Unit 11 被动语态的翻译
课时：2节
教学目的要求：帮助学生掌握如何对英语被动句的翻译，灵活掌握英语被动句与汉语主动句的转化。
教学重点：英语被动句的翻译技巧。 教学难点：英语被动句转化为汉语主动句 教学内容：
英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况：
一、译成汉语主动句。
Gerald Ford was voted out of office after two years, and now Jimmy Carter, after four.Ford在任才两年便落选下台； 而Carter也仅有四年的任期。
His pride must be pinched.他的傲气必须打下去。
The result of the invention of the stream engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.蒸汽机发明的结果是， 机械力代替了人力。
Even when the preure stays the same, great changes in air density are caused by changes in temperature.即使压力不变， 气温的变化也能引起空气密度的巨大变化。
There are some metals which poe the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.某些金属不但能导电， 而且能磁化。
原文有动作执行者或其他相关成分可作译文主语时，被动句可译成主动句
【例22】 What is little understood by the outside world is that this is a failure legislated for.It is a failure which has been carefully designed.外界很少有人知道，这种无法做到的情况是立法造成的，是经过精心策划的。
【例23】 American prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cro food parcels.允许美国俘虏领取红十字会的食品包裹。
【例24】 When (it is) seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.用望远镜看，太阳接近边缘的部分显得略暗。
【例25】 One must admit that a good deal of discontent is reflected in those statistics.必须承认，这些统计数字反映了许多不满情绪。
【例26】 A surprising amount of one\'s time as a student or profeional is spent reporting the results of one\'s research projects for presentation to teachers, managers, and clients.学生或职业人士花费大量时间撰写报告，以向老师、经理或客户讲述研究项目的成果。
2、原文动词的汉语对应动词兼有及物和不及物用法时，被动句可译作主动句
【例27】 The old woman\'s body was found at the end of the alley.老妇人的尸体在小巷尽头发现了。
2 【例28】 In the move most of the furniture was left to the neighbors or distributed among friends.搬家时大部分家具要么留给了邻居，要么分给了朋友。 Rather than evaluating programs in terms of how happy they make people, how satisfied those people become, programs must be evaluated in terms of the quality of the discontent they engender.对于各项计划的评估，不要看其令人们高兴的程度，使人们满意的程度，而要看其引起的不满情绪属于什么性质。 4.转换成其他表达方式，将英语被动语态译作汉语主动语态
【例30】 The economic freedom was provided by breaking up large concentration of power.由于打破了权力的高度集中，经济获得了自由。
【例31】 These brokers are paid commiions by the buyers and the sellers for executing the orders.这些经纪人按买家和卖家的嘱咐进行交易，从中收取佣金。 【例32】 Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as much as poible.有些人误认为人们喜欢积蓄精力，喜欢休息，喜欢尽可能褒扬自己。
5.重新组织原文的语句结构，将英语被动语态译作汉语主动语态
【例33】 When the ideas of a scientist are expreed in simple mathematical form, new relationships and new channels of investigation often suggest themselves.科学家在用简单的数学形式表达概念时，研究工作常常会表现出新的关系和新的途径。 【例34】 A ten percent reduction in auto accidents has been realized by exercising a tighter control on the highwayspeed limit.由于加强了公路车速限制，车祸事故减少了一成。
【例35】 The behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors.在管道中流动的液体，其性能受到多种因素的影响。
1．原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。
On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。
The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内，全国就武装起来了。
2．原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。
Another middle school has been set up in our district．
我们区又办了一所中学。
1，200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。 3．译成带表语的主动句。
The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
3 In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。
4．含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。
以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等不确定主语。例如：
It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses．
据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。
It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday。
有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。
It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colors．
众所周知，自然光其实是由许多种颜色构成的。
这类句型还有：
It is said that...
It is supposed that...
It must be pointed out that... It is aerted that...
It is generally considered that...
二、译成汉语被动句
为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时，可以将英语被动句译为汉语被动句。 The company was enjoined from using false advertising.这家商号被禁止使用虚假广告。
Up to now, sulfur dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious of these pollutants.到目前为止， 二氧化硫一直被看作是这些污染物中最严重的一种。
Its use is therefore restricted to articles in which lightne is a prime eential.因此， 它的用途限于制造重量能确保很轻的物件。
Accompanying the visible light, a great deal of invisible radiation, or radiant heat, is emitted.大量的不可见的辐射热， 伴随着可见光释放出来。
Nicholas was seen to date a young girl about twenty at Fox.Nicholas在Fox 电影院与一位20岁的姑娘约会， 让别人看见了。
1．汉语句中有“被”、“遭受”等词。
North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rain，which caused severe flooding。
华北地区遭受了一场意外的大雨袭击，引起了严重的水灾。
The window pane was broken by the child. 窗上玻璃被这小孩打碎了。
His paport was confiscated by the police.他的护照被警方没收了。
【例37】 Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。
【例38】 Black people were first brought to America from Africa as slaves.黑人最初是被当作奴隶从非洲贩运到美国的。
4 【例39】 The dishes were all removed before I had finished eating.我还没有吃完盘子就都给收掉了。
【例40】 The teacher was sacked for slapping a schoolboy.那位教师因为打了一名男生耳光给解雇了。
【例41】 The spaceship will be totally controlled by an on-board electronic computer.这艘宇宙飞船将完全由机载电子计算机控制。
【例42】 Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings.我们的未来世界是由人类一点一滴地、一分一秒地创造出来的。
【例43】 Members of Congre, the President, state officials, and those who govern counties and cities, are elected by popular vote.Heads of federal departments are named by the President, and judges are either elected directly by the people or are appointed by elected officials.国会议员、总统、州政府官员以及县长、市长均由民众投票选举。联邦政府各部部长由总统任命，法官由人民直接选举，或由当选官员任命。
2．译成“为……所”的结构。
Granny Wang was forced by family circum-stances to enter a knitting mill in Shanghai as a child laborer at the age of twelve.
王大妈为家境所迫，十二岁就到上海一家针织厂作童工。
I was so impreed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.
我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡上了。
The late 1960\'s was a period of revolt against traditional values.Parents\' ideas were scorned by their children, who accused them of being too concerned with money.20世纪60年代后期是对传统观念造反的年代。父母的想法为孩子们所不齿；孩子们指责他们过于看重金钱。
【例45】 These very elements and compounds are needed to continue life, and nature is fairly efficient in recycling them.这些元素和化合物正是生命延续所需要的，而大自然能够相当有效地将其循环利用。
【例46】 Each transaction is carried out in public, and the information sent electronically to every brokerage office of the nation.每笔交易都是公开进行的，并通过电子设备把交易资料发往全国各地的每一家经纪人事务所。
三、译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句
The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。
The plan is going to be examined first by the research group。
计划将先由研究小组加以研究。
By evening the occupation was complete，and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o\'clock curfew.
5 至傍晚，占领已告完成，八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街上赶回家。
This phenomenon can only be explained by auming that the earth\'s surface is curved.只有假设地球表明呈曲线状，这一现象才能得到解释。
【例48】 People are also troubled because of the participative mood that exists today.This participative phenomenon can be seen in every part of contemporary life.人们受到困扰的另一个原因是当今存在的参与情绪。这种积极参与现象在现代生活中到处可见。
【例49】 The area will have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too carele visiting.这一地区一定要加以保护，不允许过于频繁、过于集中或过于随便地参观访问。
四、译成无主语句
Some measures must be taken to control the water pollution. 必须采取某些措施来控制水污染。
Methods are found to take these materials out of the rubbish and use them again.
现在已经找到了从垃圾中提取这些材料并加以利用的方法。
综上所述，英语被动句多数情况下译成汉语的主动句，只有在特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动句才译成汉语被动句。我们要选一种既符合汉语习惯，又保持上下文连贯的译法。同时，既要注意语态转换的一般规则，也要注意其例外情况，有的被动语态形式已习语了，更是不可忽视的。
