4.Come round and see me this evening.(adv.)
今晚请过来看我。 5.It is as round as a ball.
它像球一样圆。
6.She has got a mellow ,round voice.(adj.) 她的声音圆润洪亮。
7.The night watchman makes his rounds.守夜者巡察。
8.There burst out a round of applause.(noun) 发出了齐声喝彩。
9.The bear rounded and faced the hunters.(Verb) 那熊转过身来对着猎人们。
10.When you pronounce the vowel 【u:】, round your lips.发元音【u:】时，要双唇收圆。
2、根据汉语习惯搭配确定词义
1.He has great ears and eyes.2.He has great wisdom, experience and knowledge.他耳聪目明。
他有无穷的智慧，丰富的经验和渊博的知识。 1.He is a good che player.
2.It is a good dinner.3.She speaks good English.4.I have done a good day’s work.5.It was a girl with good manners.6.The young brother wants to have the good half of the bread.1.他棋艺高超。
2.那是一顿丰盛的晚餐。 3.她英语讲得很流利。 4.我干了整整一天的活儿。 5.这是一位举止得体的姑娘。 6.小弟弟要那一大半面包。 He proved to be a good listener.1.他在课上注意听讲。
2.他是个遵守公共秩序的观众。 3.他善于听取群众的意见。
1.Soft pillow2.Soft music3.Soft cushion4.Soft wood 5.Soft money6.Soft drink7.Soft breeze8.Soft light 9.Soft voice10.Soft fire11.Soft hat 12.Soft words 13.Soft answer14.Soft goods15.Soft heart16.Soft water 1.软枕2.轻柔的音乐3.靠垫4.软木 5.纸币6.不含酒精的饮料7.和风8.柔光 9.低声10.文火11.呢帽12.和蔼的话
13.委婉的回答14.毛织品15.慈心16.软水 动词和宾语搭配--以动词make 为例： To make a dre
做一件衣服 To make trouble
惹麻烦 To make a fire
生火 To make a living
谋生 To make the bed
铺床 To make money
赚钱 To make a speech
发表演说 To make a will
立遗嘱 To make a poem
作一首诗
To make an investigation
进行调查 To make a mistake
犯错误 To hold a meeting
开会
To hold one\'s attention
吸引某人注意 To hold a position
坚守阵地 To hold one\'s breath
屏住气 To hold one\'s promise
守信
To hold somebody guilt
判定某人有罪 To hold the baby in one\'s arms 抱孩子
To hold a pipe between the teeth嘴里叼着烟斗 To hold power
掌权 To hold a leading post
担任领导工作 a strong man 强壮的人，果断的人 a strong case 有力的主张 a strong faith 坚定的信仰 a strong contrast 强烈的对照 strong measures 强硬的措施
a strong situation (故事戏剧等)动人的场面 a strong bank 资力雄厚的银行
a strong drink 含烈酒的饮料 strong butter 有臭味的黄油
a strong microscope 倍数大的显微镜
3、The true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others.与人同乐才是真乐
