abundant a.丰富的，充裕的，大量的
adopt v.收养;采用;采纳
adapt vi.适应，适合;改编，改写 vt.使适应
bachelor n.学士，学士学位;单身汉
casual a.偶然的，碰巧的;临时的;非正式的
trap n.陷阱，圈套 v.设陷阱捕捉
vacant a.空的，未占用的
vacuum n.真空，真空吸尘器
oral a.口头的，口述的，口的
optics n.(单、复数同形)光学
organ n.器官，风琴
exce n.过分，过量，过剩
expel v.驱逐，开除，赶出
expend v.消费
expenditure n.支出，消费;经费
expense n.开销，费用
expensive a.花钱多的;价格高贵的
expand v.扩大，扩张;展开，膨胀
expansion n.扩大，扩充;发展，膨胀
private a.私人的，个人的
individual a.个别的，单独的 n.个人，个体
personal a.个人的，私人的;亲自的
personnel n.[总称]人员，员工;人事部门
the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋
the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋
the Antarctic Ocean 南冰洋
grant vt.授予，同意，准予
grand a.宏伟大，壮丽的，重大的
invade v.侵入，侵略，侵袭
acid n.酸，酸性物质 a.酸的;尖刻的
acknowledge v.承认;致谢
balcony n.阳台
calculate vt.计算，核算
calendar n.日历，月历
optimistic a.乐观
optional a.可以任选的，非强制的
outstanding a.杰出的，突出的，显著的
export n.出口(物) v.出口，输出
import n.进口(物) v.进口，输入
impose vt.把...加强(on);采用，利用
religion n.宗教，宗教信仰
religious a.宗教的
victim n.牺牲品，受害者
video n.电视，视频 a.电视的，录像的
videotape n.录像磁带 v.把...录在录像带上 offend v.冒犯，触犯
bother v.打搅，麻烦
interfere v.干涉，干扰，妨碍
internal a.内部的，国内的
beforehand ad.预先，事先
racial a.人种的种族的
radiation n.放射物，辐射
radical a.根本的;激进的
range n.幅度，范围 v.(在某范围内)变动
wonder n.惊奇，奇迹 v.想知道，对...感到疑惑
isolate vt.使隔离，使孤立
iue n.问题，争论点;发行，(报刊)一期
hollow a.空的，中空的，空虚道
hook n.钩 vt.钩住
adequate a.适当地;足够
adhere vi.粘附，附着;遵守，坚持
ban vt.取缔，禁止
capture vt.俘虏，捕获
valid a.有效的，有根据的;正当的
valley n.山谷，峡谷
consistent a.坚固定;一致的，始终如一的
continuous a.继续的，连续(不断)的
continual a.不断地，频繁的
explode v.爆炸;爆发;激增
exploit v.剥削;利用，开采
explore v.勘探
explosion n.爆炸;爆发;激增
explosive a.爆炸的;极易引起争论的
remote a.遥远的，偏僻的
removal n.除去，消除
render vt.使得，致使
render sth(for sth) ;rendersth (to sb) give sth in return,or exchange,or as sth which is due 给予某物作为报偿或用以交换;回报;归还
render homage,obedience,allegiance,etc.表示敬意、顺从、效忠等：
a reward for services rendered 服务的酬金
render good for evil 以德报怨
render insult for insult 以侮辱对侮辱
render sb a service/render a service to sb 为某人服务
render help to disaster victims 向灾民提供援助
render thanks to God 感谢上帝
present or send in (an account)for payment 递交或开出(帐单)：
account rendered $ 开出美元的帐单
cause (sb/sth) to be in a certain condition 使(某人[某事物])处于某种状况：
rendered helple by an accident 因出事故而束手无策
Your action had rendered our contract invalid.你们的这种做法导致双方的合同失败。
[esp paive 尤用于被动语态] give a performance of (music,a play,a character.etc);give a portrayal of (sb/sth)in painting,etc.演奏(音乐);演出(戏剧);扮演(角色);以绘画等表现(某人[某物])：
The piano solo was well rendered.那支钢琴独奏曲弹得真好。
\'Othello\' was rendered rather poorly.《奥赛罗》这出戏演得不好。
The artist had rendered her gentle smile perfectly.该艺术家把她那温柔的笑容表现得惟妙惟肖。
render sth (into sth) expre sth in another language;translate sth.翻译某事物：
How would you render \'bon voyage\' (into English)? \'bon voyage\'怎么翻译(成英语)?
Rendering poetry into other language is difficult.翻译诗歌是很困难的。
cover (stone or brick) with a first layer of plaster 在(石或砖)上抹灰泥打底：
render walls 在墙上抹底灰
render an zccount of oneself,one\'s behaviour,etc explain or justify what one has said,done,etc.为自己的言行等作解释或辩护.
render sth down： make (eg fat,lard) liquid by heating it; melt sth down 将(脂肪、猪油等)熬成油;熔化某物。render sth up：hand over or surrender sth;yield sth.移交或交出某物;放弃某事物：
render up a fort,town,etc to the enemy 放弃要塞、城市等被敌人占领
(fig比喻) He rendered up his soul to God,ie died.他魂归天国了
precaution n.预防，防备，警惕
idle a.懒散的，无所事事的
identify vt.认出，鉴定
identify n.身份;个性，特性
poverty n.贫穷
resistant a.(to)抵抗的，抗...的，耐...的
resolve vt.解决;决定，决意
barrel n.桶
bargain n.便宜货 vi.讨价还价
coarse a.粗的，粗糙的，粗劣的
coach n.教练;长途公共汽车
code n.准则，法规，密码
coil n.线圈 v.卷，盘绕
adult n.成年人
advertise v.为...做广告
advertisement n.广告
agency n.代理商，经销商
focus v.(使)聚集 n.焦点，中心，聚焦
forbid vt.不许，禁止
debate n./v.辩论，争论
debt n.欠债
decade n.十年
enclose vt.围住;把...装入信封
encounter vt./n.遭遇，遭到
globe n.地球，世界;地球仪
global a.全球的;总的
scan vt.细看;扫描;浏览
scandal n.丑事，丑闻 significance n.意义;重要性
subsequent a.随后的，后来的
virtue n.美德，优点
virtual a.实际上的，事实上的
orient vt.使适应，(to,toward)使朝向 n.东方
portion n.一部分
target n.目标，靶子 vt.瞄准
portable a.手提式的
decline v.拒绝，谢绝;下降
illusion n.错觉
likelihood n.可能，可能性
stripe n.条纹
emphasize vt.强调，着重
emotion n.情感，感情
emotional a.感情的，情绪(上)的
awful a.极坏的，威严的，可怕的
awkward a.笨拙的，棘手的
clue n.线索，提示
collision n.碰撞，冲突
device n.装置，设备
devise vt.发明，策划，想出
inevitable a.不可避免的
naval a.海军的
navigation n.航行
neceity n.必需品;必要性
previous a.先，前，以前的
provision n.[pl.]给养，口粮;准备，设备，装置
pursue vt.追逐;追求;从事，进行
stale a.不新鲜的，陈腐的
substitute n.代用品 vt.代替
deserve vt.应受，应得，值得
discrimination n.歧视;辨别力
profeional a.职业的，专门的
secure a.安全的，可靠的
security n.安全，保障 scratch v./n.抓，搔，扒
talent n.才能，天资;人才
insurance n.保险，保险费
insure vt.给...保险，保证，确保
neverthele ad.仍然，然而，不过
neutral a.中立的，中性的
spot n.地点;斑点 vt.认出，发现;玷污
spray v.喷，(使)溅散
medium a.中等的，适中的 n.媒介物，新闻媒介
media n.新闻传媒
auxiliary a.辅助的，备用的
automatic a.自动的
compete vi.竞争，比赛
competent a.有能力的，能胜任的
competition n.竞争，比赛
distribute vt.分发
disturb vt.打搅，妨碍
infer v.推论，推断
integrate v.(into,with)(使)成为一体，(使)合并
moist a.潮湿
moisture n.潮湿
promote vt.促进;提升
region n.地区;范围;幅度
register v./n.登记，注册
stable a.稳定的
sophisticated a.老于世故的，老练的;很复杂的
splendid a.极好的，壮丽的，辉煌的
cancel vt.取消，废除
variable a.易变的，可变的
prospect n.前景，前途;景象
prosperity n.兴旺，繁荣
aspect n.方面;朝向;面貌
cope vi.(with)(成功地)应付，处理
core n.果心，核心
maintain vt.维持，保持;坚持，主张
mainland n.大陆
discipline n.纪律;惩罚;学科
domestic a.本国的，国内的;家用的;家庭的
constant a.不变的，恒定的 n.常数
cliff n.悬崖，峭壁
authority n.权威;当局
audio a.听觉
attitude n.态度 第一段：描述图画
1、As is vividly shown in the picture( 如果两个的话用pictures，也可以用drawing，同样的如果两个的话用drawings，如果是图表则用table,两个图表则用 tables) above, 图画的内容。The picture( 如果两个的话用pictures，也可以用drawing，同样的如果两个的话用drawings，如果是图表则用table,两个图表则用 tables) tells ( 注意，如果是前面的图画是复数，则用tell) us that 这个图片的大致反映的意思。
2、Recent years people in 地名(比如中国、北京、美国等等)have witneed the fact that 描述
图片里的现象， And it is very common/usual to see that in recent years.
第二段：解释，说明和分析图片
1、The implied meaning of the picture(注意，同上进行单复数的处理) should be taken into account seriously.First/To begin with, 揭示涵义/原因/结果1，Second/What’s more, 揭示涵义/原因/结果2。 Last but not least/Finally, 揭示涵义/愿意/结果3(如果有的话)。And the social problem(如果是现象的话可以用phenomenon) has arisen the great concern/care of our whole society/world/all the people.
2、There may/might be three(也可以是两个) factors which contribute to/are responsible for/explain/can make clear the 图片解释的现象。 First of all, 原因1。And then the second reason is that 原因2。The last reason，I think, is that原因3。
第三段：给出自己的看法和想法以及解决问题的办法
1、In my view/point of view (或者说as for me),We should take some measures as follows to deal with the problems followed in the picture.First, we should 具体的措施1.And then we have to /must具体的措施2.Only in these ways,can we solve the problem of 具体的问题。
2、It is true that these unique/social points can/could together remind us that we should take some measures to solve it.采取的措施1和2.Only in this way can we实现的目标! 作文：
Mobile Phones in the Cla
Given is an interesting cartoon：writing on the whiteboard，the teacher says the formula is SO important that it will be Oil the test.Meanwhile，all the students use mobile phones to take the picture of the formula instead of taking notes.The picture demonstrates that mobile phones are quite prevalent in the cla.
There are mainly two reasons.On the one hand，in contrast to writing the important points down，students tend to use mobile phones to remember things， for taking picture is extremely easy.0n the other hand，many students usually play with their phones even in the cla，so they find it much convenient to use their phones to take photos rather than to pick up pens again.
In short，the popularity of mobile phones in the cla proves that students pay le attention to study.Both schools and parents should discourage students from overusing mobile phones.要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径
1.问题现状
2.怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)
In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious.First, ------------(说明A的现状).Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状)
Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一).For another -------------(解决方法二).Finally, --------------(解决方法三).
Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法).Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).对比型：
When it comes to ____ ,different people hold different views .
Some contend that____.For one thing,____ .For another,___ .In spite of all these claims, others maintain that ____，They point out that____ .Another instance often cited is that____ .
It’s no easy task to find a satisfactory answer to the iue.As for me, there’s some truth to both arguments .It’s advisable to ______. 说明利弊这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)
1.说明事物现状
2.事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)
3.你对现状(或前景)的看法
Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.First ----------------(A的优点之一).Besides -------------------(A的优点之二).
But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二个缺点).
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones.Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法).
(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in.Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测).) 现象解释：
Recently, ____What amazes us most is_____.It is true that _____.There are many reasons explaining ______.The main reason is_____ ，What is more, _____，Thirdly, _____.As a result, _____.Considering all these, _____.For one thing, ____For another, ____.In conclusion, ____.议论：
1、不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the iue that __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.
2、利弊型的议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the iue that)___作文题目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___优点一______.And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, \"every coin has two sides\", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺点一______.In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
3、答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the iue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途径一______.In addition, another way contributing to succe of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
4、谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: \" ___谚语_______\" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____谚语的含义_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..(1) 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1.有一些人认为。。。
2.另一些人认为。。。
3.我的看法。。。
The topic of ①-----------------(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently.There are two sides of opinions of it.Some people say A is their favorite.They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-------------理由二).Moreover, ④---------------(理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons.Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一).Secondly (besides),⑥------------------(理由二).Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三).
From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------(我的观点).The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因).As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice.For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
(2) 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点
Some people believe that ①----------------(观点一).For example, they think ②-----------------(举例说明).And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处).
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point.For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一).For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二).
Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).
观点三段法：
开始段：提出观点
中间段：对观点进行论证
结尾段：总结观点，或具体做法
As is show in the picture, _______图画内容 .The caption indicates, _______图画标题 .The drawing,thought-provoking as it is,does mirror a current social phenomenon _______图画主题 .
It is generally agreed upon that _______图画主题 .On the one hand, _______原因1 .On the other hand, _______原因2 .What’s more, _______原因3 ._______图画的主题 has been attached much importance to.To sum up,it is significant for people to _______结论 .In my opinion,it is neceary to _______措施 .As a result,we can _______预期目标 .问题解决性：
With the ____of____，So it is of great importance for us to____ .On the one hand____, On the other hand____,
However, we have figured out many ways to _____.Firstly, ____So long as____ .Secondly____, Thirdly____.In fact____, That is because ____.
In a word,________ .
