Unit 6 Jewelry
Teaching Time: six periods Part I Pre-learning I .Teaching Aims
By the end of this leon, students should be able to: A.Know the general knowledge about different kinds of Jewelry as well as diamond. B.Learn to use the communicative skill of “making an apology”.C.Master the use of article. D.Grasp the words or phrases related to diamond.II.Teaching Important and Difficult Points Cultural Background
A.Different kinds of jewels: (precious) stones: a rare and valuable kind of mineral.宝石
gem: a pearl of mineral that has been cut and polished for use as an
ornament.宝石，珠宝
ruby: a bright red precious stone.红宝石
sapphire: a kind of transparent precious stone of a bright blue color.蓝宝石
emerald: a bright green precious stone.祖母绿，绿宝石
opal: a precious stone which looks like milky water with colors in it.
蛋白石，猫眼石
jade: a precious, usually green stone from which ornaments or jewelry are
made.玉，翡翠
amber: a yellowish brown hard clear substance used for ornaments or
jewelry.琥珀
jet: a hard, black material that can be made to shine brightly used to
make ornaments .黑玉
topaz: a transparent yellowish mineral.黄晶，黄玉
pearl: a hard round small silvery-white ma formed inside the shell of
shellfish.珍珠
B.Diamonds Diamond (金刚石，钻石) is a clear, very hard and valuable stone, used in jewelry
and in industry, for example, a diamond engagement ring.It is the
birthstone of April and anniversary gemstone for the 10th and 60th years
of marriage.Diamond was discovered in 500 B.C.in India.The name
“diamond” comes from the Greek word “adamas” which means unconquerable---
suggesting the eternity (永恒) of love.Since ancient Greece diamond has
been the traditional symbol of love.The ancients believed they were
hardened dew (露水) drops, splinters (碎片) from the stars or crystallized
lighting.A diamond, the hardest substance known to man, is a crystallized
carbon which has unique powers of light reflection.Because it is composed
of a single element, a diamond is the purest of all gemstones.Diamond is
a colorle stone.Some other occasional colors are: blue, yellow, amber
(琥珀色的), red, green, pink.
C.World production of natural diamonds World natural diamond production for 2003 has been estimated at a total of
144 million carats (1.克拉: 宝石重量单位=200毫克 2.开: 黄金纯度单位, 纯金为24开) with a value
of US$ 9.4 billion.About 20% of this volume are gems, which will be
polished and set into diamond jewelry and 45% are near- gems, which would
have been graded as industrial 40 years ago but are now polished by the
vast low-cost Indian cutting industry.The balance is of industrial
quality.DeBeers is the largest diamond miner in the world.Its mines in
Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Tanzania produced 41% (US$ 3.9
billion) by value or 31% by caratage (43.9 million carats) of the world’s
2003 production.The company’s marketing arm, the Diamond Trading
Company(DTC), sold 48% of world total production--- a steep fall from the
recent past when (in 2000) the company’s market share was about 60% and
the 1970s and 1980s when it was 80%.In 2003, Canada’s Northwest
Territories mines produced 11.2 million carats, 7.5% of the world total by
weight, worth an estimated value of US$ 1024 billion, which is over 12% of
the world total by value, making Canada the third largest producer of
diamond in the world, behind Bostwana and Ruia, surpaing South Africa
and Angola.A large production of the gem-quality diamond produced by both
the mines in the NWT is in the range of high color and quality, and in
sizes that are most in demand in the world’s leading consumer market, the
USA.Botswana was again the world’s number one diamond-producing country
in 2003 terms of value (estimated at US$ 2.48 billion) and only marginally
behind Australian in carats mined (30.4 million carats).South Africa
contributed an estimated 12.4 million carats to the world’s total
production, which represents about 11% by value (US$ 1.1 billion), 96% of
which comes from mines owned by DeBeers.Namibia now recovers about half
of its diamonds from mining the sea bed with the remainder being found on
its beaches, which have been swept for alluvial diamonds since 1908.The
stones are high in average value, though small in average size.Ruia is
the world’s number two producer of diamonds.All the mines are situated in
the Western Yakuti (西伯利亚的雅库特地区), and are owned by the state company
Alrosa.In Ruia, half of the rough output is currently sold for
polishing and half is exported.
Part II Teaching Procedure Reading I I.Key Language Points 1.jewelry: n. “Jewel” is a countable noun, meaning a valuable stone, such as a diamond,
while “jewelery” is an uncountable noun, meaning small things that you
wear for decoration, such as bracelets (手镯), rings, earrings or necklaces
made of precious metals set with gems (宝石) or imitation gems.“Jewellery”
is British English spelling, and in American English it is spelt as
“jewelry”.As it is uncountable, we need to use words such as “a piece of”
or “a lot of” with it if the quantity is mentioned.
【例句】a piece of jewelry She wears a lot of gold jewelry. 2.to do with: be related to something, or be involved with something 【例句】Their conversation had been largely to do with work.
他们谈论的话题主要是和工作有关的事情。
I’m sorry about the accident, but it’s nothing to do with me.
出现这样的事故，我感到很遗憾，但我与这事没有一点关系。
This question doesn’t have anything to do with the main topic of the
survey. 这个问题和调查的主题没有任何关系。
3.as had been this father: In this sentence, “as” is used to introduce a
non-restrictive attributive clause.This usage is frequently found in
English. 【例句】Fred, as might be expected, was attending the conference. 像大家预期的那样，弗雷德当时参加了会议。
He is absent, as is often the case.他迟到了，这是经常发生的事情。
When used to introduce attributive clause, as is more often found together
with “such” or “same”.
【例句】Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming.
认识汤姆的女士都认为他很有魅力。
I never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过他告诉我的这些故事。
You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. 你要像尊敬我一样尊敬我的妻子。
She knew he felt just the same as she did.她知道他和自己有同样的感受。
4.be true of / for: something that is true of a group of people relates
to all the people in that group 适用于; 符合于
【例句】Parents of young children often become depreed, and this is
especially true of single parents.
孩子很小的父母亲们经常情绪低落，那些单亲家长们更是如此。
I’m very sorry that you’ve decided to leave, and I am sure that holds true
for everyone else here.
你决定离去，我感到很难过，我相信，这里的每个人都会如此。
5.in particular: especially 【例句】I noticed his eyes in particular, because they were such an unusual
color. 我特别注视着他的眼睛，因为他的眼睛的颜色非同寻常。
6.be cut out for sth./to do sth.: to be naturally well suited for sth.
天然适合于(有做...的天赋,很相配) 【例句】I am not cut out for city life.我不适合在城市生活。
I am not cut out for teaching / politics.我不适合当老师/搞政治。
7.be apprenticed to: to be an apprentice to sb.成为学徒
【例句】She was apprenticed to a plumber.她曾学徒做过管道工。
Bill didn’t go to college, now that he was apprenticed to a carpenter. 贝尔没有去上大学，因为他学徒做了木匠。
The boy was apprenticed to a carpenter.这个男孩被送去学木匠。
[相关词]apprentice n.学徒, 实习生
【例句】My grandfather learnt shoe-making as an apprentice to a master
craftsman. 我祖父跟一位大师傅当学徒,学会了制鞋。
He began his career as an apprentice.他以当学徒开始他的职业生涯。
8.intuition: n.instinctive knowing (without the use of rational
procees) 直觉
【例句】My intuition told me he wasn’t to be trusted.直觉告诉我他不值得信任。 She had an intuition that her friend was ill.她有一种直觉:她的朋友病了。
I had a sudden intuition about the miing jewels. 我凭直觉突然对失去的珠宝有所感知。
9.tension:
1) n.the amount of a force stretching something 张力；拉力
【例句】This wire will take 50 pounds tension before breaking. 这根金属线在断裂之前能承受五十磅的张力。
The tension was so great that the rope broke.绳子拉得太紧绷断了。
2) n.mental strain; excitement 心理紧张；兴奋
【例句】We feel some tension before we take an exam.考试之前，我们觉得有点紧张。
Tension mounted as we waited for the exam results to be
published. 我们在等待公布考试结果时气氛越来越紧张。
3) n.an anxious, untrusting, and perhaps dangerous condition in the
relationship between people, countries, etc.(一般用复数) 紧张关系；紧张局势
【例句】The border dispute has been a continuing source of tension. 边界争端一直是紧张局势的根源。
10.split: vi./vt.to divide into separate parts 分裂, 分开
【例句】He spent the whole morning splitting the wood.他整个一上午都在劈柴。
Disagreements split the party into rival factions. 意见分歧使该党分裂为对立的几派。
The huge tree split when struck by lightning.这棵大树遭雷击时被劈开了。
The old farm has been split up into house lots. 这古老的农场已被划分为一块块的宅地。
11.take one’s time:
1) to take more time than is reasonable 拖拉，慢吞吞
【例句】The old lady took her time as she walked up the steps.这位老太太慢慢地爬上楼梯。
2) to use as much time as is neceary, not hurry不慌不忙，从容。
【例句】Please take your time, there is no rush.你慢慢来，没有关系，并不急。
12.choosy: adj.picky; difficult to please 挑剔的；难伺候的
[相关搭配] be choosy about: be particular about 对„挑剔
【例句】She\'s very choosy about who she goes out with. 她愿意和谁幽会不愿意和谁幽会是很挑剔的。
He is very choosy about what he eats.他对吃的东西非常讲究。
She is particular about what she eats.她过分讲究吃。
13.irritate: 1) vt.to make angry or impatient 激怒，使烦躁
【例句】 His letter irritated me a little.他的信使我有点恼火。
2) vt.make part of the body a little hurt or uncomfortable 刺激；使难受
【例句】The cigarette smoke irritates my eyes.香烟的烟雾刺得我眼睛难受。
[相关词]
irritation n.the psychological state of being irritated or annoyed
激怒；生气，恼怒
【例句】He could not hide his irritation that he had not been invited. 他无法掩饰因未被邀请而生的气恼。
irritable adj.easily annoyed 易怒的,急躁的
【例句】The old man is an irritable person.那个老人是个易怒的人。
14.bachelor:
1) n.an unmarried man 未婚男子；单身汉
【例句】He remained a bachelor all his life.他终生未娶
2) n.[C] 学士
【例句】a Bachelor of Arts文学士 (略作 BA,B.A.,A.B.) a Bachelor of Medicine医学士 (略作B.M.) a Bachelor of Science理学士（略作 B.S ）
bachelor’s degree 学士学位
15.in someone’s stead: in someone’s place; instead of someone (正式）代替某人
【例句】She asked me to attend the meeting in her stead 她要我替她去参加会议。
I can\'t attend the meeting but I\'ll send my aistant in my stead. 这个会我来不了, 我让助手代我出席。
16.in communion with: (formal) in special relationship with someone or
something which makes you feel that you understand them very well 与.
..有联络， 有共同利害关系
【例句】He lived in close communion with nature/ God.他与大自然为伴。
[相关词] commune v.to get very close to someone or something by exchanging feeling
or thoughts 与...建立密切关系（with）
【例句】I often walk by the sea to commune with nature.我常在海滨漫步，与大自然神交。
17.fall apart: to break (into piece) 分裂；破碎；崩溃
【例句】My car is falling apart.我的汽车要散架了。
Their marriage finally fell apart.他们的婚姻终于破裂了。
She fell apart completely, crying like a baby.她完全崩溃了，哭得像个孩子。
18.an odd chance that… unusual: “that” here is an adverb of degree, which
means “so” or “to such a degree”.
【例句】It wasn’t that good, actually.事实上，没有那么好。
Is the problem that easy? 问题有那么简单吗? He knows only that much.他只知道那么多。
I was that angry I could have hit him.我十分生气, 简直想揍他。
19.infect:
1) vt.to fill (sb.’s mind or spirit ) with feelings (感情上) 感染（别人）
【例句】She infected the whole cla with her laughter.她的笑声感染了全班同学。 Her cheerful spirits and bubble laughter infect the whole cla. 她那快乐的情绪和爽朗的笑声感染了全班。
2) vt.(of disease ) to get into the body of someone, often through the
air (疾病)感染/传染（别人）
【例句】The open wound soon became infected.裸露的伤口很快就受到了感染。
[相关搭配] be infected with
【例句】I was infected with a bad cold by my brother.我哥哥把重感冒传染给我。
[相关词] infection n.传染
【例句】He suffered from a lung infection.他肺部受到了感染。
infectious adj.传染性的
【例句】Their enthusiasm was infectious.他们的热情有感染力。
Flu is an infectious disease characterized by fever, aches and pains and
exhaustion.
流感是一种传染病，其特征是发热、全身疼痛和疲乏无力。
20.destined: adj.intended in advance or by fate 注定的；命中注定的；预定的
【例句】He was destined never to meet her again.命运注定他再也见不到她。
The man is destined for succe.这个人注定要成功的。
It was destined that they would marry.他们结婚是缘分。
[相关词] destiny n.fate.命运；天数；天命
【例句】a master of one\'s own destiny 掌握自己的命运的人
It was his destiny to die in a foreign country.他注定要客死异国。
Your destiny is interwoven with mine.你的命运已和我的命运结合在一起了。
II．Difficult Sentences 1) His father was to do with diamonds, as had been his father. 要点：The job his (Ephraim’s) father did is about diamonds, and his
grandfather did this job too. 这类似于下面结构的用法，so+ 助动词/ be动词/ 情态动词＋主语
【例句】 He is a teacher, so was his father.他是老师，他的父亲也曾是。
译文：他父亲从事的工作与钻石有关，他的祖父也是这样。
2) To cut a diamond perfectly is an act like a samurai’s sword-thrust, or
a master archer’s centered arrow.
要点：This sentence means: If a samurai intends to make a correct thrust at
his rival with his sword or a master archer wants to shot an arrow in the
center of the target without miing it, perfect skills are needed.
Likewise, splitting a diamond perfectly also needs excellent skills. 译文：要完美的切割钻石，就像武士准确地刺向自己的对手，高明的弓箭手每次都射中
靶心一样，需要高超的技艺。
3) When an important diamond is shaped a man may spend a week …will split
it exactly so. 要点：In this long sentence, the structure “spend„(in) doing sth.” is used
and the word “moment” is modified by the attributive clause introduced by
“when”.
译文：当打造一颗重要的钻石时，一个人可能要花一周甚至几周时间去研究它，要集中所有的记忆、直觉和注意力，直到最后确定用恰如其分的轻敲力才会将原石准确地按需要分开。
4) He was the son who took his time about getting married, and about…… who
refused to fulfill the ordinary purpose of nature. 要点：This sentence means: He (Ephraim) was such a person who didn’t want to
marry early and not paid more attention to what his family members said,
sometimes jokingly, about his unwillingne to get married soon because he
was choosy.But when other people spoke of him with a sharp tone, the
family members had nothing to say.Why those people blamed him with such a
harmful, threatened tune was that they felt very angry when people like
Ephraim refused to get married and have children.
译文：他总是不把结婚放在心上，对于家人开玩笑说是太挑剔了，他也不太在意。当别人生气地，有时恶意地，甚至用威胁的语气谈到此事时，他的家人无话可说。人们之所以这样说是因为像Ephraim
这样不想结婚养孩子的行为让他们感到生气。
5) Nothing was expected of him. 要点：His family members didn’t expect him to make any great achievements in
his career.
expect sb./sth.of sth.期望（某人）；指望（某人）
【例句】I wouldn’t have expected such rudene of you.我没有想到你这样粗鲁。
Don’t expect too much of his idea.别指望他能有什么好主意。
译文：他的家人并不指望他能在工作上有任何大的作为。
6) He should have flown home again; but the merchant asked him to dinner. 要点：“should have + V-ed” refers to obligation unfulfilled, that is, an
action which should take place in the past was actually not performed.
【例句】You should have switched off the electric current.你本应该把电源切断。
译文：他本打算再坐飞机回到家去，但这位商人邀请他一起共进晚餐。
III． Structure of Reading I Part I (Paragraph 1-2) Introduction: The trade of diamond-cutting by mentioning the man called
Ephraim. 1) Ephraim’s family was to do with the diamonds. 2) Stating that Diamond-cutting needs excellent skills by comparing it to
a samurai’s sword-thrust and a master archer’s centered-arrow.
Part II (Paragraph 3-5)
Ephraim’s experience of succeful cutting a diamond for a rich
merchant made his skill known and he became a master diamond-cutter.
Reading II 1.Notes 1.deposit:
1) n.first payment for something 存款, 定金
【例句】a bank deposit银行存款 demand deposit 活期存款
You must pay a deposit if you want to reserve the room. 你要预订房间，就得先付定金。
2) n.something deposited 矿层, 堆积物; 储量
【例句】diamond deposit钻石储量
deposit of crude oil原油储量
The country is short of known deposits of coal.这个国家缺少已知的煤矿矿床。 There are rich deposits of gold in those hills.在那些山里有一些富金矿。
3) v.put something somewhere to keep it safe 放下, 寄存, 存放
【例句】You may deposit your case in the left luggage office.你可以把手提箱存放在寄存处。
4) v.沉淀; 堆放；沉积
【例句】When the River Nile is in flood, it deposits a layer of mud on the
fields. 尼罗河泛滥时, 便在田野上沉积一层泥。
2.Kimberley: a city in the central Republic of South Africa, famous for
its diamond mines.It is called Diamond City and still thought of as the
diamond capital of the world.金伯利市（南非）
3.extensive: adj.large in amount, area or range 广泛的，深远的; 广阔的
【例句】extensive knowledge广博的知识 extensive reading泛读
We had fairly extensive discuions.我们进行了相当广泛的讨论。
They own extensive land by the ocean.他们拥有海边的辽阔土地。
4.Siberia: a vast region of northeast Ruia, extending from the Ural
Mountains(乌拉尔山脉) to the Pacific (太平洋) 西伯利亚
5.crystal: n.a transparent (透明的) natural mineral that looks like ice 水晶
6.crystalline: adj.made of crystals 水晶的, 透明的, 结晶性的
【例句】crystalline carbon水晶碳
crystalline rocks水晶岩
7.individual
1) adj.for one person or thing only 单独的；个别的
【例句】individual economy 个体经济
A teacher can\'t give individual attention to each pupil if his cla is
large. 如果班上的人数多，老师就不能给予个别辅导了。
2) adj.独特的; 个性的, 有特性的
【例句】The model has an individual way of dreing.这个模特儿有着独特的穿衣方式。
3) n.each person, by himself, not with others 个人; 个体
【例句】Exceptions can not be made for individuals.对个人不能有例外。
8.boart: n.(also called bort or bortz) a quantity of low-quality
diamonds and small fragments, valuable only in crushed or powdered (粉未状的
) form 圆粒金刚石
9.carbonado: n.a maive black variety of diamond, found chiefly near
Salvador(萨尔瓦多[拉丁美洲]), Brazil, and formerly used for drilling and other
cutting purposes 黑金刚石
10.cluster: n.number of things of the same kind growing closely
together串；束,簇；群,组
【例句】There was a little cluster of admirers around the actre. 女演员周围拥着一小群崇拜者。
11.polish: 1) n.光泽, 优雅, 精良
【例句】A hot plate will spoil the polish on this table.热盘子会毁坏桌面的光泽。
2) v.抛光, 磨光, 擦亮; 使精练（优美），润饰 (文章) 【例句】polish shoes 擦鞋
He polished his spectacles with a handkerchief before answering. 回答之前, 他用手帕擦拭了一下眼镜。
The speaker spent several days polishing her lecture. 演讲者花了几天时间润饰她的演讲稿。
12.revolving: adj.cause to move by turning over or in a circular manner
of as if on an axis 旋转的, 周转的, 循环的
【例句】a revolving door 旋转门
I think they are using a revolving stage.我想他们用一种旋转舞台。
[相关词] revolve: v.turn on or around an axis or a center 旋转,考虑,循环
【例句】My life revolves around my job.我的工作是我生活的中心。
The earth revolves round the sun.地球环绕太阳运行。
13.bore:
1) v.to make someone feel tired; not to be interesting 使烦扰
【例句】He bores me with his endle tales.他那讲不完的故事使我厌烦。 He bored us all by talking for hours about his new house. 他连续几个小时大谈他的新房子，使我们大家都厌烦透了。
2) v.make a narrow, round, deep hole 钻孔
【例句】The worker bored a hole through the board.工人在木板上钻了一个孔。
[相关词] boring adj.dull; not interesting
【例句】I found the talk very boring.我觉得那次讲话非常没意思。
bored adj.not interested; unhappy because you have nothing interesting to
do 厌烦的
【例句】The teacher went over the same point so often that the children were
bored. 那位教师对同一问题讲了又讲，讲得孩子们都烦了。
14.cleave: v.separate or cut with a tool, such as a sharp instrument 劈开;
把„分成若干块
[相关词] cleavage n.split or division; line along which material such as rock or
wood splits.裂缝；分开
15.respective: adj.各自的,各个的
【例句】He drove them both to their respective homes.他驾车把他们分别送到家里。
The three men were given work according to their respective abilities. 这三个人根据各自的能力被分配了工作。
[相关词] respectively adv.各自地,分别地
【例句】The salesclerks and the teachers got pay rises of 6% and 9%
respectively. 店员和教师的工资分别增加百分之六和百分之九。
16.take on: 1) accept a job; promise to do something 承担, 接受
【例句】The doctor says I\'m too tired and has advised me not to take any more
work on.
医生说我太疲劳了，并劝我不要承担更多的工作。
2)呈现出
【例句】Her eyes took on a hurt expreion.她的眼里流露出受委屈的神情。
3) employ; hire; engage 雇用
【例句】He was taken on by a factory as a worker.他被一家工厂录用当工人。
17.diamond-faced: 表面装有金刚石的或钻石的
-faced: having a face or facing especially of a specified kind or number
(often used in combination ) (常用以构成复合词) 具有...脸型的, 有...表面的, 有...贴边的
【例句】 sad-faced 一脸悲伤的 rough-faced 表面粗糙的
II．Difficult Sentences 1) Some of the earliest diamonds known came from India. 要点：Some of the earliest diamonds which are known to people/ which people
have known came from India.
Known一词作后置定语，修饰diamonds.过去分词 (短语) 作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。如:
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written (=that has
ever been written).
这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
Who were the so-called guests invited (=who had been invited) to
your party last night?
昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀? 文中同样的用法还有第三段句子The name “boart” is given to...material already mentioned.
及第七段第一句中mention的用法。
译文：我们已知的最早的钻石中的一部分产自印度。
2) Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle like those you
see on a ring--- they just look like small, blue-grey stones. 要点：The diamonds don’t give out bright light as a ring does until/ before
they are cut and polished.---It looks like they are just ordinary small ,
blue-grey stones.
In this sentence, the structure “not „until„” is used.直到„才
【例句】I didn\'t leave the boy until his mother turned up.
直到这孩子的母亲来,我才离开。
The noise of the street didn\'t stop until it was midnight. 街上的噪音直到半夜才停止。
当not until位于句首时,句子要部分倒装。其结构为:Not until+从句/表时间的词+助动词+(主句)主语+谓语+...。如: 【例句】Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking. 直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。
Not until next week will the sports meet be held.直到下周才开运动会。
not until的强调结构为:It is / was not until+从句/表时间的词+that+...。上面两句改为强调句为: 【例句】It was not until the teacher came in that the students stopped
talking.
直到老师进来学生们才停止谈话。
It is not until next week that the sports meet will be held.
直到下个星期运动会才举行。
译文：钻石在切割和打磨以前，不会像你看到的戒指那样熠熠闪光。他们看起来就像是普通的兰灰色的小石块。
3) However, a revolutionary change in the methods of …..a swiftly
revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. 要点：这个句子中 “ with its edge faced with fine diamond powder”
是with的复合结构用法。通常用作状语，也可作定语。即 with + n/pron + adj./ adv./ n./分词/不定式/介词短语
文中用的是过去分词短语faced with fine diamond power.“be faced with” 面临。
【例句】We are faced with a lot of problems but we\'ll win through in the end. 我们面临许多问题, 但终将获得成功。
【例句】He left the room with the door open.(adj.) 门开着，他就离开了屋子。
With Tom away, I always feel lonely.(adv.) 汤姆不在，我一直感觉孤独。
The fellow stood there with his hands croed.(participle) 这个家伙两手交叉，站在那里。
The old man looks down upon everyone, with his son chairman of the
company.(n.) 因为他儿子是公司的主席，这个老头瞧不起任何人。
With so many problems to settle, the new manager was too worried to eat
anything.(infinitive) 有着太多问题去处理，新经理担忧的吃不下任何东西。
The woman with a diamond necklace around the neck must be wealthy.
(prepositional phrase) 那个脖子上带项链的女人一定很有钱。
译文：但是在1476年，钻石的切割和打磨方法发生了革命性的变化，当时，比利时布鲁斯市的Lugwig Van
Berquen发明了使用高速旋转的金刚石镶边的齿轮切割和打磨钻石的方法。
4) Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be
split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.
要点: 本句是“介词＋关系代词”的用法。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to
at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which, whose.不可用 that
。介词的选择受上下文的制约。在结合语意的基础上，可以从下面几个角度判断该用什么介词。
看先行词与哪一个介词是习惯“介 ＋ 名 ” 搭配的。
【例句】This is the factory in which he works .(in the factory 在工）
这就是他工作的那个工厂。
看定语从句中的动词是与哪一个介词形成习惯“动 ＋ 介” 搭配。
【例句】The car on which he spent 40,000 Yuan is made in Nanjing.(spend money
on sth .) The car for which he paid 40,000 Yuan is made in Nanjing.(pay money for
sth .)
他花4万块钱买到那辆车是产自南京。
既要看定语从句中的动词，又要看先行词有何习惯“动 ＋ 介 ＋ 名”搭配。
【例句】I don\'t know the student with whom Mary quarreled yesterday.(quarrel
with sb .)
我不认识昨天和玛丽争吵的那位学生。
译文：每一个钻石都有一道天然的裂缝，沿着这条裂缝，用切割刀口使劲一击就可以把钻石分开。
Word Study 1.reveal
基本用法
1) vt.make known (something previously secret or unknown ) 揭示；揭露；泄露
【例句】He never revealed his secret.他从来不泄露自己的秘密。
He didn\'t want to reveal his real feelings.他不想露出他的真实情感。
I promise never to reveal his secret.我答应决不泄漏他的秘密。
2) vt.to show or allow sth.to be seen 展现；显露出
【例句】These few words fully revealed her noble quality. 这寥寥数语充分显示了她的高贵品质。
His genius revealed itself.他的天才（渐渐地）显露出来了。
相关搭配：
reveal a scandal 揭露丑闻
reveal a secret 揭开秘密
reveal one\'s identity 揭示身分
reveal the objective laws 揭开客观规律
reveal the inside story (of) 揭开内幕
相关词
revelation n.the making known of some secret 展示；揭露；显露
【例句】The revelation of his scandalous past led to his resignation. 他那不光彩历史的揭露导致了他的辞职。
Have you read the ex-minister\'s amazing revelations in the newspaper? 你看了前任部长在报上揭露的那些惊人的事实没有？
2.accumulate
基本用法
vi./ vt.get or gather together积累；集聚
【例句】Dust quickly accumulates if we don\'t sweep our room. 我们如果不打扫房间, 灰尘很快就会积聚起厚厚的一层。
His debts accumulated.他债台高筑。
They set to work accumulating a huge ma of data.他们开始累积大量的资料。
He accumulated wealth through illegal means.他以非法的手段敛财。
By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.她由于投资精明而积蓄了一笔财产。
相关搭配：
accumulated profit 累积利润 accumulated fund 积累的基金
相关词
accumulation n.积聚, 累积, 积聚物
【例句】the accumulation of useful knowledge 有用知识的积累
An accumulation of work is waiting to be done.一堆积下的工作等着要做。
The accumulation of capital refers simply to the gathering or amament of
objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. 资本的积累简单地说就是指有价值的东西的积累，财富的增加或创造。
3.fulfill 基本用法
1) vt.to supply or satisfy (a need, demand, or purpose) 满足（需要、要求）；使达到（目标）
【例句】Does your job fulfill your expectations? 你的工作符合你的期望吗？
He fulfills all the conditions for employment.他完全符合雇用的条件。
2) vt.to carry out; perform; obey 履行；执行；遵守
【例句】You must fulfill your promise.你必须履行诺言。
The doctor\'s instructions must be fulfilled exactly.必须一丝不苟地遵照医嘱去办。
3) vt.to make or prove to be true 应验；实现
【例句】All my dreams are fulfilled.我的所有梦想成真。
If he’s lazy, he’ll never fulfill his ambition to be a doctor.如果他很懒惰，他当医生的抱负就永远不能够实现。
相关词
fulfillment 1) n.the act of fulfilling or the state of being fulfilled 实现；完成；履行
【例句】the fulfillment of a promise 诺言的实现
After many years, his plans have come to fulfillment.很多年之后,他的计划实现了。
2) n.satisfaction after succeful efforts（经过努力而获得成功的）满足感
【例句】People find fulfillment in working for a common goal. 人们在为一个共同目标而努力的过程中得到满足。
4.expect 基本用法
1) vt.to think or believe (that something will happen) 预料；预期
相关搭配：
expect+ that; expect to do; expect sb.or sth.to do sth. 【例句】We expected that you would succeed.我们预计你会成功的。
He expected to finish the work by March.他预期三月份完成这项工作。 We didn’t expect so many people to come to the party.
我们没有想到会有这么多人参加晚会。
2) vt.to think or consider that (sth.or sb.) is likely to come or
happen 认为（某人）会来；认为（某事）会发生；预计
【例句】I expect I will be back on Sunday.我预计我会在周日回来的。
3) vt.to have or expre a strong wish for (something) or that (someone)
will do something, with the feeling that this is reasonable or neceary
认为理应得到; 指望; 要求
【例句】Don\'t expect too much of him.別对他期望过高。
I expect you to be punctual.我要求你准时。
The profeor expected respect from his students.教授认为学生理应尊敬他。
You can\'t expect me to approve of it.你别指望我赞成。
相关词
expectant adj.waiting hopefully 期待的
【例句】The expectant crowds in the streets waited patiently for the queen. 街上期待的人群耐心地等待着女皇。
expectation n.the act of expecting or something that is expected 预期；预期的事物
【例句】She had high expectations of what university had to offer. 她对大学所能给她提供的一切期望很高。
His parents have great expectations for his future.他父母对他的前途深寄厚望。
相关搭配：
against/ contrary to one’s expectation(s) 与„„ 预料的相反
【例句】We thought Mary would pa, but against/contrary to our expectation,
she didn’t.
我们以为玛丽能通过，但出乎我们意料的是，她没有。
beyond expectation/ one’s expectations 出乎意料；比预料的还好
in expectation of 预料; 期望[待]
come/ live up to one’s expectation 不辜负某人的期望
5.refuse
基本用法
1) vi./vt.to state one’s strong unwillingne to accept; say no (to)
拒绝；谢绝；不接受
【例句】He asked me to marry him but I refused.他向我求婚，但我拒绝了。
She refused his offer.他主动提出帮助,被她拒绝了。
2) vt.not to give or allow 拒绝；不允许
【例句】 We were refused permiion to enter.我们被拒之门外。
3) vt.to show or state strong unwillingne (to do sth.) 不愿（做某事）
相关搭配：
refuse to do sth. 【例句】I refuse to answer that question.我不愿回答那个问题。
相关词
refusal n.a meage refusing to accept something that is offered 拒绝；谢绝
【例句】We interpreted his silence as a refusal.我们认为他的沉默是拒绝的表示。
My request was met with a flat refusal.我的要求遭到了断然拒绝。
Grammar Focus The Use of Article 冠词的使用
冠词本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词(the)，另一种是不定冠词a/an，还有一种是零冠词(即不用冠词)。
1.不定冠词的用法
1) 表示\"一个\"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。例如：
A Mr.Ling is waiting for you.有位姓凌的先生在等你。
2）代表一类人或物。例如：
A knife is a tool for cutting with.刀是切割的工具。
Mr.Smith is an engineer.史密斯先生是工程师。
3）组成词组或成语，如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many /
many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short
while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of
a sudden等。
2.定冠词的用法
1）特指双方都明白的人或物。例如：
Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2）上文提到过的人或事。例如：
He bought a house.他买了幢房子。 I\'ve been to the house.我去过那幢房子。
3）指世上独一物二的事物，如the sun, the sky，the moon， the earth等。
4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人;
the living 生者。
5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面。例如：
Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二层。
That\'s the very thing I\'ve been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。
6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体。例如：
They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）
They are teachers of this school.（指部分教师）
7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如：
She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如：
the People\'s Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States 美国
9）用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如：
She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
10）用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人。例如：
the Greens
格林一家人 （或格林夫妇）
11) 和形容词和分词连用，表示一类人或事物。例如
the sick the dead the old the wounded
12) 用于“名词＋of +名词”的结构中，表示同位关系。如： the city of Shanghai the Tower of London
13）用在惯用语中。例如：
in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after
tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, on the whole, by
the way, go to the theatre 3.零冠词的用法
1）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary。
2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词。例如：
They are teachers.他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词。例如：
Failure is the mother of succe.失败乃成功之母。
4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定意思时，需要加定冠词。例如：
Man cannot live without water.离开水人就无法生存。
5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词。例如：
We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词。例如：
The guards took the American to General Lee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词，如have breakfast，play che。
8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。例如：
I can\'t write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。
9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词，如by bus，by train。
10)
有些个体名词不用冠词，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，cla，town，church，court
等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如：
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）
11）不用冠词的序数词；
a.序数词前有物主代词时。his first prize 他获得的第一个奖
b.序数词作副词。例如：He came first in the race.他跑步得了第一。
c.在固定词组中，如at（the）first, first of all, from first to last等。
Function and Structure The Art of Apology（道歉的艺术）
Most of us were taught that offering an apology, any apology, when we make
a mistake will take care of most offenses.But offering the right apology,
particularly in the corporate world, is not as simple as saying, “I\'m
sorry.”
Done right, an apology can enhance both reputations and relationships.
Done wrong, an apology can compound the original mistake, sometimes to
disastrous consequences. Sometimes Chinese do not consider westerner’s apologies to be sincere
although the westerners involved were being sincere in the western way of
honestly and directly expreing feeling of regret.So then the question
becomes, what do the Chinese on the receiving end of the apology consider
to be sincere? The conclusion is that for an apology to be considered
sincere, it must follow a proper form.Words of regret are not always
sufficient.The person apologizing must expre a higher degree of respect
to the offended party to restore the balance in the relationship.
Westerners sometimes use a cursory(草率的) apology to move past the
troublesome event and on to the next thing.This is offensive to a Chinese
who is paying attention to the form and not just the words of the apology.
The westerner thinks he has done enough by saying “ I am sorry” but to the
Chinese these words are empty unle accompanied by proper communication
of respect and humility(谦恭).Generally, American apologies have one of the
following three elements, in addition to “I am sorry”:
1) an excuse--- I was looking at an old map. 2) an offer of repair---I’ll compensate the victims.
3) a promise about future actions---It will never happen again. Chinese tend to interpret the offer of an excuse as a sign of insincerity.
An excuse doesn’t improve an apology as it does for Americans; it weakens
it.
So how do you build a good apology? Apologies involve three elements:
Acknowledgment of a fault or an offense, regret for it, and responsibility
for the offense.You can put them all together, but a sincere, effective
apology need not necearily expre all three; whether it should depends
on the circumstances.Here are some tips for making effective profeional
apologies. 1.Find words that are clear and accurate—not provocative.A good apology
should make the person wronged think, “Yes, she understands.” Often what
the offended person wants is accountability and vigilance; he wants to
know that it won\'t happen again. 2.Don\'t apologize for the wrong thing.People and institutions tend to
apologize for what they find forgivable.If there is no clear relationship
between what the offender is apologizing for and what the offended
experienced as the original wrong, the apology actually
exacerbates(使„加重/恶化) the problem.At best, the offender will seem blind to
the problem; at worst, he will be perceived as intentionally distorting
it.
3.Consider the angle of approach.Decide whether it will be easier for
you to apologize position to position or person to person.If you are
angry with the person you\'ve got to apologize to, it may be easier to
frame the apology in terms of your respective jobs or ranks. Example: “We both work for a good company, and, as your colleague, I
should try harder to see past our individual differences.I\'m sorry I
spoke harshly.”
Such an apology is likely to resonate favorably with both parties, even
when anger between them remains. In other circumstances, a person-to-person apology is easier to offer.For
someone who equates an apology with lo of stature, for instance, the
person-to-person apology can appear to be a magnanimous act that does not
diminish her.Example: “I can\'t agree with the stance you are taking, but
I like you and want us to work well together.I\'m sorry I spoke harshly.”
Choose the approach that is easier for you to do well.That will save you
from making an apology that is so grudging that it fails. 4.“I want to apologize” is not an apology.It\'s no more an apology than
“I want to lose weight” is a lo of weight.Do the work.Deliver a clear,
direct apology; don\'t hide behind vaguene, circumlocution, or clichés. You may not be able to control whether your apology is accepted, but you
can control its quality.So make every effort to control what you can.
This will increase your chances of feeling good about what you have done
with your apology—instead of feeling bad about having to do it.
Practical Reading 产品目录Catalogue(cat) 的核心内容一般包括产品名称、编号、规格、型号、品质、参考零售价（RRP= Recommended Retail
Price）等信息。其中会有一些惯用的缩写。如书中第一则为例：
产品名称: 9CT GOLD SAPPHIRE AND DIAMOND RING SET 编号： Cat.No.229/1219 规格： 9CT GOLD SAPPHIRE AND DIAMOND 型号： F to V 品质： SAPPHIRE AND DIAMOND RRP: ￡129.99 Homework 1.Vocabulary 2.Grammar
3.Reading Summary In this unit, students have known main content of this unit.After cla, students should learn more details.
