(一)
1.What is the goal of foreign language teaching?
To help the learner master the target language in the shortest poible time
By mastering the target language, we mean that the learner is able to have succeful communications with others in the target language.
2.What is the nature of FLTM?
FLTM is a science which studies the procees and patterns of foreign language teaching, aiming at revealing the nature and laws of foreign language teaching.
It examines the practices and procedures in foreign language teaching; studies approaches, methods and techniques;and studies principles and beliefs that underline them.
3.Why do we call FLTM is an interdisciplinary science?
It involves a lot of disciplines such as philosophy, linguistics, psychology, pedagogy, Anthropology, Sociology.So we call it an interdisciplinary science
4.What are the main features of traditional linguistics? (purpose, beliefs, approach and contents) Purpose: to help understand claic works
beliefs: the written form of language superior to the spoken form.
approach:a prescriptive approach
Contents: Claification of all the words into 8 parts of speech and the study of the syntax of Greek
5.What are the main features of American structuralism? ( beliefs, approach and contents) beliefs: speech was primary and writing was secondary.
approach:a descriptive and inductive approach
Contents:
1.A language was a habit of verbal behavior which consisted of a series of stimuli and responses.
2.To acquire a language was to form a habit of verbal behavior and learning a language was learning a habit.
6.What is Chomsky’s explanation of the first language acquisition proce?
Linguists should study the linguistic competence, not the performance, of the native speaker and try to set up a system of rules that will generate an infinite number of grammatical sentences.
7.What is the main feature of functional linguistics?
the meaning of any single word is to a high degree dependent on its context.
The context of situation must have an important position in a descriptive linguistic model.
Linguistic events should be accounted for at three primary levels: substance) the material of language) , form (organization)and context (relations of the form to non-linguistic features of the situation).
Three dimensions: field, tenor, and mode.
8.What is the basic theory of Gestalt psychology?
Contents: the area of perception, aiming at the exploration of the relationship between parts and whole in people’s perceptual experience.
beliefs: people perceives objects and scenes as organized wholes before they noticed their component parts
9.What is the basic theory of psychoanalysis?
Contents: the analysis of the unconscious mind.
beliefs: unconscious mental procees influence conscious thought and action.
10.What is the basic theory of behaviorism?
Important figures:
1.John B.Watson (American psychologist)
Contents: nonhuman animal’s behavior and the external environmental conditions.
beliefs: Behavior was the only proper subject of study in psychology ,because only behavior, not the mind, could be observed publicly and objectively
Important figures:
2.B.F.Skinner, the leader of behaviorism
Contents: learning
To characterize learning in terms of stimuli and responses
To identify basic learning procees
Beliefs: learning procees can be divided into two kinds: claical conditioning and operant conditioning.
11.What is the basic theory of cognitive psychology?
contents：to explain observable behavior by reference to hypothetical mental structures.
beliefs: experimental subjects do not simply make paive, mechanic responses to stimuli.Rather they are very active in identifying the meaning of stimuli and in expecting the consequences of their responses.
12.What are the main six theories of second language acquisition? What are the main features? The habit-formation theory习惯-形成理论
According to behaviorists, language is regarded as a set of linguistic habits and the linguistic habits are formed through identifying and strengthening the aociations between stimuli and responses.Learning a second language means the formation of a new set of linguistic habits.Imitation and practice play an important role in the proce of habit-formation.Errors should be predicted, avoided and should be corrected.Positive transfer/ negative transfer/ contrastive analysis
The hypothesis of linguistic universals 语言共性说
There exists certain linguistic properties which are true to all the natural languages in the world.Noam Chomsky : a particular language; core grammar and peripheral grammar
Hoseph H.Greenberg: different languages
The acculturation theory 文化认同说
Individuals of one culture have to go through the proce of modification in attitudes, knowledge, and behavior in order to function well in another culture.Social and psychological distances determine the degree of acculturation succe
The discourse theory话语交际说
In the late 1970s
E.Hatch:focus his research on the proce of second language acquisition
Only through communication discourses can the learner acquire the second language
The monitor theory 监调理论
The cognitive theory 认知理论
Cognitive psychology: learning is a cognitive proce
The second language learning should be regarded as the acquisition of a complex cognitive skill, and its internal representations include procedures for selecting appropriate vocabulary,
grammatical rules, and pragmatic conventions governing language use.
Learners’ language performance improves along with the reconstructing of the internal representations.The task of language acquisition is very complex because it involves constant practice and integration of different aspects of the task until automaticity is reached
(二)
1.What are the main features and objectives of the Grammar- Translation Method?
1).Main features:
① Main content: grammar
② Arrangement of the teaching materials: grammar system
③ Purpose of teaching activities: mastering grammatical rules.
④ Major focus: reading and writing
⑤ Main medium of instruction: the native language
⑥ Principal practice technique: translation
2).objectives:
To enable the learners to read and translate its literature by requiring students to memorize grammatical rules.
2.What are the main features and objectives of the Direct Method?
1).Main features:
① Arrangement of the teaching materials: situations or topics
② Purpose of teaching activities: developing oral communication skills
③ Major focus: speaking and listening
④ Main medium of instruction: the target language
2).Objectives:
To develop the students’ ability to communicate in the target language.
To enable the students to think in the target language
To develop the four basic language skills
To help students to have correct pronunciation from the beginning of the course.
3.What are the main features and objectives of the Oral Approach?
1).Main features:
① Language teaching begins with the spoken language.
② New language points are introduced and practiced situationally.
③ Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that an eential general service
vocabulary (基本的常用词汇）is covered.
④ Items of grammar are graded following the principle that simple forms should be taught
before complex ones and should be taught inductively.
⑤ Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is
established.
⑥Main medium of instruction: the target language
2).objectives:
To enable the learners to get a practical command of the four basic skills of language.Accuracy in both pronunciation and grammar is regarded as crucial, and errors are to be avoided at all costs.
4.What are the main features and objectives of the Audio-lingual Method?
1).Main features:
① separation of language skills into listening, speaking, reading and writing, and emphasis
on the teaching of listening and speaking before reading and writing.
② Use of dialogues as the chief means of presenting the language.
③ Emphasis on certain practice techniques: mimicry (imitation), memorization and pattern
drills.
(mim-mem method)
① Discouraging the use of the mother tongue in the claroom
② Use of language laboratory.
2).objectives:
To enable the learners to use the target language communicatively.
The primary stre is laid on oral proficiency, which means the students should achieve accurate pronunciation and correct grammar.
5.What are the main features and objectives of The Cognitive Approach？
1).Main features:
④It insists that learning is based on understanding and language learning is a creative
proce.So meaningful learning and meaningful practice are emphasized.
⑤ It gives equal importance to all the four skills.But listening and reading should precede
speaking and writing.
⑥ It holds that mistakes are unavoidable in the creative use of language.What the teacher
should do is to analyze the mistakes so that they could find the cause and do some remedial work accordingly.
2).objectives:
To develop in the students the same type of abilities poeed by native speakers.
6.What are the main features and objectives of The Communicative Approach?
1).Main features:
① An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language.② The introduction of the authentic texts into the learning situation.
③ The provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on language but also on the
learning proce itself
④ An enhancement of the learner’s own personal experiences as important contributing
elements to claroom learning.
⑤ Am attempt to link claroom language learning with language activation outside the
claroom.
2).objectives:
To develop the students’ communicative competence.It includes:
a.Knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of the language.
b.Knowledge of rules of speaking
c.Knowing how to use and respond to different types of speech acts such as requests,
apologies, thanks, and invitations.
d.Knowing how to use the language appropriately.
(三)
To develop students’ overall language ability, what are the five aspects mentioned in the National English Curriculum?
Language, language skills, learning, affect and culture.
