UNIT 8
Text A Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure
I课文简介：
我们许多人在国际旅行时都有过时差反应。
科学家们发现，时差综合症是我们体内的生理调节机制在不同的环境中发生变化所引起的。实际上，有两套时间调节系统在相互作用，它们在新时区内需要一段时间才能重新设定。
值得庆幸的是，我们可以通过调节环境定时和改变饮食睡眠来减少时差带来的不便。
Para.1 If you understand what Jet Lag is, your flights will be le streful.
Paras.2 – 9 Various causes of Jet Lag
Paras.10 – 14 Ways to deal with the bad effects of Jet Lag
II New Words
词汇精讲:
lag: v/n.走得慢，落后
After I get over jet-lag, I’ll call you.我倒过时差后给你打电话。
He’s lagging behind a bit, and I think we’d better wait for him to catch us up.
他有点落后了，我想我们最好等他赶上来吧。
There is often a lag between becoming affected by this illne and its first signs.
受这种疾病的感染和出现最初症状之间经常会间隔一段时间。
His actions lagged behind his thinking.在他的思想和行动之间存在很大差异。
mechanism n.机械装置；机构，机制；（自然现象等的）作用过程 These automatic cameras have a special focusing mechanism.这些自动相机有一种特殊的聚焦装置。
The mechanism for collecting taxes needs revising.税收机制需要改革。
The mechanism of oral learning is largely that of continuous repetition.
口语的学习过程在很大程度上来说就是进行不断的重复。
overcome: v.战胜，克服
Support from his family and his own survivor instincts have helped him overcome obstacles.
家人的支持和求生的本能帮助他克服了障碍
The learner of a second language has many obstacles to overcome.
学第二语言的人有许多障碍要克服。
First of all, we should overcome ourselves in order to overcome difficulties.
要战胜困难，首先要战胜自己。
internal a. 内部的，内在的，国内的
The bullet paed through his back and several internal organs and he died later in hospital.子弹射穿了他的背部以及若干内脏，结果他死在了医院里。
The bank says it will conduct its own internal investigation into the disappearance of the money.这家银行说他们会就这笔款项的失踪在银行内部展开调查。
The international community is increasingly willing to intervene in the internal=domestic affairs of countries where there is serious abuse of human rights.国际社会越来越愿意干涉存在严重侵犯人权行为的国家的内政。
external a.外在的，在外的
The external walls of the house are in need of repair.这栋房子的外墙需要修缮了。
The doctor thinks her injuries are all external.医生认为她的伤都是外伤。
You shouldnt judge people solely by their external appearances.你不应以貌取人。
discrepancy n.差异，不一致
There are several discrepancies between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.最初估计的费用与帐单之间有几处不一致的地方。
The committee is reportedly unhappy about the discrepancy in numbers.
据说委员会对数字上的出入很不满。
feasible: a.可行的，可能的
Your plan sounds quite feasible.你的计划听起来是可行的。
Now that we have the extra resources, the scheme seems feasible.
既然我们有了额外的财力，这一方案就可行了。
The plan seems to be feasible.这个计划似乎是可行的。
aumption: n.假定，设想，承担，采取
派生词：aume v.假定，设想
His aumption proved to be wrong.他的设想被证明是错的。
You will aume your new duties tomorrow.你们明天开始执行新任务。
neutral neutrality a.1.中立的；2.中性的
She is /stays/remains/keeps neutral in this argument; she doesnt care who wins.
在这场辩论中她保持中立，不在乎谁赢谁输。
He is a rather neutral character.
他的品性平平。
promote: vt.促进，发扬，提升
派生词：promotion n.促进，发扬
He certainly ought to be promoted.他的确应该被提升。
The company is promoting their new sort of soap on television.
公司正在电视上为这种新香皂促销。
We should promote the mutual understanding between the two countries.
我们要增进两国之间的相互了解。
词组：
1 effect on: 对„ 的作用，影响
It had an almost immediate effect on his thinking.这事几乎立刻对他的想法有了影响。
Violent TV programs have a bad effect on children.暴力电视节目对孩子有不好的影响。
相似词组： influence on: 对„有影响。
2 to blame on: 把..归咎于
He blamed his failure on his teacher.他把他的失败怪在老师的头上。
They blamed the failure of the action on George.
他们把此次行动失败归咎于乔治。
相关词语： to blame „ for
The accountant was blamed for his error.这个会计由于出错而受到谴责。
3 to advantage: 有利地，有效地
More practice will be to your advantage.多练习对你有利。
It is to your advantage to invest wisely.明智地投资对你很有利。
The model is seeking a chance to display herself to advantage.
那位模特正在寻找一个机会来有利地显示自己。
4 now that: 既然，由于
Now that you have come you may as well stay.既然你来了还是待着吧。
Now that oil is scarce, the fate of the motorcar is uncertain.
由于石油短缺，汽车将来的命运如何就难以预料了。
5 to leave „alone: 不管，不理；听其自然
Leave me alone – take your hand off my arm.别动我 – 松开我的胳膊。
I should leave that question alone if I were you.如果我是你的话，我不会去碰这个问题。
6 out of step: 步伐不一致，不协调
That boy was out of step during most of the parade.
在游行检阅的大部分时间里，那个男孩的步伐都与别人的不合拍。
I’m not good at dancing – I always get hopelely out of step.
我不善长跳舞–总是踩不上点，已经无可救药了。
He is out of step with modern life.他同现代生活不合拍。
III课文精讲： P.190 第一段：
1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes acro at some time.喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题
one是代词，代替a problem，后面every international traveller comes acro at some time是定语从句，修饰先行词one，定语从句前省略了关系代词that或which；come acro意思是\"（偶然）遇到\"；at some time相当于sometimes，意为\"有时\"。
2.But do you have to suffer? Understand what it is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and your flights will be le streful.
Understand what it is„这是个祈使句，相当于一个条件状语从句：If you understand what it is„
例句：Work hard and you’ll succeed.相当于 If you work hard, you’ll succeed.该句可改写为：If you understand what it is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, your flights will be le streful. 所以，当有\"Do„, and + 主语 + 动词 „\"结构时，可把它改写为：\"If you do „, 主语 + 动词 „\"；what it is 和how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects是两个并列的宾语从句。 第二段： 1.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安。
此句是个比较结构。disturbing 是分词式的形容词，比较级是more disturbing，far 用来修饰比较级。effect（影响）后面与介词on搭配，表示\"对„的影响\"，另有influence和impact后面可与介词on搭配；far可用来修饰比较级，可以替换为much或a lot或a great deal。 2.Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone.
adjust to是固定搭配，意思是\"调整、适应\"，故有readjust to。
3.It is due to changes in the body\'s physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a different environment.
due to意思是\"由于、因为\"，通常用作表语成分。 第三段：
1.Confused? 是不是被弄糊涂啦？
该句是Are you confused?之省略。
2.So was John Foster Dulls, the American Secretary of State, when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam.美国国务卿约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了。他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症。
当so（表示\"也\"）置于句首时，句子必须使用倒装结构，so 位于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适合于本句。由\"So + 助动词 ／ 连系动词 ／ 情态动词 ＋ 主语 ＋ „\"构成；这是一种部分倒装结构，常见类型有：
3.He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.
blame „ on „意思是\"把„归咎于„\"；另有blame sb for sth，意为\"因为某事而责怪某人\" 第四段：
1.The effects can be used to advantage, too.
to advantage意思是\"有效地、有用地\" 2.President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time.
keep the entire proceedings at Washington DC time意思是\"按照华盛顿时间安排议程\"，keep是使动用法，此处是keep + n.+ prep.结构。
3.The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged.
该句是由 while 连接的两个并列句，表示前后对比。in this case 作状语，译为“在这种情况下，” the locals 是指关岛的本地人，作主语。 personnel在此处意思是\"（全体）职员、（全体）人员\"，表示复数概念，故谓语动词是were；as fresh as paint意思是\"精神饱满 / 抖擞\"；the locals 相当于the local people；jet-lag是动词，并用于被动语态，意思是\"使患有时差不适症、使无精打采\"。 4.Eentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.
句首eentially意为\"实际上\"。 P.191 第二段：
1.Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.既然我们了解了时差综合症是什么
句首的now that意思是\"既然\"；动词understand后接宾语从句what Jet Lag is；go some way to doing sth意为\"想办法做某事\"。
2.A great number of the body\'s events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day.
a great number of意思是\"许多、大量\"；schedule由名词转化为动词；to occur充当句子的主语补足语。
3.Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which interact.
these指代上句的the body\'s events。 第三段：
1.One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.一个定时系统来自我们的感官和胃肠饥饿感以及我们在某个特定时区所经受的周期性变化
该句主干结构是“one timing system comes from„.”; from 有两个宾语，由and 连接。we experience是定语从句，修饰the periodicity，关系代词that / which因作宾语而被省略；when living in a particular time zone是由连词when + 现在分词短语构成的时间状语。
2.The other belongs in our internal clocks (the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus) which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour--yes, 25--rhythm.另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内（其中一个主要时钟可能位于我们大脑的称为超交叉核的那部分中）这些体内时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时——是的，25小时——的生理节奏。
该句的主干结构“The other belongs in our internal clocks „”，which 引导定语从句修饰our internal clocks。在定语从句中，left alone 是过去分词词组作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句If it is left alone。括号中的定语从句也修饰our internal clocks。belong in意思是\"存在于\"；\"名词 / 数词 / 代词 + of + 关系代词\"引导非限制性定语从句；be located in意思是\"位于\"；called the suprachiasmatic nucleus是过去分词短语，修饰前面的名词a part；leave „ alone意为\"听其自然、不理、不管\"。
3.Normally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularize the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.
in step意为\"步调一致\"；tend to意思是\"倾向于\"；regularise „ to „意思是\"把„调整到„\"。 第四段：
1.If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are normally set together, but which have been reset a few hours apart.然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区，两个时钟就不再同步，正像两个闹钟通常被一起定时，但现在定时相差几个小时。
however 是插入语，意思是\"然而\"； “which is four hours different”是定语从句修饰zone。which „和but which „是两个并列的定语从句，修饰前面的two alarm clocks。out of step意为\"乱了步调\"；
2.Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times.尽管两个闹钟通常同时报时，但现在则在不同时间报时。
whereas连接让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”
3.Similarly,the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.第五段：
1.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.经过一段时间后，生理系统将会自我调整过来，但这需要时间。
句首的in time意思是\"终于、经过一段时间以后\"；it does take time意为\"这确实要花时间的\"，其中does是助动词，用以加强语气。 2.One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating.
monitored是过去分词，修饰rhythm，作定语，表示被动意义。
3.A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat.
flown to a time zone different by 10 hours是过去分词短语，作a man的定语。
4.Blood preure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust.血压也是有节奏性的，需要4天才能调整过来。
which is also rhythmical是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的blood preure。 第六段：
1.One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.
此句是一个表语从句，that 引导一个从句作表语。reason常与介词for搭配，表示\"„的理由\"；
2.The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in the morning, wherever the body is.出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配
which controls salt and water excretion是非限制性定语从句，修饰the hormone cortisol；wherever the body is是地点状语从句或让步状语从句。
3.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌，而不论一天中什么时候睡觉。
whenever Whenever in the day 意为“不管在一天中的什么时候”；whenever in the day that sleep occurs中whenever是副词，意思是\"无论什么时候\"。引导时间状语从句。that sleep 是从句的主语，that 是指示代词修饰sleep。
4.Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours, but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning (local) and goes to sleep as soon as poible, the two hormones will be released simultaneously.
该句是并列复合句，中间以but连接，第一分句是被动语态，第二分句中if the body arrives „ and goes to sleep as soon as poible是条件状语从句，the two hormones „ simultaneously是主句。 P.192 第二段：
1.What can we do about it?
it指上文所说的 the two hormones will be released simultaneously这件事。 2.It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.
句首it是形式主语，真正主语是to wait „；be used to意思是\"习惯于\"。 3.Fortunately there is a short cut.4.It relies on two things--the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events, and the pharmacological actions of coffee.
rely on是固定搭配，意思是\"信赖、依赖、依靠\"；破折号后面的两个并列的名词短语是two things的同位语成分。 第三段：
1.The basic aumptions are: 第四段：
1.Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night.
it指代本句的the body clock。
2.Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral.下午三点左右喝咖啡对人体时钟不起作用。
该句中neutral 意为“中性的”，在这里是与上文的delay 和advance 相对，表示“既不推迟，也不提前”
第五段：
1.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulne, while carbohydrates promote sleep.
while意为\"而\"。 第六段：
1.Putting food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.
help do sth意思是\"有助于做某事\"。 Jet Lag: Prevention and Cure Unit 8 常考句子：
1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes acro at some time.(para.1)
时差综合症是每个国际旅行者常会碰到的问题。
2.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.(para.2)
快速旅行对身体干扰程度实际上远比我们意识到的要大
3.He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.(para.3)
他后来把他不好的判断归咎于时差反应。
4．Eentially, they had been instantaneously transported to America.
从本质上说，他们被瞬间送到了美国。
5.Now that we understand what Jet lag is, we can go some way to（在一定程度上） overcoming it (para.4)
既然我们懂得时差反应综合症是怎么回事，我们就能够在克服时差综合症方面有所作为。
6.The other belongs in our internal clocks which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour – yes, 25 – rhythm.(para.5)
另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内，它们在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时——是的，25小时——的生理节奏。
To belong in 对……合适或有用；属于，归入……一类
Leave…… alone：听其自然；不打扰，不管……，不理……
To tie to
系，拴；束缚，约束
He did not want to be tied to a steady job.
他不愿永远做一件固定的工作。
7.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.(para7)
经过一段时间之后，生理系统将会重新自我调整过来，但这需要时间。
In time 除作“及时”讲外，还有“经过适当时间；逐渐地；最终；迟早”
Eg.In time he forgot all about it.
过了一段时间后，他把这一切都忘了。
8. One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.(para.8)
出现这种差异的一个原因是身体的不同活动是由不同的因素控制的。
9. It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.(para.9)
我们不可能等上四天直到身体习惯新的时区。
历年考题
1.In practical application, concentration is not _____ the definition may imply.(99.4)
A.as simple to deal succefully with as
B.so simple to deal succefully with that
C.simpler to deal succefully with as that
D.as same simple to deal succefully with as
答案：A
考点：本题主要考查as … as 搭配表示\"和….一样\"。而选项D 中as 的后面还有一个词same 。 因为same 表示的意思也是同样，与…同样的意思与as … as 意义重复，因此不选D。
2.Understand what Jet Lag is, and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, ______.（99.10）
A.your flight will be le streful
B.and your flights will be le streful
C.or your flights will be le streful
D.in order that your flights will be le streful
答案：B
分析：本句是一个and 连接的并列句。因此只有B符合题意。
3.Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances _____ at night.(00.4)
A.it
B.them
C.the coffee
D.the body
答案：A
分析：本句是个并列句，and 连接的两个句子结构应一致。因此，advances 后面的宾语应是the body，而为了避免重复，因此用代词it 代替。
4.汉译英：快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。(00.10)
The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realize.
5.The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks, which , left ______, would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm.(03.4)
A.behind
B.alone
C.out
D.aside
答案：B
考点：本题主要考查分词短语leave alone，不管，不理，把…放在一边。
1.快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。
答： The effects of rapid travel on the body are much greater than we realize 2.他后来把自己的错误判断归咎于时差反应。
答：He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.
3.食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而碳水化合物使人易于入睡。 答： Protein in meals stimulates wakefulne while carbohydrates promote sleep. 4.在外语学习中没有捷径可走。
答： There is no short cut in the study of a foreign language. 5.为了克服时差反应我们能做些什么呢？
答： What can we do in order to overcome Jet Lag?
（一）词汇英译汉：
1.flight
2.negotiation
3.transport
4.overcome
5.internal
6.external
7.rhythm
8.feasible
9.aumption
10.promote
1.effect on
2.to blame… on
3.to advantage
4.now that
5.out of step
6.to leave … alone
Word study
1.proceeding
n.程序，进程；[pl]项目，活动，会议文集
That is by no means(“决不是”，如放句首，要倒装) the best way of proceeding.
那决不是最好的行动方式。
He brought divorce proceedings against his wife.
他诉请与妻子离婚
2.alarm
n.警报；惊恐
He didn’t take alarm at the news.
他听到消息后并不吃惊
Vt.向……报警，使警觉；使……惊恐，打扰
I was quite alarmed last night at the cry of “fire”
昨晚有人大呼救火，使我大吃一惊。
3．Promote
Vt.促进，发扬；提升，升级；发起，创办
He was promoted to director.
他被提升为厂长
It is believed that taking a walk after meals promotes digestion.
人们认为饭后散步促进消化。
The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert.
那个钢琴家筹办了一次盛大的义演音乐会。
We should promoted the mutual understanding between the two countries,
我们应该促进这两国之间的相互了解。
汉译英：
1．要战胜困难，首先我们要战胜自己
First of all, we should overcome ourselves in order to overcome difficult.
（二）句子英译汉：
1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes acro at some time.(para.1)
2.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.(para.2)
3.He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag.(para.3)
4.Now that we understand what Jet lag is , we can go some way to overcoming it (para.4)
5.The other belongs in our internal clocks which , left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hourrhythm.(para.5)
6.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.(para7)
7.One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.(para.8)
8.It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.(para.9)
9.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.(para.9)
10.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulne, while carbohydrates promote sleep.(para.13)
（三）句子汉译英
1.不难理解高速旅行给身体带来的不适。
It is not difficult to understand the disturbing effects of rapid travel on the body.
It is not difficult to realize that the disturbing effects on the body are caused by rapid travel.
2.引起这一不同的原因之一是不同的人体活动由不同的因素控制。
One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.
3.食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而食物中的碳水化合物使人易于入睡。
Protein in food stimulates wakefulne, while carbohydrates promote sleep.
4.时差反应是每一个国际旅行者可能遇到的问题。
The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes acro.
5.等待几天直到身体的调节机制自然适应新时区，这并不可行。
It is not feasible to wait a few days until the body\'s regulatory mechanisms are used to the new time zone.
1 negotiate v.(与某人)商议, 谈判, 磋商, ,买卖, 让渡(支票、债券等), 通过, 越过 negotiation n.商议, 谈判, 流通 negotiable adj.可通过谈判解决的 negotiant n.协商者
negotiatory adj.协商的, 交涉的
2 regulate vt.管制, 控制, 调节, 校准 regulation n.规则, 规章, 调节, 校准 regulatory adj.调整的
regularize vt.使有规则, 使有秩序, 调整, 使系统化, 使合法化 3.aume vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现
aumption n.假定, 设想, 担任, 承当, 假装, 作态 aumed adj.假定的, 假装的, 装的 auming adj.傲慢的, 不逊的, 僭越的
4.periodical adj.周期的, 定期的n.期刊, 杂志 periodicity n.周期
period n.时期, 学时, 节, 句点, 周期, （妇女的）经期adj.过去某段时期的int.没有了 periodically adv.周期性地, 定时性地
语法要点
形容词、副词比较级的用法
1．英语形容词、副词比较级的一般用法为“比较级 + than”结构，如：
1) lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.(Unit 9)
2) There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.(Unit 9) 2．比较级前面可以用much, far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit 等词或词组修饰，表示“…得多”，“稍微…”等意义，如：
1) The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.
2) We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere,…(Unit 9)
3.用“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构表示“越…，越…”的意思，如：
1) We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be -- at least, for any future that concerns us now.(Unit 9)
2) The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman.(Unit 9)
4.还可以用连接两个相同的比较级，表示“越来越…”，注意与用法3相区别，如：
1) The kite is flying higher and higher in the sky.
2) The story proved to be more and more interesting.Text B
Text B Controlling your concentration
I New Words
重点词汇：
span n.跨度，一段时间
例：She has a wide span of responsibility in her new job.她在新工作中要负责很多事情。
Children’s attention span is poor.
儿童的注意力集中时间很短。
fluctuate v.波动，起伏fluctuation v.波动，起伏
例：Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.
蔬菜的价格随季节而波动。
fade v.凋谢，枯萎，褪色，（声音等）变弱
例：The voice on the radio faded out.收音机里面的声音逐渐小了。
illusion n.幻觉，错觉Disillusioned Illustrate
例：I have no illusions about his ability.我对他的能力不存幻想。
5.moderate : a.中等的，适度的，温和的
I’m a moderate drinker .我是一个饮酒适量的人。
He is well-known as a moderate in the party.他作为该党中一个温和派人士而著称。
6.finance : n.财政，金融；资金，经费
派生词：financial a .财政的，金融的
We’ve had some difficulty raising finance for the project.我们在为这个项目筹集资金的过程中遇到过一些困难。
If you do have financial difficulty, you can apply for a student loan.如果你确实经济上有困难，
可以申请学生贷款。
distract v.分散（注意力，心思等）；使人分心
I hope Marys new hi-fi wont distract her (from her studies).我希望玛丽的新高包真音响不会使她从学习上分心。
An alarming accident has distracted media attention (away) from the economic crisis.一个惊人的事变分散了媒体对经济危机的注意力。
adverse a.1.相反的；2.不利的，有害的
The match has been cancelled due to adverse weather conditions.由于天气条件不利，取消了这场比赛。
The advertising company responsible for the campaign say that they are surprised by the adverse public reaction.负责这次宣传活动的广告公司说，他们对公众的反对态度很吃惊。
A lot of local people are worried about the adverse impact that the road building scheme may have on the environment.很多当地人担心这个筑路计划会对环境造成不利影响。
adversely a.1.相反地；2.不利地，有害地
A lot of companies have been adversely affected by the new economic policy. 很多公司都受到了新经济政策的不良影响。
.appreciate : vt 欣赏，鉴赏，感激，感谢
派生词：appreciation n.欣赏，鉴赏
用法：appreciate 后接动名词作宾语。
We shall appreciate hearing from you again.我们将乐于再收到你的信。
You can’t appreciate English poetry unle you understand its rhythm.
你不懂英文诗的韵律，就不能欣赏英文诗。
课文精讲
P.203 第一段：
1.Psychologically defined, concentration is proce of centering one\'s attention over a period of time.
句首psychologically defined是过去分词短语，充当条件状语，相当于if it is psychologically defined。
2.In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal succefully with as the definition may imply.
however（然而）是插入语成分；not as „ as „是原级比较的否定结构；simple后面可跟to do，表示被动意义，另有difficult / hard / easy + to do。
3.For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.因此，记住下列几点是很有帮助的。
for this reason意思是\"因为这个理由\"；keep „ in mind意为\"把„牢记在心\"。be helpful to ….对… 很有益； 第二段：
1.Even with the greatest effort, our span of attention fluctuates.
Even with the greatest effort意为\"即使尽了最大的努力\"。 2.You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of attention.
demonstrate的宾语是this fluctuation of attention。
3.In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard.在一个安静的房间里，放一块表，表的声音几乎刚刚能听见。
该句主句是祈使句 place a watch; so that 引导目的状语从句;scarcely是否定副词，相当于hardly。
4.Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and then increases again.注意听表的走动声，并且注意表的嘀嗒声怎
样明显增大，然后小到听不见，然后又变大。
how 引导宾语从句，从句中有三个并列的谓语动词：increases „, fades „, and then increases again。where it cannot be heard 是定语从句修饰 point 5.This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates, for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.
该句为并列复合句，由for连接两个分句，第一分句中有how引导的宾语从句。 第三段：
标题：pay attention to意思是\"注意\"；试比较at a time和at one time：前者意为\"一次、每次\"，后者意思是\"一度、曾经\"。
1.Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time.
to date意思是\"到目前为止\"；attend to表示\"专心、注意\"。
2.It is poible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once.你的注意有可能转移得十分迅速，以至于好像你同时能够专心于几个想法。
句首的it是形式主语；该句句末的at once意思是\"同时、一次\"。so …that…结果状语从句
3.But apparently this is only an illusion.4.In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent.
be of是一固定搭配，意思是\"具有\"。 第四段：
1.High attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods.2.In low attention the periods of attending are short and the distraction period long.
long前面省略了连系动词are。
3.In moderate attention there is a mixture of the extremes.4.Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.这样我们可以很容易地看到，如果一个学生的大部分注意力用于自由幻想，即使是讲课要点，他也不可能回想起来。
句首it是形式主语，真正主语是to see „；不定式to see后面有that引导的宾语从句，其中it也是形式主语，that the student „是主语从句，在主语从句中，the student后面有定语从句who has most „ at large，该定语从句中含有have sth done结构、center one\'s attention on和at large（不受拘束、不受控制、自由自在、逍遥法外）等短语。 P.204 第二段：
1.Lack of concentration is a symptom, not the cause, of difficulty.
该句相当于：Lack of concentration is a symptom of difficulty, not the cause of difficulty.2.When a student says \"I can\'t concentrate\", what he is really saying is, \"I can\'t attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong.\"
attend to意思是\"集中精力于\"；at hand意为\"手边\"。 第三段：
标题：be of可译为\"具有\"。
1.A distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point.
通常情况下，在anything, something, nothing, everything后面的关系代词是that，而不是which，本句说法不很规范。 2.In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature.在学习的情况下，干扰物实际上可以被认为是心理的或者是物质的。
think of „ as „意思是\"把„看着\"；either „ or „意思是\"或者„或者„、要么„要么„\"。
3.Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration.
before引导时间状语从句。 第四段：
1.The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters.愤怒的人会忘记伤痛，人害怕的时候很难享受快乐，人在紧张或焦虑的时候可能对非常小的事情做出强烈的反应。
该句由三个并列分句构成，第二分句中，it是形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语to enjoy pleasure，第三分句中react与to是固定搭配，意思是\"对„作出反应\"。另有：reaction to, respond to, response to等搭配。
2.In the student\'s life there are many psychological preures and tensions which block effective productivity.
which引导定语从句，修饰前面的many psychological preures and tensions。
3.The fears about making the grade, the doubts of the friendline of a friend\'s behaviour and the preures of limited finances--these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student.
these指代破折号前面的三个并列的名词短语：The fears „, the doubts „ and the preures „；emotional forces译为\"情感因素\"。 第五段：
1.Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person.人与人的情绪反应差异很大。
vary from „ to „意思是\"因„而异、因„而变化\"。
2.Some persons gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them.
because of是短语介词，意思是\"因为\"，后接名词短语。
3.Others fall apart under preure, while a few people do well despite the preure.
fall apart意思是\"崩溃\"；under preure\"在压力下\"；despite与in spite of 同义，意思是\"尽管、虽然\"。 P.205 第二段：
1.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.环境对于我们如何感觉和反应的重要性比我们所想的要大得多。
.how we feel and react 是介词to 的宾语从句；much more … than … 结构表示“远比…要…得多”than引导比较状语从句。
2.Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.物理性干扰对需要动脑筋完成的作业的影响尤其如此。
该句为倒装结构，正常语序为：This is particularly true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.名词effect（影响）后面常与介词on搭配；另有：influence on, impact on搭配。
3.One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. 该句是主从复合句，has shown后面有that引导的宾语从句，该从句中又有when引导的时间状语从句。
4.However, rate of reading was not affected, so that many students were not aware that they were affected by the background distractor.
so that引导结果状语从句，译为\"结果、因此、所以\"；be aware that意思是\"意识到\"；另有be aware of, be conscious of, be conscious that等搭配。be＋形容词＋that从句“这类结构后面，that引起的从句在概念上接近宾语。能接这类从句常见的形容词有：aware, sure, certain, convinced, confident等。例如：We are fully confident that we can surmount these difficulties.我们完全相信能克服这些困难。
5.Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting conditions.
to recall accurately是不定式短语，修饰名词the ability。
6.Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output.
evidence是不可数名词；that引导宾语从句。
7.Still, the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students.
有些副词如still, though, however, otherwise.等在句子中起链接词的作用，使句子和前面说的话连接得更紧密一些.appreciate意思是\"正确评价、鉴别、认识\"。 第三段：
1.Many routine tasks can be performed with distraction in the background with little or no adverse effect on output.
with distraction in the background和with little or no adverse effect on output都是含有介词with的独立结构。该结构是：
2.Most students have found this fact to be true from their own experience.
to be true是宾语补足语成分。
3.They may have had high school homework which was drill or merely copying aignments.
may have had中情态动词may表示可能性，此处是对过去的一种推测。
4.It was poible to do such work with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background.
句首的It作形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语to do such work „；with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background是独立结构，由with + 名词 + doing构成。
5.In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work--routine or problem-solving--in the same manner.最后（终于）这些学生开始确信，他们能用同样的方式完成作业，无论是常规性的还是解决问题性的。
句首in time意思是\"逐渐地、最终、过了一段时间以后\"。feel certain 相当于feel sure，意为“感到肯定”本句中that引导宾语从句， 6.The evidence indicates the contrary conclusion.第四段：
1.Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin, friend, or clamate can study in \"Grand Central Station.\" 典型的情况是，当要求学生们拿出关于干扰物的证据时，他们提出自己的表兄弟、朋友或同学能在纽约的“中央火车站”学习。
be faced with意为\"面对、面临\"；when引导时间状语从句；that引导的是主语the argument的同位语从句。
2.And he makes \"all A\'s\" too! 3.There is evidence, of course, that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention.当然，有证据表明，学习动机在克服干扰的影响方面起作用，并且每个人的注意力广度相差很大 play a role / part in „意思是\"在„方面发挥作用 / 在„中扮演角色\"；evidence后面有两个that引导的并列的同位语从句。
这两种因素中哪一种都能解释某些人用效率不高的方法都能学得很好。
5.The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your auming that you are exceptional in the same manner.一些特殊的人在不利条件下能学得好，这一事实绝不能证明，你有理由认为自己在同样的条件下也是特殊的。
第一个 that 引导同位语从句， 第二个that 是动名词auming 的宾语从句
justify 意为 “证明…”，它的宾语是动名词auming，物主代词your 是动名词auming的逻辑主语。your auming „也是动名词短语的复合结构。
6.Your chances of succe are higher if you avoid the distractors which are known to hinder the typical student.
chances在此意思是\"可能性\"。
语法 练习
一、补充语法知识
形容词和副词的比较级
1.比较级+than
steel is harder than iron.
2.用词或词组修饰比较级，表示强调或稍微。
3.the+比较级，the+比较级：越来越…The nearer an object is to us, the larger it looks.
比较级重复，
4.more and more越来越多
colder and colder越来越冷
注意事项：
1.n.的可数与不可数，修饰可数名词用\"few\"\"a few\"，所以比较级\"fewer\"后面接的也是可数名词。但是\"le\"即\"little\"的比较级也修饰不可数名词。
2.没有比较级的词：如empty
二、单元练习
七年级英语下册Unit8 Topic1 Section D教案
