哥伦比亚大学
约市哥伦比亚大学，通称哥伦比亚大学，是一所美国私立研究型大学，常春藤联盟成员之一。
她坐落于纽约上曼哈顿地区的晨边高地。
她是纽约州历史最悠久的高等教育机构，美国历史上第五所成立的大学，也是九所美国革命前成立的殖民地学院之一。
今天，哥伦比亚大学的全球中心分布于安曼，北京，伊斯坦布尔，巴黎，孟买，里约热内卢，圣地亚哥和内罗毕。
哥伦比亚大学最初于1754年以国王学院之名，根据英王乔治二世颁布的《王室特许状》成立。
美国独立战争之后，国王学院短暂成为了纽约州下辖的一个实体，并在1784年被重命名为哥伦比亚学院。
学校现在根据其1787年章程被置于一个私人董事会的管理之下。
1896年，她再一次被赋予了一个新名称，即一直沿用至今的“哥伦比亚大学”。
同年，学校的校园被从麦迪逊大道搬迁至她现在位于晨边高地的校址。校园占地六个街区，共32英亩（13公顷）。
学校本体拥有二十个学院，并且下辖许多教育机构，包括教师学院，虽然法律上独立于哥伦比亚大学，但实际上是学校下属的一个院系）、巴纳德学院、协和神学院、以及美洲犹太教神学院。
同时学校还与美洲犹太教神学院与朱莉亚学院共同拥有本科联合教育项目。
哥伦比亚大学是每年一度的普利策奖的颁发机构，一百零一位学校现在或曾经的学生或者教职工是诺贝尔奖获得者。
哥伦比亚大学是美国大学协会的十四个创始会员之一，并且是美国第一个授予药学博士的学校。
哥伦比亚大学——包括其前身国王学院——的著名校友包括五位美国开国元勋官；二十位在世的亿万富翁；二十八位奥斯卡奖获得者；二十九位各国元首，包括三位美国总统。 校区
晨边高地
大多数哥伦比亚大学的本科生和研究生在位于纽约市晨边高地的主校区学习——根据塞斯•洛十九世纪晚期的观点，大学所有的教学任务都应该可以在一个校园内完成。
校园设计由麦金姆—米德—怀特公司的建筑师们主持，采用布杂风格为设计思路。校区占地超过六个街区，32英亩（13公顷），且在她的周围还坐落着很多高等教育机构。
哥伦比亚大学在晨边高地拥有7,800套公寓，用来提供给教职工以及研究生们居住；另外几乎所有的二十余个本科生公寓（包括起初作为学生公寓设计建造的以及后来改作学生公寓的建筑）都位于校园附近或晨边高地地区。
学校拥有发达且历经一个世纪的地下隧道系统，最古老的部分甚至要早于晨边高地的主校区。
其中有一些仍然对公众开放，而其余部分则已经被封锁了起来。
通常被称为巴特勒图书馆的尼古拉斯•穆瑞•巴特勒图书馆是哥伦比亚大学图书馆系统中最大的单体图书馆，也是学校规模最大的建筑物之一。该图书馆起初是由前校长尼古拉斯•穆瑞•巴特勒提出作为扩展洛氏纪念图书馆的“南馆”建造，图书馆由爱德华•哈克尼斯——他同时也是耶鲁大学住宿学院系统的资助人——资助建造，由巴特勒校长最中意的建筑师詹姆斯•甘博•罗杰斯设计。
图书馆于1934年建成，并在1948年改名为巴特勒图书馆。 图书馆采用新古典式设计。
其正面由一排爱奥尼亚式石柱装饰，石柱上方镌刻着古希腊与古罗马时期许多伟大作家，哲学家与思想家的姓名，他们中大多数人的作品是选修哥伦比亚学院“核心课程”学生的必读书籍。
到2012年，哥伦比亚大学图书馆系统的收藏量已经超越了1,100万，是美国第八大图书馆系统，同时在美国高校图书馆系统收藏量排名中位居第五。
晨边高地校区的许多建筑被列入了美国国家史迹名录。
作为美国国家历史地标以及校区核心的的洛氏纪念图书馆因其重要的建筑价值被收入该名录。哲学楼则因为其作为调频收音机发明地的原因被收录。
另外一个美国国家历史地标，同时是物理系与天文系所在地的普平楼也被收入了美国国家史迹名录。
人类历史上第一次铀裂变的实验就是在这里由恩里科•费米主持进行，在丹麦哥本哈根完成的人类历史上第一次原子分裂的十天后。
在洛氏纪念图书馆前方台阶的中心有一座名为“母校”的雕像，雕像由丹尼尔•切斯特•法兰奇创作。
法国人是受麦金姆-米德-怀特公司的邀请，为使校园中央的洛氏图书馆与其前方广场更加协调而展开设计。
雕像中的女神身穿学袍，头戴桂冠，安坐于王座之上。 王座扶手的前端是两盏明灯，代表着睿智与训导。
女神膝上打开的书本象征着知识，一只代表智慧的猫头鹰藏在学袍的褶皱中。
女神右手手持一柄由四束麦穗装饰的权杖，权杖顶部象征国王学院的王冠表明了学校于1754年初创之时曾为王室特许机构的历史。
女神的部分创作原型据说是一位名叫玛丽•劳东的当地演员。
雕像于1903年9月23日以罗伯特•戈莱特先生及其夫人的名义正式赠送给学校。
起初雕像的桂冠以金叶覆盖，在1968年哥伦比亚大学抗议行动中，一枚炸弹对雕像造成了损坏，不过随后得到了修复。
雕像中隐藏的小猫头鹰后来成为了许多哥伦比亚大学校园传说中的主角，最为人熟知的一条是：新生中第一个在雕像中发现这只猫头鹰的人将会成为最优秀的学生，而那些随后找到的男生们将会在学校对面的巴纳德女子学院遇见自己的新娘。
“校园台阶”，或者称为“洛氏台阶”、“城市海滩”，是一个非常受哥伦比亚大学学生们欢迎的会面地点。
这是一段连接校园低地部分（即南校园）与地势较高部分的大理石台阶。 受城市美化运动启发的这一设计为哥伦比亚大学与巴纳德学院的学生及教职工的日常聚会，活动与大型仪式提供了舒适与宽敞的户外空间。
同时麦金姆公司经典的洛氏图书馆正面设计是十九世纪晚期新古典主义风格设计的一个缩影。作为洛氏图书馆的入口，庄重的古典风格石柱和门廊无不显示其装饰建筑的重要性。
气候温暖宜人的时候，洛氏台阶经常成为学生们享受日光浴，午餐与玩飞盘的理想去处 。 其他校区
2007年4月，大学购买了位于晨边高地校区以北曼哈顿维尔的一个工业区超过三分之二，约17英亩（6.9公顷）的土地。
这块从125街延伸至133街的新校区将容纳哥伦比亚大学的商学院，国际与公共事务学院，以及主要研究神经退行性疾病，例如帕金森氏症和阿尔茨海默氏症的杰罗姆•L•格林心智、大脑与行为研究中心。
这一涉及70亿美元资金的扩展计划包括拆毁除三处有历史价值的建筑以外的所有建筑，清除区域内所有的轻工业和储存仓库，以及重新安置132幢公寓的租户。
最后这一区域将为哥伦比亚大学增加6,800,000平方英尺（630,000平方米）的校园面积。
但基于从财产保护、公平交换土地到维护居民权的许多理由，西哈勒姆区的社区活动团体反对大学的这一扩张计划。
随后举行的听证会听取了周围社区的反对意见。
后来，纽约州的帝国州发展公司通过表明曼哈顿维尔地区的萧条现状获得了该地块的使用权，并且在2008年12月得到了政府部门给予的，为了发展公共事业使用私人财产的权利。
2009年5月20日，纽约州公共机构管理理事会批准了学校在曼哈顿维尔的扩大计划，现今第一座建筑正在修建中。
Columbia University in the City of New York Columbia University in the City of New York, or simply Columbia University, is an American private Ivy Leagueresearch university located in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City.
It is the oldest institution of higher learning in the State of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country\'s nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.
Today the university operates Columbia Global Centers overseas in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago and Nairobi.
The university was founded in 1754 as King\'s College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain.
After the American Revolutionary War, King\'s College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784.
The University now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private board of trustees, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University.
That same year, the university\'s campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its current location in Morningside Heights, where it occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (13 ha).
The university encompaes twenty schools and is affiliated with numerous institutions, including Teachers College(which is Columbia University\'s Graduate School of Education), Barnard College, and the Union Theological Seminary, with joint undergraduate programs available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America as well as the Juilliard School.
Columbia annually administers the Pulitzer Prize，101 Nobel Prize laureates have been affiliated with the university as students, faculty, or staff, the second most of any institution in the world.
Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Aociation of American Universities, and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D.degree.
Notable alumni and former students of the university and its predeceor, King\'s College, include five Founding Fathers of the United States; nine Justices of the United States Supreme Court; 43 Nobel Prize laureates; 20 living billionaires; 28 Academy Award winners; and 29 heads of state, including three United States Presidents. Campus Morningside Heights The majority of Columbia\'s graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morn ingside Heights on Seth Low\'s late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught in one location.
The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts principles by architects McKim, Mead, and White.Columbia\'s main campus occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside Heights, New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions.
The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff.Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights.
Columbia University has an extensive underground tunnel system more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus.
Some of these remain acceible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, commonly known simply as Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, and is one of the largest buildings on the campus.
Proposed as \"South Hall\" by the university\'s former President Nicholas Murray Butler as expansion plans for Low Memorial Library stalled, the new library was funded by Edward Harkne, benefactor of Yale\'s residential college system, and designed by his favorite architect, James Gamble Rogers.
It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946. The library\'s design is neo-claical in style.
Its facade features an arcade of columns in the Ionic order above which are inscribed the names of great writers, philosophers, and thinkers, most of whom are read by students engaged in the Core Curriculum of Columbia College.
As of 2012, Columbia\'s library system includes over 11 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States.
Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Low Memorial Library, a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance.
Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio.
Also listed is Pupin Hall, anotherNational Historic Landmark, which houses the physics and astronomy departments.
Here the first experiments on the fiion of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi，and the uranium atom was split there ten days after the world\'s first atom-splitting in Copenhagen, Denmark.
A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library.
McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus.
Draped in an academic gown, the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne.
The scroll-like arms of the throne end in lamps, representing sapientia and doctrina.
A book signifying knowledge, balances on her lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, is hidden in the folds of her gown.
Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat, terminating with a crown of King\'s College which refers to Columbia\'s origin as a Royalist institution in 1754.A local actre named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture.
The statue was dedicated on September 23, 1903, as a gift of Mr.& Mrs.Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in golden leaf.
During the Columbia University protests of 1968 a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired.
The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen cla to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a women\'s college.
\"The Steps\", alternatively known as \"Low Steps\" or the \"Urban Beach\", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students.The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace.
With a design inspired by the City Beautiful movement, the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable and spacious outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies.
McKim\'s claical facade epitomizes late 19th century new-claical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.On warm days when the weather is favorable, the Low Steps often become a popular gathering place for students to sunbathe, eat lunch, or play frisbee.Other campuses In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a 17 acres (6.9 ha) site for a new campus in Manhattanville, an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus.
Stretching from 125th Streetto 133rd Street, the new campus will house buildings for Columbia\'s Busine School, School of International and Public Affairs, and the Jerome L.Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson\'s and Alzheimer\'s.
The $7 billion expansion plan includes demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant, eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments.
Replacing these buildings will be 6,800,000 square feet (630,000 m2) of space for the university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents\' rights.
Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition.
Most recently, as of December 2008, the State of New York\'s Empire State Development Corporation approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville\'s \"blighted\" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use. On May 20, 2009, the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan and the first buildings are under construction.
