京剧 Peking opera
秦腔 Qin opera
功夫Kungfo
太极Tai Chi
口技 ventriloquism
木偶戏puppet show
皮影戏shadowplay
折子戏 opera highlights
杂技 acrobatics
相声 witty dialogue comedy
刺绣 embroidery
苏绣 Suzhou embroidery
泥人 clay figure
书法 calligraphy
中国画 traditional Chinese painting
水墨画 Chinese brush painting
中国结 Chinese knot
中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China
火药 gunpowder
印刷术printing
造纸术 paper-making
指南针 the compa
青铜器 bronze ware
瓷器 porcelain; china
唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty
景泰蓝cloisonne
秋千swing
武术 martial arts
儒家思想Confucianism
儒家文化 Confucian culture
道教 Taoism
墨家Mohism
法家 Legalism
佛教 Buddhism
孔子 Confucius
孟子 Mencius
老子 Lao Tzu
庄子 Chuang Tzu
墨子 Mo Tzu
孙子Sun Tzu
象形文字 pictographic characters
文房四宝(笔墨纸观)the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)
《大学》The Great Learning
《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean
《论语》The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》The Mencius 《孙子兵法》The Art of War 《三国演义》Three Kingdoms 《西游爷己》Journey to the West 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions 《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes 《山海经》The Claic of Mountains and Rivers 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror 《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals 《史记》Historical Records 《诗经》The Book of Songs 《易经》The I Ching; The Book of Changes 《礼记》The Book of Rites 《三字经》Three-character Scriptures 八股文 eight-part eay 五言绝句 five-character quatrain 七言律诗 seven-character octave 旗袍 cheongsam 中山装 Chinese tunic suit 唐装 Tang suit 风水Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历 Solar calendar 阴历 Lunar calendar 闰年 leap year 十二生肖zodiac
春节 the Spring Festival 元宵节 the Lantern Festival 清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节 the Double-ninth Day 七夕节 the Double-seventh Day 春联 spring couplets 庙会 temple fair 爆竹 firecracker 年画(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱 New Year gift-money 舞龙dragon dance
元宵sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯 festival lantern 灯谜 lantern riddle 舞狮 lion dance 踩高跷 stilt walking
赛龙舟 dragon boat race 胡同hutong 山东菜 Shandong cuisine 川菜 Sichuan cuisine 粤菜 Canton cuisine 扬州菜 Yangzhou cuisine 月饼 moon cake 年糕 rice cake 油条 deep-fried dough sticks 豆浆 soybean milk 馒头 steamed buns 花卷 steamed twisted rolls 包子 steamed stuffed buns 北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck 拉面 hand-stretched noodles 馄饨 wonton (dumplings in soup) 豆腐 tofu? bean curd 麻花 fried dough twist 烧饼 clay oven rolls 皮蛋 100-year egg; century egg 蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg 糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks 火锅hot pot 长城 the Great Wall of China 烽火台 beacon tower
秦士台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses 大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda 丝绸之路the Silk Road 敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes 华清池Huaqing Hot Springs 五台山\"Wutai Mountain 九华山Jiuhua Mountain 蛾眉山Mount Emei 泰山 Mount Tai 黄山 Mount Huangshan; the Yellow Mountain 故宫 the Imperial Palace 天坛 the Temple of Heaven 午门 Meridian Gate 大运河 Grand Canal 护城河the Moat 回音壁Echo Wall 居庸关Juyongguan Pa 九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall
黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi 十三陵 the Ming Tombs 苏州园林 Suzhou gardens 西湖 West Lake 九寨沟Jiuzhaigou Valley 日月潭 Sun Moon Lake 布达拉宫Potala Palace 鼓楼 drum tower 四合院 quadrangle; courtyard complex 孔庙 Confucius Temple 乐山大佛Leshan Giant Buddha 十八罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha 喇嘛Lama 转世灵重 reincarnated soul boy 中药 traditional Chinese medicine 《黄帝内经》Emperor Huangdi’s Canon of Traditional Chinese Medicine 《神农本草经》Shennong’s Herbal Claic 《本草纲目》Compendium of MateriaMedica 针灸 acupuncture 推拿 medical maage 切脉 feeling the pulse 五禽戏 five-animal exercises 旧石器时代 the Paleolithic Age 新石器时代 the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age 母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society 封建的feudal 朝代 dynasty 秦朝 Qin Dynasty 汉朝 Han Dynasty 唐朝 Tang Dynasty 宋朝 Song Dynasty 元朝 Yuan Dynasty 明朝 Ming Dynasty 清朝 Qing Dynasty 秦士台皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang; the First Emperor of Qin 皇太后 Empre Dowager 汉高祖刘邦 Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty 成吉思汗Genghis Khan 春秋时期 the Spring and Autumn Period 文成公主 Tang Prince Wencheng 慈禧太后 Empre Dowager Ci Xi 皇帝，君主 emperor; monarch 诸侯vaal 皇妃 imperial concubine 丞相，宰相 prime minister
太监 court eunuch 少数民族 ethnic minority 祭祀 offer sacrifices 西域 the Western Regions 战国 the Warring States 中华文明 Chinese civilization 文明的摇篮 cradle of civilization 秦始皇统一中国 unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang 鸦片战争the Opium War 太平天国 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 戌戌变法 the Reform Movement of 1898 辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution 新民主主义革命 New-democratic Revolution 五四运动 the May 4th Movement of 1919 南昌起义 Nanchang Uprising 918 事变 September 18th Incident 长征 the Long March 西安事变Xi\"an Incident 南京大屠杀Nanjing Maacre 抗日战争 the War of Resistance Against Japan 毛泽东 Mao Tse-tong 孙中山 Sun Yat-sen 蒋介石 Chiang Kai-shek 国民党Kuomingtang 中华人民共和国 the People’s Republic of China (PRC) 满族 Manchu 蒙古人Mongol 士大夫 scholar-officials 学者 scholar 诗人 poet 政治家statesman
社会地位social status
北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。
参考答案
In Beijing, there are numeroushutongs.The life of common people in hutongs brings endle charm to the ancient capital, Beijing.The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture.Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people.Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendline and genuine humanity.Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongsare replaced by new tall buildings.I hope hutongs can be preserved.
难点精析
1.带来了无穷的魅力：翻译为bring endle charm to。
2.汉语习惯于用并列的散句或短语来表达一个语境，而英文习惯上用整句表述，句内不太重要的信息会用 | 介词短语或从句来补充说明，如本段中“胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20口人住”是：两个并列关系的汉语短句，翻译成英文时可将第二句用with介词结构表达出来，起补充说明的作用。
3.充满友善和人情味：翻译为full of friendline and genuine humanity。
4.随着社会和经济的飞速发展：翻译为with rapid social and economic development，也是with介词短语的应用，在句中作伴随状语。
中国的传统节庆膳食是节日必不可少的伴侣。例如，我国的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子(zongzi)。中秋节是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征着圆满，象征着家庭团聚。因此，中秋节(The Mid-autumn Festival)的特制食品是一种圆形的月饼。春节是中国的农历新年(the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday)，除了常见的家禽和肉类之外，人们还要按各自的地方习俗烹制传统食物，如铰子和年糕。
参考答案
Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable on some festivals.For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan and people usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, or rice dumpling on that day.The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon.The round moon is a symbol for completene and family reunion.The special food of the day is yuebing, a round cake known as the mooncake.The Spring Festival is the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday.Besides the popular poultry and meat, people cook traditional food according to regional customs, for example, jiaozi, or boiled dumplings, and niangao, or the “ 1 ” new year cake .
难点精析
■ 1.中国的传统节庆膳食：翻译为Traditional Chinese holiday meals,其中“节庆膳食”直接译为holiday meals , 即可，翻译时注意“中国的”和“传统”的顺序。
2.纪念：翻译为介词短语in memory of,修饰前面的a day。
■ 3.赛龙舟：翻译为hold dragon boat races,其中hold意为“举行”，“举行龙舟比赛”即“赛龙舟”。
4.观赏满月：“满月”即fMlmoon,此处的“观赏”可以译为viewing,也可以用enjoying或watching表示。
5.象征着家庭团聚：“象征”翻译为系表结构is a symbol for,也可以用动词symbolize表示，“家庭团聚”翻译：为 family reunion 即可。
唐朝（Tang Dynasty）被历史学家认为是中国文明最辉煌的时期。唐朝的首都在长安。在与印度和中东（the Middle East）的交流中，在他们的促进下，唐朝在许多领域里得到了长足的发展。唐朝是文学和艺术的黄金时期。唐朝通过科举制度（civil service examinations）在全国选出优秀的儒家文人（Confucian literati）为政府效力，而唐朝的政府体系在儒学官僚（Confucian bureaucratic）的支持下也日臻完善。公元8世纪中期，唐朝势力开始衰落。
Tang Dynasty, whose capital is Chang’an, is regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization.Stimulated by the contact with India and the Middle East, the empire saw a great development in many fields.The Tang period was the golden age of literature and art.Served by a large cla of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinations, the government system of Tang Dynasty was gradually perfected under the support of Confucian bureaucratic.By the middle of the eighth century A.D., the power of Tang Dynasty began to ebb.
面子是某个人在他人眼中的社会地位和名声。中国人一生都用语言和行动维护和提升面子。可以小到谁先上电梯，也可以大到百万美元的合同授予。没有面子也就没有了影响力。即使是无意中让别人没面子，也是极其严重的冒犯（dishonor），可能意味着断绝关系。中国人不会公开批评、忽视或取笑他人，即使是开玩笑。点评别人的成绩时，也是先说优点，再讲不足
The concept of “face” can be described as someone’s social status or reputation in the eyes of others.Throughout a Chinese person’s life, he maintains and enhances his “face” with words and actions.It may be something as small as who gets into the elevator first or as big as the awarding of multimillion dollar contacts.Losing face equals/ means losing power or influence.Even to make someone lose face unintentionally is a serious dishonor and could mean the end of a relationship.Chinese people never criticize, ignore or make fun of a person in front of others, even jokingly.When discuing individual performance, they always emphasize good points before bad ones.
在中国，喝茶是一种仪式（ritual），一种精致品位(refined taste)的展示。人们在饮茶的同时，也领略着（take delight in）品茶的情趣之意。喝茶聊天是中国人中最流行的大发时间的方式。过去，他们是以进有名的茶馆（tea house）而开始一天的生活的。中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶，也是为了议论当地的新闻或对政治话题进行激烈的（furious）辩论。
Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste.While drinking tea, people also take delight in the eence of tea itself.Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way of pastime among Chinese.In the past, they would start the day with a visit to a well-known teahouse.Chinese teahouses would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs.People come here not just for tea, but also to discu local news or to have furious political debates.
据最近的一项网上调查显示，55%的中国青年认为自己对生活缺乏热情，71%的人认为他们承受着巨大的压力。焦虑普遍存在于当今的中国年轻人中。名车、豪宅和优越的生活（live a privileged life）是人们追求的目标。然而，与高昂的房价、教育支出和医疗费用相比，他们的工资过低且增长缓慢，看不到脱离困境的希望，焦虑因此而产生
A recent online survey found that 55 percent of young people in China thought they ware lacking enthusiasm for life, and 71 percent considered themselves under heavy preure.Anxiety is a common phenomenon among young Chinese today.Brand-name cars, luxurious houses and living a privileged life are people’s driven goals.However, compared with the high housing prices, education expenses and medial costs, their income is too low with slow growth and they see little hope for escaping, so anxiety occurs.
传统中国绘画是一门独特的艺术，无论是风格还是技巧都与世界其他艺术门类迥然不同。传统的日本绘画可能算是例外，但是不要忘了，它是深受中国文化影响的。中国绘画采用毛笔（brush）蘸墨汁或颜色，灵巧地挥洒（wield）在纸上。画家用深、浅、浓、淡的点和线构成一幅图画。在优秀画家的手里，毛笔和墨汁不仅是绘画的工具，也是画家艺术追求的象征。 Paage 5. Traditional Chinese paintings constitute a unique school of art, a school that, in style and techniques is widely different from any other art school in the world.Traditional Japanese art may be the only exception, but it has to be remembered that it has been heavily influenced by the Chinese culture.The Chinese do paintings with brushes, dipping their brushes in ink or paint and then skillfully wielding them.Painters produce on the paper pictures with lines and dots-some heavy, and some light, and some deep, and some pale.In the hands of a good painter, brushes and ink are not only tools for drawing pictures, but also the symbol of his or her artistic pursuit.
二十四节气（solar terms）的划分起源于黄河流域一带（Yellow River area），是中国古代历法（calendar）特有的重要组成部分和独特创造。在古代中国，人们常用二十四节气来表示季节更替和气候变化状况。节气的制定是我们祖先在长期的农业生产实践中，逐步认识气象变化规律的结果。长期以来，甚至直到今天，二十四节气在中国的农牧业生产（agricultural and animal husbandry production）中一直起着重要的作用
Paage 6. The twenty-four solar terms is a unique component and creative invention of the Chinese traditional calendar, first originating from the Yellow River area.It was used to indicate the alternation of seasons and climate changes in ancient China.The establishment of solar terms reflected our ancestors’ knowledge about climate changes during their long history of farming activities.Over years, it has played an important role in China’s agricultural and animal husbandry production even to this day.
在媒介文化高度发展的今天，年轻人接触外来文化的方式越来越多。根据中国互联网信息中心（CNNIC）的统计，截止到 2004年6月30日，中国上网用户总数达到8,700万人，其中多数是年轻人。现代社会的开放性、多样性，是的年轻人不得不在西方文化的冲击中寻找自己的文化定位。实际上，现在很多年轻人在很多生活方式上已经很难分清它是来自西方还是东方。
Paage 7. In the era of highly developed media culture, young people have more contact than ever with foreign culture.According to CNNIC statistics, by June 30, 2004, China had had 87milion Internet users, most of whom are young people.Coupled with the openne and diversity of modern society, young Chinese people now have to seek their culture orientation under the impact of Western culture.In fact, many aspects of the Western and Eastern lifestyle are so blended that many young people find it difficult to make those lifestyle distinguishable.
刺绣（Embroidery）是中国艺术的一颗璀璨明珠，在秦汉时期就已达到较高的水平。它是一门传统工艺，有各种样式，广泛分布于中国的各个地区。有些精致（elaborate）绣品需要花费几位熟练技工数月甚至数年才能完成。在服饰文化中，刺绣工艺占有重要地位。它不仅是中国传统艺术和手工艺的瑰宝，也是中华文化的重要组成部分。它代表了中国人民的智慧。 Paage 8. Embroidery which had already reached a high level in the Qin and Han dynasties is a brilliant pearl in Chinese art.Embroidery is a traditional craft found in many styles in different parts of China.Some elaborate pieces require months or even years to be finished and call on the skills of several experienced craftspeople.In the costume culture, it occupies an important position in the treasure of the Chinese traditional arts and crafts, and is also an important part of Chinese culture.It represents the wisdom of Chinese people.
京剧在中国有200多年的历史。它源于华东地区的徽剧及华中地区的汉剧，后又汲取了昆曲、河北梆子两种地方戏的精华。由于这一表演艺术在北京兴起并繁荣，因此而得名。京剧是中国最有影响力的戏曲，在社会各阶层中都有广大爱好者。晴天时，人们常常可以看到京剧票友（amateurs of Peking Opera performers）在街头（street corner）、公园或居民区周围练唱。观看京剧是到中国来的海外游客最喜爱的活动之一。
Paage 9. Peking Opera has a history of more than 200 years in China.It started as a derivative of Hui Opera in eastern China and Han Opera in central China, absorbing valuable elements from two regional operas, Kunqu and HebeiBangzi.Since this performing art arose and flourished in Beijing, hence the name.Peking Opera is the most influential opera in China, claiming numerous enthusiasts in all segments of society.It can be often seen that amateurs of Peking Opera performers sing in street corners, parks or residential areas on fine days.Watching Peking Opera is one of the most popular events among overseas tourists to China.
中西方饮食习惯（eating habits）存在极大的差异。不同于西方人那种每人一盘事物的饮食习惯，在中国，菜肴是被放在桌上让大家共同分享的。如果你在中国主人家做客，就要做好有一大桌事物的心理准备。中国人对于自己的烹饪文化（culture of cuisine）感到非常自豪，而且会尽全力去展示自己的好客（hospitality）。而且有时候，中国主人会用他们的筷子把食物夹到你的碗里或盘子中。这是礼貌的体现
Paage 10. There are great differences between Chinese and Western eating habits.Unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares.If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a table of food.Chinese are very proud of their culture of cuisine and will do their best to show their hospitality.And sometimes the Chinese hosts use their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plat.This is a sign of politene.
茶马古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)两边，生活着20多个少数民族。不同的地方有着各自美丽而神奇的自然风景和传统文化，比如:大理，丽江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅鲁藏布江大峡谷和布达拉宫(Potala Palace)。古道的两旁有庙宇、岩石壁画、骚站(post house),古桥和木板路，还有少数民族舞蹈和民族服装。时至今天，虽然这条古道的踪迹都消失了，但它的文化和历史价值仍然存在?
汉译英
Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minori?ties.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, YarlungZangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.
