1.Morpheme：The smallest unit in terms of relationship between expreion and content, a unit which can not be divided without altering or destroying the meaning whether it is lexical or grammatical.
2.Types of Morphemes
1) Free Morphemes (Free form)bed, tree, sing, dance
one that may constitute a word ( free form) by itself or it can be used on its own.
2) Bound Morphemes ( Bound Form)-s, dogsdis-,disclosedistempered One that may appear with at least one other morpheme, i.e.it is never used alone but must be used with another morpheme.
3) Root ( Base Form)
free root morphemeblack blackbirdbound root morpheme-ceive receive
4) Affix is collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme .functions of affixes:inflectionalderivational
inflectional affixes(曲折词缀): they are affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relations.Starmallerwalking
derivational affixes: they are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.-in sit-in-shiphorsemanship
3.Derivation is defined as the formation of words by adding affixes to roots or by combining two bound roots。
4.Compounding is defined as the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.
1)Semantic featuresa greenhousea greenrooma greenhorn
2)Grammatical featuresv.+ ncall boyn.+ pphome madea.+ ppnew-born
3)Phonetic features
compounda `grand pianoa `black birda `hot house
Free phrasea grand `pianoa black `birda hot `house
4)Orthographic featureilkwormhoneybeeopen
6.Backformation is an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is coined by deleting an imagined affix, an already existing longer word in the vocabulary.Beggarbeg
1) A noun of a person who does sth.is back formed to a verb showing action.Burglarburgletypewritertypewritehousekeeper
2) Abstract nouns are back formed to a verb.
Diagnosisdiagnoseemotionemoteair-conditionerair-condition
3) Adverbs are back formed to a verb.
sidlingsidledarklingdarklegrovelinggrovel
4) Adjectives are back formed to a verb by getting rid of y.
Greedygreedlazylazeto speed-readspeed-reading
8.Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one cla to another cla.
full conversionpartial conversion
(1) Words fully converted from adjective
common adjectives: a whitea nativefinalsdrinkables
participles and others: a givena drunkyoung marriedsnewly-weds
(2) Words partially convertedthe poorthe youngthe more affluent
1）有不定冠词 indefinite article和“+S”复数 plural，（2）有定冠词 definite article，通常指一类人 kind of people
9.Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.
1) head + tailautocidemotelTransistor2) head + headAmerindsitcom
3) head + wordmedicareautocamp4) word + tailworkfarenewscast10.Clipping : The way of makinga word, i.e.to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains insteadomnibusbus
11.Acronymy is the proce of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.
1) Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter
A.D.Anno DominiB.C.Before ChristLALos Angles
Types of initialisms ：①Letters represent full words: VIPVery Important Person ②Letters represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a wordTVDJ2) Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.V-DayVictory DayNATOthe North Atlantic Treaty Organization
12.Reduplication is a minor proce of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition.
13.Words from Proper Names :The transition from proper names to common words is a gradual one.They come from all sources, from names ofscientists, politicians and statesman to trademarks, and place names.Some have originated from characters in literature, TV films and movies, but some also come from book titles.
14.Conventionality refers to the arbitrarine between a sound and meaning.Motivation refers to the connection between a word and its meaning.
15.Grammatical Meaning consists of word-cla and inflectional paradigm and is the same in identical sets of individual forms of different words.
Part of speech of wordsSingular and plural meaning of nounsTense meaning of verbs and their inflectional form
Lexical Meaning is the component of meaning proper to the word as a lexical item.
16.Conceptual meaning ：denotative meaningis its definition given in a dictionary.It is that aspect of lexical meaning which makes communication poible.
17.Connotation meaning refers to the emotion aociation which a word or a phrase suggests in one‟s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.
18.Aociative meaning: the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning
19.Affective meaning is concerned with the expreion of feeling and attitudes of the speaker or writer.
20.Collocative meaning consists of the aociations a word requires in its collocation
21.SynonymySynonyms can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.
1) Borrowingmingling of Latin, French and native elementscouplets and tripletsNativeroomfoehelpForeignchamberenemyaid
2) Dialects and regional English
Br.EliftlawyerAm.Eelevatorattorney
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words
occupationwalk of life (fig.)dreamerstar-gazer (fig.)
drunkelevated ( euph.)liedistort the fact( euph.)
4) Coincidence with idiomatic expreions
wingain the upper handdecidemake up one‟s mindfinishget throughhesitatebe in two minds
helplend one a hand
denotationconnotationapplication
1) Difference in denotation(外延)differ in the range and intensity of meaning timid: the state of mind in which a person may happen to be at the moment, and the habitual dispositiontimorous: disposition
comprehend /understandrich / wealthywork / toil sentences
2) Difference in connotation (内涵意义)stylistic and emotive coloring of wordsanswer / respondhandy / manualhandy / manual
3) Difference in applicationcollocations & sentence patterns
allow / letanswer / replylump, slice, chunk, sheet, cake
a lump of sugar,a slice of meat,a chunk of wood,a sheet of paper,a cake of soap
24.Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning
25.Homonymy is generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling
26.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.i.e.the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.
大题：
1．Blending：four major groups:
1）head + tail Autocide= automobile + suicide,Motel =motor + hotel Slurb=slum + suburb
2）.head + head sitcom=situation + comedy； Comsat =communications + satellite; telex =teleprinter + exchange
3）.head + word Medicare = medical + care; Eurasia =Europe + Asia
4).word+tailBookmobile=book+automobile;Workfare=work + welfare
）.(indefinite article)Common adjectives:A white ， a liberal，Finals Participles and others:A given，a drunk 酒鬼(2) definite article the rich，the young
3.Characteristics of Compound
1).Semantic features :A greenhouse/a greenroom/a greenhorn2).Grammatical features:Call boy/cut-throatv.+ n.; Home made/book-learnedn.+ pp.
3).Phonetic语音 features: eg.Compound/Free phrase
A „grand piano/a grand „piano;A „black bird/a black „bird
4).Orthographic 拼写features
Silkworm/honeybee/solid/tear gas/easy chair/open
i) brrowing: mingling of Latin,French and native element.eg.room/chamber;help/aid;leave/depart.(native/foreign)
2)dialects and regional English.
EG.lift/elevator;lawyer/attotney;pavement/sidewalk;chemist/druggist.
3)figurative and euphemistic use of words:occupation/walk of life(fig.);dreamer/stargazer（fig）
4）coincidence with idiomatic expreions。Win/gain the upper hand;decide/make one‟s mind;hesitate/be in two minds.
5.discrimination of synonyms:
discrimination of synonyms.3
1)difference in denotation (differ in the range and intensity of meaning)timid/timorous.timid: the state of mind in which a person may happen to be at the moment, and the habitual disposition.timorous: disposition.
2)connotation: stylistic and emotive coloring of words .eg.answer /respond, unlike/diimilar, storm/tempest.
3)application : collocations and sentence patterns.Eg.allow/let, answer/reply, sense/meaning, empty /vacant.
