第八篇 A Biological Clock一个生物时钟
Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.The biological clock tells (1) humans when to form flowers and when the flowers should open1.It tells (2) insects when to leave the protective cocoon茧 and fly away, and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal (3) affect the actions of some biological clocks.Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur (4) because the number of hours of daylight.In the short (5) days of winter, its fur becomes white.The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks.German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration (6) flight twice each year.Birds (7) prevented from flying become restle when it is time for the trip, (8) but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which (9) parts of the brain contain biological clocks.An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain (10) seems to control the timing of some of our actions.These (11) cells tell a person when to (12) awaken, when to sleep and when to seek food.Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr.Moorhead is studying (13) how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work2.For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. (14) It can take3 many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours.Dr.Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers.He said (15) such understanding could cut sickne and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production.
第九篇Wonder Webs惊奇网络
Spider webs are more than homes, and they are ingenious traps.And the world’s best web spinner may be the Golden Orb Weaver spider.The female Orb Weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect prey, yet (1)tough enough to snare a flying bird without breaking.
The secret of the web’s strength? A type of super-resilient (2)silk called dragline.When the female spider is ready to (3)weave the web’s spokes and frame, she uses her legs to draw the airy thread out through a hollow nozzle in her belly.Dragline is not sticky, so the spider can race back and forth along (4)it to spin the web’s trademark spiral.恒星英语论坛
Unlike some spiders that weave a new web every day, a Golden Orb Weaver (5)reuses her handiwork until it falls apart, sometimes not for two years.The silky thread is five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbs the force of an impact three times better than Kevlar, a high-strength human-made (6)material used in bullet-proof vests.And thanks to its high tensile strength, or the ability to resist breaking under the pulling force called tension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percent longer than its original (7)length and snap back as well as new.No human-made fiber even comes (8)close .
It is no (9)wonder manufacturers are clamoring for spider silk.In the consumer pipeline: High-performance fabrics for athletes and stockings that never run.Think parachute cords and suspension bridge cables.A steady (10)supply of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars – but how to produce it? Harvesting silk on spider farms does not (11)work because the territorial arthropods have a tendency to devour their neighbors.
Now, scientists at the biotechnology company Nexia are spinning artificial silk modeled after Golden Orb dragline.The (12)first step: extract silk-making genes from the spiders.Next, implant the genes into goat egg cells.The nanny goats that grow from the eggs secrete dragline silk proteins in their (13)milk .“The young goats pa on the silk-making gene without (14)any help from us,” says Nexia president Jeffrey Turner.Nexia is still perfecting the spinning proce, but they hope artificial spider silk will soon be snagging customers (15)as fast as the real thing snags bugs.
第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneline心灵鸡汤：爽心
食品排解孤独感
Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries．1 but
according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and
2emotions．The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel．
\"For me 3 personally ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has 4looked at non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneline by bonding with their 5favorite TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 by making people think of their nearest and dearest.
In one experiment, in order to make 7 participants feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing aignment.Then, some people in each
8group wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food．9 Finally ,the researchers had participants 10 complete
questions about their levels of loneline．
Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally 11secure in their relationships would feel le lonely by writing about a comfort food．\"We have found that comfort foods are consistently aociated with those close to us．\"says Troisi．\"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．\"In 12their eays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 experience of eating food with family and friends.
In another experiment, 14eating chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it.
Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stre, often aociated with our 15connections with others,\" Troisi says．\"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneline．
* 第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities气候变化给不备
城市带来重大风险
A new examination of urban policies has been 1carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 urban development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3reduce emiions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 gases ．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local iue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao.”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5protect their residents.\"
Cities are 6 major sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change.Lankao’s findings
highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 benefits ．
The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters.Potential
8threats
aociated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather.Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat
9 heavily
paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may 10lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 without acce to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.
Local governments, 12therefore,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13rather than meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs.They don\'t emphasize ma transit and reduce 14automobile use.In fact, many local governments are taking a hands—off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their 15 idle
policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.
★*第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk快餐加免费降胆
固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险
Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2suggest in a new study．
Statins reduce the 3amount of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood.A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4risk .
In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from
6eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．
Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your
8poobility of having a heart attack.Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or le thesame
9degree
as a fast food meal increases it.”
“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they 10like , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed.It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are 11provided
free of charge．It would cost le than 5 pence per 12customer
---not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said．
When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take 13measures that lower their risk, 1ike 14wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters.Taking a statin is a rational way of 15lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．
*第三十二篇
Mind-reading Machine 1)What is responsible for proceing the information sent by your eyes? 2)Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer? 3)\"Highlighting the areas of the brain at work\" means 4)What did the researchers experiment on? 5)Which of the following can be the best replacement of the title? Mind-reading Machine
1)Neurons in the brain.2)fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently.3)\"marking the parts of the brain that are proceing information\" 4)Two volunteers.5)Your Thoughts Can Be Scanned.①什么负责处理通过眼睛发送的信息？ ②下面哪个观点不是作者的意思？
③“Highlighting the areas of the brain at work”的意思是___________。 ④研究人员用什么做实验？
⑤下列哪个选项最能替换标题？
①大脑中的神经元
②fMRI帮助科学家去发现大脑如何智能地开发？
③标记出大脑部分来处理信息（大脑部分作出记号来处理信息） ④2名志愿者
⑤你的想法可以被扫描（知晓）
*第三十四篇
（新增） Batteries Built by Viruses 1）According to the first paragraph, people try to 2） What is Belcher\'s team doing at present? 3） What expreion below is opposite in meaning to the word \"shrink\" appearing in paragraph 5?
4）Which of the following is true of Belcher\'s battery mentioned in paragraph 6? 5） How tiny is one battery part?34.Batteries Built by Viruses
1 ）stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.2）It is making batteries with viruses.
读心机 3） Expand.4）It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.5）Its width is one tenth of a hair.①根据第一段，人们试着去做_________ ②贝尔彻的团队现在在做___________- ③下面哪一个词的意思和文中第五段的“萎缩”的意思相反。 ④在文中第六段中提到的关于贝尔彻的团队，哪一项是正确的。 ⑤一个电池能够有多小？ 34．病毒电池 ① 远离病毒，因为他们能够导致各种疾病 ②制作用病毒构成的电池 ③扩展
④有病毒在里面的金属圆盘 ⑤它的宽度是头发的十分之一
*第三十五篇
Putting Plants to work 1)What does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy? 2)Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches? 3)According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen? 4)Researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently.Which one of the following is one such difficulty？ 5)What is NOT true of algae?
35.Putting Plants to work 1)Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years.2)Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.3)When there is no oxygen in the air.4)It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed.5)They are cheap to eat.①关于植物涉及太阳能，作者说________ ②一些科学家研究植物如何把阳光、二氧化碳、水转化成糖和淀粉的原因是________。 ③ 根据第五段，________时，海藻能用太阳能制造氢气？
④ 研究员们发现在努力使海藻有效产生氢气时存在困难，这样的困难是_________ ⑤于海藻的说法，错误的是_________ ①植物数十亿年来一直利用太阳能 ②因为他们想让绿色植物变成新的能源 ③当空气中没有氧气
⑤硫酸盐被清除后，海藻太慢而不能产生（更多）的氢气 ⑥作为食物，它们很便宜
*第三十八篇 （新增）
“Life Form Found” on Saturn’s Titan 1）What have scientists found about Saturn? 2） What do scientists say about Titan? 3）To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does\"this form
4）What can be inferred from what Allen said? 5）Which of the following can replace the title of this paage?
让植物发挥作用 38. “Life Form Found” on Saturn’s Titan
1）They have found methane-based life on Titan 2）There are life clues there.3) Methane-based life.4) Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.5) A different Life Form, a Poibility ①在土星上科学家发现了什么_____________.②关于土卫六科学家说了什么______________
③艾伦说了什么，从中能得到推论出什么______________ ④动物园中饲养的大象遭受压力和肥胖的可能的原因是______________.⑤下列那句话能代替本文的主题________38.土卫六上发现生命迹象 ①他们在土卫六上发现以甲烷为基础的生命迹象 ②有生命在那。
③以甲烷为基础的生命迹象。
④在土卫六上是否存在生命科学家们有不同的争论。 ⑤可能存在一种与地球不同的生命形式。 *第四十篇
Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety 1）What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph? 2）What is implied in the third paragraph? 3）According to the experiment, those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt 4）The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings 5）David Geary thinks that 40.Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety 1)Female teachers\' confidence in their math skills is related to girl\'s math skills.2)A difficult subject like math may affect teachers\' confidence in teaching the subject.3)uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.4)prove a strong link between female teachers\' math anxiety and their female students\' math achievements.5)the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.①第一段提到的在芝加哥大学研究的结果是_____________。 ②第三段落的含义是_____________。
③根据实验,这些教师可能是担心时,他们的数学成绩的感受_____________。 ④第六段落告诉我们研究发现_____________。
⑤David Geary 认为_____________。 40.教数学，教焦虑
①女性教师信任她们的数学能力和女学生的数学能力有关 ②一个困难的科目像数学可能影响教师的教学主题的信心。 ③看到很多的销售数据就会感到不自在
④女性教师的数学焦虑和她们的女学生的数学成绩有很有力的联系 ⑤实验结果还是初步的，需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证
