2005年新东方考研英语网络课堂应用文写作手记 二 应用性短文的写作方法： 应用性短文包括：信件（Letter）、便笺（Note）、备忘录（Memo）
1 信件：应用最广，范围较宽，可长可短、可正式可非正式、可写给熟人亦可写给组织团体
2 便笺：A note is just a short informal letter.便笺通常写给认识的熟人或朋友，一般与信件类似，但格式更加非正式化——简言之，即“短小的非正式信件”。 3 备忘录：A memo is a short official note written to another person in the same company or organization.——简言之，即“短小的正式信件”。 因此，最关键是要掌握对于“信件”的写作方法！ 三 大纲对信件的评分标准：
1 信息点的覆盖和内容的组织——即不可以遗漏任何题目所要求的内容，必须要做到全面；
2 语言的准确性——针对五类错误：语法错误、用词错误、句子结构混乱、标点错误以及拼写错误；
3 格式和语域的恰当——根据写作针对的不同对象，可分为三个语域：正式语域、一般语域与非正式语域。 特别指出：对于语法结构和词汇的多样性的要求将根据具体试题做调整（与议论文写作相比较，其要求较低），并且允许考生使用提示语中出现过的关键词，但不允许出现提示语中的词组或整句。
四 书信作文的格式（the format of a letter）： 1 称呼（salutation） ①正式称呼：
a.当写信的对象为某团体、组织、机构或不知对方姓名的时候，一般是这种写法：Dear Sir or(/) Madam, b.当写信的对象为某领导、上司、老板或校长等上级的时候，一般是以下这种写法：
Dear Mr.*** （***代表姓）
Dear Ms.*** Dear Mrs.***（针对已婚妇女） ②非正式称呼：
当写信的对象是朋友或熟人的时候，一般是这种写法：Dear *** （***代表名字，即Given Name） 2 主体（body）
要根据信件内容要求来进行细致划分——但都讲求开门见山、不绕弯子，大约写7－8句话即可。一般题目会要求写三个信息点，所以针对每个信息点可写两句话，最后写两句礼貌用语，即可完成整个信件写作。 3 落款（complimentary close）
根据写信的对象不同，也划分为两大类： ①正式称呼：
a.当写信的对象为某团体、组织、机构或不知对方姓名的时候，一般是这种写法：Yours faithfully, b.当写信的对象为某领导、上司、老板或校长等上级的时候，一般是这种写法：Yours sincerely, 注意：在美国英语中习惯写为：Sincerely yours, 但考研英语对此不做如此细致的区分，即写上述三种任一即可。
②非正式称呼：当写信的对象是朋友或熟人的时候，一般是以下这种写法： Kind regards, Best wishes, 当然还可以有更多的写法，如：With best wishes, 或All the best, 但常用的为以上两种。
4 签名（signature）
根据考研英语样题，一律要求写Li Ming 五 语域要求（register）：
1 根据写作对象确定语域，即决定是采用正式还是非正式的语域。一般地说，正式书信倾向于采用正式的表达法，而口语信则倾向于非正式表达法。
例如：非正式的表达法：Let me know if you can come for the meeting next Wednesday.正式的表达法：Please kindly inform us of your availability for the meeting to be held next Wednesday.再如：非正式的表达法：How about coming down to stay with us for weekend?
正式的表达法：We would like to invite you for a weekend.
或 We would appreciate it if you could come for the weekend.2 区分正式与非正式表达法的标志之一是看是否有省略（非正式表达法多用省略，而正式表达法反之）。 例如：正式的表达法：I would like you to come to my office to pick up the ticket.（一般是指写给上级领导、合作伙伴等）
非正式的表达法：Come to my office for a ticket.（一般是指写给非常亲密的朋友）
3 区分正式与非正式表达法的另一标志是看是否有缩略（非正式表达法多用缩略，而正式表达法反之）。
例如：正式的表达法：I would like to...非正式的表达法：I’d like to...六 书信内容的完整：
这是书信作文中最重要的部分。要根据题目所提供的情景和所要求写的信息点，在行文中完整无缺地逐一进行交待。要注意，不可直接抄袭题目中的原词组或句子，至多可以使用几个核心词。
七 以样题为例，详解书信作文的写法： Directions: You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books.Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for: 1) detailed information about the books you want, 2) methods of payment, 3) time and way of delivery.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming”instead.You do not need to write the addre.(10 points) 第一步：寻找关键词。（见题干标注） 第二步：思考写作的架构。
一般而言，完成整个信件的写作需要约15分钟左右时间，可以先用2分钟进行审题。用11－12分钟行文，用1－2分钟检查。即写每一句话约用1分钟时间。 称呼：由于写作对象是书店的销售部门，因此可以写为：Dear Sir or Madam, 语域：正式语体。尽量避免使用缩略语或省略句。 主体：
1 开头有两种写法：
第一种可以开门见山，直接说出自己的目的。如：I am writing this letter to ask for...第二种可以先交待一下背景，然后说出自己的目的。如：I will take CET-6 next December and quality test preparation materials are eential to succe in the test.2 接着交待自己写信的意图和目的，可以有如下写法：
I want to know.../ I wonder if.../ I would like to know.../ Would it be poible for you to...对于该样题，可以这样接上文：
I wonder if you have the following books: 或I would like to know if you have the following books: 或 Would it be poible for you to tell me about the availability of the following books: 3 由于要交待书的详细信息，所以至少要写清楚书名，如果可能，尽量写一下出版社。对于该样题，可以这样接上文： I wonder if you have the following books: a vocabulary book covering the 5,800 words for the CET-6 test as well as past test papers with keys and model eays and a Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, which I can turn to for help./in which I can look up for new words.4 继续写题目要求的关于付款方式的内容。对于该样题，可以有两种表达接上文： 其一：Besides how do I pay for these books? 或 How should I pay for these books?——By cash or by other means? 必须要注意：英文写作非常强调连贯性，因此可以用一些代词或连接词使得句意连贯。如这句话中的Besides和these都是发挥了联系上下文的作用。另外还有许多表示补充、附加的关联词，如：in addition / additionally / moreover / furthermore / 其二：I would also like to know if you accept payment by credit card.If it is inconvenient, I will pay by cash.5 继续写题目要求的关于寄递时间和方式的内容。对于该样题，可以这样接上文： Finally, if I order these books now, when can I get them? How will these books be delivered to my house?
或Finally, if I order(定购）these books now, when is the earliest time I can get them? How will these books be mailed/delivered to my house?
或Finally, if I order these books now, when is the earliest time I can get them and how will these books be sent to my house? 6 按照英语信件的惯例，在信件最后要有一个礼貌的结尾（a polite ending）。可以有如下写法： I would appreciate it if you could give me a reply as soon as poible.或 I should be grateful if you could give me an early reply.落款和签名：Sincerely yours, Li Ming 完整的样题格式及内容如下： Dear Sir or Madam, I will take CET-6 next December and quality test preparation materials are eential to succe in the test.I wonder if you have the following books: a vocabulary book covering the 5,800 words for the CET-6 test as well as past test papers with keys and model eays and a Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, which I can turn to for help.Besides how do I pay for these books? ——By cash or by other means? Finally, if I order these books now, when can I get them? How will these books be delivered to my house? I would appreciate it if you could give me a reply as soon as poible.Sincerely yours, Li Ming 九 对于其他类型信件写作的准备： 1 投诉信（a letter of complaint）：
可以这样开头：I am writing this letter to complain about...或I am writing this letter to bring...into your attention.或I am writing concerning...如I am writing concerning the food quality and service of the students’cafeteria.
注意要把投诉内容用陈述句方式表达出来（摆事实，讲道理）。 2请求信（a letter of request）： 与询问信的区别在于：询问信着重询问一些客观的事实，而请求信则涉及要麻烦到对方。
比如：给出以下场景，写出一封请求信：你在学校图书馆借了三本书，现在还书的规定时间已经到了。但由于你生病没有办法按时还送。所以需要写一封请求信，请求图书馆允许你晚几天还书并且不要罚款。（晚还书overdue 罚款fine）可以这样开头：
I am writing concerning the three books due today.Unfortunately, I caught a flu/ I caught a cold...I should be grateful if you could allow me to return the books several days later than the appointed time.3 求职信（a letter of application）： 比如去应聘秘书，可以这样开头：
I am writing concerning the position of secretary in your company.或I am writing to apply for the post of secretary advertised in China Daily yesterday.讲明自己如何胜任（qualify for）这个职位：包括自身性格特点以及以前的工作经验等。
礼貌的结尾可以这样写：
I am looking forward to your reply.I would appreciate it if you could give me an interview.或I am waiting to meet you in person.
十一 备忘录和便条的写法：
1 便条与书信没有任何本质差异，唯一的区别在于：便条更加非正式一点（一般都是写给亲密朋友的）。
可以直接称呼名字。如：dear Jone, 或Jone, 礼貌的结尾以及落款都可以省略掉，直接写签名即可。 2 备忘录的本质也是书信，是一般写给同事的一种正式简短的信，常常是有关工作事宜等。 其格式如下： To: 李四 From: 张三
Date: September 15, 2004 Subject: Request / Inquiry / Congratulations 以下与书信的主体部分完全一样，省略掉礼貌的结尾、落款和签名。
第三部分 事务信函 （三篇） 8.咨询信
A letter of Inquiry You wish to study at a certain foreign university.Write a letter inquiring about the situation there as regards accommodation, fees and qualifications.
Dear Sir I am a Chinese citizen who wishes to study at your university.My plan is to start my course next term, and I would be grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me with certain eential information.First, what qualifications do I need to follow a course of study at your university? I already have a master’s degree from a university here in China, but I wonder if there are any further academic requirements.Second, how much are the tuition fees? Although I intend to be self – supporting, I would be interested to hear if there are any scholarships available for international students.Third, what is the situation as regards accommodation? I would prefer a single room, which is more conducive to studying, but if single rooms are expensive, I would be willing to share.I look forward to your reply, and to attending your esteemed institution.
Yours sincerely, Li Ming
9.请求信
A Letter of Request You find that your study load is too heavy.Write a letter to your college teacher explaining why you need to withdraw from two courses.Ask if it is poible to obtain a refund.
Dear Prof.James,
I am writing to formally request to withdraw from two courses: Introduction to Elementary Education (EDU 602) and Teaching Methods (EDU 619).The main reason for reducing my course load is that I am finding it extremely difficult to manage six courses.In the beginning of the term, I was perhaps overly optimistic about juggling both my full – time studies and my part – time job (20 hours/week).Because I really must work part time, I have no other choice but to decrease my course load.I am planning on taking the two courses during the summer semester, if they are available, so that I will be able to complete all the courses for the degree program by the following year.
I would also like to request a tuition refund, and hope I am not too late to receive the full reimbursement.I am sorry for any inconveniences I have caused by this change in plans.This decision was not taken lightly, and I do appreciate the king consideration you have shown to me.Thank you for your attention to these requests.If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me at 277-9144.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Sincerely yours, Jane Carter
10．建议信
A Letter of Advice/Suggestion You have a friend who is about to enter university, and he wants you to advise him on which subject to specialize in – history, in which he is very interested, or computer science, which offers better job prospects.
Dear John, You have asked me for my advice concerning whether you should study history or computer science at university, and I will try to make some useful suggestions.You must keep in mind that, above all, your university training is a preparation for your future career.Therefore, your first consideration should be to study a subject which will best equip you to earn a living.There is no doubt that the field of computers offers far job opportunities than history.
Besides, we are now in the age of the highliterate, it will also be neceary for them to be equipped with computer skills merely to earn a living! History, I\'m afraid, however fascinating it may be, offers few career prospects.
Of course, you don\'t have to devote all your time at university to studying computers and nothing else.On the contrary, I would recommend that you keep up your reading of history in your spare time.That way, you will find that your leisure hours are enriched while you prepare yourself for a worthwhile career in computers.
Yours sincerely, James
