强度量：intensive properties do not depend on ma （e,g,p,ρ,ν=1/ρ,u and h ）,extensive properties depend on the total ma of the system（e,g,V,M,U,and H）.Uppercase letters are usually used for extensive properties.
准平衡：equilibrium：states of a system are most conveniently described when the system is in equilibrium, i.e.it is in steady-state.Often we will consider proce thatchange “slowly”-termed quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static proce.A proce is quasi-equilibrium if the time rate of change of the proce is slow relative to the time it takes for the system to reach thermodynamic equilibrium.It is neceary that a system be quasi-equilibrium before applying many of the thermodynamics relations to that system.
热力学第一二定律：In simplest terms,the law of thermodynamics dictate the specific for the movement of heat andwork.Basically,the First Law of Thermodynamic is a statement of the conservation of energy-the Second Law is a statement about the direction of that conservation-and the Tired Law is a statement about reaching absolute Zero.The first law of thermodynamic is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy.It can also be considered as defining a property,the internal energy.The Second law of Thermodynamic states that in all energy exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system,the potential energy of the state will always be le than that of the initial states.This is also commonly referred to as entropy.
举例说明热力学定律应用：a cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools,but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself.The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded(transformed into a le useful form at a lower temperature)once it is transferred to the surrounding air.
An ordinary house is,in some respects,an exhibition hall filled with womders of thermodynamics.Many ordinary household utensils and applicances are designed,in whole or in part,by using the principles of thermodynamics.Some examples include the electric or gas range,the heating and air-condition systems,the refrigerator,the humidifier,the preure cooker,the water heater,the iron,and even the computer,and the TV.On a large scale,thermodynamics plays a major part in the design and analysis of automotive engines,rockets,jet engine,and conventional or nuclear power plans,solar collectors,and the design of vehicle form ordinary cars to airplanes.
绝热系统：isolated systems：not exchangeing heat,matter or work with their environment.
开口系统：exchanging energy (heat and work )and matter with their environment .
闭口系统：exchangeing energy (heat and work )but not matter with their environment .
孤立系统：rigid boundary :not allowing exchange of work .
辐射换热:The mechanism in this case is electromagnetic radiation .We shall limit our discuion to electromagnetic radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature difference ;this is called thermal radiation .
对流传热:when a fluid at rest or in motion is in contact with a surface at a temperature different from the plate ,energy flows in the direction of the lower temperature as required by the principle of thermodynamics .we say that heat is convected away ,and we call the proce convection heat transfer .对流传热的方式:There are two convection modes :forced convection and natural convection .If a heated plate were exposed to ambient room air without an external source of motion ,a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density gradients near the plate .We call this natural ,or free ,convection as opposed to forced convection ,which is experienced in the case of the fan blowing air over a plate .
传热学:Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference .
传热学和热力学的区别:Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat .The science of heat transfer seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be transferred ,but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place under certain specified conditions .The fact that a heat -transfer rate is the desired objective of an analysis points out the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics .Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium ;it may be used to predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another ;it may not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the system is not in equilibrium during the proce .Heat transfer supplements the first and second principles of thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules which may be used to establish energy -transfer rates .As in the science of thermodynamics ,the experimental rules used as a basis of the subject of heat transfer are rather simple and easily expanded to encompa a variety of practical situations .
影响辐射传热的因素：To take account of the “gray” nature of such surface we introduce another factor into
Equation ,called the emiive ε:which relates the radiation of the “gray”surface to that of an ideal black surface .We must take into account the fact that not all the radiation leaving one surface will reach the other surface since electromagnic radiation travels in straight lines and some will be lost to the surroundings.
热能与动力工程thermal energy and power engineering 能量转化energy-transfer 比例常数proportionality constant 比例系数proportionality factor 活性中心active center 对流传热convection heat transfer 电磁辐射electromagnetic radiation 角系数view factor 准静态过程quasi-static proce 准平衡quasi-equilibrium 静态平衡static equilibrium 强度参数intensive property 广延参数extensive property 燃烧机理combustion mechanism平均分子运动average molecular motion 热反应堆thermal reactor 热力学性质 thermodynamic property 摩尔热容molar heat capacity 动能kinetic energy 压缩因子compreibility factor 温度传感器temperature sensor 测量电路measurement circuit 电压输出voltage output 静电荷electrostatic charge 励磁电源excitation power 内能internal energy 能量原理energy principle 能量平衡energy balance 能量守恒conservation of energy 剪切应力shear force/stre 角速度angular velocity 速度梯度velocity gradient 温度梯度temperature gradient 一维one-dimensional 机械能mechanical energy 内能internal energy 动能kinetic energy 势能potential energy 凝固/硬化take a set 流体动力学fluid dynamic hydrodynamics 蒸汽发生系统steam generating system 辅助设备auxiliary equipment 空煤比the air-coal ratio 质量作用定律the law of ma action 阿伦尼乌斯定律arrhennius law 活化分子active molecule 活化分子碎片active molecule fragments 活化能activation energy
自由价free valency 支链反应定律the law of branched chain reactions 化学反应方程式stoichiometric equation 活化中心active centres 能级energy levels 甲烷methane ch4 压缩机compreor 冷凝器condenser 膨胀阀expansion valve 可逆reversible 绝热adiabatic 等熵isentropic 余隙容积clearance volume 比容specific volume 压力损失preure lo 溶液给水温度liquid feed temperature 体积流速the volume flow rate 液压头liquid head 成比例的proportional 成反比例的inversely proportional 热力学定律principles of thermodynamics平衡温度equilibrium temperature 相变phase change 导热性thermal conductivity 传热系数heat transfer coefficient 强制对流forced convection 自然对流natural convection 外表面external surface 焓enthalpy 熵entropy 对流传热convection heat transfer 牛顿冷却公式Newton law of cooling 流体物性properties of the liquid 质量流量比ma flow ratio 电磁辐射能electromagnetic energy 热辐射thermal radiation 净辐射量net radiation 流体力学fluid mechanics 热力学性质thermodynamic property 牛顿粘性定律Newton law of vosicosity 温熵图temperature-entropy diagram 回转式发动机rotary engine 汽轮机steam turbine 光化学烟雾photochemical smog 核电站nuclear power plant 流化床燃烧fluildized bed combustion 余热锅炉a heat recovery builer 表面积surface area
强度量：intensive properties do not depend on ma （e,g,p,ρ,ν=1/ρ,u and h ）,extensive properties depend on the total ma of the system（e,g,V,M,U,and H）.Uppercase letters are usually used for extensive properties.
准平衡：equilibrium：states of a system are most conveniently described when the system is in equilibrium, i.e.it is in steady-state.Often we will consider proce thatchange “slowly”-termed quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static proce.A proce is quasi-equilibrium if the time rate of change of the proce is slow relative to the time it takes for the system to reach thermodynamic equilibrium.It is neceary that a system be quasi-equilibrium before applying many of the thermodynamics relations to that system.热力学第一二定律：In simplest terms,the law of thermodynamics dictate the specific for the movement of heat andwork.Basically,the First Law of Thermodynamic is a statement of the conservation of energy-the Second Law is a statement about the direction of that conservation-and the Tired Law is a statement about reaching absolute Zero.The first law of thermodynamic is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy.It can also be considered as defining a property,the internal energy.The Second law of Thermodynamic states that in all energy exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system,the potential energy of the state will always be le than that of the initial states.This is also commonly referred to as entropy.
举例说明热力学定律应用：a cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools,but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself.The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded(transformed into a le useful form at a lower temperature)once it is transferred to the surrounding air.
An ordinary house is,in some respects,an exhibition hall filled with womders of thermodynamics.Many ordinary household utensils and applicances are designed,in whole or in part,by using the principles of thermodynamics.Some examples include the electric or gas range,the heating and air-condition systems,the refrigerator,the humidifier,the preure cooker,the water heater,the iron,and even the computer,and the TV.On a large scale,thermodynamics plays a major part in the design and analysis of automotive engines,rockets,jet engine,and conventional or nuclear power plans,solar collectors,and the design of vehicle form ordinary cars to airplanes.
绝热系统：isolated systems：not exchangeing heat,matter or work with their environment.开口系统：exchanging energy (heat and work )and matter with their environment .
闭口系统：exchangeing energy (heat and work )but not matter with their environment .孤立系统：rigid boundary :not allowing exchange of work .
辐射换热:The mechanism in this case is electromagnetic radiation .We shall limit our discuion to electromagnetic radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature difference ;this is called thermal radiation .
对流传热:when a fluid at rest or in motion is in contact with a surface at a temperature different from the plate ,energy flows in the direction of the lower temperature as required by the principle of thermodynamics .we say that heat is convected away ,and we call the proce convection heat transfer .对流传热的方式:There are two convection modes :forced convection and natural convection .If a heated plate were exposed to ambient room air without an external source of motion ,a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density gradients near the plate .We call this natural ,or free ,convection as opposed to forced convection ,which is experienced in the case of the fan blowing air over a plate .
传热学:Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference .
传热学和热力学的区别:Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat .The science of heat transfer seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be transferred ,but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place under certain specified conditions .The fact that a heat -transfer rate is the desired objective of an analysis points out the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics .Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium ;it may be used to predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another ;it may not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the system is not in equilibrium during the proce .Heat transfer supplements the first and second principles of thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules which may be used to establish energy -transfer rates .As in the science of thermodynamics ,the experimental rules used as a basis of the subject of heat transfer are rather simple and easily expanded to encompa a variety of practical situations .
影响辐射传热的因素：To take account of the “gray” nature of such surface we introduce another factor into
Equation ,called the emiive ε:which relates the radiation of the “gray”surface to that of an ideal black surface .We must take into account the fact that not all the radiation leaving one surface will reach the other surface since electromagnic radiation travels in straight lines and some will be lost to the surroundings
热能与动力工程thermal energy and power engineering 能量转化energy-transfer 比例常数proportionality constant 比例系数proportionality factor 活性中心active center 对流传热convection heat transfer 电磁辐射electromagnetic radiation 角系数view factor 准静态过程quasi-static proce 准平衡quasi-equilibrium 静态平衡static equilibrium 强度参数intensive property 广延参数extensive property 燃烧机理combustion mechanism平均分子运动average molecular motion 热反应堆thermal reactor 热力学性质 thermodynamic property 摩尔热容molar heat capacity 动能kinetic energy 压缩因子compreibility factor 温度传感器temperature sensor 测量电路measurement circuit 电压输出voltage output 静电荷electrostatic charge 励磁电源excitation power 内能internal energy 能量原理energy principle 能量平衡energy balance 能量守恒conservation of energy 剪切应力shear force/stre 角速度angular velocity 速度梯度velocity gradient 温度梯度temperature gradient 一维one-dimensional 机械能mechanical energy 内能internal energy 动能kinetic energy 势能potential energy 凝固/硬化take a set 流体动力学fluid dynamic hydrodynamics 蒸汽发生系统steam generating system 辅助设备auxiliary equipment 空煤比the air-coal ratio 质量作用定律the law of ma action 阿伦尼乌斯定律arrhennius law 活化分子active molecule 活化分子碎片active molecule fragments 活化能activation energy 自由价free valency
支链反应定律the law of branched chain reactions 化学反应方程式stoichiometric equation 活化中心active centres 能级energy levels 甲烷methane ch4 压缩机compreor 冷凝器condenser 膨胀阀expansion valve 可逆reversible 绝热adiabatic 等熵isentropic 余隙容积clearance volume 比容specific volume 压力损失preure lo 溶液给水温度liquid feed temperature 体积流速the volume flow rate 液压头liquid head 成比例的proportional 成反比例的inversely proportional 热力学定律principles of thermodynamics平衡温度equilibrium temperature 相变phase change 导热性thermal conductivity 传热系数heat transfer coefficient 强制对流forced convection 自然对流natural convection 外表面external surface 焓enthalpy 熵entropy 对流传热convection heat transfer 牛顿冷却公式Newton law of cooling 流体物性properties of the liquid 质量流量比ma flow ratio 电磁辐射能electromagnetic energy 热辐射thermal radiation 净辐射量net radiation 流体力学fluid mechanics 热力学性质thermodynamic property 牛顿粘性定律Newton law of vosicosity 温熵图temperature-entropy diagram 回转式发动机rotary engine 汽轮机steam turbine 光化学烟雾photochemical smog 核电站nuclear power plant 流化床燃烧fluildized bed combustion 余热锅炉a heat recovery builer 表面积surface area
