中国控烟形势依然严峻
Smoking remains one of China’s burning problems
Working at a state-run hotel in China’s Sichuan province in the 1990s, Wu Luorong recalls cigarette smoke filling the lobby, restaurants and corridors.“We couldn’t say anything even if we didn’t feel happy with people smoking in the office,” she says.上世纪90年代在中国四川一家国营宾馆工作的吴珞荣（音）回忆起大堂、餐厅、走廊烟雾缭绕的情景。“就算我们不喜欢有人在办公室里抽烟，也没法说什么，”她说。
Now a hospital administrator, Wu, 49, says things have changed.“There is a smoking area for staff and patients’ families.Especially in the respiratory department, we tell smokers to go there,” she says.
49岁的吴珞荣如今是一家医院的行政管理人员。她说，现在不一样了，“医院为工作人员、病人家属专门设了吸烟区。尤其是在呼吸科，我们会告诉烟民去吸烟区。”
China is home to some 300m smokers, more than any other country; about half of men are regular smokers.However, there is a lack of national legislation to ban smoking in workplaces.The World Health Organization estimates that a complete nationwide ban on smoking in the country’s workplaces would reduce prevalence of smoking among Chinese men by 13m, averting 6m premature deaths.中国约有3亿烟民，比其他任何一个国家都多；约一半中国男性经常吸烟。然而，中国缺乏一项全国性立法来禁止在工作场所吸烟。世界卫生组织(WHO)估计，若在全国范围的工作场所全面实行禁烟，可让中国男性烟民数量减少1300万名，使600万人避免过早死亡。
But Wu’s experience reflects a national trend: local campaigns are beginning to turn the tide against workplace smoking, experts say, even while enforcement remains uneven.The statistics are startling: more than 54 per cent of Chinese people who work indoors witneed smoking in their workplaces in 2015, according to a government survey.But that number represents a fall from about 60 per cent in 2010.但吴珞荣的经历反映了一种全国性的趋势：据专家称，地方层面开展的行动开始掀起了反对在工作场所吸烟的热潮，尽管各地执法力度参差不齐。统计数据令人吃惊：一项政府调查显示，2015年，中国逾54%在室内工作的人在自己的工作场所见过有人吸烟。但2010年这个比例约为60%。
Likewise, nearly 40 per cent of people surveyed in 2015 had witneed smoking in government buildings, and more than 35 per cent had seen smoking inside hospitals.But that was an improvement on 2010, when the figures were 55 per cent and 37 per cent respectively.同样，在2015年，近40%的受访者见过有人在政府大楼里吸烟，逾35%的受访者在医院内见过有人吸烟。但这比2010年的情况有所改善，那时这两个比例分别为55%和37%。
Public health observers say that even though a national ban has been delayed — apparently because of the influence of the Chinese tobacco industry, a major source of government revenue — there has been a shift in attitudes, with greater opposition to smoking.公共卫生观察人士表示，尽管全国性禁烟令被推迟出台——显然是受到了中国烟草业的影响，该行业是政府的一个主要税收来源——但人们的态度已经发生了转变，反对吸烟的人越来越多。
This has been driven by aggreive public health campaigns highlighting the risks of second-hand smoke, and by individual cities launching legislation aimed at reducing smoking indoors.造成这种转变的原因主要有两点：一是有关方面大力发起了公共卫生宣传活动，强调吸二手烟的风险，二是个别城市颁布了旨在减少室内吸烟的条例。
In 2015, Beijing’s municipal authorities paed the toughest anti-smoking legislation in China’s history, making smoking in offices, restaurants, hotels and hospitals punishable with fines.Businees that fail to rein in smoking on their premises can be fined up to Rmb10,000 ($1,530) and repeat offenders can have their licences revoked.Individual smokers can be penalised Rmb200.A hotline was set up for public complaints, and teams of inspectors were enlisted.
2015年，北京市通过了中国史上最严的控烟条例，规定在办公室、餐馆、酒店、医院里吸烟将被处以罚款。对在自家营业场所控烟不力的企业最高可罚款1万元人民币（合1530美元），累犯可吊销营业执照。对吸烟者本人可处罚款200元人民币。此外还开通了一条公共投诉热线，并组建了检查员小组。
Many were sceptical about enforcement when the law came into effect, citing the difficulties of changing long-entrenched habits.But a year later, Bernhard Schwartländer, head of WHO China, said the enforcement had “exceeded expectations”.The city said it had collected more than Rmb1m in penalties.当这部控烟条例正式实施时，许多人都对其执行效果持怀疑态度，理由是长期根深蒂固的习惯很难改变。但一年后，WHO驻华代表施贺德(Bernhard Schwartländer)表示，该条例的执行效果“超出了预期”。北京市称已收缴100多万元人民币的罚款。
Groups of smoking workers are now a common sight huddled outside office buildings in Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai — the latter two cities having followed suit with similar laws in January and March this year.在北京、深圳、上海的写字楼外，白领烟民三三两两聚在一起吸烟如今已成为常见一景。今年1月和3月，深圳、上海效仿北京，各自出台了类似的控烟条例。
“You can only smoke on the platform outside on the second floor or on the ground floor,” says Stella Sun, who works at a brokerage in the Shanghai World Financial Center, a 101-floor skyscraper in the city’s Pudong district.“There are smoke detectors everywhere in the building,” she adds.“你只能在二层外面的露台或一层吸烟，”Stella Sun说，她在上海浦东101层高的上海环球金融中心(Shanghai World Financial Center)内的一家券商工作。“大厦里到处都是烟感器，”她补充说。
Dreed in a sharply ironed white shirt and naval-style hat emblazoned with China’s national emblem, sanitation inspector Zhang Jun is one of the officials tasked with enforcing the rules in Shanghai.A black satchel holding a badge and a bundle of papers for handing out fines bounces around his waist.身穿明显熨烫过的白色衬衫、头戴印有中国国徽的海军风格的帽子，公共卫生检查员张军（音）是上海市一名负责执行控烟条例的政府工作人员。一个装有一枚徽章和一摞罚款单的黑色挎包在他腰间晃动。
“Sanitation department, here for an inspection,” he says, flashing his badge at a receptionist in the lobby at a hospital.Zhang walks through the corridors, checking that no-smoking signs are properly displayed, sniffing the air for smoke and peering into bins for tell-tale cigarette butts.“卫生部门，来这里检查，”他在医院大厅接待处出示自己的徽章后说道。张军巡视走廊，检查禁烟标志是否正确张贴，闻一闻空气中是否有烟味，看一看垃圾桶里有没有烟头。
“There were a lot of calls to the hotline at the beginning after the law went into effect,” Zhang explains.“But the number has decreased now,” he adds, attributing the drop to greater self-regulation.“Usually when a smoker sees us in our uniforms, they will put out their cigarette.In that case we will just give them a warning.” “控烟条例刚实施的时候，很多人打热线电话投诉，”张军解释说，“但现在热线电话少了。”他将这归因于人们更加自律了。“通常一名吸烟者看到我们穿着制服过来时，他们会掐灭自己的烟。这种情况下，我们只会给他们一个警告。”
But inspectors are overstretched, with just five to cover a population of tens of thousands, Zhang says, adding that they have additional duties, such as checking water quality in swimming pools.但张军表示，检查员人手太少，根本忙不过来，五个检查员要面对数万烟民，而且他们还有其他职责，比如检查游泳池水质。 “We haven’t given out many fines since March, to be honest, because often by the time we get to a place where there has been a complaint we are too late,” says Li Yuna, another inspector.另一名检查员李玉娜（音）说：“说实话，从3月以来，我们还没有开出多少罚单，因为常常是等我们赶到有人投诉的地方，就已经太晚了。”
Enforcement is even le reliable in the 20 or so other cities that have introduced various laws against indoor smoking.Shenzhen, Beijing and Shanghai have very strong laws, but we don’t see that acro the whole country — it really depends on the locality,” says Kelvin Khow Chuan Heng, of the WHO’s Tobacco Free Initiative, a global programme to reduce death and disease from smoking.在其他大约20个实施了各种室内控烟条例的城市，就更难执行到位了。“深圳、北京、上海有非常强有力的控烟条例，但全国范围内还不行，各地方情况不一样，”WHO无烟草行动(Tobacco Free Initiative)的Kelvin Khow Chuan Heng说。无烟草行动是一个全球性的项目，旨在减少吸烟引发的死亡和疾病。
“A lot of the problem with these laws is that they don’t have resources put into enforcement,” he says.“We still struggle with some venues, especially entertainment venues, karaoke bars — these are also workplaces.Those venues we definitely find much more problematic.” “这些控烟条例的主要问题在于缺乏强制执行的资源。”他表示，“我们仍然很难在一些场所开展执法，尤其是娱乐场所、卡拉OK酒吧——这些也都是工作场所。在这些地方，我们肯定会发现更多问题。”
Even hospital worker Wu says that enforcement can be lax in the small city of Mianyang where she is employed.“Some doctors will smoke in non-smoking areas — like, offices — sometimes, but once the leaders come investigating, they will move to a smoking area,” she says.甚至在医院工作的吴珞荣都表示，在她工作的小城市绵阳，执法是松懈的。她说：“有些医生有时会在非吸烟区——比如办公室——吸烟，但一有领导来视察，他们就会跑到吸烟区。”
State-owned tobacco companies remain an influential group, hindering efforts to introduce a national smoking ban.A draft law circulated last year was watered down, public health observers say, allowing for “smoking rooms” in offices.国有烟草公司仍然很有影响力，阻碍着出台全国性禁烟条例的努力。公共卫生观察人士表示，去年流传的一部法律草案被“掺水”，允许在办公楼里设置“吸烟室”。
Some initiatives by individual companies have helped.Internet giant Baidu committed to smoke-free office environments in 2011, thereby protecting the health of some 40,000 employees.个别公司的一些举措也有帮助。互联网巨头百度(Baidu)已在2011年承诺打造无烟办公环境，从而保护其约4万名员工的健康。
Chinese and US health authorities launched a joint initiative in 2012 to promote smoke-free workplaces in China.The programme to educate the public and promote ceation services at workplaces follows earlier efforts that have also targeted workplaces.“One thing is legislation and the other implementation.What an enterprise can contribute is vital,” said Wang Ke’an, head of the Research Center for Health Development, a think-tank and one of the Chinese groups involved.
2012年，中美两国的卫生部门联合发起了一项倡议，在中国推广无烟工作场所。这个旨在教育公众、推动工作场所戒烟服务的计划并非首开先河，之前就有过一些以工作场所为目标的举措。“一方面是立法，另一方面是执行。一家企业能做出什么贡献至关重要，”参与该倡议的新探健康发展研究中心(ThinkTank Research Center for Health Development)的王克安主任说。
There is also space for bottom-up preure from employees.Newspaper illustrator Zhao Liang says his attempts to give up smoking were hampered by colleagues who have turned parts of the workplace into a “smoking centre”.“If I quit smoking, I won’t be able to tolerate anyone smoking in my office ever again,” he adds.来自员工自下而上的压力也可以起到作用。报纸插画家赵亮（音）表示，他想过戒烟，但受阻于周围的同事们，他们把办公场所的一些地方变成了“吸烟中心”。“如果我戒了，我就再也不能容忍任何人在我的办公室抽烟了，”他说。
Additional reporting by Wang Xueqiao
Wang Xueqiao补充报道
