Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world.A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations.Automobile, trains, planes and bues need energy, too.Nearly all of this energy is produced by burning fuels.The burning produces wastes, some of which remain in the air, causing air pollution. 中国是世界上最大的煤炭生产国和消费国。大约 78% 的电力、60% 的民用商品能源以及 70% 的化工原料均靠煤。煤的直接燃烧是中国最重要的人为空气污染源。
中国摩托车的生产占世界第一，汽车生产占世界第 11 位。尽管用车的数量远远低于发达国家，但国产车每公里排放的空气污染物却是欧洲车的 3 到 5 倍。因为中国城市的道路系统设施低劣，城区的车速比发达国家低得多。道路面积只占上海市总面积的 3.6%，而东京则占总面积的 14.1%。
中国汽车数目将在未来十五年内跃升四倍，所以融合最新技术的智能汽车将成为解决中国空气污染和能源问题的关键。
根据中国国家环境保护总局资料，到二零零六年，在道路上行驶的汽车预计将增加到三千三百万辆，到二零二零年更将跳升至一亿三千一百万辆，由此可能引发的空气污染和能源短缺问题实在不容忽视。
1997 年，中国工业烟尘排放量达 684.6万t，工业粉尘排放量为 548.4万t，其中乡镇企业占了很大比例。
建筑工地和拆迁工地以及机动车夹带的道路扬尘是逸散尘的重要来源。中国北方由于植被被破坏（包括毁林、垦荒和草原过度放牧）形成的沙尘暴也是不可忽视的污染源，尤其是春季。
城市垃圾和郊区农业废弃物的焚烧也是空气污染的一个潜在污染源，会散发二恶英（dioxins）、多环芳烃等致癌物。
空气污染造成诸多方面的损失
中国城市空气污染造成的损失主要包括：室外与室内空气污染造成的健康损失（尤其是慢性支气管炎）、酸沉降引起的作物与森林的损失、材料腐蚀、颗粒物中高的铅含量导致儿童的神经系统损伤与智力下降。世界银行 1997 年发表的结果指出，中国空气污染导致较高的日死亡率。空气污染超标带来的损失--包括提前死亡、患病、生产资料及城市建筑的损失，按人力资源的算法估计占 GDP 的 2.9%。
中国卫生部已认定慢性障碍性的呼吸道疾病是中国前导的死因之一，据统计占死亡的 1/4 以上。
减缓空气污染采取的主要措施
减缓空气污染措施首要是由燃煤改为燃气（包括天然气、煤气和液化石油气）、集中供热以及水力发电等。中国城市内已有 1.47 亿居民炊事用上了燃气，城市内用气普及率达到 75.7%。
减少机动车排污的技术措施主要有禁用含铅汽油，汽车安装催化转化箱，新车装电喷系统等。北京、上海、重庆、哈尔滨，已经改装了 300 到 5000 辆公共汽车，使用天然气或液化石油气作燃料。北京有不少出租车改为两用燃料。科技部及 UNDP 还支持燃料电池车的示范。
北京等大城市必须控制人口
最值得注意的是，城市人口的骤增，更加重了都市的空气污染，它需要额外的能耗，包括为发电耗费更多的煤和为机动车提供更多的油。都市化过程带来 6%～7% 的年均人口增长率，导致郊区新住宅区的出现和新建的燃煤供热锅炉和为数众多的建筑工地。这些建筑工地缺乏有效的扬尘/逸尘的控制措施。这些人为的活动抵消了家庭能源从煤改成到气体燃料带来的环境改善。北京市政府近两年来花费很多财力和人力，采取 93 项紧急措施，在市区进一步将炊事用煤改用天然气，取暖改为集中供热，并将工厂搬往郊区县。但北京市总的耗煤量并没有减少太多。1999 年北京全市包括郊区县，煤消耗量仍然有 1600万t。在城乡交接地区出现更多的低矮新污染源。由于大气扩散和热岛效应，二氧化硫与细小颗粒物仍然能扩散到市区，影响市区空气质量。1999 年北京长期居住的外来人口达 180 万，大多数打工人口居住在城乡交接地。他们炊事没有煤气天然气，取暖用煤炉，为数众多的小煤炉并没有消灭。控制城市人口是必要的。
为达到空气更好、天更蓝、水更绿的目标，北京大致进行了五方面的工作。第一，改善北京的能源结构，从烧煤为主到烧天然气，引进陕甘天然气第二条管线正在铺设；第二，对严重的污染性企业下决心进行搬迁并在搬迁过程当中进行技术改造，如首钢已将相当一部分厂区搬迁至河北省，并在此过程中进行了技术改造，减少了污染；第三，对北京的汽车尾气排放实行严于国家标准的排放标准，目前实行的是欧洲二号标准，明年将实行欧洲三号标准的尾气排放；第四，将北京市四环以内的所有烧煤炉更替为烧电、气，减少污染；第五，开展大规模的绿化、美化、植树造林等工作，使北京生态环境更加良好，使北京居民的生活质量有所提高。
另外，调整能源收费价格，抑制劣质煤的使用；调整排污收费，提高企业治理污染的积极性；提高公众、尤其是官员关注空气质量的意识和自觉性、加强环境经济培训等，都是应当进行的工作。尽管中国正在通过控制工业污染来放缓空气质量恶化的速度，而对汽车的狂热却在妨碍对污染状况做进一步的改善。
中国国家环保总局污染控制司的副司长李新民说，目前中国的公路上有2700万辆汽车，而且，每年都有400-500万辆新的轿车或卡车加入这一行列。过去20年，中国的年均经济增长达到了9.4%，为了满足工业生产对电力的需求，煤炭供应需要稳定增长。中国能源的67%来源于煤炭。为了跟上需求，中国的煤炭生产者所提供的煤炭质量在下降，污染性越来越大。他说，中国目前生产的煤炭的含硫量已经达到了1%，更多的硫被释放到空气中。
二氧化硫是一种主要的污染物，是造成全球变暖的温室气体之一。以目前的趋势发展，到2025年，中国将超越美国而成为世界最大的温室气体排放国。
大气污染源可分为自然的和人为的两大类。自然污染源是由于自然原因（如火山爆发，森林火灾等）而形成，人为污染源是由于人们从事生产和生活活动而形成。在人为污染源中，又可分为固定的（如烟囱、工业排气筒）和移动的（如汽车、火车、飞机、轮船）两种。由于人为污染源普通和经常地存在，所以比起自然污染源来更为人们所密切关注。大气主要污染源有：
⑴ 工业企业 工业企业是大气污染的主要来源，也是大气卫生防护工作的重点之一。随着工业的迅速发展，大气污染物的种类和数量日益增多。由于工业企业的性质、规模、工艺过程、原料和产品种类等不同，其对大气污染的程度也不同。
⑵ 生活炉灶与采暖锅炉 在居住区里，随着人口的集中，大量的民用生活炉灶和采暖锅炉也需要耗用大量的煤炭，特别在冬季采暖时间，往往使受污染地区烟雾弥漫，这也是一种不容忽视的大气污染源。
⑶ 交通运输近几十年来，由于交通运输事业的发展，城市行驶的汽车日益增多，火车、轮船、飞机等客货运输频繁，这些又给城市增加了新的大气污染源。其中具有重要意义的是汽车排出的废气。汽车污染大气的特点是排出的污染物距人们的呼吸带很近，能直接被人吸入。汽车内燃机排出的废气中主要含有一氧化碳、氮氧化物、烃类（碳氢化合物）、铅化合物等。
（二）大气污染的危害与影响 大气污染对人类及其生存环境造成的危害与影响，已逐渐为人们所认识，归结起来有如下几个方面： ①对人体健康的危害。人体受害有三条途径，即吸入污染空气、表面皮肤接触污染 空气和食入含大气污染物的食物，除可引起呼吸道和肺部疾病外，还可对心血管系统、肝等产生危害，严重的可夺去人的生命。 ②对生物的危害。动物因吸入污染空气或吃含污染物食物而发病或死亡，大气污染 物可使植物抗病力下降、影响生长发育、叶面产生伤斑或枯萎死亡。 ③对物品的危害。如对纺织衣物、皮革、金属制品、建筑材料、文化艺术品等，造 成化学性损害和玷污损害。 ④造成酸性降雨，对农业、林业、淡水养殖业等产生不利影响。 ⑤破坏高空臭氧层，形成臭氧空洞，对人类和生物的生存环境产生危害。 ⑥对全球气候产生影响，如二氧化碳等温室气体的增多会导致地球大气增暧，导致 全球天气灾害增多，又如烟尘等气溶胶粒子增多，使大气混浊度增加，减弱太阳辐射， 影响地球长波辐射，可能导致天气气候异常。 如何防治大气污染，减轻大气污染的危害与影响，构成了当今重大而紧迫的研究课题。China is the world's largest coal producer and consumer.About 78% of its electricity, 78% of civil commercial energy, as well as 70% of the chemical raw materials, are rely on coal.The direct combustion of coal is the most important human of air pollution in China.China's production of the world's first motorcycle, car production accounts for the 11th in the world.Although the number of cars is far lower than developed countries, but domestic emiions of air pollutants per kilometer is 3 to 5 times of European cars.Because of China's urban poor road system facilities, the city speed is much lower than the developed countries.Road area accounts for only 3.6% of the total area of Shanghai, while Tokyo accounts for 14.1% of the total area.China's car number four times will jump over the next 15 years, so the fusion of the latest technology smart cars will be the key to solve the problem of China's air pollution and energy.According to the state environmental protection administration of China, by 2006, on the road is expected to increase to thirty-three million cars, more will jump to one hundred and thirty-one million to one hundred and thirty-one million, which may cause air pollution and energy shortage problem is not allow to ignore.In 1997, China's industrial soot emiions of 6.846 million t, industrial dust emiions for 5.484 million t, the township enterprises accounted for a large proportion.Construction and demolition construction site and the entrainment of motor vehicle road is an important source of dust from dust.In northern China due to the destruction of vegetation (including deforestation, land reclamation and overgrazing graland) formation of sandstorm is also an important pollution source, especially in spring.Urban garbage and suburban agricultural waste incineration is also a potential sources of pollution, air pollution will send out the dioxin (dioxins) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons carcinogenic substance.Air pollution cause lo of many aspects The lo caused by air pollution in cities of China mainly includes: outdoor and indoor air pollution cause health damage (especially chronic bronchitis), the crops and forest lo caused by acid deposition, material corrosion, particles of high lead levels in children of neurological damage and reduced IQ.The world bank published in 1997, points out that the result of the China air pollution leads to higher mortality.Exce air pollution loes - including premature death, illne, production data and the lo of urban construction, according to human resources algorithm estimated at 2.9% of GDP.China's ministry of health has identified chronic obstructive respiratory disease is one of the leading causes of death in China, according to statistics, accounts for more than a quarter of death.The main measures to slow the air pollution Slow down air pollution measures first is from coal to gas (including natural gas, coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas), central heating, hydroelectric power, etc.China has 147 million residents in the city cooking using gas, gas within urban tele-density to 75.7%.The main technical measures to reduce the motor vehicle emiion has banned leaded gasoline, automobile catalytic converter box installed, new car efi system and so on.Beijing, Shanghai, chongqing, Harbin, has been converted from 300 to 5000 bus, use natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas as fuel.Beijing has many taxi to dual fuel.Ministry of science and technology and demonstration of UNDP also supports fuel-cell cars.Big cities such as Beijing must control population is the most notable is, the urban population surge, is adding to the urban air pollution, it needs additional energy consumption, including coal for power generation cost more and more fuel for motor vehicles.Urbanization proce bring 6% ~ 7% of the average annual population growth rate, lead to the emergence of new residential suburb and the new coal heating boilers and a large number of construction site.The lack of effective construction site dust/escape dust control measures.These human activities to offset the household energy from coal to gas fuel to the environment improvement.The Beijing municipal government spent a lot of money and manpower in the past two years, 93 emergency measures, the city will further cooking coal to gas, heating instead of central heating, and the factory moved to suburban county.But the total coal consumption of Beijing does not reduce too much.1999 Beijing including suburban county in the city, there are still 16 million t coal consumption.In the transition area between urban and rural areas have more low new pollution sources.Due to atmospheric diffusion and heat island effect, sulfur dioxide and fine particulate matter still can spread to the city, urban air quality.Long-term living in Beijing in 1999 the foreign population of 1.8 million, most of the working population living in urban and rural transition.They are not cooking gas, natural gas, heating stove, a large number of small coal stove does not.It is neceary to control the urban population.To achieve better air, day more blue, water is more green targets, Beijing for roughly five aspects.First, improve the energy structure of Beijing, mainly from burning coal to burning gas, introduced but so do dungans second pipeline of natural gas are laying; Second of all, the serious polluting enterprises and determined to be moved in the moving proce of technical renovation, such as shougang has quite a number of factory moved to hebei province, and technical innovation in the proce, reduce the pollution; Third, on vehicle emiions in Beijing implements the strict in the standard of national emiion standards, current practice is the European ii standards, next year will be 3 standards emiions in Europe; Fourth, will all within Beijing sihuan burn coal stove for electricity, gas burning, reduce pollution; Fifth, large-scale afforestation and beautification, the afforestation work, make more good ecological environment in Beijing, Beijing residents' quality of life improved.In addition, the adjustment of energy price, inhibit the use of inferior coal; Adjust the pollution charge, boost the enthusiasm of the corporate governance of pollution; Public officials, especially pay attention to air quality awarene and consciousne, strengthen environmental economic training, etc., are all should carry out the work.Although China is through the control of industrial pollution to slow down the speed of deterioration of air quality, and enthusiasm about cars is to prevent pollution condition for further improvement.Deputy director general of China's state environmental protection administration in the department of pollution control, 'he said at present China's 27 million vehicles on the road, and, every year there are 400-5 million new cars or trucks into this category.Over the past 20 years, China's annual economic growth reached 9.4%, in order to meet the needs of industrial production of electricity, coal supply needs stable growth.67% of China's energy comes from coal.In order to keep up with demand, China's coal producers provided by a decline in coal quality, pollution is more and more big.He said that China's current production of the coal sulfur content has reached 1%, more sulfur is released into the air.Sulfur dioxide is one of the main pollutants, is one of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.On current trends, by 2025, China will overtake the United States to become the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases.Air pollution can be divided into two categories, natural and man-made.Nature of pollution sources is due to natural reasons (such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires, etc.) and form, man-made pollution is formed due to the people engaged in production and life activities.In man-made pollution sources, and can be divided into fixed (e.g., chimney, industrial vent) and moving (e.g., cars, trains, planes, ships) two kinds.Because artificial pollution common and frequently, so compared to natural sources more people pay close attention to.Atmospheric main pollution sources include: (1) industrial busine industry enterprise is the main source of atmospheric pollution, is also the emphasis of health protection work atmosphere.With the rapid development of industry, the amount and type of air pollutants are increasing.Due to the nature of the industrial enterprise, scale, technological proce, raw material and product category is different, its degree of air pollution are also different.2 life stoves and heating boiler In residential areas, with the concentration of population, a large number of civilian life also need to cost a lot of coal stoves and heating boiler, especially in the time of heating in winter, often make the contaminated area smoke, this is also a kind of atmospheric pollution nots allow to ignore.(3) the transportation in recent decades, due to the development of transportation, urban driving cars is increasing, trains, ships, aircraft and other paenger and cargo transport frequently, these to add to the new urban atmospheric pollution sources.Which is of great significance is car exhaust fumes.Car is the characteristics of the atmospheric pollution discharge of the pollutants from people with breathing very close, can directly be inhaled.Automobile exhaust gases from the internal combustion engine mainly contains carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons), such as lead compounds.(2) the harm of air pollution and the influence of air pollution on human and environment caused by the harm and influence, has gradually been recognized, in the aggregate, has the following several aspects: (1) the harm to human health.Human suffering has three, pollute the air, surface skin contact with the air inhaled and eating food containing atmospheric pollutants, besides can cause respiratory and lung diseases, but also on the cardiovascular system, liver, etc, serious can take away the life.(2) the harm of biological.Animals because of the inhaled air pollution or eat foods containing pollutants and morbidity or mortality, atmospheric pollution content can make the plant disease resistance drop, influence the growth, leaf injury spot wither or die.(3) the harm of items.Such as the textile clothing, leather, metal products, construction materials, culture, art, etc., made into chemical damage and defiled damage.(4) cause acidic precipitation, such as agriculture, forestry, fresh water aquaculture.(5) destroys the high-altitude ozone layer, ozone hole formation, cause harm to human and biological survival environment.6.Impact on the global climate, such as the increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases will cause the earth's atmosphere warms, lead to increased global weather disasters, and aerosol particles such as smoke, increase the atmospheric turbidity, solar radiation, affect the longwave radiation, the earth, may lead to abnormal weather climate.How to prevention and control of atmospheric pollution, reduce the harm of air pollution and influence, constitute a major and urgent research subject.防治大气污染是一个庞大的系统工程,需要个人、集体、国家、乃至全球各国的共同努力，可考虑采取如下几方面措施： ①减少污染物排放量。多采用无污染能源（如太阳能、风能、水力发电）、改革能 源结构，用低污染能源（如天然气）、对燃料进行预处理（如烧煤前，先进行脱硫）、改进燃烧技术等均可减少排污量。另外，在污染物未进入大气之前，使用除尘消烟技 术、冷凝技术、液体吸收技术、回收处理技术等消除废气中的部分污染物，可减少进 入大气的污染物数量。 ②控制排放和充分利用大气自净能力。气象条件不同，大气对污染物的容量便不同， 排入同样数量的污染物，造成的污染物浓度便不同。对于风力大、通风好、湍流盛、对流强的地区和时段，大气扩散稀释能力强，可接受较多厂矿企业地逆温的地区和时 段，大气扩散稀释能力弱，便不能接受较多的污染物，否则会造成严重大气污染。因 此应对不同地区、不同时段进行排放量的有效控制。 ③厂址选择、烟囱设计、城区与工业区规划等要合理，不要排放大户过渡集中，不 要造成重复迭加污染，形成局地严重污染事件发生。 ④ 绿化造林，使有更多植物吸收污染物，减轻大气污染程度。Prevention and control of atmospheric pollution is a huge system engineering, need to be individual and collective, national, and global joint efforts of all countries, can consider to take measures in the following aspects: (1) to reduce emiions.Use more pollution-free energy (such as solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric power), reform can source structure, with low pollution energy (such as natural gas), pretreatment of fuel (such as coal desulfurization) before, such as improving combustion technology can reduce emiions.In addition, before the pollutants into the atmosphere not use dust smoke abatement technology, condensing technology, liquid absorption technology, recycling technology to eliminate some pollutants in the exhaust, and can reduce the amount of pollutants into the atmosphere.(2) to curb emiions and make full use of atmospheric self-purification ability.Different meteorological conditions, the capacity of the atmospheric pollutants, into the same amount of pollutants, the pollutant concentration was different.For wind, good ventilation, turbulence, strong convection area and time, atmospheric diffusion dilution ability is strong, can accept more corporations inversion region and period, atmospheric diffusion dilution ability is weak, cannot accept more pollutants, otherwise it will cause serious air pollution.Because of the response to different regions, different times for the effective control of emiions.(3) site selection, design of chimney, urban and industrial planning should be reasonable, don't emitters transition, not to cause repeated superposition pollution, formation of local serious pollution incident.(4) greening afforestation, make more plants absorb pollutants, reduce atmospheric pollution.监督supervision Supervise ① 温室效应：大气中的CO2和其他微量气体如甲烷、一氧化碳、臭氧、氟氯碳（CFCS）、水蒸气等可以使太阳短波辐射几乎无衰减的通过,但却可以吸收地表的长波辐射,由此引起全球气温升高的现象,称为“温室效应”.二氧化碳是最重要的温室气体.② 臭氧层破坏：O3层具有强烈吸收太阳紫外线的功能,从而保护地球上各种生命的存在、繁衍和发展.氟氯碳、NOX等物质是导致其破坏的主要原因.greenhouse effect of CO2 from the atmosphere and other trace gases such as methane, carbon monoxide and ozone, carbon chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS), water vapor can make the sun shortwave radiation almost no attenuation through, but it can absorb long-wave radiation on the surface of the earth, thus caused the phenomenon of global temperatures, referred to as the "greenhouse effect".Carbon dioxide is one of the most important greenhouse gas.(2) the ozone depletion, O3 layer has strong absorption of the sun's ultraviolet function, thus protecting the existence of a variety of life on the earth, the reproduction and development.Materials such as carbon fluorine chlorine, NOX is a major cause of lead to its destruction.法制，监督教育
