现代语言学作业答案 16级英语
高燕
I.Multiple choice.
1.C
2.A
3.C
4. B
5.B
6.C 7.D
8.A
9.B
10.C
11.D
12.A
II.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.1.T
2. F
3.T
4. T
5. F
6.F 7.T
8. F
9.F
10. T
11. F
12.T 13.T
14.F
15.F
16. F
17. T
18.T
III.Define following terms.
1.Maximal Onset Principle
2.Componential analysis Componential analysis is analyzing lexical items into a set of semantic features or semantic components which may be universal.CA is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.It believes that the meaning of a word can be diected into meaning components called semantic features.
3.Lingua Franca
Lingua franca: A lingua franca (or working language, bridge language, vehicular language) is a language systematically used to make communication poible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues..
4.Indirect speech act Indirect speech act is a notion introduced by Searles.According to him, in indirect speech acts the speaker communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of relying on their mutually shared background information, both linguistic and nonlinguistic, together with the general powers of rationality and inference on the part of the hearer.
5.Diphthong
A diphthong is a single-syllable vowel sound in which the beginning of the sound is different from the end sound—that is, the sound glides from one vowel sound to another.For this reason, diphthongs are often referred to as gliding vowels.There are eight vowel sounds in American English that are generally agreed upon as being diphthongs.
6.Creole Creole: A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language that has developed from a pidgin (i.e.a simplified language or simplified mixture of languages used by non-native speakers) becoming nativized by children as their first language, with the accompanying effect of a fully developed vocabulary and system of grammar.
7.Aphasia
1 Aphasia is an acquired language disorder in which there is an impairment of any language modality.This may include difficulty in producing or comprehending spoken or written language..
8.Locutionary act Locutionary act: In linguistics and the philosophy of mind, a locutionary act is the performance of an utterance, and hence of a speech act.The term equally refers to the surface meaning of an utterance.
9.Complementary distribution The different allophones of the same phoneme never occure in the same phonetic context .They are said to be in complementary distribution .10.Grammaticalization
IV.Questions.Answer the following questions.
1.In English, the utterance “Can you answer the phone?” can be used to ask someone to answer the phone.Why cannot the utterance “Can you eat the apple?” be used to ask someone to eat the apple?
In English, the construction “can you do something” sometimes could be used as a request for someone to do something.For example, “Can you pa the salt?” could be used as a request for the listener to pa the salt.However, this construction could only be used in the situation when the action is costly to the listener, because using the construction for the inquiry of the ability as a request for action is politer in the situation.Inquiry, giving the listeners the choice to reject to the request, therefore, is le imposing than the direct request.However, when the request action is beneficial to the listeners, using this construction would be impolite because it gives listeners the choice to reject the action.Therefore, “can you do something?” is rarely used as a request for the listener to do something that is beneficial for them.
3.Explain with examples the three notions of morph, morpheme and allomorph?
A morph is a phonological string (of phonemes) that cannot be broken down into smaller constituents that have a lexicogrammatical function.In some sense it corresponds to a word-form.An allomorph is a morph that has a unique set of grammatical or lexical features.All allomorphs with the same set of features forms a morpheme.A morpheme, then, is a set of allomorphs that have the same set of features. For example, [s], [z] and [iz] are all morphs.When added to noun, they signal the noun is in plural form, or they have the feature of [-plural], which is a morpheme.Because they all share the feature of [-plural], they are said to be allomorphs.Other than plural, [s] could also represent morpheme of third person singular present and poeive.
4.Discu the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.
The individual factors that may affect the acquisition of a second language are as follows: Age: Second language acquisition is influenced by the age of the learner.Children, who already have solid 2 literacy skills in their own language, seem to be in the best position to acquire a new language efficiently.Motivated, older learners can be very succeful too, but usually struggle to achieve native-speaker-equivalent pronunciation and intonation.Personality: Introverted or anxious learners usually make slower progre, particularly in the development of oral skills.They are le likely to take advantage of opportunities to speak, or to seek out such opportunities.More outgoing students will not worry about the inevitability of making mistakes.They will take risks, and thus will give themselves much more practice.Motivation (intrinsic): Intrinsic motivation has been found to correlate strongly with educational achievement.Clearly, students who enjoy language learning and take pride in their progre will do better than those who don\'t.Extrinsic motivation is also a significant factor.ESL students, for example, who need to learn English in order to take a place at an American university or to communicate with a new English boy/girlfriend are likely to make greater efforts and thus greater progre.Experiences: Learners who have acquired general knowledge and experience are in a stronger position to develop a new language than those who haven\'t.The student, for example, who has already lived in 3 different countries and been exposed to various languages and cultures has a stronger base for learning a further language than the student who hasn\'t had such experiences.Cognition: In general, it seems that students with greater cognitive abilities (intelligence) will make the faster progre.Some linguists believe that there is a specific, innate language learning ability that is stronger in some students than in others.Native language: Students who are learning a second language which is from the same language family as their first language have, in general, a much easier task than those who aren\'t.So, for example, a Dutch child will learn English more quickly than a Japanese child.
5.Give a brief account of significant events, influences, and language contact in the history of the English language.
The history of English could be broadly divided into the three broad periods: the old English period, the middle English period and the modern English period.The old English period began with the Anglo-Saxon invasion around 5th century and ended around 1066.The major events in this period includes Viking invasion and Christianization of Britain.Viking invasion introduced a lot of Scandinavian vocabulary, including pronoun they, into old English and Christianization introduced a lot of vocabulary related to religion and church into English.The middle English period began with the Norman conquest around 1066 and ended around 1500.After Norman conquest, the status of English declined sharply because royal court spoke French and virtually no writings were done in English.However, due to the wars between Britain and France, French was viewed as the language of enemy country and gradually lost its prestige and English with a substantial borrowing from French vocabulary became the dominant language for all claes again.The modern English period began with the introduction of printing into Britain by Caxton around 1500.The major events in this period includes the standardization of
3 English, renaiance movement, industrial revolution and colonization.Because of the introduction of printing, English spelling was standardized and English dictionaries were compiled and published.Renaiance movement introduced a lot of Latin and Greek vocabularies into English.Industrial revolution and colonization witneed English transforming from a local language spoken in Britain into a global language spoken in every continent.
