第五讲： 英汉句式比较
1、词序先后比较(第四讲续)
2、句式比较
•英语重主语，汉语重主题
•英语重物称，汉语重人称
•英语重形合，汉语重意合
•英语重核心结构，汉语重流动结构
•英语偏复杂，汉语重简约
•英语被动，汉语主动
词序先后 1 •状语
•英语中地点状语在时间状语之前，汉语则相反。
•--- Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the addre of Chou Enlai.
•他们两个人坐火车于一九九二年十月下旬到达柏林，立即去周恩来的住处。
词序先后 2 定语
•汉语里单词和词组作定语一般放在中心词前面，英语较长的放在后面 •实事求是的态度，我们正在讨论的问题，靠窗站着的人
•a down-to-earth attitude • a question under discuion •a man standing by the window
词序先后 3 •汉语没有定语从句，也不习惯用长定语。
•(1) a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar
•一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦／面色苍黄，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸短髭／满脸胡子 •(2)His altered, frightened fat face told his secret well.•他那张肥大的脸吓得走了样，他的心事一看便知。
词序先后 4 •前后，大小
•劳动模范model worker 东北northeast •田径track and field 中小型企业small and medium sized enterprise 词序先后 5 因果，否定转移（汉语现因后果、英语否定常常转移）
•不努力干，你就会失败。
You will fail, unle you work harder.•John did not marry Mary because he loved her. 词序先后 6 重心转移，语序的灵活性
He was daring and resourceful besides being a fine shot. 他不仅枪法好，而且有勇有谋。
•屡战屡败 屡败屡战
•有什么吃什么
吃什么有什么
句式比较 1 英语重主语，汉语重主题（ subject vs.topic）
•(1) I haven¡¯t the slightest idea about this matter at this moment. •(2)他的左眼瞎了。
•(3)中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。
句式比较 1 •这件事情在我脑子里一点印象也没有。 •He is blind in the left eye.•The prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any other nations.•A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any other nations.
句式比较 2 英语重物称，汉语重人称
•(1) Dusk found him crying in the street.•（英语中时间、地点做主语）黄昏时，他在街上哭了起来。 •(2) Too much water, like little water, will kill the plant.•浇的水太多了或者太少了，这种植物都会死。
句式比较 2 •(3)过去二十年我的家乡发生了翻天覆地的变化。
参考译文 (3) •My hometown has undergone great changes in the past 20 years. •Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past 20 years.•There have been great changes in my hometown in the past 20 years.•The past 20 years saw/ witneed great changes in my hometown.句式比较 2 •(4)Astonishment deprived me of my power of speech.•(5)The little chap¡¯s good-natured honest face won his way for him. •(6) 你再走几步就到我家了。
•(7)一想到还要回去，他心里就害怕。
参考译文
(4)我惊讶得说不出话来。（情绪做主语) (5)这小子长相老实，看上去脾气也好，到处有人缘。（非人称主语转换为状语） (6)Another few steps will bring you to my house.(7)The thought of going back frightened him.句式比较 3 英语重形合，汉语重意合
•在不同的语言中，句子内部衔接大都使用三种手段：句法手段、词汇手段和语义手段，使用前两种的为形合（hypotaxis），使用后者的是意合（parataxis）。
句式比较 3 形合句举例
•虽然我使尽全力，但仍然搬不动这块石头。 •即使你去了那里，也不会有什么好结果。
•It looks like rain, so let¡¯s gather up our things and go home.句式比较 3 意合句举例
•(就算你)给我我也不要。 •（如果你）知己知彼，（那么）百战不殆。 •The more you give, the more you will get.
句式比较 3 汉语的意合到英语的形合（最常见）
•1)中国将努力促进粮食生产，正常情况下粮食自给率不低于95％。
•China endeavors to increase its grain production, so that its self-sufficiency rate under normal
conditions will be no lower than 95%. 句式比较 3 2)他来，我走。
He comes, I go.【错句】 If he comes, I will leave.
Since he has come, I will leave.As soon as he comes, I will leave.3)门开了，学生们一涌而入。
When the door opened, the students rushed in.The door opened and the students came crowding in.句式比较 3 英语意合到汉语意合
Grasp all, lose all.贪多必失。
英语意合到汉语形合 Sure bind, sure find.若想东西好找，事先必须放好。 句式比较 4 英语重核心结构，汉语重流动结构
•I called up the man who wrote the book that you told me about.•Lulled by the gentle motion of the boat and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies
soon fell asleep.句式比较 4 •1）
•¡ª¡ª我打电话给写那本你给我说起过的书的那个人。 •¡ª¡ª我打电话给那个人，他写了本书，你跟我说起过。 •2）
•船儿轻轻摇荡，波声潺潺悦耳，孩子们不久就睡着了。（焦点式vs散点式）
句式比较 5 英语偏复杂，汉语重简约
The president said at a conference dominated by questions on yesterday\'s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat，which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House．
句式比较 5 •在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能理解为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院长期享有的优势。
句式比较 6 英语多被动，汉语多主动
(1) 若要信到，贴足邮票
(2)幸亏一个渔夫救起了他。
(3)The book won¡¯t be sold./ The book won¡¯t sell. 句式比较 6 •Letters will not be sent unle adequately stamped.
•Fortunately, a fisherman picked him up./ Fortunately, he was picked up by a fisherman.
句式比较 7 英语多替代，汉语多重复
1）我们的民族是一个伟大的民族。
2）为了促进中美关系，中国需要更好地了解美国，美国也需要更好地了解中国。
句式比较 7 •Our nation is a great one./ Ours is a great nation.•In order to promote the Sino-US relations, China needs to know America better and vice versa.•In order to promote the relations between China and USA, they need to know more about each other.
