补全短文
Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job 冰激凌品尝师—一份甜蜜的职业
John Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States.He’s the official taster for Edy’s Grand Ice Cream, one of the nation’s best-selling brands.Harrison’s taste buds are insured for $1 million.He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edy’s headquarters in Oakland,California.And when he isn’t doing that, he travels, buying Edy’s in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isn’t all Cookies ’n Cream — a flavor that* he invented, by the way.No, it’s extremely hard work, which requires discipline and selflene.For one thing, he doesn’t swallow on the job.Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits.Using a gold spoon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds.Next he smack-smacks his lips to get some air into the sample.Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of his nose.Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetne, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream.Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can.A full stomach makes it, impoible to judge the quality of the flavors.During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine.Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea.This is a small price to pay for what he calls the world’s best job.Harrison’s family has been in the ice cream busine in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2.However, he has never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetne.He even orders ice cream in restaurants for desert.On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0.95 liters) each week.By comparison4, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21.96 liters) of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year.Edy’s ice cream is available in dozens of flavors.So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States.aste buds are insured for $1 million.However,you should never call it plain vanilla.“It’s a very complex flavor,” Harrison says.冰淇淋品尝师一一一份甜蜜的职业
约翰·哈瑞森拥有一份可能是美国人最想要的工作。他是一名职业的冰淇淋品尝师，供职于美国最畅销的冰淇淋品牌之一Edy’s Grand Ice Cream。哈瑞森已经给味蕾投保了100万美元。他每天要在位于加州奥克兰的Edy’s总部尝试60种冰淇淋样品。休假时，他会去旅行，并且到全国各地的超市买来Edy’s产品，以便检査外观，质地和口味是否完美。
在采访完哈瑞森之后，我发现一个冰淇淋品尝师的生活并不像他发明的奶油曲奇味雪糕那样甜。这是一个需要克制和无私的艰难工作。
首先，工作时他不能咽下冰淇淋，只能像咖啡品尝师那样吐出。为了避免其他味道的混入，他用金制的汤匙舀取冰淇淋，咬一小口在口中搅动，让大约9 000个味蕾全部都能感觉到味道，然后他不断咂嘴唇好让空气进入口中。接着，他轻轻吸一口气，让冰淇淋的芳香窜入鼻中。每一个步骤都有助于哈瑞森判断出这款冰淇淋的牛奶、甜度和添加剂这三种成分是否已达到完美的平衡。即使这个冰淇淋尝起来极其美味，他接下来也会把它扔到垃圾桶里。饱腹感是不可能判断出口味的品质的。
哈瑞森告诉我说，在工作周，他也不得不做出很多牺牲：不能吃洋葱、大蒜或辣的食物以及含咖啡因的食物。因为咖啡因会限制味蕾，所以他早饭时只喝一杯花草茶。这只是他为了自己口中世界上最好的工作所付出的一个小代价。
哈瑞森的家族中已经有四代人以这样或那样的方式在冰淇淋行业工作，所以他已经为此付出了一生。但他并没有失去对这种凉爽油腻的甜品的爱。他甚至会在餐厅中点冰淇淋作为甜品。在这些时候，他会咽下它们，他每周大概会吃掉一夸脱（0.95升）的冰淇淋。而美国普通人平均每年要吃掉23.2夸脱（21.96升）的冰淇淋和其他冰冻奶制品。
Edy’s的冰淇淋有几十种口味。哪种口味才是这个国家最有经验的冰淇淋品尝师的最爱呢？香草味的！事实上，香草口味是全美最畅销的。但是，你不能称它是纯香草口味。“这是个很复杂的口味，”哈瑞森说道。
The Apgar Test 阿普家测试
The baby was born at 3:36 p.m.At 3:37, she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test.At 3:41, she scored 8 out of 10.The doctor was glad.Another baby, born at 8:24 p.m., scored 3 out of 10 on his first test.He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test.He took another test at 8:34 and scored.The doctor was worried.He called for help.
These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test.This test helps doctors diagnose problems.They decide if a baby is normal or needs special care.Most babies take two tests.The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth.If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is le than 6, the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth.The Apgar test is not an intelligence test.It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right after it is born.The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate, and breathing.The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0, 1, or 2.Doctors add the scores together for the total Apgar score A doctor named Virginia Apgar developed the test.Apgar went to medical school at Columbia University in New York City in 1929.She faced many challenges because she was the first woman in the program.However, she was one of the best students in her cla.After medical school, she started treating patients.Apgar also became a researcher in anesthesiology, a new topic in medicine at the time3.During her studies, she learned how to give patients anesthesia.Anesthesia is a procedure that makes patients lose consciousne, so they do not feel any pain during surgery.In the 1940s, many women started to have anesthesia when they gave birth.Apgar had a question: How does anesthesia affect newborn babies? In 1949, when Apgar was a profeor at Columbia’s medical school, she created her simple test.She wrote a paper about her methods in 1953.Soon after, people started using the Apgar test around the world.n her work, Apgar saw that many newborns had problems.She wanted to help these babies survive.She stopped practicing medicine in 1959, and she went back to school to get a master’s degree in public health.She spent the rest of her life doing research and raising money to help newborn babies.Today, the Apgar test is still used all over the world.Newborn babies don’t know it, but Virginia Apgar is a very important person in the first few minutes of their lives.
译文：阿普家测试
下午3:36，一个婴儿出生了。3:37时，她的第一次健康测试成绩是4分（总分10分）。3:41时，她的成绩是8分，医生感到非常高兴。另一天晚上8:24，另外一个婴儿出生了。他的第一次测试成绩是3分。他的第二次成绩是4分。8:34时又进行了一次测试，成绩是5分。医生非常担心，这个婴儿需要救助。
这些新生儿进行的是一项叫做阿普加的测试。这项测试帮助医生诊断新生儿的问题。他们根据测试成绩判断新生儿是正常的还是需要特殊护理。第一次是在出生后1分钟，第二次是在出生后5分钟。如果婴儿在第二次测试中的成绩少于6分，那他们需要在出生10分钟后再进行一次测试。
阿普加测试不是一项智力测试。它是一项在婴儿出生后表明其健康状况的测试。这项测试会测量诸如婴儿的皮肤颜色、心率、呼吸一类的项目，测试总共包括五部分，每一部分的成绩可以是0分、1分或2分。医生把每一部分的成绩加起来就是这项测试的总分。 一位名叫弗吉尼亚·阿普加的医生设计了这项测试。1929年，阿普加去纽约的哥伦比亚大学医学院就读。由于是这个学科里的第一位女性，使她面临了许多挑战。然而，她却是班上最好的学生之一。完成医学院的学业后，她开始给患者治疗。
阿普加还是麻醉学方面的研究者，当时麻醉学是一项新的医学课题。在求学过程中，她学会了如何给患者实施麻醉。麻醉会使病人失去意识，因而他们在手术过程中不会感到任何疼痛。
20世纪40年代，许多妇女在分娩时开始使用麻醉。但阿普加有个疑问：麻醉是如何影响新生儿的呢？1949年，当阿普加在哥伦比亚医学院担任教授时，她创造了这项简单测试。1953年，她写了一篇关于该测试方法的论文。不久之后，人们开始在世界范围内使用阿普加测试。
在工作中，阿普加发现许多新生儿都有健康问题。她想帮助这些新生儿活下来。1959年，她中止了行医，回到学校攻读公共卫生硕士学位。她把自己的余生都奉献给了医学研究以及筹集资金帮助新生儿。今天，阿普加测试仍然在全世界范围内被广泛运用。今天，阿普加测试仍然在全世界范围内被广泛运用。
Watching Microcurrents Flow观察微电流流程
We can now watch electricity as it flows through even the tiniest circuits.By scanning the magnetic field generated as electric currents flow through objects, physicists have managed to picture the progre of the currents The technology will allow manufacturers to scan microchips for faults, as well as revealing microscopic defects in anything from aircraft to banknotes.
Gang Xiao and Ben Schrag at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, visualize the current by measuring subtle changes in the magnetic field of an object and converting the information into a color picture showing the density.
Their sensor is adapted1 from an existing piece of technology that is used to measure large magnetic fields in computer hard drives.2”We redesigned the magnetic sensor to make it capable of measuring very weak changes in magnetic fields,” says Xiao.
The resulting device is capable of detecting a current as weak as 10 microamperes, even when the wire is buried deep within a chip, and it shows up features as small as 40 nanometers acro.
At present, engineers looking for defects in a chip have to peel off the layers and examine the circuits visually; this is one of the obstacles to making chips any smaller.But the new magnetic microscope is sensitive enough to look inside chips and reveal faults such as short circuits , nicks in the wires or electro migration — where a dense area of current picks up surrounding atoms and moves them along.“It is like watching a river flow,” explains Xiao.
As well as scanning tiny circuits, the microscope can be used to reveal the internal structure of any object capable of conducting electricity.3 Fpr example, it could look directly at microscopic cracks in an aeroplane’s fuselage, faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote or bacteria in a water.The technique cannot yet pick up electrical activity in the human brain because the current there is too small, but Xiao doesn’t rule it out4 in the future.“I can never say never,” he says.
Although the researchers have only just made the technical details of the microscope public, it is already on sale,5 from electronics company Micro Magnetics in Fall River, Maachusetts.It is currently the size of a refrigerator and takes several minutes to scan a circuit, but Xiao and Schrag are working to shrink it to the size of a desktop computer and cut the scanning
译文：观察微电流流程
现在电流流过哪怕是最窄的电路时我们都能看到。物理学家们通过扫面电流物体时产生的磁场而绘出电流运行图。这种技术可以使制造者扫描微芯片上的错误，同时可以找出从飞行器到钞票等物上的细微缺陷。
罗德岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学Gang Xiao和Ben Schrag通过测量一个物体的磁场内的细微变化并把信息转化成显示每一点电流强度的彩色图片而使电流显现。
他们的传感器是由现有的用于测量电脑硬盘的大磁场的技术配件改造而成的。Xiao说：“我们重新设计了磁性传感器使它能够测量磁场中非常微弱的变化。”
重新设计完的装置能够探测微弱到10微安培的电流，甚至是当癫痫深藏在芯片中的时候，它也能够显示出直径只有40纳米长的图案。
目前，那些在芯片中寻找缺点的工程师们必须要剥掉表层目测电路。这是使芯片变得更小的阻碍之一。但是新的磁性显微镜非常敏感，能够看到芯片内部，找出短路、电线的裂痕或电迁移等缺点，电迁移是指电流强大的区域吸引周围的原子并使它们移动。Xiao解释说：“那就像看着一条河水在流淌。”
显微镜不仅能够扫描微笑的电路，还可以用于找出能够导电的物体的内部结构。例如，它能够直接看到飞机机身上的极细微的裂缝、伪钞的金属条上的却掉或者水样中的细菌。这种技术还不能提取人脑中的电活动，因为那里的电流太小了，但是Xiao并没有排除将来实现它的可能。他说：“我永远不会说永远不能。”
尽管研究者刚刚公开电显微镜的技术细节，位于马萨诸塞州Fall River的微磁电子设备公司已经在出售它了。目前它大约像冰箱那么大，而且要用几分钟扫描一个电路，但是Xiao和Schrag正在努力使它缩小到台式计算机那么大，把扫描时间缩短到30秒。
Lightening Strikes雷击 Three years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside.“There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience.“My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house.Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang.When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed.Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000.Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible.“I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as poible.
Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power.No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.
Occasionally there are warning signs.Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end.And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.
Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning.Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again.Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer.In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.The best place to be is inside a car ! The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously.The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago.He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature.Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold
Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees.In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock.Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.译文：雷击 三年前，一道闪电几乎将林恩*米勒在亚伯丁的房子夷为平地，当时她的两个孩子还在屋里面。“那是一场暴风雨”，林恩回忆那场可怕的经历时说道，“我和我的兄弟当时正在外面，拼命阻止雨水流进屋子里。突然，我被巨大的爆炸击倒在地。当我爬起来时，房子的屋顶和楼顶都不见了。门被碎石堵住了，我们强行把门打开，找到我的孩子，谢天谢地他们没有受伤。过后我得知，被闪电击中的概率是百万分之一。”事实上，有人计算过被闪电击中的概率是六百万分之一，虽然如此，AER技术中心的马克*凯斯博士还是认为，人们面对闪电的时候应该小心，AER技术中心是一个专门监控闪电影响的组织，马克说：“我不会在暴风雨的天气到户外去——我是一个特别小心的人。”他还建议，要是不幸在户外遇到暴风雨，一定要趴在地上，蜷缩成球状，使自己的身体尽可能的缩小。
闪电是大自然绝对力量最可怕的展现方式之一，难怪古希腊人任务闪电产生原因是因为众神之父宙斯发怒了，并向周围投掷闪电。250年前，美国科学家和政治家本杰明*富兰克林证明了闪电是一种电，但是科学家仍然不清楚它的形成机制。
有时，闪电的到来有一些征兆。正电荷顺着树木或者教堂的顶尖向上流动的时候可能有发光现象，并伴随有嗡嗡的噪音，人们的头发还有可能会直立起来。如果你害怕闪电，那么有一个好消息，美国一个公司生产了一种手持的闪电探测器，最远能够探测到70千米以外的闪电，并通过发出声音报警来提醒人们暴风雨的到来。
南希*怀尔德被闪电击中的时候正在萨里的一个俱乐部打高尔夫球。被闪电击中后，她的心脏停止了，但是随后她被救了回来。接下来的几天她都待在医院，治疗头上、手上和脚上的烧伤，直到康复出院。从那时起，她便只在晴朗的天气才打高尔夫。事实上，高尔夫球场是暴风雨天气最危险的地方之一，而最好的地方是汽车里。
在1995年9月发生了一起多人被闪电击中的事件，17名足球运动员在赛场上同时被击中。最惊人的是，死者中的11人——包括7名成人和4名儿童——在没个脚趾和脚底上都有烧伤的小洞图案，没个洞相距3厘米。
哈罗德*迪尔是美国南卡罗来纳州的一名退休电气技师，26年前，他被闪电击中。当时他看上去没有受伤，但是后来人们发现这次雷击损坏了他大脑中控制温度感受的部分。从那以后南卡罗来纳州寒冷的冬天就再也没有让哈罗德发愁过，因为他已经完全感受不到寒冷。
动物们也会成为雷击的牺牲品，每年都有数百头牛羊死于雷击，多数情况是因为它们总是下雨的时候躲在树下。1918年在东盎格利亚，一道闪电掠过整个羊群，一下杀死504只羊。闪电每年还在世界范围内引起10000多场火灾。
How Deafne Makes It Easier to Hear 如何让失聪的人更容易听见
Most people think of Beethoven\'s hearing lo as an obstacle to composing music.However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.
This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view.Solomon argues that Beethoven\'s deafne \"heightened\" his achievement as a composer.In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies. Hearing lo does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf.They continue to\"hear\" music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.
Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21.He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:\" my former musical experiences began to play back to me.I couldn\'t differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to \' hear\' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods.\"
How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both\"out there\" and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant.No man-made device could replace the ability to hear..However, it might be poible to use the brain\'s remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.
When Michael Edgar first\" switched on\" his cochlear implant,the sound\'s he heard were not at all clear.Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds.For example,\" The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.\"
The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices \"coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.\" But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.When he war, ted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.He said,\" I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added \' clarity\' to hearing in my head.\'\'
Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives.Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,heating is irrelevant.Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been usele to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.译文：如何让失聪的人更容易听见
大多数人把贝多芬的听力受损看作是他作曲的障碍。然而，他的最有力量的作品正是在他人生的最后十年里创作出来的，那时他完全失聪。
这是最值得称道的用意志战胜不幸的案例之一，但是他的传记作家梅纳德·所罗门却持不同的观点。梅纳德认为，贝多芬的失聪“促进了他作为作曲家的成就，在他完全失聪的世界里，他能摆脱外在世界声音的干扰，自由地创作新的表现形式与和声。”
听力受损似乎不会影响失聪的音乐家的音乐才能。他们能继续“听见”音乐，与他们能真正听见音乐相比，他们“听”得同样准确，甚至更准确。
2003年去世的迈克尔·伊加，在他21岁时失聪。他曾经描绘过一幅发生在三个月内的迷人的事情：“我之前的音乐经历开始在脑中回放，我无法区别真正听到的和曾经听过的东西。许多年以后，听到这些回放，“听见”对我来说是新鲜的音乐，为我所有的情绪找到伴唱仍然是有所收益的。”
内心的感受?把外在刺激和内在感知相结合的最好的例子就是耳蜗植入。没有任何人工的装置能代替听觉能力，但是，利用大脑非凡的能力来理解植入物产生的电信号还是有可能的。
当迈克尔·伊加最先“开启”题的人工耳蜗时，他听到的声音一点都不清楚。经过艰苦的努力，他渐渐地开始辨认出日常的声音，比如他说道“持续的电话响声几乎是立刻就变得清晰了。”
耳蜗植入最主要的目的就是能够与人交流。当人们与伊加交谈时，他能听到他们的声音“像是从接触不良的长途电话中传来的”。但是当听他钟爱的音乐时，耳蜗植入就毫无用处。每当伊加想要欣赏音乐时，他就开始弹钢琴。他说“我像往常那样弹奏钢琴，同一时间在头脑中就听见它。我手指的移动以及对琴键的感觉使得头脑中听到的声音更加“清晰”。
耳蜗植入让耳聪的人以一种不完美的方式再次听见声音，但是它改变了他们的生活。尽管如此，正如迈克尔·伊加发现的那样，当涉及到音乐和声时，听力就无关紧要了。甚至最完美的耳蜗植入对贝多芬在他生命的最后阶段创作第九交响曲也毫无用处。
